
Class_Jj l iil5_ < ? 
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GopightN 



COPMRIGilT DEPOSIT. 



. 



LIBERTY AND UNION; 



A- 



CYCLOPEDIA OF PATRIOTISM, 



EMBRACING 



The Best Oratory, Poetry and Music 






RELATING TO THE 



AMERICAN REPUBLIC, 



TOGETHER WITH A VAST AMOUNT OF POLITICAL, HISTORICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS 
INFORMATION, STATISTICS, TABLES, ETC., ETC., 



PERTAINING TO THE 



National and State G overnmen ts, 



ESPECIALLY ARRANGED AS A REFERENCE BOOK FOR CITIZENS OF ALL CLASSES. 



THE RT. REV. SAMUEL FALLOWS, D. D., 

LATE BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL U. S. VOLS- J ALSO, LATE STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC 

INSTRUCTION OF WISCONSIN. 

AUTHOR OF "SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS," "GRAND ARMY MANUAL," ETC 



MUSIC COMPOSED AND SELECTED BY 

PROF. T. MARTIN TOWNE. 



; 



Eleoantty IHlustratefc, 




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Chicago, III., and Madison, Wis. : 
THE MIDLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY. 

1SS3. 



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COPYRIGHTED BY 

SAMUEL FALLOWS, 

1882. 



Press and Types of Blakely, Marsh & Co. Electrotypes of A. Zeese & Co. 
Donohue & Henneberry, Binders. 



D€DI(gflSlOn. 



— ^-fc- 



TO THE 
MEMORY OF THE 
PATRIOTS OF ALL AGES; 
TO THE MEMORY OF THOSE NOBLE 
MEN OF OTHER COUNTRIES, WHOSE IN- 
STINCTIVE LOVE OF LIBERTY PROMPTED THEM 
TO ASSIST US IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF OUR INDEPEND- 
ENCE; TO THE MEMORY OF THE HEROES OF THE REVOLUTION, 
WHO FOUGHT TO MAKE US A NATION; TO THE MEMORY OF OUR HEROIC 
FATHERS AND BROTHERS, WHO SUCCESSFULLY STROVE TO PERPETUATE OUR 
NATIONAL EXISTENCE; TO THE BRAVE MEN WHO STILL LIVE TO 
ENJOY, AS THE RESULTS OF THEIR PATRIOTIC ENDEAVORS, 
THE INESTIMABLE PRIVILEGE OF SELF GOVERN- 
MENT; TO A UNITED NORTH AND SOUTH, 
GLORYING IN ONE COUNTRY AND 
ONE FLAG, THIS BOOK 
IS RESPECTFULLY 



D6IDI@p©eD. 




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The love of Country is one of the most absorbing passions of 
the human soul. It is a love all other human loves excelling-. The 
maxim " It is sweet to die for one's country," finds a confirmation 
in the heroism and patriotism of every land. No more resplendent 
deeds have been performed in the history of the world than in the 
country we proudly call our own. No nation has greater claims to 
the devotion of its citizens than ours. Born amid the throes of the 
Revolution, and born again amid the pangs of our great Civil War, 
it stands among the foremost nations of the earth for intelligence, 
activity, liberty, religion, and progress. The author has aimed in 
this work to develop the spirit of American Patriotism. He has 
brought together the choicest thoughts of the most eminent orators, 
statesmen, writers, and poets in our whole land bearing upon the 
paramount themes of Liberty and Union, and has put them in such a 
form that they can be easily read and remembered. He has endeav- 
ored to furnish a thesaurus of the richest patriotic lore from which 
students, public speakers, elocutionists and others, may derive material 
and inspiration. The Governmental and practical features of the 
work, embracing a vast array of statistics, will make it valuable to 
every class as a book of instruction, and a cyclopedia of reference in 
matters pertaining to our National and State Governments. 

S. F. 



4- 



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1 



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I.— THE LITERARY PART. 

I. The Period of Discovery. 2. The Period of Prophecy. 3. The Colonial Period. 4. The 
Revolutionary Period. 5. The Period of Growth and Agitation. 6. The Period of the Civil 
War. 7. The Period of Reconstruction and Development. 27 

II.— PATRIOTIC MUSIC AND SONGS 2S7, 299 

III.— BATTLES AND ARMY STATISTICS. 

1 An Alphabetical List of the Battles of the Civil War (with dates.) 2. Principal Battles of the 
Civil War, with List of Commanders, Killed and Wounded, etc. 3. Total Number of Troops 
called into Service, etc. 4. The Cost of the Civil War. 5. Statistics of the United States 
Army. 6. The Nation's Dead 7. Table showing Aggregate of Troops furnished the Union 
Army, etc. 8. Length and Cost of American Wars. 9. Federal Prisoners received at 
Anderson ville. 10. Chief Commanders of the Army. 11. The Federal Army during the 
Civil War. 12. Naval Battles of War of 1812. 13. The Navy of the Revolution. 14 
Principal Naval Battles of the Civil War. 15. Principal Battles of the War of 1812. 16. 
Principal Battles of the Mexican War. 17. Indian Wars. iS. The Principal Battles of the 
Revolution . , f , 335 

IV.— GOVERNMENTAL INSTRUCTOR. 

I.-GOVERNMENT. 

1. Rights. 2. Liberty. 3. Law. 4. Different Forms of Government (a) Patriarchal, (b) 
Theocratical. (r) Monarchical, (d) Aristocratical. (e) Democratical or Republican. 5. Our 
National Government. 6. The Confederation. 7. The Different Conventions. 8. Confedera- 
tion of the Original States. 9. The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. 10. Declara- 
tion of Independence. 11. Constitution of the United States , 361 

V.— THE DEPARTMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

I— THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

1. The President — Election — Powers — Duties — Salary, etc. 2. Appointments by the President in 
the various Departments 393 

II.— THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

I. The Senate, (a) Election of Senators, (b) Officers and their Compensation. 2. House of 
Representatives, (a) Time and Manner of Elections, (b) Officers and their Compensation. 397 

III.— DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 

1. Powers and Duties of Secretary of State. 2. The Chief Clerk. 3. The Home Bureaus of the 
Department 4. Branches or Divisions. (5.) Officers and their Compensation, etc. 6. Appoint- 
ments by the Secretary of State 400 

IV.— TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 

1 Office and Duties of the Secretary of the Treasury. 2. The Comptrollers and their Duties. 3. 
The Commissioner of the Customs and his Duties. 4. The Auditors and their Duties. 5. The 



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10 



LI BERT T AND UNION. 



Treasurer and his Duties. 6. The Registrar and his Duties. 7. The Solicitor and his Duties. 
8. The Lighthouse Board. 9. United States Coast Survey. 10. The Commissioner of Internal 
Revenue. 11. The Supervising Architect. 12. Special Commissioner of Revenue. 13. Pay 
of Employes in the Office of the Secretary of the Treasury. 14. Pay of Officers and Employes 
in the different Divisions of the Treasury Department. 15. Pay of Officers, etc., in Mis- 
cellaneous Branches. 16. Appointments by the Secretary of the Treasury 403 

V.— WAR DEPARTMENT. 

1. Powers and Duties of the Secretary of War. 2. Bureaus of the Department, (a) Commanding 
General's Office. {b) Adjutant-General's Office, (c) The Quartermaster-General's Office. 
(d) The Paymaster-General's Office, (e) The Ordnance Bureau, (f) The Engineer's Office. 
(g) The Surgeon-General's Office. {h) Topographical Bureau. (/) The Bureau of Ref- 
ugees, Freedmen, etc., etc. (J) Salaries and Compensation of Officers, etc. 3. The United 
States Army, (a) General Provisions, (b) Retirement, (c) Articles of War. (d) Pay of 
the Army of the United States, (e) Pay of Officers and Cadets at the Military Academy, 
West Point. (/') Appointments made by the Secretary of War. (g) Ordnance Station. 
(//) United States Military Academy 405 

VI.— NAVY DEPARTMENT. 

1. Office and Duties of the Secretary of the Navy. 2. Bureaus, (a) The Bureau of Navy Yards 
and Docks, (b) The Bureau of Navigation (c) The Bureau of Ordnance, (d) The Bureau 
Of Construction and Repair. (e) The Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting. (/) The Bureau 
of Steam Engineering, (g) The Bureau of Provisions and Clothing, (h) The Bureau of 
Medicine and Surgery. 3. Pay of Officers and Employes : (a) Of Navy Department ; (b) Of 
Naval Observatory ; (c) Of Hydrographic Office; (d) Of Nautical Almanac Office. 3. Appoint- 
ments by the Secretary of the Navy. 4. Pay Tables of the Navy. 5. The United States 
Naval Academy at Annapolis. 6. United States Naval Hospitals 408 

VII.— DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 

1. Supervision and Management. 2. Our Public Land System, (a) United States Land Offices* 
3. Pensions. 4. Bureau of Indian Affairs. 5. Patent Office, (a) Patent Office Library. 6* 
Pay of Officers and Employes 410 

VIII.— DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

1. The Commissioner of Agriculture. 2. Pay of Officers and Employes 411 

IX.— POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 

1. The Postmaster General. 2. The First Assistant Postmaster General. (a) Appointment 
Division, (b) Bond Division, (c) Salary and Allowance Division, (d) Free Delivery, (e) 
Blank Agency Division. 3. The Second Assistant Postmaster General, (a) Contract Division. 
(b) Inspection Division, (c) Mail Equipment Division. 4. The Third Assistant Postmaster 
General, (a) Division of Finance, {b) Division of Postage Stamps and Stamped Envelopes, 
(r) Division of Registered Letters, (d) Division of Dead Letters, (e) The Superintendent of 
Foreign Mails. ( / ) The Superintendent of the Money Order System. 5. Pay of Officers and 
Employes. 6. United States Postal Regulations. 7. Appointments by the Postmaster Gen- 
eral 412 

X.— THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

1. United States Supreme Court. 2. Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. 3. United States Circuit 
Courts. 4. Allotments. 5. Salaries of Officers, etc 414 

XL— DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE , 

1. Pay of Officers, etc 414 

XII.— UNITED STATES MINT 415 

XIII.— UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY 415 

XIV.— FREEDMAN'S BUREAU 415 

XV— DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR OFFICERS. 

(«) Diplomatic Service, (b) Consular Service, (c) Miscellaneous 415 

XVI.— STATISTICS OF RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS 416 

XVII.— POST OFFICES 

I. Salaries of Postmasters 451 



i 



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LIBERTY AND UNION. 



II 



L— BRIEF HISTORY OF NATIONAL POLITICAL CONVENTIONS.. . . .. .. ...... 417 

VI.— GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 

1. Rules and Regulations. 2. Posts. 3. Departments. .. . ....,..«,..... 421 

II.— NATIONAL ENCAMPMENT............ 425 

III.— OFFICIAL BADGES,... „ ] , 

1. Rules and Regulations . . . . . . „ ....... 430 

VII.— PENSIONS. 

I.— INSTRUCTIONS TO APPLICANTS FOR PENSIONS. 

1, Loyalty is Essential. 2. Classes of Persons Entitled. 3 Rates of Pension. 4. Instructions in 
regard to Applications. 5. Nature of the Evidence required. 6. Claims for Increase of Pen- 
sion. 7. Renewals. 8. Claims of Widows and Children, (a) The Declaration, (b) Rate of 
Pension, (c) Instructions relative to the Applications of Widows and Children, (d) Proof of 
Marriage in Widows' Claims, (e) Proofs of the Dates of the Birth of Children. (/*) Claims 
on behalf of Minor Children. 9. Applications of Dependent Relatives. 10, Proof required 
in Claims of Dependent Mothers. 11. Proof required in Claim of a Father. 12. Claims of 
Minor Brothers and Sisters. 13. Magistrates and Witnesses. 14. Attorneys. 15. Attorneys' 
Fees. 16. Pension Laws Revised and Consolidated. . 433 

PARLIAMENTARY RULES FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF PUBLIC AS- 

SEMBLIES 440 

DIRECTIONS FOR SECURING COPYRIGHTS 442 

ELECTORAL BILL „ 442 

OFFICES FOR THE PAY OF INTEREST ON UNITED STATES BONDS 442 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Ic History, Population, etc., of the States and Territories. 2. Losses of the Government for 
every Administration from 17S9 to 1876. 3. Legislatures, Electoral Vote, Rates of Interest, 
etc., of United States and Territories. 4, Amount Expended for Pensions. 5. Election 
Laws of the Different States. 6. Federal Vessels Captured or Destroyed by Confederate 
Cruisers. 7. Vessels Captured or Destroyed for Violation of Blockade from 1861 to 1865. 
8. Population of the United States by Races, 1870 and 1880. 9. Population of Principal Cities 
of the United States. 10. The dates of the Birth and Death of our Presidents. 11. Length of 
Sessions of Congress, 1789 to 1S81. 12. Speakers of the House of Representatives. 13. Sec- 
retaries of the Ti easury. 14. Secretaries of War. 15. Secretaries of the Navy. 16. Secre- 
taries of the Interior. 17. Expenditures in the District of Columbia from 1790 to 1876. His- 
tory of Presidential Elections, Popular and Electoral Votes, etc. Number of Newspapers, Pe- 
riodicals, etc. Coins of the United States, Authority for Coining, etc. Supreme Court of the 
United States. Aggregate Banking Capital and Deposits in the United States, June, 1881. 
United States Patent Office Business, Public Debt of the United States 444 

EVENTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY 459 




. ... 



4 



j. 















CAGE. 

Llovd Garri- 



J 39 

267 
169 

44 
213 
54 
39 



Abolitionists and Abolitionism — Wm, 

son, 1S42 

Abraham Lincoln — Bishop Matthew Simpson, D. D. 
Abraham Lincoln -Mark Lemon to London Punch.. 

Adam Smith 

Address of Welcome — Governor T. T. Crittenden .... 

Address to the Colonists— John Dickinson, 176S 

Address to the New World — Abraham Cowley, 1667. 

Address to the Revolutionary Veterans at the Laying 

of the Corner Stone of Bunker Hill Monument — 

Daniel Webster 120 

A Eulogy upon New England — Hon. Geo. D.Tillman 279 
Aggregate Banking Capital and Deposits in the 

United States, June, 1SS1 457 

Alphabetical List of Battles (with Dates) of the War 

of the Rebellion 336 

Amendments to the Constitution of the United States 3S7 

America for Freedom— Julia Ward Howe 287 

American Literature and the Union- -Rufus Choate.. 147 
America to become Greater than England — John 

Adams, 1755 42 

America to be the Poor Man's Paradise — Rev. Jon- 
athan Shipley, 1773 42 

America Unconquerable— Wm. Pitt, Earl of Chatham 99 

Amount Expended for Pensions 445 

An Ode on the Assassination of President Garfield. . . 275 
An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of 

the United States, Northwest of the River Ohio.. 377 
An Unfulfilled Prophecy by a Tory Writer — Dean 

Tucker, 1774 43 

Anvil Chorus — D. Bethune Duffield — Music by Verdi 324 
A Plea for Justice— The Rev. John F. Smith, A. M. .. 241 

Apostrophe to America — Samuel Sewall 34 

Appointments by the President 395 

A Prophecy of the New World— Sir Thomas Brown, 

16S2 39 

A Retrospect and Prediction — Gen. W. T. Sherman.. 269 

Army Hymn — Oliver Wendell Holmes 292 

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 

between the States 373 

A Second Review of the Grand Army — Bret H>arte. . . 266 

A Soldierly Greeting — Gen. Julius White 272 

I Auld Lang Syne — Robert Burns 331 

Authority for Coining 455 

A Summary of Popular and Electoral Votes for 
President and Vice-President of the United 
States, 1789- 1876 452 



PAGE, 

Barbara Frietchie— John G. Whittier ,'. 164 

Battle of Trenton — Anonymous 91 

Battle Cry of Freedom — Root 297 

Battle Hymn of the Republic — Julia Ward Howe 290 

Battles and Army Statistics 335 

Benny Havens, Oh ! 332 

Branches or Divisions 402 

Brave Boys are They — H. C. Work 327 

Breckenridge — Hugh Henry Breckenridge, 1771 38 

Brief History of National Political Conventions 417 

Browne — Mrs. Hemans — Music by Miss Browne 310 

Bruce's Address to His Army — Robert Burns .... 303 

Burial of John Brown — Wendell Phillips 148 

Burying the Dead 1 283 

Burying the Past — Rev. O. Hicks 278 

Causes of American Discontent — Benjamin Franklin, 

176S 52 

Centennial Hymn — L. F. Lewis — Music by E. C. 

Phelps 331 

Centennial Hymn— John G. Whittier 295 

Can American Institutions Remain American ? — The 

Rev. F. S. Huntington 236 

Centennial Ode — William Cullen Bryant 294 

Changes in Weight and Fineness 455 

Chapman 38 

Chief Commanders of the Army 354 

Christian Patriotism— The Rt. Rev. Chas. Edward 

Cheney, D. D 260 

Close of Address on Garfield — James G. Blaine 220 

Close of an Address before the Society of the Army of 

the Tennessee— W. T. Sherman 269 

Close of Oration on Daniel Webster — Thomas Fran- 
cis Bayard, United States Senator 126 

Coins of the United States 455 

Colonial Period 45 

Colonial Period 47 

Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean— D. T. Shaw 309 

Columbus in Sight of Land — Casimer Delavigne 26 

Conclusion of Washington's Inaugural Address 106 

Confederation of the Original States 363 

Congress of the United States 387 

Constitution of the United States of America 382 

Daniel 3 s 

David Hartley 44 

Declaration of Independence — William M. Evarts 98 

Declaration of Independence— In Congress, Tuesday, 

July 4, 1776 3 6 7 

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LIBERT T AND UNION 



4 



PAGE 

Dedicatory Ode for the Gettysburg- National Ceme- 
tery — Bayard Taylor , i85 

Defence of Massachusetts — Henry Wilson .... 146 

Department of Agriculture 396 

Department of Agriculture 411 

Department of the Interior 410 

Department of Justice 4 T 4 

Department of Justice 396 

Department of State 400 

Devotion to Duty— Josiah Quincy, Jr., 1774 57 

Different Forms of Government 361 

Diplomatic and Consular Officers 415 

Directions for Securing Copy -Rights 442 

Dividends, Earnings, and Surplus of all the National 

Banks of the United States, 1S70 to 1SS1 350 

Drayton 3S 

Dr. Richard Price 44 

Duties of Electors 393 

Educational Tables 454 

Election Laws of the Different States 445 

Electoral Bill 442 

Electofal Vote of States and Territories 445 

England and America — Gcldwin Smith 182 

Enrollment and Attendance of Public Schools 454 

Estimate of Gold and Silver Produced in the United 

States, from 1S45 to 1SS0 Inclusive 458 

Eulogium on Washington — Daniel "Webster 107 

Eulogy on Sumner — Hon. L. Q. C. Lamar 2S1 

Events of American History 459 

Events of the Revolution — Jared Sparks 101 

Expenditures in the District of Columbia, from 1790 

to 1S76 45S 

Facsimile of Signatures to Declaration of Indepen- 
dence 

Faith in an Overruling Providence — John Hancock. . . 
Federal Prisoners Received at Andersonville, Ga. . 
Fling Out the Nation's Starry Flag — From the 

" Canzonetta " 329 

Forward ! — J. Pierpont 134 

Flag of the Constellation —Crosby 153 

Flag of the Free — March from "Lohengrin" 329 

Fredericksburg — Thomas Bailey Aldrxh 157 

Freedom in the United States — Gen. U. S. Grant 212 

Freedmen's Bureau 415 

From a Reply to Dean Tucker— Major John Cart- 
wight, 1774 44 

Garibaldi's Hymn— James Oxenf ord. Esq 326 

General Geo. H.Thomas — General Jno. M. Palmer... 255 

General La Fayette —John Quincy Adams 

General Rules G. A. R 

General U. S. Grant— Col. Wm. F. Vilas 

Gilead— Mehul 

Glorious New England — S. S.Prentiss 

God Ever Glorious— Smith 

God for our Native Land — Rev. Dr. Bethune 172 

Governmental Instructor 350 

Governmental Instructor 361 

Grafted into the Army 297 

Grand Army of the Republic 419 

Grand Army of the Republic, National Encampment 421 
Grandmother's Story of Bunker Hill Battle — Oliver 

Wendell Holmes 86 

Great Britain and America — J Ion. John Z. Dillon 254 

Hail to the Chief— Sir Walter Scott. Composed by 

James Sanderson 300 



371 

82 

354 



"5 

427 
24S 
310 

'35 
2S9 



PAGE. 

Hail Beautiful Banner— Maria Straub. Music by S. 

W. Straub ... 3 2 5 

Hail Columbia— F. Hopkinson, 179S 305 

His Soul is Marching on— N. Y. Herald 184 

History of Presidential Elections, 17S9 to 1S76 452 

History of the States and Territories 444 

Home, Sweet Home — Francis Willard 283 

Horace Walpole 43 

House of Representatives 397 

How Chosen 393 

How Old John Brown Took Harper's Ferry — Edmund 

Clarence Stedman 143 

Huzza for Columbia 321 

Hymn — Ralph "Waldo Emerson 72 

Independence Bell, July 4, 1776 , 85 

Indian "Wars 356 

In Peace Prepare for War — Colonel John Mason 261; 

Interior Department 300 

Instructions to Applicants for Pensions 433 

James A. Garfield as Debater, Orator and Leader — 

James G. Blaine 23S 

John Adams 43 

Jonathan to John— J. Russell Lowell 155 

Judiciary 396 

Laf ayette— John Quincy Adams, 1S34 1 15 

Law 361 

Legislatures of States and Territories 445 

Legislative Department 397 

Length and Cost of American Wars* 354 

Length of Sessions of Congress, 17S9 to 1SS1 448 

Liberty 361 

Liberty and Union, One and Inseparable — F. A. H.. 173 
Losses of the Government for every Administration 

from 1789 to 1876 444 

Marching Through Georgia 294 



1641 , 



Marquis de Montcaln 
Milton— John Milton, 

Miscellaneous 

Molly Maguire at Monmouth- 

Morrell — Rev. William , 

Music 



-William Collins 



Napoleon and Washington — Charles Francis Adams. 

Nathan Hale— Francis Miles Finch 

National Encampment. ... .. 

National Monument to Washington — Robert Charles 

Winthrop 

National Supremacy and State Sovereignty— Judge 

Harlow S. Orton 

National Hymn — Rev. S. F. Smith 

Natural Rights of the Colonists as Men — Samuel 

Adams 

Naval Battles, War of 1S1 2 

Navy Department 

Navy Department 

No Peace without Union — William Ellery Channing 
No Physical Barriers to Our Unity— Thos. Starr King 

Notification 

Now, or Never — Oliver Wendell Holmes 

Number of Newspapers and Periodicals in the United 

States, 1S70 to 1SS0 

Occupation of Dorchester Heights, 1776 — Edward 

Everett 

Official Badges 

" Old Abe," the Battle Eagle— L. J. Bates. Music by 

T. Martin Towne 



42 
39 

443 
93 
3S 

287 

114 
9i 

425 



183 

3 1 ' 

55 
355 
395 
40S 
136 
•7+ 
394 
"52 

453 

So 
430 

322 



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PAGE. 

Old Abe Has Gone an' did it, Boys — S. Fillmore Ben- 
nett—Music by J. P. Webster 327 

Old Ironsides — O. W. Holmes 134 

One Undivided Country — Dr. Fred A. Palmer 2S2 

On the Embargo— Josiah Quincy, Jr., 1S0S 119 

On the Shores of the Tennessee — E. L. Beers 2S7 

Oration on the Re -interment of Warren — Perez 

Morton, 1776 Si 

Ordinance of 17S7 — In Congress, July 13, 17S7 377 

Origin of Yankee Doodle.. .. 31S 

Our American Age— Robert C. Winthrop 225 

Our Boys are Coming Home — T. Martin Towne. .... 312 
Our Centennial — Vice-President Thos. W. Ferry.. .. iSS 

Our Civil War — Admiral David D. Porter 271 

Our Civil War and Patriotism— Rev. H. N. Bishop, 

D.D 237 

Our Common Country — Col. Albert R. Lamar 193 

Our Country To-day — Wm. M. Evarts 229 

Our Fatherland 2S9 

Our Fatherland— Franz Abt 304 

Our Flag — H. Kingsbury. Composer C. R. Sill 305 

Our Flag is There 3o5 

Our National Duty— General Martin Beem 246 

Our National Government 362 

Our National Hymn 311 

Our Noble American Army — General W. W. Bel- 
knap 252 

Our Noble, Heroic and Self-Sacrificing Women — 

Emory A. Storrs 272 

Our Old Banner — General John A. Logan 210 

Our Starry Ensign — Hon. E. B. Washburne 210 

Our Whole Country 303 

O Wrap the Flag Around Me Boys — R. Stewart 

Ta y lor 333 

Parliamentary Rules for the Government of Public 

Assemblies 440 

Patrick Henry's Speech on Conciliation with Eng- 
land — James Parton 67 

Patriotic Music and Songs 2S5 

Patriotism a Virtue— Jonathan Mason, 17S0 102 

Patriotism of the Officers and Soldiers of the Mexi- 
can War— Hon. Leonard Swett iSS 

Paul Revere's Ride— H. W. Longfellow 76 

Peace and. Reconciliation— Rt. Rev. Geo. D. Cum- 
mins, D. D 234 

Pensions 433 

Pension Laws Revised and Consolidated 43S 

Period of Discovery 25 

Period of Discovery 27 

Period of Growth and Agitation 105 

Period of Growth and Agitation 107 



Period of the Civil Wa 



i5'-i53 



Perry's Victory on Lake Erie— James Gates Percival. 145 

Petrarca , •- 

Planting Arts and Learning in America— Bishop 

Berkley, 1726 . 40 

Population 4 -^ 

Population, etc., of the States and Territories 444 

Population of Principal Cities of the United States, 

Having 10,000 Inhabitants and over 447 

Population of the United States by Races, in iS7oand 

1SS0 446 

Postoffice Department Pensions 412 

Postoffice Department , . 306 

Powers ar.d Duties of the President 304 



PAGE. 

Predictions Concerning the Fourth of July— John 

Adams to Mrs. Adams 79 

Present American Tendencies in Relation to the Des- 
tiny of the Human Race — The Rev. George H. 

Peeke, D. D., 1SS0, 216 

Principal Battles of the Late Civil War 348 

Principal Battles of the Mexican War 356 

Principal Battles of the War of 1S12 356 

Principal Naval Battles of the Civil War 355 

Proclamation Against Nullification — Andrew Jackson, 

^3 2 127 

Prophetic Period 35 

Prophecies and Their Fulfillment — Rt. Rev. Samuel 

Fallows, D. D 243 

Prophetic Period 37 

Protest Against Slavery in Nebraska and Kansas — 

Charles Sumner 132 

Public Debt of the United States, 1791 to 18S1 457 

Pu lci 37 

Rates of Interest, etc., of States and Territories 445 

Reconstruction and Development 179 

Reconstruction and Development 1S1 

Record of Events 459-512 

Religion and Democratic Liberty 201 

Reply to Hayne — Daniel Webster 124 

Resolutions of Ex-Confederates' Re-Union 278 

Revolutionary Period 65 

Revolutionary Period 67 

Revolutionary Tea — Seba Smith. Music by H. D. 

Munson ^2 

Rules and Regulations for the Government of the 

Grand Army of the Republic 42 1 

Rules and Regulations for the National Encampment 431 
Salaries and Pay of the Officers and Employes of the 

Department of State 402 

Salaries of Employes at Executive Mansion 394 

Salaries of Officers, Clerks and Employes in the 

Executive Offices 394 

Salaries of Teachers, etc., of Public Schools 454 

Samuel Sewall on Columbus and Columbina 30 

School Age 454 

Secretaries of the Interior 450 

Secretaries of the Navy 450 

Secretaries of the Treasury 450 

Secretaries of War 450 

Seneca 37 

Sheridan's Ride— T. B. Read 171 

Sherman's March to the Sea — Lieut. S. H. M. Byers. 

Music by Lieut. J. O. Rockwell 320 

Soldier's Farewell 296 

Soldiers' Orphans — General Lucius Fairchild, Ex- 
Governor of Wisconsin . 205 

Some Elements of National Strength —The Rev. Wm. 

Edward S. Huntington, Ph. D 201 

Song of 1S76 — Bayard Taylor 264 

Song of Marion's Men — William Cullen Bryant 94 

Song of the Negro Boatmen — John G. Whittier 291 

Song of the Union — Rev. Dr. Cummings — Composed 

by T. Martin Towne 311 

Sonnet— Rt. Rev. A. C. Coxe 158 

South Carolina during the Revolution — R. T. Hayne. 123 

Speakers of the House of Representatives 449 

Speech at Birmingham — John Bright 36 

Speech in Parliament for removing Troops from 

Boston — William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, 1775 60 



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4- 



i6 



LIBERT 2' AND UNION. 






-Hy* 



PAGE. 

Speech at Gettysburg— Abraham Lincoln 16S 

Speech on a Resolution to put Virginia in a State of 

Defence— Patrick Henry, 1775 74 

Standing Armies and the Fifth of March, 1770— 

Joseph Warren 56 

Standing Armies and the Militia— John Hancock, 1774. 59 
Stars of My Country's Skies— Mrs. L. H. Sigourney. 154 

State Department 395 

State Sovereignty— Benjamin Rush, 17S7 103 

Statistics of the United States Army, 17S9-1SS2 351 

Strabo 37 

Sufferings and Destiny of the Pilgrims — E. Everett.. 

Supreme Court of the United States 

Sword of Bunker Hill — Clark 

Table Exhibiting, by States, the Aggregate of Troops 

Furnished to the Union Army, 1S61-65, with 

Bounties paid by States 

Tenting on the Old Camp Ground— Arr. by M. F. H. 

Smith 

Term and Salary of the President 

That Missing Voice — Mrs. Electa S. Kellogg — Music 

by T. Martin Towne 

The Abbe Gardiani 

The Alarm at Concord — Nathaniel Hawthorne 

The American Babies — Samuel L. Clemens (Mark 

Twain) 

The American Character and Religion — Rev. H. W. 

Thomas, D. D 

The American Ensign— Rt. Rev. A. C. Coxe, D. D.. 
The American Republic and its Institutions— Prof. 

James D. Butler, LL.D 

The American Republic not Ungrateful — Gen. E. F. 

Noyes 

The American Revolution — Edmund Burke 

The American Soldiery— Archibald Forbes 

The Army of the Potomac— General R. R. Dawes 

The Army of the Potomac — Gen. Stewart L. Wood- 
ford 

The Battle of Lexington — Sidney Lanier 

The Battle of Stonington 

The Battle of the Cow-pens — Thomas Dunn English. 
The Beginning of our Nationality — Rev. Leonard 

Bacon, D. D 

The Birthday of Washington— Ruf us Choate 

The Blue and the Gray 

The Blue and the Gray— F. M. Finch 

The Blue Coat of the Soldier— Rt. Rev. Geo. Bur- 
ress, D. D 



47 
456 
293 



257 
100 
222 
263 

-'75 
73 

324 
95 

70 

100 
-'77 



get 

•V,< 



The Boston Tea Party— Ralph Waldo Emerson 

The Brave at Home — T. Buchanan Read 

The Bunker Hill Monument Finished — Daniel 

Webster c 

The Child of the Regiment— Jeffries 

The Christian Citizen— Music, C. E. Pollock, Joel 

Swartz, D. D 

The Climate of the United States 

The Colonization of America — William Hickling 

Prescott 

The Coming American Character — Prof. David Swing 
The Commencement of the Anti-Slaverv Movement- 
Wendell Phillips 

The Common Soldier — Rev. Robert Collyer, D. D 

The Confederation 

The Consecrating Influence of tin- War for Freedom 
—James A . Garfield 



295 



3™ 

*58 



3-2 



141 

2 45 
362 



PAGE. 

The Consequences of Secession— Henry Clay 129 

The Cost of the Civil War 35 1 

The Cumberland— Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. .. 156 
The Dates of the Birth and Death of our Presidents . . 447 

The Dead Warrior— Park Benjamin 2S8 

The Death of Slavery— W. C. Bryant 175 

The Discovery of America— Edward Everett 31 

The Discovery of America by Columbus— Washington 

Irving .27 

The Duties of Free States— William Ellery Channing 137 

The Duty of Americans— Rt. Rev. Dr. Spalding 187 

The English Domains in North America— Marquis 

D'Argensen, 1745 41 

The Executive Department 393 

The Existence of the Union— A. Hamilton 381 

The Federal Army during the Civil War of 1S61-65.. 354 
The First American Flag, When and Where it was 

Made— William J. Canby 206 

The Flag— Rev. Thomas Hill, D. D 154 

The Fourth of July— Gen. J. B. Sanborn 211 

The Future Independence of North America and 

South America — The Abbe Raynal, 1770 42 

The Future of ovir Nation — Rev. Dr. Raphael (Jew- 
ish Rabbi) 185 

The Future of the Colonies— Dr. Charles Davenant, 

169S 39 

The Genius of America— Hon Felix R. Brunot 100 

The Grave of Washington— Marshall S. Pike— Music 

L. V. H. Crosby 316 

The Grievances of the American Colonies — Stephen 

Hopkins, 1764 63 

The High Tone of American Legislation — Governor 

Geo. B. Loring 270 

The Honor Due Our Fallen Comrades — Rt. Rev. 

Saml. Fallows, D. D 22A 

The Judicial Department 414 

The Land of "Washington 316 

The Landing of the Pilgrims — Mrs. Hemans 49 

The Little Black-eyed Rebel— Will Carleton 92 

The Loyal Pulpit and the War for the Union— Rt. 

Rev. Saml. Fallows, D. D 230 

The Marseilles Hymn— Rouget de Lisle 330 

The Matchless Story— Hon. John O. Byrne 221 

The Meaning of our Flag — Col. Robt. G. Ingersoll. . . 209 

The Meaning of the War— Rev. J. F. Lovering 268 

The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence— Hon. 

John M. Bright, Tennessee, (May 20, 1875) 364 

The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence— 

(Charlotte, North Carolina, May 20, 1775) 365 

The Memory of Washington — Louis Kossuth 113 

The Minstrel Boy— Arr. by Balf e 30S 

The Moral Strength of Our Country's Cause— Rt. 

Rev. Dr. F. D. Huntington 177 

The Mother Country— Robt. C. Winthrop 191 

The National Ensign— R. C. Winthrop 166 

The National Flag- Charles Sumner 162 

The Nation's Dead 35 2 

The Navy of the Revolution 355 

The News from Lexington— Bancroft 73 

The Old Continentals— Guy Humphrey M' Master. . . 90 

The Old Flag— James Mortimer 307 

The Old Man Eloquent "7 

The Past and the Future— Rt. Rev. Samuel Fallows, 

D. D 243 

The Past and ihe Present— Rev. Rabbi Felsenthal.... 235 



-V 



... 



LIBERT 7' AND UNION 



17 



The Patriotic Union Woman 

cher 

The Peculiar Position of our Country 

Post, D. D 



PAGE. 

Gen. Thomas C. Flet- 
189 

T. M. 

1S1 



-Rev. 



The Picket Guard — Coyle 265 

The Pilgrim Fathers — John Pierpont 50 

The Pilgrims —P. H. Sweetser 50 

The Pilgrims — Mrs. Felicia D. Hemans 4S 

The President 393 

The President's Cabinet 39+ 

The Principal Battles of the Revolution 357 

The Railroad in Peace and War — General J. H. 

Wilson 253 

The Republic not Ungrateful — Gen. John M. Palmer. 19S 
The Result of our Civil Conflict -Senator Matt. M. 

Carpenter. 251 

The Results of our Conflict — Rev. E. J. Goodspeed, 

D. D 

The Revolutionary Rising — Thomas Buchanan Read. 
The Righteousness of War for Liberty- — Rt. Rev. 

Samuel Fallows, D. D 

The Sabre Song — Arr. from "La Grande Duchesse ". 
The Sanitary Commission— Major Gen. O. O. Howard 

The Seriate 

The Separation of the Colonies — Hargot, 1776-S 

The Ship of State— H. W. Longfellow 

The Ship of Union — Longfellow — Composed by Geo. 

F. Root 

The Soldiers Kept in Remembrance — Henry Ward 

Beecher 273 

The Star Spangled Banner — Francis S. Key 299 

The Tendency of Civilization — Henry Ward Beecher. 19S 
The Thirteen Colonies — Bishop E. O. Haven, D. D. . . 51 
The Three Eras of the United States— J. H. Allscander, 

LL. D 160 

The True Type of a Soldier — Major-General John 

Pope 214 

The Union Forever — The Rev. Howard Henderson, 

D-D ^77 

The Union Must Abide Forever — Horace Greeley 192 

The Union Must be Preserved - Letter to the Gover- 
nors — George Washington, 17S3 104 

The Union Soldier — Robert G. Ingersoll 219 

The United States Army 406 

The Volunteer Soldiers of the Union Army — Col. 

Robert J. Ingersoll 196 

Ticonderoga — V. B. Wilson S6 



233 
S3 

242 

30S 

25S 

397 

4i 

17S 

301 



PAGE. 

Total Number of Troops called into Service from the 

Northern States during the Civil War 350 

Total of Interments in the National Military Ceme- 
teries 352 

To Thee, O Country — Eichberg 296 

To the Memory of the Americans who fell at Eutaw — 

Philip Freneau 97 

To the Sons of Liberty — Samuel Adams 53 

Totus in Uno — Mrs. Margaret B. Peeke 21S 

Touch not Slavery — Carl Schurz 162 

Treasury Department 395 

Treasury Department 403 

Union and Liberty — Oliver "Wendell Holmes 172 

Union and Peace Forever — Gen. Charles Devens 194 

United States Coast Survev 415 

United States Mint. 415 

United States National Anthem — W. R. Wallace 293 

United States Patent Office Business 457 

Vacancies 393 

Vacancy 394 

Vessels Captured or Destroyed for Violation of the 
Blockade, or in Battle, from May, 1S61, to May, 

iS5 5 - 445 

Vindication of America — Samuel Sewall, 1727 ^.o 

Voyage of the Good Ship Union — Oliver Wendell 

Holmes 167 

War and Peace— Rev. O. H. Tiffany, D. D 22S 

Ward — Rev. Nathaniel Ward, 1647 3^ 

War Department 395 

War Department 405 

Warren's Address — John Pierpont 77 

Washington — William Cullen Bryant 2S6 

"Washington — W. C. Bryant. 116 

Webb— George Webb, 172S 3S 

Welcome to the Nations — Oliver "Wendell Holmes . . . 290 
"Welcome to the Returning Soldiers — Jacob M. Man- 
ning 223 

Welcome to the Soldiers — Col. Geo. Carr 199 

We've Drunk from the Same Canteen — Miles O'Reilly 

— Composed by James G. Clark 302 

We "Will Love this Nation — Prof. J. J. Anderson — 

Music by R. Nordraak 31S 

When This Cruel War is Over— Chas. C. Sawyer- 
Music by Henry Tucker 314 

Yankee Doodle — Breen 292 

Yankee's Return from Camp 316 

Yankee Ships — James T. Fields 240 




■r 



*v 



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IRDGX OF fflUSI© 



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PAGE. 

Anvil Chorus — D. Bethune Duffield — Verdi 324 

Auld Lang Syne — Robert Burns 331 

Benny Havens, Oh ! 332 

Brave Boys Are They !— H. C. Work 327 

Browne (New England Hymn) — Mrs. Hemans — 

Music by Miss Browne 310 

Centennial Hymn — L. F. Lewis, 1876— Music by E. 

C.Phelps 33 ! 

•Columbia, The Gem of the Ocean— D. T. Shaw 309 

Flag of the Free — March from " Lohengrin " 329 

Fling out the Nation's Starry Flag — From the 

"Canzonetta" 329 

Garibaldi's Hymn— James Oxenford, Esq 326 

Gilead — Mehul 310 

Hail Columbia— F. Hopkinson, 1798 305 

Huzza for Columbia 321 

National Hymn— Rev. S. F. Smith 311 

Old Abe Has Gone An' Did It, Boys— S. Fillmore 

Bennett— Music by J. P. Webster 327 

Our Boys are Coming Home — T. Martin Towne 312 

Our Flag— H. Kingsbury— Composer, C. R. Sill 306 

Our Flag is There 306 

Our National Hymn 311 

Origin of Yankee Doodle 318 



PAG 

O, Wrap the Flag Around Me, Boys— R. Stuart 

Taylor 333 

Revolutionary Tea— Seba Smith — Music by H. D. 

Munson 332 

Sherman's March to the Sea — Lieut. S. H. M. Byers 

— Music by Lieut. J. O. Rockwell 320 

Song of the Union — Rev. Dr. Cummings — Music by 

T. Martin Towne . 311 

That Missing Voice— Mrs. Electa S. Kellogg— Music 

by T. Martin Towne 313 

The Battle of Stonington. 324 

The Christian Citizen— C. E. Pollock— Rev. Joel 

Swartz, D. D 312 

The Grave of Washington — Marshall S. Pike— Music 

by L. V. H. Crosby 316 

The Land of Washington 317 

The Marseilles Hymn— Rouget de Lisle 330 

The Minstrel Boy— Arr. by Balf e 308 

The Old Flag— James Mortimer 307 

The Sabre Song — Arr. from " La Grande Duchesse " 308 
We Will Love This Nation— Prof. J. J. Anderson- 
Music by R. Nordraak 318 

When This Cruel War is Over — Chas. C. Sawyer- 
Music by Henry Tucker 314 

Yankee's Return from Camp 316 




T" 



■* 



?^ j*lAj^__A_;§S ! fX 




_gj^_c^^- A q^O 



IHDGX OF pU©F?OI^S. 



(cj^ -T** "T" '^Sft.C 




PAGE. 

Abt, Franz 3<H 

Adams, Charles Francis 11+ 

Adams, John „ 4 2 > 79 

Adams, John Quincy 115 

Adams, Samuel 53 

Aldrich, Thomas Bailey 157 

Allscander, Dr. J. H 160 

Anderson, Prof. J.J 3 lS 

Anonymous 91 

Bacon, Rev. Dr. Leonard 70 

Balf e 3°S 

Bancroft 73 

Bates, L. J 3 22 

Bavard, Thomas Francis 126 

Beecher, Henry Ward 199, 273 

Beem, General Martin 246 

Beers, E. L 287 

Belknap, General W. W 252 

Benjamin, Park 2S8 

Bennett, S. Fillmore 327 

Berkley, Bishop 40 

Bethune, Rev. Dr 172 

Bishop, Rev. Dr. H. N 237 

Blaine, James G 220, 238, 420 

Breckenridge, Hugh Henry 39 

Breen 292 

Bright, Hon. John M 364 

Bright, John 36 

Browne, Miss 310 

Brown, Sir Thomas 39 

Brunot, Hon. Felix R 190 

Bryant, William Cullen 94, 116, 175,286, 29 f 

Burgess, Rt. Rev. George 160 

Burke, Edmund 100 

Burns, Robert 303, 331 

Butler, Professor James D 203 

Byrne, Hon. John O 221 

Byers, Lieut. S. H. M 320 

Canby, William J 2o5 

Carleton, Will 92 

Carpenter, Senator Matt. M 251 

Carr, Col. George 109 

Cartwright, Major John, 44 

Channing, William Ellery 136, 137 

Cheney, Rev. Dr. Chas. Edward 260 

Choate, Ruf us 109, 147 

Clark, James G 293, 302 

Clay, Henry 1 29 

Clemens, Samuel L. (Mark Twain) 261 

Collins, William 93 

Collyer, Rev. Dr. Robert 245 



"T- «t- <^£j) 



PAGE. 

Conley, Abraham .... 39 

Coxe, Rt. Rev. A. C 158 

Coyle 265 

Crittenden, Gov. T. T 213 

Crosby, L. V. H 153, 316 

Cummings, Rev. Dr 311 

Cummings, Rt. Rev. Dr. Geo. D 234 

D'argensen, Marquis 41 

Davenant, Dr. Charles 39 

Dawes, Gen. R. R 263 

Delavigne, Casimir 26 

De Lisle, Rouget 330 

Devens, Gen. Charles 194 

Dickinson, John 54. 

Dillon, Hon. John Z 254 

Duffield, D. Bethune \ 324 

Eichberg 296 

Emerson, Ralph Waldo 62, 72, 95 

English, Thomas Dunn 95 

E varts, Wm. M 9S, 229 

Everett, Edward 47, 31, So 

Fairchild, Gen. Lucius 205 

Fallows, Rt. Rev. Dr. Samuel 226, 230, 242, 243, 244 

Felsenthal, Rev. Rabbi 235 

Ferry, Thos. W 1S8 

Fields, James T 240 

Finch, Francis Miles 91 , 284 

Fletcher, Gen. Thomas C 1S9 

Forbes, Archibald 222 

Forney, Rev. J. W 18S 

Freneau, Philip 97 

Franklin, Benjamin 46, 52 

Garfield, James A 232 

Garrison, Wm. Lloyd 139 

Goodspeed, Rev. Dr. E. J 233 

Grant, Gen. U. S 212 

Greeley, Horace 192 

Hamilton, A 3S1 

Hancock, John 59, S 2 

Hargot 41 

Harte, Bret 266 

Haven, Rt. Rev. Dr. E. O 51 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel 71 

Hayne, R. Y . 123 

Hemans, Mrs Felicia D 48, 49, 3 10 

Henderson, Rev. Dr. Howard 277 

Henry, Patrick , 74 



H. F. A 



173 



Hicks, Rev. 27S 

Hill, Rev. Dr. Thomas 15^ 

Holmes, O. W 86, 134, 152, 167, i7 2 , 290, 292 

19 



--1^ 



20 



LIBERTY AND UNO IN 



PAGE. 

Hopkins, Stephen 63 

Hopkinson, F 305 

Howard, Major- Gen. O. O 25S 

Howe, Julia Ward 2S7, 290 

Huntington, Rev. Dr. "William Edwards 201 

Huntington, Rt. Rev. Dr. F. D 177 

Huntington, Rev. F. S 2}6 

Ingersoll, Col. Robert 196, 209, 219 

Irving, "Washington 27 

Jackson, Andrew. 127 

Jeffries 

Kellogg, Mrs. Electa S 

Key, Francis S 

King, Thomas Starr 

Kingsbury, H 

Kossuth, Eouis. 

Lamar, Col. Robert R 



295 

3'3 

299 

174 

*• •■ 306 

I! 3 

193 

Lamar, Hon. L. Q. C 281 

Lanier, Sidney 7$ 

Latrobe, Gen. Ferdinand C 274 

Lemon, Mark 169 

Lewis, L. F 33 1 

Lincoln, Abraham i6S 

Logan, Gen. John A 210 

Longfellow, H. W 76, 156, 17S, 301 

Loring, Governor Geo. B 270 

Lovering, Rev. J. F 26S 

Lowell, James Russell 155, 1S0 

Manning, Jacob M 223 

Mason, Colonel John 265 

Mason, Jonathan 102 

Mehul 310 

Milton, John 39 

M ' Master, Guj' Humphrey 90 

Morrell, Rev. William 38 

Mortimer, James 307 

Morton, Perez Si 

Munson, H. D 332 

Noyes, Gen. E. F , 257 

Nordraak, R 318 

O'Reilly, Miles 302 

Orton, Judge Harlow S 1S3 

Oxenford, Esq., James 326 

Palmer, Dr. Fred A 2S2 

Palmer, Gen. John M 19S, 255 

Parton, James 67 

Peeke, Mrs. Margaret B 21S 

Peeke, Rev. Dr. George H 216 

Percival, James Gates 145 

Phelps, E. C 331 

Phillips, Wendell 141, 148 

Pierpont, John 50, 77, 134 

Pike, Marshall S 316 

Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham 60, 99 

Pollock, C. E 312 

Pope, Major -General John 214 

Porter, Admiral David D 271 

Post, Rev. T. M 1S1 

Prentiss, S. S 135 

Prescott, William Hickling jz 

Quincy, Jr.,Josiah 57, 119 

Raphael, Rev. Dr. (Jewish Rabbi) 155 



PAGE. 

Raynal, The Abbe 42 

Read, T. Buchanan S3, 171, 291 

Rockwell, Lieut. J . O 320 

Root 297, 301 

Rush, Benjamin 103 

Sanborn, Gen. J. B 211 

Sanderson, James .... -500 

Sawyer, Chas. C 314 

Schurz, Carl 162 



Scott, Sir Walter 



300 



323 
182 
241 
3" 
332 



Sewall, Samuel 34^ 40 

Shaw, D. T . 309 

Sherman, Gen. W. T 269/ 

Shipley, Rev Jonathan 42 

Sill, E. R 306 

Simpson, Bishop Matthew 267 

Sigourney, Mrs. L. H 154 

Smith 289 

Smith, M. F. H...: 

Smith, Prof. Goldwin 

Smith, Rev. Dr. John F 

Smith, Rev. S. F 

Smith, Seba 

Spalding, Rt. Rev. Dr 

Sparks, Jared 

Stedman, Edmund Clarence 

Storrs, Emory A 

Straub, Maria 

Straub, S. W 

Sumner, Charles 

Swartz, Rev. Dr. Joel 

Sweetser, P. H 

Swett, Hon. Leonard 

Swing, Prof. David 

Taylor, Bayard 

Taylor, R. Stuart 

Thomas, Rev. Dr. H. W 

Tiffany, Rev. Dr 

Tillman, Hon. Geo. D 

Towne, T. Martin 

Tucker, Dean 

Tucker, Henry 

Verdi 



132. 



1 So. 



3i2, 313, 



Vilas, Col. Wm. F 

Wallace, W. R 

Ward, Rev. Nathaniel 

Warren, Joseph 

Washburne, Hon. E. B 

Washington, George 104. 

Webb, George 

Webster, Daniel 107, 120, 122, 124, 

Webster, J. P 

Whittier, John G 164, 291. 

White, Gen. Julius 

Willard, Frances 

Wilson, Henry 

Wilson, Gen. J. II 

Wilson, V. B 

Winthrop, Robert Charles 1 1 1 , 166, 191 , 

Woodford, Gen. Stewart L 

Work, Henry Clay 294, 327, 



H3 

272 

325 
325 
162 
312 
5o 
1 88 
211 
264 

333 
207 
228 
279 
322 
43 
3H 
324 
24S 

293 

38 

56 

210 

106 

38 

201 

327 

295 

272 

2S3 

146 

253 



275 

397 



JL 



-L. 




Bom. Died. 

Abt, Franz, German Composer 1S19 

Adams, Charles Francis, American Statesman. 1S07 

Adams, John, American Statesman 1735 1S26 

Adams, John Quincy, American Statesman 1767 1S48 

Adams, Samuel, American Patriot 1722 1803 

Aldrich, Thomas Bail;}-, American Poet 1S36 

Allscander, Dr. J. H., American Poet 

Anderson, Prof. J. J., American Author 

Bacon, Rev. Dr. Leonard, American Clerg 1S02 1S81 

Balfe, M. W., Irish Composer 1808 1S70 

Bancroft, George, American Historian 1S00 .... 

Bates, L. J., American Poet 

Zayard, Thos. Francis, American Statesman. . . 1824 

Beecher, Henry Ward, American Clergy 1S13 

Beem, General Martin, American Lawyer 

Beers, E. L., American Poet 

Belknap, General W. W., American Lawyer.. 1829 

Benjamin, Park, American Poet 1S09 

Bennett, S. Fillmore 

Berkley, Bishop, Irish Poet and Met 16S4 1753 

Bethune, Rev. Dr., American Clergyman 1S05 1862 

Bishop, Rev. Dr. H. N., American Clergyman 

Blaine, James G., American Legislator 1S30 

Breckenridge, Hugh Henry, English Poet 

Breen, American Poet 

Bright, Hon. John M., American Lawyer 

Bright, John, English Statesman 1S1 1 .... 

Browne, Miss, Musical Composer 

Browne, Sir Thomas, English Philosopher . ... 1605 

Brunot, Hon. Felix R., American Lawyer 

Bryant, "William Cullen, American Poet J /94 I &7S 

Burgess, Rt. Rev. George, American Clerg 1S09 .... 

Burke, Edmund, English Statesman 1728 1797 

Burns, Robert, Scotch Poet 1759 1796 

Butler, Professor Jas. D., American Educator 

Byrne, Hon. John O., American Lawyer 

Byers, Lieut. S. H. M 

Canby, William J 

Carlelon, Will, American Poet. . 

Carpenter, Senator Matt. M., American Lawyer 

and Senator 1824 1SS1 

Carr, Col. George, American Lawyer 

Cartwright, Major John, English Officer 

Channing, "Wm. Ellery, American Clerg. and 

Author 17S0 1S42 

Cheney, Rt. Rev. Dr. C. Ed., American Clerg.. 1S36 

Choate, Rufus, American Lawyer and Orator.. 1799 1S59 
Clark, James G., American Poet 



Bom. Died. 

Clay, Henry, American Statesman 1777 1S52 

Clemens, S. L. (Mark Twain), Am. Humorist.. 1S35 

Collins, William, English Poet ...1721 1756 

Collyer, Rev. Dr. Robert, American Clerg. . . . 1823 

Cowley, Abraham, English Poet 161S 1667 

Coxe, Rt. Rev. A. C, American Clerg. and Poet 1S1S 

Coyle, American Poe: 

Crittenden, Gov. T. T., American Statesman 

Crosby, L. V. H. , American Poet 

Cummlngs, Rev. Dr., American Clerg 

Cummins, Rt. Rev. Dr. G. D., Am. Clerg 1S73 1S76 

DArgensen, Marquis, French Patriot 

Davenant, Dr. Charles, English Physician 

Dawes, Gen. R. R., Amer. Lawyer and Soldier 

Delavigne, Casimir, French Dramatist 1793 1869 

De Lisle, Rouget, French Poet 

Devens, Gen. Charles, American Jurist 1S20 

Dickinson, John, American Statesman 1732 1808 

Dillon, Hon. John Z., American Jurist 

Duffield, D. Bethune, American Clerg}- 

Eichberg, Julius, German Musical Director 1S25 

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, American Philosopher 1S03 18S2 
English, Thomas Dunn, American Physician . . 18 19 .... 

Evarts, Wm. M., American Statesman 1S1S 

Everett, Edward, American Orator 1794 1S63 

Fairchild, Gen. Lucius, Am. Sold, and Gov 1S31 

Fallows, Rt. Rev. Dr. Samuel, American Clerg. 

and Author 1S35 

Felsenthal, Rev. Rabbi, American Clergyman 

Ferry, Thos. W., American Senator 1S27 .... 

Fields, James T., American Author .' 1S17 1S81 

Finch, Francis Miles, American Poet 

Fletcher, Gen. Thos. C, American Soldier and 

Governor 

Forbes, Archibald, English Writer 

Forney, Col. J. W., American Journalist 

Franklin, Ben., American Phil, and Statesman 1706 1790 

Freneau, Philip, American Writer. 1752 1832 

Garfield, James A., American President 1831 1SS1 

Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, American Abolitionist.. 1805 1879 

Goodspeed, Rev. Dr. C.J. , American Clerg 

Grant, Gen. U. S., Amer. Soldier and President 1S22 

Greeley, Horace, American Journalist 1S1 1 1S72 

Hamilton, Alexander A., American Statesman. 1757 1804 

Hancock, John, American Statesman 1737 1793 

Hargot 

Harte, Francis Bret, American Author 1S39 

Haven, Rt. Rev. Dr. E. O., American Clerg.. . 1S20 18S1 

21 



1 








' 




■ 


1 


*i 












T 






22 LI BERT T AND UNION 












Jorn 


Died 




Born. 


Died. 






Hawthorne, Nathaniel, American Author 


1S04 


1S64 


Pitt, Wm., Earl of Chatham, English Statesman 


1 70S 


17S8 






Hayne, R. Y., American Statesman 


1791 


1840 


Pollock, C. E., American Music Composer 










Hemans, Mrs. Felicia D„, English Poetess 


'794 


1835 


Pope, Major-General John, American General.. 


1S23 








Henderson, Rev. Dr. Howard, Amer. Clerg.... 






Porter, Admiral David D., American Officer... 


1813 








1 lenry, Patrick, American Orator 

Hicks, Rev. O., American Clerg 


1736 


] 799 






1S50 






Prentiss, S. S , American Orator 


1S0S 






Hill, Rev. Dr. Thomas, American Clerg 


1S1S 




Prescott, Wm. Hickling, American Historian.. 


1796 


1859 






Holmes, O. W., American Author 


iSOQ 




Qumcy, Jr., Josiah, American Orator 


1744 


1775 






I Iopkins, Stephen, American Statesman . „ 


1707 


17S5 


Raphael, Rev. Dr. (Jewish Rabbi), Am. Clerg.. 










Hopkinson, F., American Author 


I73S 


17S. 


Raynal, The Abbe, French Historian. . . . 


1713 


1796 






Howard, Major-Gen. O. O , American General 


1S30 




Read, T, Buchanan, American Poet 


1S22 


1872 






1 lowe, Julia Ward, American Poetess ... 


iSlQ 




Rockwell, Lieut. J. O 










Huntington, Rev. Dr. W. Edwards, Am. Clerg. 


1S44 




Root, Geo. F., American Music Composer 


1S20 








Huntington, Rt. Rev. Dr. F. D., American 






Rush, Benjamin, American Statesman 


174S 


1813 






Clergy, and Author 


1S19 




Sanborn, Gen. J. B., American Soldier 










Huntington, Rev. F. S., American Clerg 

Ingersoll, Col. Robert, Am. Lawyer and Orator 


1S51 




Sanderson, James, American Poet 










1S32 




Sawyer, Chas. C, American Poet 










Irving, Washington, American Author 


1783 


1S59 


Schurz, Carl, American Statesman 


1829 








Jackson, Andrew, American Gen. and President 


1767 


1845 


Scott, Sir Walter, Scottish Novelist and Poet.. 


1771 


1S32 






Jeffries, John, American Author 






Sewall, Samuel, American Clerg 


1 7^5 


186S 






Kellogg, Mrs. Electa S., American Poetess.. .. 
Key, Francis S., American Poet 


1779 


1843 


Shaw, D. T 










Sherman, Gen. W. T., American General 


1S29 










1S24 

1S37 
lSo2 


1S64 
1S62 




1714 


17SS 






Kingsbury, H., American Soldier 

Kossuth, Louis, Hungarian Patriot 


Sill, E. R., American Poet 






Simpson, Bishop Matthew, American Clerg — 


1S10 








Lamar, Col. Robt. R., American Lawyer 






Sigourney, Mrs. L. H, American Poetess 


1791 


1S65 






Lamar, Hon. L. Q. C, American Statesman — 


1797 


1834 


Smith, American Poet 










Lanier, Sidney, American Poet 






Smith, M. F. H. American Poet 










Latrobe, Gen. Ferdinand C, American General 






Smith, Prof. Goldwin, English Historian 


1S23 








Lemon Mark, English Journalist. 


1S09 


1S70 


Smith, Rev. Dr. John F., American Clerg 










Lewis, L. F., American Poet 






Smith, Rev. S. F., American Clerg 


1S0S 


1S60 






Lincoln, Abraham, American President 

Logan, Gen. John A., American Gen. and Sen.. 


1S09 
lS26 
















Spalding, Rt. Rev. Dr., American Clerg 


1792 


1S6S 






Longfellow, II. W., American Poet 


ISO? 


1SS2 


Sparks, Jared, American Historian 


17S9 


1866 






Loring, Governor Geo. B., American Statesman 


1SI7 




Stedman, Edmund Clarence, American Poet. .. 


1S30 








Lovering, Rev. J. F. , American Clerg 






Storrs, Emory A., American Lawyer 











Lowell, James Russell, American Author 


1S19 




Straub, Maria, American Poetess 










Manning, Rev. Jacob M., American Clerg 


























Mason, Jonathan, American Senator 


1752 


1 S3 1 


Swartz, Rev. Dr. Joel, American Clerg 











Mehul, Music Compiler 






Sweetser, P. H., American Poet. ... 




.... 






Milton, John, English Poet 


1 60S 


1674 


Swett, Hon. Leonard, American Lawyer 










M'Master, Guv Humphrey, American Poet 






Swing, Prof. David, American Clerg 










Morrell, Rev. William, American Poet 






Taylor, Bayard, American Author 


1S25 


1878 






. . . ,__!_„_ Ti^-lr 






Taylor, R. Stuart, American Poet 












Thomas, Rev. Dr. H. W., American Clerg 










Munson, H. D., American Music Composer 






Tiffany, Rev. Dr., American Clerg 











Noyes, Gen. E. F., Am. General and Lawyer.. 






Tillman, Hon. Geo. D., American Statesman. . . 
















Towne, T. Martin, American Music Composer. 












Tucker, Dean, English Clerg 










Orton, Judge Harlow S., American Jurist 






Tucker, Henry, American Music Composer 










Oxenford, Esq., James, Music Composer 


























Palmer, Dr. Fred A., American Physician 






Vilas, Col. Wm. F., American Lawyer 










Palmer, Gen. J. M., American Gen. and Lawyer 






Wallace, W. R., American Author 


1S19 


iSSr 






Parton, James, American Author 


lS22 




Ward, Rev. Nathaniel, American Clerg 










Peeke, Mrs. Margaret B., American Poetess... 






Warren, Joseph, American General 


1741 


J 775 






Peeke, Rev. Dr. George H., American Clerg. .. 






Wilson, Henry, American Statesman 


1S12 


1S7S 








1795 


1S56 


Wilson, General, J. H., American General 










Phelps, E. C, American Music Composer 


Wilson, V. B., American Poet 










Phillips, Wendell, American Orator 


1S11 




Winthrop, Robert Charles, American Statesman 










Pierpont, John, American Poet 


I7S5 


1S66 


Woodford, Gen. Stewart L., American Lawyer 
















Work, Henrv Clav, American Music Composer 








. • 


X. 






_L 




•— ' 


,* _.._ — 










■ - "C 

J 


1 



*- 



•■*+ 




ft 






l'AGE. 

Adams, C. F 4 S 9 

Agassiz, Louis 3 1 5 

Andrew, J. A 494 

Arthur, Chester A 392 

Baltimore, Lord 462 

Battle of Gettysburg-, Pa.— July 1-3, 1S63 161 

Battle of Lookout Mountain, Tenn. — Nov. 24, 1863. . . 165 
Battle of Spottsylvania Court House — April 30, 1863.. 159 

Bayard, Thomas Francis „ 1 26 

Beauregard, G. P 503 

Bellows, Dr 501 

Benjamin, J. P 4S2 

Black, Judge 491 

Blaine, James G 220 

Blair, Gov 486 

Bragg, Gen 497 

Breckinridge, John C 47S 

Bright, John 36 

Bright, John 4S5 

Brown, Charles F. ( Artemus Ward) 334 

Brownlow, "Parson" 4S0 

Bryant, William Cullen, 286 

Buchanan, James 477 

Bunker Hill Monument, and Plan of Battle Ground.. S7 

Burning of Fredericksburg 157 

Burnside, Gen 490 

Butler, Gen 480 

Cabinet Chamber 400 

Cabot, Sebastian 459 

Calhoun, John Caldwell 4S3 

Cameron, Simon 490 

Channing, William Ellery 136 

Clay, Cassius M 483 

Clay, Henry 130 

Clemens, Samuel L 261 

Colt, Samuel 420 

Columbus 459 

Cooper, James Fenimore 315 

Curtin, Gov. A. G 4S2 

Cushing, C 491 

Dearborn, General 472 

Decatur, Lieutenant 470 

De Grasse, Count 46S 

De Kalb, Baron 457 

De Rochambeau, Count 467 

De Soto 460 

Dix,Gen 4S1 

Douglas, Stephen A 501 

Draper,Dr.J. W 315 

Dupont, Com 489 

Edmunds, Senator George F 372 



PAGE. 

Ellsworth, Col 480 

Emerson, Ralph Waldo 72 

Ericsson, John 484 

Fairbanks, Thaddeus 420 

Farragut, David G _ 499 

Foote, Rear- Admiral 495 

Forrest, Gen 492 

Franklin, Benjamin 46 

Fredericksburg, Burning of 157 

Fremont, Gen 481 

Frietchie, Barbara 164 

Gates, General 466 

Gettysburg, Battle of „ .. 161 

Goldsborough, Com 489 

Grant, Gen., U. S 212 

Greeley, Horace 192 

Grierson, Col 



495 

Halleck, P"itz- Greene 298 

Halleck, Gen 492 

Hall of Representatives, Washington 398 

Hancock, Gen. 491 

Hamilton 381 

Hamlin, Hannibal 478 

Hampton, Gen. Wade 500 

Hancock, Gen. U. S 176 

Harper's Ferry 142 

Harte, Bret 334 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel 315 

Herring, A. C 420 

Hendricks, Thomas A 378 

Holland, J. G 298 

Holmes, Oliver Wendell 152 

Hooker, Gen 493 

Hooker, Joseph 494 

Houston, Gen 484 



Howard, Gen 

Howe, Elias . 

Hudson, Henry 

Inauguration of Washington , 

Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 1776. 

Jackson, Gen. " Stonewall " 

Johnson, Gen. J . E 

Johnson, Reverdy. 



435 

420 

4*i 

106 

84 

495 

482 

4SS 

Jones, John Paul 467 

Kilpatrick, Gen 495 

King, Thomas Starr 174 

Kosciusko 468 

La Fayette, General 115 

Lawrence, Captain 472 

Lee, General 466 

Lee, General 492 

23 



1 



-^ 



24 



LIBERT 1' AND UNION 



PAGE. 

Lincoln, Abraham 16S 

Lincoln, General 4^7 

Longfellow, Henry Wads worth 17S 

Lowell, James Russell 1S0 

Lyon, Gen 4$ 2 

Lyons, Lord 4$9 

Macpherson, Gen 499 

Marshall, Humphrey 49 2 

M'Clellan, Gen 4 So 

M'Clellan, Gen. George B 176 

M'Dowell, Gen 4 Sl 

Meade, Gen 49^ 

Meagher, Gen 493 

Meigs, Gen 491 

Montgomery, Gen 465 

Morton, Gov. O. P 490 

Morris, Robert 46S 

Mosby, Gen .... 497 

Motley, John Lothrop 315 

Moultrie, Gen 465 

National Washington Monument, Washington, D. C. 1 10 

New State Department 401 

Ogilthorpe, James Edward 463 

Patrick, Henry, before the Virginia Assembly 6S 

Patent Office 411 

Pemberton, Gen 4S4 

Penn, William 462 

Pickett, Gen 4SS 

Pickens, Gen 46S 

Pike, Gen 4S4 

Pleasonton, Gen 502 

Plymouth Rock 47 

Pocahontas 461 

Poe, Edgar Allan 29S 

Polk, Gen 49$ 

Porter, David D 4S5 

Porter, T.J 494 

Price, Sterling 500 

Pulaski, Count 467 

Raleigh 460 

Ramsey, Gov 4S6 

Rhett, Robert B., of South Carolina 479 

Ross, John 4S3 

Scott, Gen 477 



PAGE. 

•• 37 



Seneca 

Sheridan, Gen 488 

Sheridan, Gen. P. H 170 

Sherman, Gen 49$ 

Sherman, Gen. W. T .269 

Sherman, Hon. John 35S 

Sibley, Gen 493 

Sigel, Gen 493 

Slidell, John 485 

Smith, John 46 1 

Stanton, Edwin M 490 

Stephens, A. H 479 

Steuben, Baron 466 

Sumner, Charles 1 33 

Sumner, Major Gen 496 

The Capitol, at Washington, D. C 360 

The Embarkation of the Pilgrims 4S 

The Senate Chamber 39S 

The White House 393 

Thomas, Gen. Geo. H 256 

Thurman, Senator Allen G 372 

Tilden, Samuel J 37S 

Toombs, Robert 479 

Tyler, John 4S6 

United States Military Academy at West Point 407 

United States Post Office 412 

Wallace, L 503 

Warren, Gen 56 

Washburn, Hon. E. B. 35S 

Washington, Original Portrait o- 66 

"W ayne 466 

Webster, Daniel 121 

Webster, Noah 334 

Wells, Gideon 494 

Wilson, Henry 4S6 

Williams, Roger 46 1 

Willis, N. P 29S 

Winthrop, Maj 4S1 

Wise, Gov 47S 

Wool, Gen 476 

Worcester, Joseph F 334 

Yates, Gov 4SS 

Yosemite Valley 487 




— 



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26 



LIBERT 2' AXD CXIOX. 






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EHLUMBUS IN SIGHT HF LflNfl 



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sailors; ■■ ! i tdJ fa dJ " — \e a i 
He runs — \is sight — 

I . dec spectaci* .' t n / ~ t .' \ \ '.: .' 
' . . n I ic '. ' . /.- • . : . si m 

.- Future? and S - 
I -.. y and at the -'. . t if the :'. roue — 

h g . " the ills I have know n ; 

In u-e for a i what are honors 

a 



t 



LIBERT T AND UNION. 



27 



3PAA 



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■;.- ->:; \: :■:---■{ ?T yi t ¥¥?^-V , ?'??"i- ! '^^ r i" "^ '•!" T-!" '.pTT'X'VTT V TTT W*' "i'T '•!' TT?-?'WYT l Y 



» 



THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS. 



WASHINGTON IRVING. 




* 



T was on Friday morning, the 
1 2th of October, 1492, that Co- 

r^ lumbus first beheld the New 
World. As the day dawned he 
saw before him a level island, sev- 
eral leagues in extent, and covered 
with trees like a continued orchard. 
Though apparently uncultivated, it was 
populous, for the inhabitants were seen 
issuing from all parts of the woods and 
running to the shore. They were per- 
fectly naked, and, as they stood gazing 
at the ships, appeared by their attitudes 
and gestures to be lost in astonishment. 
Columbus made signals for the ships 
to cast anchor, and the boats to be 
manned and armed. He entered his own 
boat, richly attired in scarlet, and hold- 
ing the royal standard; whilst Martin 
Alonzo Pinzon and Vincent Janez, his 
brother, put off in company in their 
boats, each with a banner of the enter- 
prise emblazoned with a green cross, 
having on either side the letters F. and 
Y., the initials of the Castilian monarchs 
Fernando and Ysabel, surmounted by 
crowns. 

As he approached the shore, Colum- 
bus, who was disposed for all kinds of 



agreeable impressions, was delighted 
with the purity and suavity of the at- 
mosphere, the crystal transparency of 
the sea, and the extraordinary beauty of 
the vegetation. He beheld, also, fruits 
of an unknown kind upon the trees 
which overhung the shores. On land- 
ing, he threw himself upon his knees, 
kissed the earth, and returned thanks to 
God with tears of joy. His example was 
followed by the rest, whose hearts in- 
deed overflowed with the same feelings 
of gratitude. 

Columbus, then rising, drew his sword» 
displayed the royal standard, and assem- 
bling round him the two captains, with 
Rodrigo de Escobedo, notary of the ar- 
mament, Rodrigo Sanchez, and the rest 
who had landed, he took solemn posses- 
sion in the name of the Castilian sover- 
eigns, giving the island the name of San 
Salvador. Having complied with the 
requisite forms and ceremonies, he called 
upon all present to take the oath of obe- 
dience to him, as admiral and viceroy 
representing the persons of the sover- 
eigns. 

The feelings of the crew now burst 
forth in the most extravagant transports. 



•>4 5" 



—4» 



28 



LIBERT r AXD VXION. 



They had recently considered themselves 
devoted men, hurrying- forward to de- 
struction; they now looked upon them- 
selves as favorites of fortune, and gave 
themselves up to the most unbounded 
joy. They thronged around the admiral 
with overflowing zeal, some embracing 
him, others kissing his hands. Those 
who had been most mutinous and tur- 
bulent during- the voyage, were now 
most devoted and enthusiastic. Some 
begged favors of him, as if he had already 
wealth and honors in his gift. Many ab- 
ject spirits, who had outraged him by 
their insolence, now crouched at his feet, 
begging pardon for all the trouble thev 
had caused him, and promising the blind- 
est obedience for the future. 

The natives of the island, who. at the 
dawn of day, had beheld the ships 
hovering on their coast, had supposed 
them monsters which had issued from 
the deep during the night. Thev had 
crowded to the beach, and watched their 
movements with awful anxiety. Their 
veering about, apparently without effort. 
and the shifting and furling of their 
sails, resembling- huge wings, rilled them 
with astonishment. When thev beheld 
their boats approach the shore, and a 
number of strange beings clad in glitter- 
ing steel, or raiment of various colore, 
landing upon the beach, thev tied in af- 
fright to the woods. 

Finding-, however, that there was no 
attempt to pursue nor molest them, they 
gradually recovered from their terror. 
and approached the Spaniards with great 
awe, frequently prostrating themselves 
on the earth, and making signs of adora- 
tion. During the ceremonies of taking 
possession, they remained gazing in timid 
admiration at the complexion, the beards, 
the shining armor, and splendid dress of 



the Spaniards. The admiral particularly 

attracted their attention, from his com- 
manding height, his air of authority, his 
dress of scarlet, and the deference which 
was paid him by his companions; all 
which pointed him out to be the com- 
mander. 

When they had still further recovered 
from their fears, they approached the 
Spaniards, touched their beards, and ex- 
amined their hands and faces, admiring 
their whiteness. Columbus was pleased 
with their gentleness and confiding sim- 
plicity, and suffered their scrutiny with 
perfect acquiescence, winning them by 
his benignity. Thev now supposed that 
the ships had sailed out of the crystal fir- 
mament which bounded their horizon, or 
had descended from above on their am- 
ple wings, and that these marvelous be- 
ings were inhabitants of the skies. 

The natives of the island were no less 
objects of curiosity to the Spaniards, dif- 
fering as they did from any race of men 
they had ever seen. Their appearance 
gave no promise of either wealth or civ- 
ilization, for thev were entirely naked, 
and painted with a variety of colors. 
With some it was confined merely to a 
part of the face, the nose, or around the 
eves : with others it extended to the 
whole body, and gave them a wild and 
fantastic appearance. 

Their complexion was of a tawny or 
copper hue, and they were entirely desti- 
tute of beards. Their hair was not 
crisped, like the recently discovered tribes 
of the African coast, under the same lat- 
itude, but straight and coarse, partly cut 
short above the ears, but some locks were 
left long behind and tailing upon their 
shoulders. Their features, though ob- 
scured and discolored by paint, were 
asrreeable: thev had loftv foreheads, and 



* 



LI BERT r AND UNION. 



29 



remarkably fine eyes. They were of 
moderate stature and well-shaped; most 
of them appeared to be under thirty years 
of age; there was but one female with 
them, quite young, naked like her com- 
panions, and beautifully formed. 

As Columbus supposed himself to have 
landed on an island at the extremity of 
India, he called the natives by the gen- 
eral appellation of Indians, which was 
universally adopted before the true na- 
ture of his discovery was known, and 
has since been extended to all the abo- 
riginals of the New World. The island- 
ers were friendly and gentle. Their 
only arms were lances, hardened at the 
end by fire, or pointed with a flint, or the 
teeth or bone of a fish. There was no 
iron to be seen, nor did they appear ac- 
quainted with its properties; for when a 
drawn sword was presented to them, 
they unguardedly took it by the edge. 
% % % % * * 

He was persuaded that he had arrived 
among the islands described by Marco 
Polo, as lying opposite Cathay, in the 
Chinese Sea, and he construed every- 
thing to accord with the account given 
of those opulent regions. Thus the ene- 
mies which the natives spoke of as com- 



the northwest he concluded to 
be the people of the mainland of Asia, 
the subjects of the great Khan of Tarta- 
ry, who were represented by the Vene- 
tian traveler as accustomed to make war 
upon the islands, and to enslave their in- 
habitants. The country to the south, 
abounding in gold, could be no other 
than the famous island of Cipango; and 
the king, who was served out of vessels 
of gold, must be the monarch whose 
magnificent city and gorgeous palace, 
covered with plates of gold, had been ex- 
tolled in such splendid terms by Marco 
Polo. 

The island where Columbus had thus, 
for the first time, set his foot upon the 
New World, was called by the natives 
Guanahani. It still retains the name of 
San Salvador, which he gave to it, 
though called, by the English, Cat Is- 
land. The light which he had seen the 
evening previous to his making land 
may have been on Watling's Island, 
which lies a few leagues to the east. San 
Salvador is one of the great cluster of the 
Lucayos or Bahama Islands, which 
stretch southeast and northwest, from the 
coast of Florida to Hispaniola, covering 
the northern coast of Cuba. 



■~^mM&~ 



CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 



WASHINGTON IRVING. 




.E was decidedly a visionary, but 
a visionary of an uncommon and 
successful kind. The manner in 
which his ardent imagination and 
mercurial nature were controlled by 
a powerful judgment, and directed 
by an acute sagacity, is the most extraor- 
dinary feature in his character. Thus 



governed, his imagination, instead of 
wasting itself in idle soarings, lent wings 
to his judgment, and bore it away to con- 
clusions at which common minds could 
never have arrived; nay, which they 
could not perceive, when pointed out. 

To his intellectual vision it was 
given to read, in the signs of the times 



*4* 



X 



■^ 



3° 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



and the reveries of past ages, the indi- 
cations of an unknown world, as sooth- 
sayers were said to read predictions in 
the stars, and to foretell events from 
the visions of the night. "His soul," ob- 
serves a Spanish writer, "was superior 
to the age in which he lived. For him 
was reserved the great enterprise to plow 
the sea which had given rise to so many 
fables, and to decipher the mystery of 
his time." 

With all the visionary fervor of his 
imagination, its fondest dreams fell short 
of the reality. He died in ignorance of 
the real grandeur of his discovery. Until 
his last breath, he entertained the idea 
that he had merely opened a new way 
to the old resorts of opulent commerce, 
and had discovered some of the wild re- 
gions of the East. He supposed Hispan- 
iola to be the ancient Ophir which had 



been visited by the ships of Solomon, 
and that Cuba and Terra Firma were 
but remote parts of Asia. 

What visions of glory would have 
broken upon his mind, could he have 
known that he had indeed discovered a 
new continent, equal to the whole of the 
Old World in magnitude, and separated 
by two vast oceans, from all the earth 
hitherto known by civilized man! And 
how would his magnanimous spirit have 
been consoled, amid the chills of age and 
cares of penury, the neglect of a fickle 
public, and the injustice of an ungrateful 
king, could he have anticipated the splen- 
did empires which were to spread over 
the beautiful world he had discovered, 
and the nations and tongues and lan- 
guages which were to fill its lands with 
his renown, and to revere and bless his 
name to the latest posterity! 



-£H>— 



SAMUEL SEWALL ON COLUMBUS AND COLUMBINA. 



f" 



CHARLES SUMNER. 




:2 ,AMUEL SEWALL adduces 

" learned Mr. Nicholas Fuller," 

^^ K who would have it believed 



that America was first peopled "by 
the posterity of our great-grand- 
father Japheth, though he will not 
be very strict with us as to the particular 
branch of that wide family." The ex- 
tract from this new authority is remarka- 
ble for its vindication to Columbus of the 
name of the new Continent. " Quam 
passim Americana dicunt, vere ac merito 
Columbinam potius dicerent, a magnani- 
mo heroe Christophoro Columbo Gen- 



nensi primo terrarum illarum investigatore 
atque inventore plane divinitus consti- 
tute"." * This designation he adopts in his 
own text: thus, " Hinc ergo Columbina 
primum"; 2 then again, "Multo is quidem 
proprior est Columbina"; 3 then again, 
"America seu verius Columbina" ; i then 
again, "Repertam fuisse Columbinam." 

i "Which everywhere they call America; truly and 
deservedly they should say rather Columbina from the 
magnanimous hero Christopher Columbus, the Genoese, 
first explorer, and plainly divinely appointed discoverer of 
these lands." — Miscell. Sac, Lib. II. cap. 4 in fine. See 
also cap. 84. and 85. 

2 " Henc-', therefore, Columbina first." 

3 " It is indeed much nearer to Columbina." 

4 " America, or more truly Columbina." 

5 " That Columbina would be found." 



-%+ 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 



EDWARD EVERETT. 




FTER years of fruitless and 
If, heart-sick solicitation, after of- 
a fering, in effect, to this mon- 
arch and to that monarch, the gift 
of a hemisphere, the great dis- 
coverer touches upon a partial suc- 
cess. He succeeds, not in enlisting the 
sympathy of his countiymen at Genoa 
and Venice, for a brave brother-sailor, — 
not in giving a new direction to the 
spirit of maritime adventure, which had 
so long prevailed in Portugal, — not in 
stimulating the commercial thrift of 
Henry the Seventh, or the pious ambi- 
tion of the Catholic king. His sorrow- 
ful perseverance touched the heart of a 
noble princess, worthy the throne which 
she adorned. The New World, which 
was just escaping the subtle kingcraft of 
Ferdinand, was saved to Spain by the 
womanly compassion of Isabella. 

It is truly melancholy, however, to 
contemplate the wretched equipment for 
which the most powerful princess of 
Christendom was ready to pledge her 
jewels. Floating castles will soon be 
fitted out to convey the miserable natives 
of Africa to the golden shores of Amer- 
ica; towering galleons will be dispatched 
to bring home the guilty treasures to 
Spain. But three small vessels, one of 
which was without a deck, and neither 
of them, probably, exceeding the capac- 
ity of a pilot-boat, and even these im- 
pressed into the public service, composed 
the expedition fitted out under royal pat- 



ronage, to realize that magnificent con- 
ception, in which the creative mind of 
Columbus had planted the germs of a 
New World. 

No chapter of romance equals the in- 
terest of this expedition. The most fas- 
cinating of the works of fiction which 
have issued from the modern press have, 
to my taste, no attraction compared with 
the pages in which the first voyage of 
Columbus is described by Robertson, 
and still more by our own Irving and 
Prescott, the last two enjoying the ad- 
vantage over the Scottish historian of 
possessing the lately discovered journals 
and letters of Columbus himself. The 
departure from Palos, where, a few days 
before, he had begged a morsel of bread 
and a cup of water for his wayworn 
child, — his final farewell to the Old 
World at the Canaries, — his entrance 
upon the trade winds, which then, for 
the first time, filled a European sail, — 
the portentous variation of the needle, 
never before observed, — the fearful 
course westward and westward, day 
after day, and night after night, over the 
unknown ocean, — the mutinous and ill- 
appeased crew; — at length, when hope 
had turned to despair in every heart but 
one, the tokens of land, — the cloud- 
banks on the western horizon, — the logs 
of driftwood, — the fresh shrub, floating 
with its leaves and berries, — the flocks of 
land-birds, — the shoals of fish that in- 
habit shallow water, — the indescribable 



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3 2 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



smell of the shore, — the mysterious pre- 
sentiment that seems ever to go before a 
great event, — and finally, on that ever- 
memorable night of the 12th of October, 
1492, the moving light seen by the sleep- 
less eye of the great discoverer himself, 
from the deck of the Santa Maria, and 
in the morning the real, undoubted land? 
swelling up from the bosom of the deep, 



with its plains, and hills, and forests, and 
rocks, and streams, and strange, new 
races of men; — these are incidents in 
which the authentic history of the dis- 
covery of our Continent excels the spe- 
cious wonders of romance, as much as 
gold excels tinsel, or the sun in the 
heavens outshines the light of the flicker- 
ing taper. 



~~^&^x>- 



THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA. 



WILLIAM HICKLING PRESCOTT. 




?- T is not easy at this time to com- 
prehend the impulse given to 
Europe by the discovery of 
America. It was not the gradual 
acquisition of some border territory, 
a province or a kingdom, that had 
been gained, but a new world that was 
thrown open to the European. The 
races of animals, the mineral treasures, 
the vegetable forms, the varied aspects 
of nature and man in the different 
phases of civilization, filled the mind with 
entirely new sets of ideas, that changed 
the habitual current of thought, and stim- 
ulated it to indefinite conjecture. The 
eagerness to explore the wonderful secrets 
of the new hemisphere became so active 
that the principal cities of Spain were, 
in a manner, depopulated, as emigrants 
thronged one after another to take their 
chance upon the deep. It was a world 
of romance that was thrown open; for 
whatever might be the luck of the ad- 
venturer, his reports on his return were 
tinged with a coloring of romance that 
stimulated still higher the sensitive fan- 



cies of his countrymen, and nourished 
the chimerical sentiments of an age of 
chivalry. They listened with attentive 
ears to tales of Amazons, which seemed 
to realize the classic legends of antiquity ; 
to stories of Patagonian giants; to flam- 
ing pictures of an El Dorado (Golden 
Land), where sands sparkle with gems, 
and golden pebbles as large as birds' eggs 
were dragged in nets out of the rivers. 

Yet that the adventurers were no im- 
postors, but dupes, too easy dupes, of 
their own credulous fancies, is shown by 
the extravagant character of their enter- 
prises; by expeditions in search of the 
magical Fountain of Health, of the 
golden Temple of Doboyba, of the 
golden Sepulchres of Yenu, — for gold 
was ever floating before their distempered 
vision, and the name of Castillo, de Oro 
(Golden Castle), the most unhealthy and 
unprofitable region of the Isthmus, held 
out a bright promise to the unfortunate 
settler, who too frequently instead of gold 
found there only his grave. 

In this realm of enchantment all the 



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LI BERT 7' AND UNION. 



33 



accessories served to maintain the illusion. 
The simple natives, with their defense- 
less bodies and rude weapons, were no 
match for the European warrior, armed 
to the teeth in mail. The odds were as 
great as those found in any legend of 
chivalry, where the lance of the good 
knight overturned hundreds at a touch. 
The perils that lay in the discoverer's 
path, and the sufferings he had to sustain, 
were scarcely inferior to those that beset 
the knight-errant. Hunger and thirst 
and fatigue, the deadly effluvia of the 
morass, with its swarms of venomous 
insects, the cold of mountain snows, and 
the scorching sun of the tropics, — -these 
were the lot of every cavalier who came 
to seek his fortunes in the New World. 
It was the reality of romance. The life 
of the Spanish adventurer was one chap- 
ter more, and not the least remarkable, 
in the chronicles of knight-errantry. 

The character of the warrior took 
somewhat of the exaggerated coloring 
shed over his exploits. Proud and vain- 
glorious, swelled with lofty anticipations 
of his destiny, and an invincible confi- 
dence in his own resources, no danger 
could appal, and no toil could tire him. 
The greater the danger, indeed, the 
higher the charm ; for his soul reveled 
in excitement, and the enterprise with- 
out peril wanted that spur of romance 
which was necessary to rouse his energies 
into action. Yet in the motives of action 
meaner influences were strangely mingled 
with the loftier, the temporal with the 
spiritual. Gold was the incentive and 
the recompense, and in the pursuit of it 
his inflexible nature rarely hesitated as 
to the means. His courage was sullied 
with cruelty, the cruelty that flowed equal- 
ly, strange as it may seem,from his avarice 
and his religion; religion as it was under- 



stood in that age, — the religion of the 
Crusader. It was the convenient cloak 
for a multitude of sins, which covered them 
even from himself. The Castilian, too 
proud for hypocrisy, committed more 
cruelties in the name of religion than 
were ever practiced by the pagan idola- 
tor or the fanatical Moslem. The burn- 
ing of the infidel was a sacrifice accept- 
able to heaven, and the conversion of 
those who survived amply atoned for the 
foulest offences. It is a melancholy and 
mortifying consideration that the most 
uncompromising spirit of intolerance — 
the spirit of the Inquisitor at home, and 
of the Crusader abroad — should have 
emanated from a religion which preached 
" peace upon earth and good-will toward 
man"! 

What a contrast did these children of 
Southern Europe present to the Anglo- 
Saxon races, who scattered themselves 
along the great northern division of the 
Western Hemisphere! For the princi- 
ple of action with these latter was not 
avarice, nor the more specious pretext of 
proselytism ; but independence, — indepen- 
dence religious and political. To secure 
this, they were content to earn a bare 
subsistence by a life of frugality and toil. 
They asked nothing from the soil but 
the reasonable returns of their own la- 
bor. No golden visions threw a deceit- 
ful halo around their path, and beckoned 
them onward through seas of blood to 
the subversion of an unoffending dynasty. 
They were content with the slow but 
steady progress of their social polity. 
They patiently endured the privations of 
the wildernesss, watering the tree of 
liberty with their tears and with the sweat 
of their brow, till it took deep root in the 
land and sent up its branches high 
toward the heavens, while the communi- 



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34 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



ties of the neighboring continent, shooting 
up into the sudden splendors of a tropi- 
cal vegetation, exhibited, even in their 
prime, the sure symptoms of decay. 

It would seem to have been especially 
ordered by Providence, that the discovery 
of the two great divisions of the Ameri- 
can Hemisphere should fall to the two 
races best fitted to conquer and colonize 
them. Thus the northern section was 
consigned to the Anglo-Saxon race, 
whose orderly, industrious habits found 



ample field for development under its 
colder skies and on its more rugged soil ; 
while the southern portion, with its rich 
tropical prod acts and treasures of miner- 
al wealth, held out the most attractive 
bait to invite the enterprise of the Span- 
iard. How different might have been 
the result, if the bark of Columbus had 
taken a more northerly direction, as he 
at one time meditated, and landed its 
band of adventurers on the shores of 
what is now Free America. 



APOSTROPHE TO AMERICA. 



SAMUEL SEWALL. 



"Lift up your heads, ye Gates (of Columbina), and be 
ye lift up, ye Everlasting Doors, and the KING of Glory shall 



come in. 



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36 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



^SPEECH AT BIHMINEHflM-^§jj§» 






December iS, [S62. 




//L4 KZ? a far other and far brighter vision before my craze. It may be 
but a vision, but I will cherish it. f see one vast confederation stretching 
from the frozen North in unbroken, line to the glowing South, and from 
the wild billows of the Atlantic westward, to the calmer waters of the Pacific 
main — and I see one -people, and one lazu, and one language, and one faith, 
and, over all that wide continent, the home of freedom, and a refuge for the 
oppressed of every race and of every clime. 



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LIBERTY AND UNION. 



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SENECA. 

Seneca in the " Medea 
well known lines: 



wrote the 



". . . .venient annis 
Secula seris quibus Oceanus 
Vincula rerum laxet, et ingens 
Pateat tellus, Tiphys que novos 
Detegat orbes, nee sit terris 
Ultima Thule." 

Bacon says of them, " A prophecy of 
the discovery of America;" and this 
they may well be, if we adopt the trans- 
lation of Archbishop Whate- 
ly, in his notes to the Essay 
of Prophecies: " There shall 
come a time in later ages, 
when ocean shall relax his 
chains and a vast continent 
appear, and a pilot shall find 
new worlds, and Thule shall 
be no more earth's bound." 
Fox wrote to Wakefield: 
M The prophecy in Seneca's 
1 Medea ' is very curious in- 
deed. " Irving says of it: 
a Wonderfully apposite, and 
shows, at least, how nearly , the warm 
imagination of a poet may approach to 
prophecy. The predictions of the ancient 
oracle were rarely so unequivocal. " 
These verses were adopted by Irving as 
a motto on the title-page of the revised 
edition of his " Life of Columbus. " 



STRABO. 

Strabo, the Greek writer on Geogra- 
phy, wrote in the eighty-fourth year of 
his age, during the reign of Augustus: 
" There may be in the same temperate 
zone two and indeed more inhabited 
lands, especially nearest the parallel of 
Thinae or Athens, prolonged into the 
Atlantic Ocean." 




PETRARCA. 

Petrarca, an Italian poet, 
wrote before Columbus set 
sail: 

"The daylight hastening with 
-winged steps 

Perchance to gladden the expect- 
ant eyes 

Of far-off nations in a zvorld re- 
mote. " 



PULCI. 

Pulci, another Italian poet, 
reveals another undiscovered 
world beyond the Pillars of 
Hercules. 



"Know that this theory is false; his bark 
The daring mariner shall urge far o'er 
The western wave, a smooth and level plain, 
Albeit the earth is fashioned like a wheel. 
Man was in ancient days of grosser mould, 
And Hercules might blush to learn how far 
Beyond the limits he had vainly set 
The dullest sea-boat soon shall wing her way. 



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38 LIBERTY AND UNION. 






*' Men shall descry another hemisphere, 


DANIEL. 






Since to one common centre all things tend; 

So earth, by curious mystery divine 

Well balanced, hangs amid the starry spheres. 


Daniel, the poet laureate and contem- 
porary of Drayton, writes of the spread 






At our A71tipod.es are cities , states, 


of the English language in the New 






And thronged empires, ne'er divined of yore. 


World : 






But see, the sun speeds on his western path 
To glad the nations with expected light. " 


" Who in time knows whither we may vent 
The treasures of our tongue? To what s^ange 
shores 












CHAPMAN. 


This gain of our best glory shall be sent. 






Chapman, an English poet, famous as 


T' enrich unknowing nations with our stores? 
What worlds, in the yet unformed Occident, 






the translator of Homer, in a poem writ- 


May 'come refined with th' accents that are 






ten in 1595 on Guiana, thus celebrates 
and commends the unknown land : — 


ours?*' 






MORRELL. 






" Guiana, whose rich feet are mines of gold, 
Whose forehead knocks against the roof of stars, 
Stands on her tiptoe at fair England looking, 
Kissing her hand, bowing her mighty breast, 


" A grandchild to Earth's paradise js born, 
Well limben, well naven, fair, rich, sweet, yet 
forlorn." Rev. William Morrell, 1623. 






And every sign of all submission making, 








To be the sister and the daughter both 


WARD. 






Of our most sacred maid. 


"So farewell England old, 






* * * * 


If evil times ensue, 






And there do palaces and temples rise 


Let good men come to us, 






Out of the earth and kiss th' enamor'd skies, 


We'll welcome them to new." 






Where new Britannia humbly kneels to 

Heaven, 
The world to her, and both at her blest feet 
In whom the circles of all empire meet. " 


Rev. Nathaniel Ward, 

Ipswich, Mass., 1647. 






WEBB. 

"Rome shall lament her ancient fame declined, 






DRAYTON. 






And Philadelphia be the Athens of mankind" 






Drayton, another English poet living 
during the reign of James I, thus ad- 
dresses Virginia: 


George Webb, 1728. 






BRECKENRIDGE. 






" And ours to hold 
Virginia, 


Another English prophet, in verses 
written during our colonial days, fore- 






Earth's only paradise. 


tells that his country shall see British 






"Where nature hath in store 


wealth, power, and glory repeated in the 






Fowl, venison, and fish, 


New World: — 






And the fruitful'st soil 


" In other lands, another Britain see, 






Without your toil 


And what thou art America shall be." 






Three harvests more 

All greater than your wish. 


"This is thy praise, America, thy power, 
Thou best of climes by science visited, 






"To whose, the golden age 
Still nature's laws doth give, 


By freedom blest and richly stored with all 
The luxuries of life. Hail, happy land, 






No other cares that 'tend 


" The seit of empire, the a >ode of kings, 






But them to defend 


The final stage where Time shall introduce 






From winter's age, 


Renowned characters and glorious works of 






That long there doth not live." 


art, 




H 


V , , ,. 


1 • 




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LIBERTY AND UNrON. 



39 



Which not the ravages of time shall waste 
Till he himself has run his long career." 

Hugh Henry Brec ken ridge, 177 1. 



MILTON. 



" What numbers of faithful and free- 
born Englishmen and good Christians 
have been constrained to forsake their 
dearest home,, their friends and kindred, 
whom nothing but the wide ocean and the 
savage deserts of America could hide and 
shelter from the fury of the bishops! O, 
if we could but see the shape of our 
dear mother England, as poets are wont 
to give a personal form to what they 
please, how would she appear, think ye, 
but in a mourning weed, with ashes up- 
on her head, and tears abundantly flow- 
ing from her eyes, to behold so many of 
her children exposed at once and thrust 
from things of dearest necessity, because 
their conscience could not assent to things 
which the bishops thought indifferent? 
Let the astrologer be dismayed at the 
portentous blaze of comets and impres- 
sions in air, as foretelling troubles and 
changes to states; I shall believe there 
cannot be a more ill-boding sign to a 
nation (God turn the omen from us!) than 
when the inhabitants, to avoid insuffer- 
able grievances at home, are enforced by 
heaps to forsake their native country." 
John Milton, 16 41. 



ADDRESS TO THE NEW WORLD. 

"To live by wholesome laws you now begin 
Buildings to raise, and fence your cities in, 
To plough the earth, to plough the very main, 
And traffic with the universe maintain ; 
Defensive arms and ornaments of dress, 
All implements of life you now possess. 
To you the arts of war and peace are known, 
And whole Minerva is become your own. 
Our muses, to your sires an unknown band, 
Already have got fooling in your land. 



" Long rolling years shall late bring on the times 
When with your gold debauched, and ripened 

crimes 
Europe, the world's most noble part, shall fall 
Upon her banished gods and virtue call 
In vain, while foreign and domestic war 
At once shall her distracted bosom tear, — 
Forlorn, and to be pitied, even by you; 
Meanwhile your rising glory you shall view; 
Wit, learning, virtue, discipline of war, 
Shall for protection to your world repair 
And fix a long illustrious empire there. 

% * % * * 

" Late destiny shall high exalt your reign, 
Whose pomp no crowds of slaves a needless 

train, 
Nor gold, the rabble's idol, shall support, 
Like Montezuma's or Guanapaci's court, 
But such true grandeur as old Rome maintained 
Where fortune was a slave, and virtue reigned." 
Abraham Cowley, i66j 

A PROPHECY OF THE NEW WORLD. 

"When New England shall trouble New Spain, 
When Jamaica shall be lady of the isles and 

the main; 
When Spain shall be in America hid, 
And Mexico shall prove a Madrid ; 
When Africa shall no more sell out their blacks 
To make slaves and drudges to the American 
tracts; 
* * * * * 

When America shall cease to send out its treasure 
But employ it at home in American pleasure; 

When the New World shall the Old invade, 
Nor count them their lords btit their fellows in 
trade; 

Then think strange things have come to light, 
Whereof but few have had a foresight." 

Sir Thomas Brown, 1682. 



THE FUTURE OF THE COLONIES. 

DR. CHARLES DAVENANT, 169S. 

As the case now stands, we shall show 
that they [the Colonies] are a spring of 
wealth to this nation, that they work for 
us, that their treasure centers all here, and 
that the laws have tied them fast enough 
to us: so that it must be through our own 



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LI BERT T AND UNION. 



fault and misgovernment, if they become 
independent of England. . . . Cor- 
rupt governors may hereafter provoke 
them to withdraw their obedience, and 
by supine negligence or upon mistaken 
measures, we may let them grow, more 
especially New England, in naval strength 
and power, which, if suffered, we cannot 
expect to hold them long in our subjec- 
tion. If, as some have proposed, we 
should think to build ships of war there, 
we may teach them an art which will 
cost us some blows to make them forget. 
Some such courses may, indeed, drive 
them, or put it into their heads, to erect 
themselves into independent Common- 
wealths. 

" So that, if we should go to cultivate 
among them the art of navigation and 
teach them to have a naval force, they 
may set up for themselves and ?nake the 
greatest fart of our West India trade 
precarious." 



PLANTING ARTS AND LEARNING 
IN AMERICA. 

BISHOP BERKLEY, 1726. 

The Muse, disgusted at an age and clime 
Barren of every glorious theme, 

In distant lands notu -waits a better time, 
Producing subjects -worthy fame. 

In happy climes, where from the genial sun 
And virgin earth such scenes ensue, 

The farce of art by nature seems outd©ne, 
And fancied beauties by the true; 

In happy climes the seat of innocence, 
Where nature guides and virtue rules, 

Where men shall impose for truth and sense, 
The pedantry of courts and schools. 

There shall be sung another golden age, 

The rise of empire and of arts, 
The good and great uprising epic rage, 

The wisest heads and noblest hearts, 

Not such as Europe breeds in her decay; 
Such as she bred when fresh and young, 



When heavenly flame did animate her clay, 
By future poets shall be sung. 

West-ward the course of empire takes its -way; 

The first four acts already past, 
A fifth shall close the drama with the day; 

Time's noblest offsDrino- is the last. 



VINDICATION OF AMERICA. 

SAMUEL SEWALL, 1 727. 

I can't but think that either England 
or New England, or both together is 
best, is the only bridesmaid mentioned by 
name in David's Epithalamium to assist 
at the great wedding now shortly to be 
made. . . . Angels incognito have 
sometimes made themselves guests to men, 
designing thereby to surprise them with 
a requital of their love to strangers. In 
like manner the English nation in show- 
ing kindness to the aboriginal natives of 
America may possibly show kindness to 
Israelites unaware. . . . Instead of 
being branded for slaves with hot irons 
in the face and arms, and driven by scores 
in mortal chains, they shall wear the 
name of God in their foreheads, and they 
shall be delivered into the glorious liberty 
of the children of God. . . . Asia, 
Africa, and Europe have each of them 
had a glorious gospel-day. None, there- 
fore, will be grieved at any one's plead- 
ing that America may be made copart- 
ner with her sisters in the free and sover- 
eign grace of God." 

New Jerusalem will not straiten, and 
enfeeble ; but wonderfully dilate, and in- 
vigorate Christianity in the several quar- 
ters of the World, in Asia, in Africa, in 
Europe, and in America. And one that 
has been born, or but lived in America, 
more than threescore years; it may be 
pardonable for him to ask, Why may not 
that be the place of New Jerusalem ? 

Of all the parts of the world, which do 



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LI BERT T AND UNION. 



4 1 



from this Charter entitle themselves to 
the Government of Christ, America's 
plea, in my opinion, is the strongest. For 
when once Christopher Columbus had 
added this fourth to the other three parts 
of the foreknown World ; they who sailed 
farther westward arrived but where they 
had been before. The Globe now failed 
of offering anything New to the adven- 
turous Travailer: or however, it could 
not afford another new World. And 
probably, the consideration of America? s 
being the beginning of the East, and the 
End of the West ; was that which moved 
Columbus to call some part of it by the 
Name of Alpha and Omega. Now if 
the last Adam did give order for the en- 
graving of his own name upon this last 
Earth: 'twill draw with it great Conse- 
quences; even such as will, in time, bring 
the poor Americans out of their Graves, 
and make them live." 



THE SEPARATION OF THE COLO- 
NIES. 

HARGOT, I776-S. 

As a citizen of the world, I see with 
jov the approach of an event which, 
more than all the books of philosophers, 
will dissipate the phantom of commer- 
cial jealousy. I mean the separation of 
your colonies from the mother coitntry, 

WHICH WILL BE FOLLOWED SOON BY 
THAT OF ALL AMERICA FROM EUROPE. 

It is then that the discovery of this 
part of the world will become to us 
truly useful. It is then that it will mul- 
tiply our enjoyments much more abun- 
dantly than when we purchased them 
with torrents of blood. The English, 
the French, the Spaniards, will use sugar, 
coffee, indigo, and will sell their prod- 
uce precisely as the Swiss do to-day, 



and they will have also, as the Swiss 
people, the advantage that this sugar, this 
coffee, this indigo, will serve no longer 
as a pretext for intriguers to precipitate 
their nation into ruinous Avars, and to op- 
press them with taxes. 

"The present war will probably end 
in the absolute independence of the col- 
onies, and that event will certainly be 
the epoch of the greatest revolution in 
the commerce and politics, not of Eng- 
land only, but of all Europe When 

the English themselves shall recognize 
the independence of their colonies, 
every mother country will be forced in 
like manner to exchange its dominion 
over its colonies for bonds of friendship 
and fraternity When the total sepa- 
ration of America shall have healed the 
European nations of the jealousy of com- 
merce, there will exist among men one 
great cause of war the less, and it is very 
difficult not to desire an event which is 
to accomplish this good for the human 
race." 



THE ENGLISH DOMAINS IN NORTH 
AMERICA. 

MARQUIS D'ARGENSON, 1 745. 

Another great event to arrive upon the 
round earth is this. The English have 
in North America domains great, strong-, 
rich, well-regulated. There are in New 
England a parliament, governors, troops, 
white inhabitants in abundance, riches, 
and mariners, which is worse. 

"I say that some bright morning those 
dominations can separate from England, 
rise and erect themselves into an inde- 
pendent republic. 

"What will happen from this? Do 
people think of this? A country well 
regulated by the arts of Europe, in con- 



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42 LIBERTY AXD UNION 

dition to communicate with it bv the 



present perfection of its marine, and 
which by this will appropriate our arts 
in proportion to their improvements* 
Patience! Such a country in several 
ages will make great progress in popula- 
tion and in politeness; such a country 
will render itself in a short time master 
of America, and especially of the gold 
mines. 



AMERICA TO BECOME GREATER 
THAN ENGLAND. 

JOHN ADAMS, 1 755. 

England began to increase in power 
and magnificence, and is now the greatest 
nation of the globe. Soon after the Ref- 
ormation, a few people came over into 
this New World for conscience' sake. 
Perhaps this apparently trivial incident 
mav transfer the great seat of empire to 
America. It looks likely to me; for if we 
can remove the turbulent Gallics, our peo- 
ple, according to the exactest computa- 
tions, will, in another century, become 
more numerous than England itself. 
Should this be the case, since we have, 
I may say, all the naval stores of the 
nations in our hands, it will be easv to 
obtain the mastery of the seas; and then 
the united force of all Europe will not 
be able to subdue us. The only way to 
keep us from setting up for ourselves is 
to disunite us. Divide et imperii. Keep 
us in distinct colonies, and then, some 
great men in each colony desiring the 
monarchy of the whole, they will destroy 
each other's influence, and keep the 
countrv in equilibria 

MARQUIS DE MONTCALM, 1758. 

All these informations which I every 
dav receive confirm me in my opinion 



that England will one day lose her col- 
onies on the continent of America ; and 
if Canada should then be in the hands of 
an able governor who understands his bus- 
iness, he will have a thousand opportun- 
ities of hastening the event; this is the 
only advantage we can reap of all it has 
cost us. 



THE FUTURE INDEPENDENCE OF 

NORTH AMERICA AND SOUTH 

AMERICA. 

THE' ABBE RAYNAL, l 77°' 

Break the knot which binds ancient 
Britain to the new ; soon the northern 
colonies alone will have more power 
than they possessed in union with the 
mother countrv. This great continent 
enfranchised from all compact with 
Europe, will be free in all its movements. 
. . . The colonies of our absolute mon- 
archies following the example of the 
English colonies, will themselves break 
the chain which binds them shamefully 
to Europe. 

So everything conspires to produce 
the great disruption, of which we are not 
permitted to foresee the precise time. 
Everything tends thither, — the progress 
of good in the new hemisphere, and the 
progress of evil in the old. 



AMERICA TO BE THE POOR MAN'S 
PARADISE. 

REV. JONATHAN SHIPLEY, 1 773. 

Perhaps the annals of history have 
never afforded a more grateful spectacle 
to a benevolent and philosophic mind 
than the growth and progress of the Brit- 
ish Colonies in North America. 

The colonies of North America have 
not only taken root and acquired strength, 
hut seem hastening with accelerated pro- 



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LIBERT 2' AND UNION. 



43 



gress to such a powerful state as may 
introduce a new and important change 
in hie man affairs. 

The vast continent itself, over which 
they are gradually spreading, may be 
considered a treasure yet untouched of 
natural productions, that hereafter shall 
afford ample ??iatter for commerce and 
contemplation. And if we reflect what 
a stock of knowledge may be accumu- 
lated by the constant progress of industry 
and observation, ... . it is difficult even 
to imagine to what height of improve- 
ment their discoveries may extend. 

May they not possiblv be more suc- 
cessful than their mother country has been 
in preserving that reverence and au- 
thority which are due to the laws, — to 
those who make and to those who 
execute them? May not a method be 
invented of procuring some tolerable share 
of the comforts of life to those inferior, 
useful ranks of men, to whose industry 
we are indebted for the whole? Time 
and discipline may discover some means 
to correct the extreme inequalities of con- 
dition between the rich and poor, so 
dangerous to the innocence and happi- 
ness of both. 

The diversities of new scenes and sit- 
uations, which so many growing States 
must necessarily pass through, may in- 
troduce changes in the fluctuating opin- 
ions and manners of men which we can 
form no conception of. And not onlv 
the gracious disposition of Providence, 
but the visible preparation of causes, 
seems to indicate strong tendencies 
toward a general improvement. 



HORACE WALPOLE, 1774. 

We have no news, public or private 
but there is an ostrich-egg laid in Amer- 



ica, where the Bostonians have canted 
three hundred chests of tea into the 
ocean; for they will not drink tea with 
our Parliament Lord Chat- 
ham talked of conquering America in 
Germany. 1 believe England will be 
conquered some day in New England or 
Bengal. 

JOHN ADAMS, 1784. 

You must know that I have undertaken 
to prophesy that English will be the 
most universally read and spoken in the 
next century, if not before the close of 
this. American populations will in the 
next age produce a greater number of 
persons who will speak English than any 
other language, and these persons will 
have more general acquaintance and con- 
versation with other nations than any 
other people. 



AN UNFULFILLED PROPHECY BY 
A TORY WRITER. 

DEAN TUCKER, I 774. 

As to the future grandeur of America 
and its being a rising empire under one 
head, whether republican or monarch- 
ical, it is one of the idlest and most vis- 
ionary notions that ever was conceived, 
even by writers of romance. For there 
is nothing in the genius of the people, 
the situation of their country, or the 
nature of their different climates, which 
tends to countenance such a supposition- 
. . . . Above all, when those immense 
inland regions beyond the back settle- 
ments, which are still unexplored, are 
taken into the account, they form the 
highest probability that the Americans 
never can be united into one compact 
empire, under any species of government 
whatever. Their fate seems to be — a 
disunited people till the end of time. 



^B- 



■a*-* 



* 



44 LIBERTY AND UNION. 

FROM A REPLY TO DEAN TUCKER. I Europe, and 

MAJOR JOHN CARTWRIGHT, 1 774. 

When we talk of asserting our sov- 
ereignty over the Americans, do we fore- 
see to what fatal lengths it will carry us? 
Are not those nations increasing with as- 
tonishing rapidity? Must they not, in 
the nature of things, cover in a- few ages 
that immense continent like a swarm of 
bees? We may, indeed, by means of 
fleets and armies, maintain a precarious 
tyranny over the Americans for a while; 
but the most shallow politicians must 
foresee what this would end in. 'Tis a 
pity so able a writer had not discovered 



that the Americans have a right to 
choose their own governors, and thence 
enforce the necessity of his joroposed 
separation as a religious duty, no less 
than a measure of national policy. 



DAVID HARTLEY, 1774. 

(Spoken in the British Parliaments 
The fate of America is cast. You 
may bruise its heel, but you cannot crush 
its head. It will revive again. The 
new world is before them. Liberty is 
theirs. They have possession of a free 
government, their birthright and inheri- 
tance, derived to them from their parent 
State, which the hand of violence cannot 
wrest from them. If you will cast them 
off, my last wish is to them, May they 
go and prosper! 



THE ABBE GADIANI, 1776. 

(Before the Declaration of Independence). 

Livy said of his age, which so much 
resembled ours. " Ad hcec tempora ven- 
tum est quibus, nee vitia nostra, nee 
remedia pati possumus," — " We are in an 
age where the remedies hurt as much as 
the vices." Do vou know the reality? 
The epoch has come of the total fall of 



of transmigration into 
America. All here turns into rottenness, 
— religion, laws, arts, sciences, — and all 
hastens to renew itself in America. 
This is not a jest, nor is it an idea drawn 
from the English quarrels; I have said 
it, announced it, preached it, for more 
than twenty years, and I have constantly 
seen my prophecies come to pass. There- 
fore, do not buy your house in the 
Chaussee d' Antin; you must buy it in 
Philadelphia. My trouble is that there 
are no abbeys in America. 



ADAM SMITH, 1776. 

The distance of America from the seat 
of government, the natives of that 
country might natter themselves, with 
some appearance of reason, too, would 
not be of very long continuance. Such 
has hitherto been the rapid progress of 
that country in wealth, population, and 
improvement, that in the course of little 
more than a century, perhaps, the prod- 
uce of America might exceed that of 
British taxation. The seat of the empire 
would then naturally remove itself to that 
part of the empire which contributed 
most to the general defence and support 
of the whole. 



DR. RICHARD PRICE, 1784. 

They are now but little short of half 
our number. To this number they have 
grown from a small bodv of original 
settlers by a very rapid increase. The 
probabilitv is that they will go on to in- 
crease, and that in fiftv or sixty years 
they will double our number and form a 
mighty empire, consisting of a variety of 
States, all equal or superior to ourselves 
in all the arts and accomplishments which 
give dignity and happiness to human 
life. 



•nte- 



* 



4 



4 6 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 







=*3- 



iV //$<? whole it appeal's that the charge of ingratitude toward the mother 
country, brought with so much confidence' against the Colonies, is totally 
without foundation / and that there is much more reason for retorting 
that charge on Britain, who, not only never contributes any aid, nor affords, by 
an exclusive commerce, a?iy advantages to' Saxony, her mother country; but no 
longer since than in the last war, witnout the least provocation, subsidized the 
King of Prussia while he ravaged that mother country, and carried fire and 
sword into its capital, the fine city of Dresden! An example we hope no 
provocation will induce us to imitate. 



T 



I 



LIBERT!' AND UNION. 



47 



%is^ °Jk °^ °^ °yk °y& °y& °/k °/fc °^\ °y& °^ °^ °$k ° 3^ °^\ °^ °^ ° ^ °tk °^ ° ^ °^ °t^ °^R °^ , 'vi*" 




■ O 7j^ O ^ O ^ O -^ O 7J^ o ^ O ^ 0"> ' 



-8*+ 



SUFFERINGS AND DESTINY OF THE PILGRIMS. 



EDWARD EVERETT. 




ETHINKS I see it now, that 
one solitary, adventurous ves- 
rpd^^fs sel, the Mayflower of a forlorn 
wWC hope, freighted with the pros- 
* pects of a future state, and hound 

across the unknown sea. I behold 
it, pursuing, with a thousand misgiving% 
the uncertain, the tedious voyaee. Suns 



tily supplied with provisions, crowded 
almost to suffocation in their ill-stored 
prison, delayed by calms, pursuing a cir 
cuitous route ; and now driven in fury 
before the raging tempest, on the high 
and giddy wave. The awful voice of the 
storm howls through the rigging; the 
laboring masts seem straining from their 




rise and set, and weeks and months pass, 
and winter surprises them on the deep, 
but brings them not the sight of the 
wished-for shore. I see them now, scan- 



base; the dismal sound of the pumps is 
heard; the ship leaps, as it were, madly, 
from billow to billow, the ocean breaks, 
and settles with engulfing floods over the 



r%r 



48 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



.4. 



er 







v TpTj 










MRS. FELICIA D. HEMANS. 




What sought they thus afar ? — 

Bright jewels of the mine ? 
The wealth of seas ? the spoils of war ?- 

They sought a faith' s pure shrine. 



•H4 



T 



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■Bt* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



49 



floating deck, and beats, with deadening, 
shivering weight, against the staggered 
vessel. I see them, escaped from these 
perils, pursuing their all but desperate 
undertaking, and landed, at last, after a 
few months' passage, on the ice-clad 
rocks of Plymouth, — weak and weary 
from the voyage, poorly armed, scantily 
provisioned, without shelter, without 
means, surrounded by hostile tribes. 

Shut now the volume of history, and 
tell me, on any principle of human prob- 
ability, what shall be the fate of this 
handful of adventurers? Tell me, man 
of military science, in how many months 
were they all swept off by the thirty sav- 
age tribes enumerated within the early 
limits of New England? Tell me, poli- 
tician, how long did this shadow of a 
colony, on which your conventions and 
treaties had not smiled, languish on the 
distant coast? Student of history, com- 
pare for me the baffled projects, the de- 



serted settlements, the abandoned adven- 
tures, of other times, and find the parallel 
of this ! Was it the winter's storm, beat- 
ing upon the houseless heads of women 
and children? was it hard labor and spare 
meals? was it disease? was it the toma- 
hawk? was it the deep malady of a 
blighted hope, a ruined enterprise, and a 
broken heart, aching, in its last moments, 
at the recollection of the loved and left, 
beyond the sea? — was it some or all of 
these united, that hurried this forsaken 
company to their melancholy fate ? And 
is it possible that neither of these causes, 
that not all combined, were able to blast 
this bud of hope ! Is it possible that from 
a beginning so feeble, so frail, so worthy, 
not so much of admiration as of pity, 
there has gone forth a progress so steady, 
a growth so wonderful, an expansion so 
ample, a reality so important, a promise, 
yet to be fulfilled, far-reaching in its 
power, so glorious! 



THE LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS. 



MRS. HEMANS. 




HE breaking waves dashed high 
On a stern and rock-bound coast; 
^ And the woods, against a stormy sky, 
Their giant branches tossed ; 

And the heavy night hung dark, 

The hills and waters o'er, 
When a band of exiles moored their bark 
On the wild New England Shore. 

Not as the conquerors come, 

They, the true-hearted, came ; 
Not with the roll of the stirring drum, 

And the trumpet that sings of fame: 



Not as the flying come, 

In silence and in fear: 
They shook the depths of the desert's gloom 

With their hymns of lofty cheer. 

Amid the storm they sang, 

And the stars heard and the sea; 
And the sounding aisles of the dim woods rang 

To the anthem of the free. 

The ocean eagle soared 

From his nest by the white waves' foam, 
And the rocking pines of the forest roared : 

This was their welcome home. 



-t* 



Hfr 



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50 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



There were men with hoary hair 

Amid that pilgrim band: 
Why had they come to wither there, 

Away from their childhood's land? 

There was woman's fearless eye, 

Lit by her deep love's truth ; 
There was manhood's brow, serenely high 

And the fiery heart of youth. 



What sought they thus afar? — 

Bright jewels of the mine? 
The wealth of seas? the spoils of war?— r 

They sought a faith's pure shrine. 

Ay, call it holy ground, — 

The soil where first they trod ! 

They have left unstained what there they found- 
Freedom to worship God ! 



-r 



-WIE- 



THE PILGRIMS. 



P. H. SWEETSER, 




[ CROSS the rolling ocean 

Our Pilgrim Fathers came, 
And here, in rapt devotion, 

Adored their Maker's name. 
Amid New England's mountains, 

Their temple sites they chose, 
And by its streams and fountains 

The choral sons: arose. 



Their hearts with freedom burning, 
They felled the forest wide, 

And reared the halls of learning — 
New England's joy and pride ; 



Through scenes of toil and sadness 
In faith they struggled on, 

That future days of gladness 
And glory might be won. 

The men of noble spirit, 

The Pilgrims, are at rest— 
The treasures we inherit 

Proclaim their memory blest! 
From every valley lowly, 

From mountain tops above, 
Let grateful thoughts, and holy, 

Rise to the God of love. 



THE PILGRIM FATHERS. 



JOHN PIERPONT. 



**&■ 




HE Pilgrim Fathers — where are they? 
The waves that brought them o'er 
Still roll in the bay, and throw their 
spray, 
As they break along the shore; 
Still roll in the bay, as they rolled that day, 
When the Mayflower moored below, 
When the sea around was black with storms, 
And white the shore with snow. 

The mists that wrapped the Pilgrims' sleep, 

Still brood upon the tide; 
And the rocks yet keep their watch by the deep, 

To stay its waves of pride. 
But the snow-white sail, that he gave to the 
gale, 



When the heavens looked dark, is gone; — 
As an angel's wing, through an opening cloud, 
Is seen, and then withdrawn. 

The Pilgrim exile — sainted name ! — 

The hill whose icy brow 
Rejoiced, when he came, in the morning's 
flame, 

In the morning's flame burns now. 
And the moon's cold light, as it lay that night 

On the hill-side and the sea, 
Still lies where he laid his houseless head; — 

But the Pilgrim — where is he? 

The Pilgrim Fathers are at rest: 
When Summer's throned on high, 



I. 






3H 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



5 1 



THE THIRTEEN COLONIES. 



BISHOP E. O. HAVEN, D. D. 




HE one million of people in the 
thirteen colonies were gathered 
into a few villages, or scat- 



tered 



rural settlements along 



the ocean shore, widely separate. 

The colonies were not even con- 
nected by passable roads. Glance at 
them! There are no regular postal or 
mail arrangements. It were a voyage 
longer and more perilous to go from 
Massachusetts to Georgia, than now to 
circumnavigate the globe! Wild beasts 
roam over most of the great region 
afterward to be known as the State of 
New York. There are only three col- 
leges in America, and these not equal to 
a modern village high school. There is 
not a school in all the thirteen colonies 
where a girl can receive a good English 
education. There is not a machine fac- 
tory in America superior to a country 
blacksmith's shop. Foreign commerce 
is almost unknown. Coasting commerce 
is trivial. There are no woolen mills. 
The cotton plant is not yet cultivated in 
America, and cotton cloth is almost as 
expensive as silk, and both are prac- 
tically unknown. The little paper used 
is brought from England. There are 
only six newspapers published in all 
North America. The whole number of 
subscribers for the six is probably not 
more than twelve thousand. The men 
are mostly clad in linsey-woolsey, spun 
and woven by their wives and mothers, 
dyed with different colors extracted from 
the leaves and roots of certain vegetables 



found in the forest, and the women are 
largely clad in the same material; and 
every family has a dye pot, as common 
as a water pail. Many families partake 
of their daily mush or Indian pudding 
out of one common dish in the center of 
the table. What few dishes they have 
are wooden or pewter. The plows 
are wooden. Shovels and hoes, heavy 
and scanty, are all the other agricultural 
implements. The men have flint-lock 
muskets to hunt with, which act so 
slowly that a wild duck has time to dive 
and dodge the shot after hearing the 
click of the lock. Wheeled vehicles are 
scarce, and the wheels are solid, sawn 
from the end of logs. Log houses are 
the common habitations. The Indians 
are as numerous as the whites. 

But if we look at this people more 
carefully, we shall find some gleams of 
light that startle us with their flashing 
promise of brilliancy, if only this dia- 
mond can be freed without breaking 
from the rough coating about it. "Of 
what use," inquired a blockhead, some- 
times called a practical man, of Frank- 
lin, ''is your new discovery?" "Of 
what use," said Franklin in reply, "is a 
new-born baby ?" The American col- 
onies were then a babe. Born in the 
wilderness, to be strengthened by toil, if 
by a favoring Providence it survives the 
dangers of infancy. These Americans 
were then an anomaly in the world. In 
all history there had never been a phe- 
nomenon like this. 



**- 



5 2 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



CAUSES OF AMERICAN DISCONTENT. 



BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, I76S. 




HE Americans remembered the 
act authorizing the most cruel 
insult that perhaps was ever of- 
f(S^ fered to one people by another, that 
of emptying our jails into their set- 
tlements; Scotland, too, having with- 
in these two years obtained the privilege 
it had not before, of sending its rogues 
and villains also to the plantations. I 
say, reflecting on these things, they said 
one to another (their newspapers are full 
of such discourses) : " These people are 
not content with making a monopoly of 
us, forbidding us to trade with any other 
country of Europe, and compelling us to 
buy everything of them, though in many 
articles we could furnish ourselves ten, 
twenty, and even fifty per cent, cheaper 
elsewhere; but now they have as good 
as declared they have a right to tax us 
ad libitum internally and externally ; and 
that our constitutions and liberties shall 
all be taken away if we do not submit to 
that claim. 

" They are not content with the bigh 
prices at which they sell us their goods, 
but have now begun to enhance those 
prices by new duties ; and, by the expen- 
sive apparatus of a new set of officers, ap- 
pear to intend a new augmentation and 
multiplication of those burdens that shall 
still be more grievous to us. Our people 
have been foolishly fond of their super- 
fluous modes and manufactures, to the 
impoverishing our own country, carrying 
off all our cash, and loading us with debt; 
they will not suffer us to restrain the 



luxury of our inhabitants as they do that 
of their own, by laws; they can make 
laws to discourage or prohibit the impor- 
tation of French superfluities, but though 
those of England are as ruinous to us as 
the French ones are to them, if we make 
a law of that kind, they immediately 
repeal it. 

" Thus they get all our money from 
us by trade; and every profit we can 
anywhere make by our fisheries, our pro- 
duce, or our commerce, centers finally 
with them ; but this does not signify. It 
is time, then, to take care of oui'selves by 
the best means in our power. Let us 
unite in solemn resolution and engage- 
ments with and to each other, that we 
will give these new officers as little 
trouble as possible, by not consuming the 
British manufactures on which they are 
to levy the duties. Let us agree to con- 
sume no more of their expensive gew- 
gaws. Let us live frugally, and let us 
industriously manufacture what we can 
for ourselves; thus we shall be able hon- 
orably to discharge the debts we already 
owe them, and after that we may be able 
to keep some money in our country, not 
only for the uses of our internal com- 
merce, but for the service of our gracious 
sovereign, whenever he shall have occa- 
sion for it, and think proper to require it 
of us in the old constitutional manner. 
For, notwithstanding the reproaches 
thrown out against us in their public 
papers and pamphlets, notwithstanding 
we have been reviled in their Senate as 



** 



¥ 



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LIBERT!' AND UNION 



53 



rebels and traitors, we are truly a loyal 
people. Scotland has had its rebellions, 
and England its plots against the present 
royal family; but America is untainted 



with those crimes / there is in it scarce a 
man, there is not a single native of our 
country, who is not firmly attached to 
his King by principle and by affection. 



— ^mMMii 



Ptpl 



TO THE SONS OF LIBERTY. 



SAMUEL ADAMS. 



Boston, March 18, iy6g. 




L EARLY beloved: Revolving 

time hath brought about an- 

r^ other anniversary of the repeal 

■]fiT of the odious Stamp Act — an act 
framed to divest us of our liberties 
and to bring us to slavery, pov- 
and misery- The resolute stand 
made by the Sons of Liberty against the 
detestable policy had more effect in 
bringing on the repeal than any convic- 
tion in the Parliament in Great Britain 
of the injustice and iniquity of the act. 
It was repealed from principles of con- 
venience to Old England, and accom- 
panied with a declaration of their right 
to tax us; and since, the same Parlia- 
ment have passed acts which, if obeyed 
in the colonies, will be equally fatal. 

Although the people of Great Britain 
be only fellow-subjects, they have of late 
assumed a power to compel us to buy at 
their market such things as we want of 
European produce and manufacture; and 
at the same time, have taxed many of 
the articles for the express purpose of a 
revenue; and, for the collection of the 
duties have sent fleets, armies, commis- 
sionersi guardacostas, judges of admiralty, 
and a host of petty officers, whose inso- 
lence and rapacity are become intolera- 



ble. Our cities are garrisoned; the peace 
and order which heretofore dignified our 
streets are exchanged for the horrid 
blasphemies and outrages of soldiers; our 
trade is obstructed ; our vessels and car- 
goes, the effects of industry, violently 
seized; and, in a word, every species of 
injustice that a wicked and debauched 
ministry could invent is practised against 
the most sober, industrious, and loyal 
people that ever lived in society. The 
joint supplications of all the colonies have 
been rejected, and letters and mandates, 
in terms of the highest affront and indig- 
nity, have been transmitted from little 
and insignificant servants of the crown 
to his Majesty's grand and august sov- 
ereignties in America. 

These things being so, it becomes us, 
my brethren, to walk worthy of our vo- 
cation, to use every lawful means to 
frustrate the wicked designs of our ene- 
mies at home and abroad, and to unite 
against the evil and pernicious machina- 
tions of those who would destroy us. I 
judge that nothing can have a better 
tendency to this grand end than encour- 
aging our own manufactures, and a total 
disuse of foreign superfluities. 

When I consider the corruption of 



■$■ 



54 



LI BERT 7' AND UNION. 



Great Britain, their load of debt, their 
intestine divisions, tumults and riots, 
their scarcity of provisions, and the con- 
tempt in which they are held by the na- 
tions about them ; and when I consider, 
on the other hand, the state of the 
American colonies with regard to the 
various climates, soils, produce, rapid 



population, joined to the virtue of the in- 
habitants, I cannot but think that the 
conduct of Old England toward us may 
be permitted by Divine wisdom, and or- 
dained by the unsearchable providence 
of the Almighty, for hastening a period 
which shall be full dread to Great 
Britain. 



ADDRESS TO THE COLONISTS. 



JOHN DICKINSON, I 76S. 




JOU have nothing to do, but to 
^ conduct your affairs peaceably, 
prudently, firmly, and jointly. 
By these means you will support 
the character of freemen, without 
losing that of faithful subjects — a 
good character in any government — one 
of the best under a British government — 
you will prove that Americans have 
that true magnanimity of soul, that can 
resent injuries, without falling into rage; 
and that though your devotion to Great 
Britain is the most affectionate, yet you 
can make proper distinctions, and know 
what you owe to yourselves, as well as 
to her — you will, at the same time that 
you advance your interests, advance your 
reputation — you will convince the world 
of the justice of your demands, and the 
purity of your intentions. While all 



mankind must with unceasing applauses, 
confess that you indeed deserve liberty, 
who so well understand it, so passion- 
ately love it, so temperately enjoy it, and 
so wisely, bravely, and virtuously assert, 
maintain, and defend it. 

" Certe ego libertatem, quce ?nihi a 
parents meo tradita est, experiar : 
Verum idfrustra an ob rem faciam, 
hi vestra manu situm est, ^uiritcsP 

For my part, I am resolved to contend 
for the liberty delivered down to me 
by m}' ancestors; but whether I shall 
do it effectually or not, depends on 
you, my countrymen. 

" How little soever one is able to write, 
yet when the liberties of one's country 
are threatened, it is still more difficult 
to be silent. " 




*®r 



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LIBERTT AND UNION. 



55 



•& 



NATURAL RIGHTS OF THE COLONISTS AS MEN. 



SAMUEL ADAMS, 1 773. 




[MONG the natural rights of the 
f colonists are these: First, a 
right to life. Second, to liberty. 
Third, to property : together with 
the right to support and defend 
them in the best manner they can. 
These are evident branches of, rather 
than deductions from, the duty of self- 
preservation, commonly called the first 
law of nature. 

All men have a right to remain in a 
state of nature as long as they please, 
and in case of intolerable oppression, 
civil or religious, to leave the society 
they belong to, and enter into another. 

When men enter into society, it is by 
voluntary consent, and they have a right 
to demand and insist upon the perform- 
ance of such conditions and previous 
limitations as form an equitable original 
compact. 

Every natural right not expressly 
given up, or, from the nature of a social 
compact necessarily ceded, remains. 

All positive and civil laws should con- 
form as far as possible, to the law of 
natural reason and equity. 

As neither reason requires nor religion 
permits the contrary, every man living 
in or out of a state of civil society has a 
right peaceably and quietly to worship 
God according to the dictates of his 
conscience. 

"Just and true liberty, equal and im- 
partial liberty," in matters spiritual and 
temporal, is a thing that all men are 



clearly entitled to by the eternal and 
immutable laws of God and nature, 
as well as by the law of nations and all 
well-grounded municipal laws, which 
must have their foundation in the former. 
In regard to religion, mutual toleration 
in the different professions thereof, is 
what all good and candid minds in all 
ages have ever practised, and both by 
precept and example inculcated on man- 
kind. It is now generally agreed among 
Christians that this spirit of toleration, in 
the fullest extent consistent with the 
being of civil society, is the chief char- 
acteristic mark of the true church, 
insomuch that Mr. Locke has asserted 
and proved, beyond the possibility of 
contradiction on any solid ground, that 
such toleration ought to be extended to all 
whose doctrines are not subversive of 
society. The only sects, which he 
thinks ought to be, and which by all 
wise laws are, excluded from such tol- 
erations, are those who teach doctrines 
subversive of the civil government under 
which they live. The Roman Catho- 
lics, or Papists, are excluded by reason 
of such doctrines as these: — That princes 
excommunicated may be deposed, and 
those that they call heretics may be des- 
troyed without mercy; besides their 
recognizing the Pope in so absolute a 
manner, in subversion of government, 
by introducing, as faj: as possible into 
the States under whose protection they 
enjoy life, liberty and property, that 



f 



f* 



=- ir 



56 

solecism in politics, imferium in imperio, 

leading directly to the worst anarchy 

and confusion, civil discord, war, and 

bloodshed. 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



The natural liberty of man by enter- 
ing into society is abridged or restrained, 
so far only as is necessary for the great end 
of society — the best «-ood of the whole. 



STANDING ARMIES AND THE FIFTH OF MARCH, 1770. 



JOSEPH WARREN, 1 772. 




HE ruinous consequences of 
standing armies to free commu- 
nities may be seen in the his- 
tories of Syracuse, Rome and 
many other once nourishing 
States ; some of which have now 
scarce a name! Their baneful influence 
is most suddenly felt, when they are 
placed in populous cities; for, by a cor- 
ruption of morals, the public happiness 
js immediately affected; 
and that this is one of the 
effects of quartering troops 
in a populous city, is a truth 
to which many a mourning 
parent, many a lost, des- 
pairing child in this metrop- 
olis must bear a very 
melancholy testimony. 
Soldiers are also taught to 
consider arms as the only 
arbiters by which every 
dispute is to be decided be- 
tween contending states; 
they are instructed implicitly to obey 
their commanders, without inquiring 
into the justice of the cause they are en- 
gaged to support; hence it is that they 
are ever to be dreaded as the ready en- 
gines of tyranny and oppression. And it 
is too observable that they are prone to 
introduce the same mode of decision in 




the disputes of individuals, and from 
thence have often arisen great animosi- 
ties between them and the inhabitants, 
who, whilst in a naked, defenceless state, 
are frequently insulted and abused by an 
armed soldiery. And this will be more 
especially the case when the troops are 
informed that the intention of their being 
stationed in any city is to overawe the 
inhabitants. That this was the avowed 
design of stationing an 
armed force in this town is 
sufficiently known ; a n d 
w e, m y fellow - citizens, 
have seen — we have felt 
the tragical effects! The 
fatal fifth of March, 1770, 
can never be forgotten. 
The horrors of that dread- 
ful night are but too deeply 
impressed on our hearts. 
Language is too feeble to 
paint the emotion of our 
souls, when our streets were 
stained with the blood of our brethren — 
when our ears were wounded by the 
groans of the dying, and our eyes were 
tormented with the sight of the mangled 
bodies of the dead, when our alarmed im- 
agination presented to our view our houses 
wrapt in flames, our children subjected 
to the barbarous caprice of the raging 



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LIBERTY AND UNION. 



57 



soldiery, — our beauteous virgins exposed 
to all the insolence of unbridled passion, 
our virtuous wives, endeared to us by every 
tender tie, falling a sacrifice to worse 
than brutal violence, and perhaps like the 
famed Lucretia, distracted with anguish 
and despair, ending their wretched lives 
with their own fair hands. When we 
beheld the authors of our distress parad- 
ing in our streets, or drawn up in a regu- 
lar battalia, as though in a hostile city, 
our hearts beat to arms; we snatched our 
weapons, almost resolved by one decisive 
stroke to avenge the death of our slaugh- 



tered brethren, and to secure from future 
danger all that we held most dear; but 
propitious heaven forbade the bloody car- 
nage, and saved the threatened victims of 
our too keen resentment, not by their dis- 
cipline, not by their regular array, — no, it 
was royal George's livery that proved 
their shield, — it was that which turned 
the pointed engines of destruction from 
their breasts. The thoughts of vengeance 
were soon buried in our inbred affection 
to Great Britain, and calm reason dictated 
a method of removing the troops more 
mild than a resource to the sword. 



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DEVOTION TO DUTY. 



JOSIAH QUINCY, JR., 1774. 




HE people who are attacked by 
bad men have a testimony of 
r2s£T J £ their merit, as the constitution 
nx^ which is invaded by powerful men 
hath an evidence of its value. The 
path of our duty needs no minute 
delineation — it lies level to the eye. Let 
us reply, then, like men sensible of its 
importance and determined on its fulfill- 
ment. The inroads upon our public lib- 
erty call for reparation; the wrongs we 
have sustained call for — justice. That 
reparation and that justice may yet be 
obtained by union, spirit and firmness, 
but to divide and conquer was the maxim 
of the devil in the garden of Eden— and 
to disunite and enslave hath been the 
principle of all his votaries from that pe- 
riod to the present. The crimes of the 
guilt v are to them the cords of association, 
and dread of punishment the indissoluble 



bond of union. The combinations of pub- 
lic robbers ought, therefore, to cement 
patriots and heroes; and, as the former 
plot and conspire to undermine and des- 
troy the commonwealth, the latter ought 
to form a compact for opposition — a band 
of vengeance. 

What insidious arts, and what detesta- 
ble practices have been used to deceive, 
disunite, and enslave the good people of 
this continent! The mystical appellations 
of loyalty and allegiance, the venerable 
names of government and good order, 
and the sacred ones of piety and public 
virtue, have been alternately prostituted 
to that abominable purpose. All the 
windings and guises, subterfuges and 
doublings, of which the human soul is 
susceptible, have been displayed on the 
occasion. But secrets which were 
thought impenetrable are no longer hid; 



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5* 

characters deeply disguised are openly 
revealed ; the discovery of gross impostors 
hath generally preceded, but a short 
time, their utter extirpation. 

Be not again, my countrymen, " easily 
captivated with the appearances only of 
wisdom and piety — professions of a regard 
to liberty and of a strong attachment to 
the public interest." Your fathers have 
been explicitly charged with this folly by 
one of their posterity. Avoid this and all 
similar errors. Be cautious against the 
deception of appearances. By their fruits 
ye shall know them, was the saying of 
One who perfectly knew the human 
heart. Judge of affairs which concern 
social happiness by facts. Judge of man 
by his deeds. For it is very certain that 
pious zeal for days and times, for mint and 
cummin, hath often been pretended by 
those who were infidels at bottom : and 
it is ascertain, that attachment to the dig- 
nity of government and the king's ser- 
vice hath often flowed from the mouths of 
men who harbored the darkest machina- 
tions against the true end of the former, 
and were destitute of every right principle 
of loyalty to the latter. Hence, then, 
care and circumspection are necessary 
branches of political duty. And as "it is 
much easier to restrain liberty from run- 
ning into licentiousness than power from 
swelling into tyranny and oppression," so 
much more caution and resistance are re- 
quired against the overbearing of rulers 
than the extravagance of the people. 

To give no more authority to any order 
of state, and to place no greater public 
confidence in any man than is necessary 
for the general welfare, may be considered 
by the people as an important point of 
policy. But though craft and hypocrisy 
are prevalent, yet piety and virtue have 
a real existence; duplicity and political 



LI BERT 7' AND UNION. 



was designed 

faculties of intelligence and force 



imposture abound, yet benevolence and 
public spirit are not altogether banished 
by the world. As wolves will appear in 
sheep's clothing, so superlative knaves 
and parricides will assume the vesture 
of the man of virtue and patriotism. 

These things are permitted by Provi- 
dence, no doubt, for wise and good rea- 
sons. Man was created a rational, and 
for an active beinsr. His 
were 

given him for use. When the wolf, 
therefore, is, found devouring the flock, 
no hierarchy forbids a seizure of the vic- 
tim for sacrifice; so also, when dignified 
impostors are caught destroying those 
whom their arts deceived and their sta- 
tions destined them to protect, the saber 
of justice flashes righteousness at the 
stroke of execution. 

Yet be not amused, my countrymen! 
The extirpation of bondage and the re- 
establishment of freedom are not of easy 
acquisition. The worst passions of the 
human heart, and the most subtle projects 
of the human mind are leagued against 
you; and principalities and powers have 
acceded to the combination. Trials and 
conflicts you must, therefore, endure, — 
hazards and jeopardies, of life and fortune, 
will attend the struggle. Such is the fate 
of all noble exertions for public liberty and 
social happiness. Enter not the lists with- 
out thought and consideration, lest you 
arm with timidity and combat with irres- 
olution. Having engaged in the conflict 
let nothing discourage your vigor or re- 
pel your perseverance. Remember that 
submission to the yoke of bondage is the 
worst that can befall a people after the 
most fierce and unsuccessful resistance. 
What can the misfortune of vanquish- 
ment take away, which despotism and 
rapine would spare? It had been easy 



* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



59 



(said the great law-giver Solon to the 

Athenians) to repress the advances of 

tyranny, and prevent its establishment, 

but now it is established and grown to 

some height, it would be more glorious 

to demolish it. But nothing glorious is 

accomplished, nothing great is attained, 

nothing - valuable is secured without mag- 
es o 

nanimity of mind and devotion of heart 
to the service. Brutus-like, therefore, 
dedicate yourselves at this day to the 
service of your country; and henceforth 
live a life of liberty and glory. " On 
the ides of March " (said the great and 



good man to his friend Cassius, just be- 
fore the battle of Phillippi), " on the ides 
of March I devoted my life to my 
country, and since that time I have lived 
a life of liberty and glory." 

Inspired with public virtue, touched 
with the wrongs and indignant at the 
insults offered his country, the high- 
spirited Cassius exhibits an heroic ex- 
ample: "Resolved as we are" (replies 
the hero to his friend), " resolved as we 
are, let us march against the enemy, for 
though we should not conquer, we have 
nothing to fear." 



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STANDING ARMIES AND THE MILITIA. 



JOHN HANCOCK, I 774. 




^TANDING armies are some- 
times (I w r ould by no means say 
generally, much less universal- 
ly) composed of persons who have 
rendered themselves unfit to live 
in civil society; who have no other 
motives of conduct than those which a 
desire of the present gratification of their 
passions suggests; who have no prop- 
erty in any country; men who have 
given up their own liberties, and envy 
those who enjoy liberty; who are equal- 
ly indifferent to the glory of a George or 
a Louis; who, for the addition of one 
penny a day to their wages, would desert 
from the Christian cross, and fight under 
the crescent of the Turkish sultan ; from 
such men as these, what has not a state 
to fear? With such as these, usurping 
Caesar passed the Rubicon; with such as 
these he humbled mighty Rome, and 
forced the mistress of the world to own 



a master in a traitor. These are the 
men whom sceptered robbers now em- 
ploy to frustrate the designs of God, and 
render vain the bounties which his gra- 
cious hand pours indiscriminately upon 
his creatures. By these the miserable 
slaves in Turkey, Persia, and many 
other extensive countries, are rendered 
truly wretched, though their air is salu- 
brious, and their soil luxuriously fertile. 
By these France and Spain, though 
blessed by nature with all that adminis- 
ters to the convenience of life, have been 
reduced to that contemptible state in 
which they now appear; and by these 

Britain but if I was possessed 

of the gift of prophecy, I dare not, ex- 
cept by divine command, unfold the 
leaves on which the destiny of that once 
powerful kingdom is inscribed. 

But, since standing armies are so hurt- 
ful to a state, perhaps my countrymen 



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60 



LTBERTT AND UNION- 



may demand some substitute, some other 
means of rendering us secure against the 
incursions of a foreign enemy. But can 
you be one moment at a loss? will not a 
well-disciplined militia afford you ample 
security against foreign foes? We want 
not courage ; it is discipline alone in 
which we are exceeded by the most 
formidable troops that ever trod the 
earth. Surely our hearts flutter no more 
at the sound of war than did those of the 
immortal band of Persia, the Macedo- 
nian phalanx, the invincible Roman le- 
gions, the Turkish janissaries, the gens- 
armes of France, or the well-known 
grenadiers of Britain. A well disci- 
plined militia is a safe, an honorable 
guard to a community like this, whose 
inhabitants are by nature brave, and are 



laudably tenacious of that freedom in 
which they were born. From a well 
regulated militia we have nothing to 
fear; their interest is the same with that 
of the state. When a country is invaded, 
the militia are read}' to appear in its de- 
fense; they march into the field with that 
fortitude which a consciousness of the 
justice of their cause inspires; they do not 
jeopardize their lives for a master who 
considers them only as the instruments of 
his ambition, and whom they regard on- 
ly as the daily dispenser of the scanty 
pittance of bread and water. No, they 
fight for their houses, lands, wives, chil- 
dren, for all who claim the tenderest 
names, and are held dearest in their 
hearts; they fight pro arts et focis, for 
liberty, for themselves, and for their God. 



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SPEECH IN PARLIAMENT FOR REMOVING TROOPS FROM 

BOSTON. 



WILLIAM PITT, EARL OF CHATHAM, I 



775- 




Y lords — This country super- 
intends and controls their 
^> trade and navigation, but they 
S^\ t aoc themselves. And the dis- 
tinction between external and 
I ^ internal control is sacred and insur- 
mountable; it is involved in the ab- 
stract nature of things. Property is 
private, individual, absolute. Trade is 
an extended and complicated consider- 
ation; it reaches as far as ships can sail, 



or winds can blow. It is 



Teat and 



glorious machine — To regulate the num- 
berless movements of its several parts, 
and combine them into effect forthesrood 



of the whole, requires the superintend- 
ing wisdom and energy of the supreme 
power in the empire. But this supreme 
power has no effect toward internal tax- 
ation — for it does not exist in that relation. 
There is no such thing, no such idea in 
this constitution, as a supreme power 
operating upon property. 

When your lordships look at the pa- 
pers transmitted us from America, when 
you consider their decency, firmness and 
wistlom, von cannot but respect their 
cause, and wish to make it your own — 
for myself 1 must declare and avow that, 
in all mv reading and observation, and it 



& 



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61 



has been my favorite study — I have read 
Thucydides, and have studied and ad- 
mired the master statesman of the world 
— that for solidity and reasoning, force of 
sagacity, and wisdom of conclusions, un- 
der such a complication of different cir- 
cumstances, no nation or body of men 
can stand in preference to the general 
Congress at Philadelphia. I trust it is 
obvious to your lordships that all attempts 
to impose servitude on such men, to es- 
tablish despotism over such a mighty 
continental nation— -must be vain — must 
be futile. We shall be forced ulti- 
mately to retract, whilst we can, not 
when we must. I say we must neces- 
sarily undo these violent and oppressive 
acts, — they must be repealed — you will 
repeal them. I pledge myself for it you 
will in the end repeal them. I stake my 
reputation on it. I will consent to be 
taken for an idiot if they are not finally 
repealed. Avoid then this humiliating, 
disgraceful necessity. With a dignity be- 
coming your exalted situation, make the 
first advances to concord, to peace and 
happiness, for that is your true dignity, 
to act with prudence and with justice. 
That you should first concede is obvious 
from sound and rational policy. Con- 
cession comes with better grace and more 
salutary effect from the superior power. 
It reconciles superiority of power with 
the feelings of men; and establishes solid 
confidence in the foundation of affection 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

and gratitude. So thought the wisest 
poet, and, perhaps, the wisest man in 



political sagacity, the friend of Maecenas 
and the eulogist of Augustus. To him 
the adopted son and successor of the first 
Caesar, to him the master of the world, 
he wisely urged this conduct of prudence 
and dignity. 

Tuque, prior, etc. Virgil. 

Every motive, therefore, of justice and 
of policy, of dignity and of prudence, 
urges you to allay the ferment in Amer- 
ica, by a removal of your troops from 
Boston, by a repeal of your acts of par- 
liament, and by demonstration of amica- 
ble dispositions toward your colonies. 
On the other hand, every danger and 
every hazard, impend to deter you from 
perseverance in your present ruinous 
measures. Foreign war hanging over 
your heads by a slight and brittle thread; 
France and Spain watching for the ma- 
turity of your errors, with a vigilant eye 
to America and the temper of your col- 
onies, more than to their own concerns, 
be they what they may. 

To conclude, my lords, if the ministers 
thus persevere in misadvising and mis- 
leading the king, I will not say that 
they can alienate his subjects from his 
crow 11 , but I will affirm that they will 
make the crown not worth his wearing. 
I shall not say that the king is betrayed, 
but I will pronounce that the kingdom 
is undone. 




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62 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



«| **THE HHSTHN TEA PARTY* £« 



RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 



Dec. 1 6, 177: 




HE rocky nook with hili-tops three 
Looked eastward from the farms, 
And twice each day the flowing sea 
?(JJ$\ Took Boston in its aims; 

The men of yore were stout and poor, 
And sailed for bread to every shore. 

And where they went on trade intent, 

They did what freemen can, 
Their dauntless ways did all men praise, 
The merchant was a man. 

The world was made for honest trade, — 
To plant and eat be none afraid. 

The waves that rockea them on the deep 

To them their secret told; 
Said the winds that sung the lads to sleep, 
" Like us be free and bold! " 

The honest waves refuse to slaves 
The empire of the ocean caves. 

Old Europe groans with palaces, 
Has lords enough and more; — 
We plant and build by foaming seas 
A city of the poor ; — 

For day by day could Boston Bay 
Their honest labor overpay. 

We grant no dukedom to the few, 

We hold like rights and shall; — 
Equal on Sunday in the pew, 
On Monday in the mall. 

For what avail the plough or sail, 
Or land or life, if freedom fail? 

The noble craftsmen we promote, 

Disown the knave and fool; 
Each honest man shall have his vote, 
Each child shall have his school. 
A union then for honest men, 
Or union nevermore again. 



The wild rose *;ia the barberry thorn 

Hung out their summer pride 
Where now, on heated pavements worn 

The feet of millions stride. 

Fair rose the planted hills behind 

The good town on the bay, 
And where the western hills declined, 

The pra'rie stretched away, 

What care though rival cities soar 

Along the stormy coast; 
Penn's town, New York, and Baltimore, 

If Boston knew the most! 

They laughed to know the world so wide ; 

The mountains said: " Good-day! 
We greet you well, you Saxon men, 
Up with your towns and stay ! " 

The world was made for honest trade, — 
To plant and eat be none afraid. 

" For you," they said, " no barriers be, 

For you no sluggard rest; 
Each street leads downward to the sea, 

Or landward to the west." 

O happy town beside the sea, 

Whose roads lead everywhere to all; 

Than thine no deeper moat can be, 
No stouter fence, no steeper wall! 

Bad news from George on the English throne: 

" You are thriving well," said he 
" Now by these presents be it known, 
You shall pay us a tax on tea ; 

'Tis very small, — no load at all, — 
Honor enough that we send the call." 

" Not so," said Boston, " good my lord, 
We pay your governors here 



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LIBERTT AND UNION. 



63 



Abundant for their bed and board, 

Six thousand pounds a year. 
(Your highness knows our homely \ 
Millions tor self-government. 
But for tribute never a cent." 



ord,) 



The cargo came! and who could blame 

If Indians seized the tea, 
And, chest by chest, let down the same 
Into the laughing sea? 

For what avail the plough or sail, 
Or land or life, if freedom fail? 

The townsmen braved the English king, 
Found friendship in the French, 

And Honor joined the patriot ring 
Low on their wooden bench. 

O bounteous seas that never fail ! 

O day remembered yet! 
O happy port that spied the sail 
Which wafted Lafayette! 

Pole-star of light in Europe's night, 
That never faltered from the right. 

Kings shook with fear, old empires crave 

The secret force to find 
Which fired the little State to save 

The right of all mankind, 



But right is might, through all the world; 

Province to province faithful clung, 
Through good and ill the war-bolt hurled, 

Till PVeedom cheered and the joy-bells rung. 

The sea returning day by day 

Restores the world's wide mart; 
So let each dweller on the Bay 
Fold Boston in his heart, 

Till these echoes be choked with snows 
Or over the town blue ocean flows. 

Let the blood of her hundred thousands 

Throb in each manly vein ; 
And the wit of all her wisest, 
Make sunshine in her brain. 

For you can teach the lightning speech, 
And round the globe your voices reach. 

And each shall care for other, 

And each to each shall bend, 
To the poor a noble brother, 

To the good an equal friend. 

A blessing through the ages thus 

Shield a'.l thy roofs and towers ! 
God with the fathers, so with us, 

Thou darling town of ours! 



THE GRIEVANCES OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 



STEPHEN HOPKINS, 1 764. 




N many of the colonies, espe- 
cially those in New England 
^ which were planted, as is before 
obseryed, not at the charge of the 
Crown or kingdom of England, 
but at the expense of the planters 
themselves, and were not only planted, 
but also defended against the savages and 
other enemies in long and cruel wars 
which continued for an hundred years, 
almost without intermission, solely at 
their own charge; and in the year 1746, 



when the Duke d' Anville came out from 
France with the most formidable fleet 
that ever was in the American seas, en- 
raged at these colonies for the loss of 
Louisburg the year before, and with or- 
ders to make an attack on them; even in 
this greatest exigence these colonies were 
left to the protection of heaven and their 
own efforts. These colonies having thus 
planted themselves and removed all ene- 
mies from their borders, were in hopes to 
enjoy peace and recruit their state, much 



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6 4 

exhausted by these long struggles; but 
they were soon called upon to raise men 
and send them out to the defense of other 
colonies, and to make conquests for the 
Crown; they dutifully obeyed the requi- 
sition, and with ardor entered into these 
services and continued in them until all 
encroachments were removed, and all 
Canada, and even the Havana conquered. 
They most cheerfully complied .with 
every call of the Crown; they rejoiced, 
yea even exulted, in the prosperity of the 
British empire. But these colonies whose 
bounds we fixed, and whose borders were 
before cleared of enemies by their own 
fortitude, and at their own expense, 
reaped no sort of advantage by these 
conquests; they are not enlarged, have 
not gained a single acre, have no part in 
the Indian or interior trade; the immense 
tracts of land subdued, and no less im- 
mense and profitable commerce acquired, 
all belong to Great Britain, and not the 
least share or portion to these colonies, 
though thousands of their numbers have 
lost their lives, and millions of their mon- 
ey have been expended in the purchase 
of them — for great part of which we are 
yet in debt — and from which we shall 
not in many years be able to extricate 
ourselves. Hard will be the fate, cruel 
the destiny of these unhappy colonies, if 
the reward they are to receive for all this 
is the loss of their freedom ; better for them 
Canada still remained French, yea, far 
more eligible that it should remain so, 
than that the price of its reduction should 
be their slavery. 

If the colonies are not taxed by Parlia- 
ment are they therefore exempt from 
bearing their proper shares in the neces- 
sary burdens of government? This by 
no means follows. Do they not support 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



a regular internal government in each 
colony as expensive to the people here, 
as the internal government of Britain is 
to the people there? Have not the col- 
onies here at all times, when called upon 
by the Crown to raise money for the 
public service, done it as cheerfully as the 
Parliament have done on like occa- 
sions? Is not this the most easy way of 
raising money in the colonies ? What 
occasion then to distrust the colonies, 
what necessity to fall on the present 
mode to compel them to do what they 
have ever done freely? Are not the 
people in the colonies as loyal and dutiful 
subjects as any age or nation ever pro- 
duced, and are they not as useful to the 
kingdom in this remote quarter of the 
world as their fellow-subjects are in Brit- 
ain? The Parliament, it is confessed, 
have power to regulate the trade of the 
whole empire ; and hath it not full power 
by this means to draw all the money and 
wealth of the colonies into the mother 
country at pleasure? What motive, after 
all this, can remain to induce the Parlia- 
ment to abridge the privileges and lessen 
the rights of the most loyal and dutiful 
subjects; subjects justly entitled to ample 
freedom, who have long enjoyed and not 
abused or forfeited their liberties, who 
have used them to their own advantage, 
in dutiful subserviency to the orders and 
the interests of Great Britain? Why 
should the gentle current of tranquility, 
that has so long run with peace through 
all the British States, and flowed with 
joy and happiness in all her countries, be 
at last obstructed and turned out of its 
true course into unusual and winding chan- 
nels, by which many of vhese colonies 
must be ruined; but none of them can 
possibly be made more rich or happy. 



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ORIGINAL PORTRAIT OF WASHINGTON. 

{From a painting' executed by Polk at Valley Forge.) 



4 



66 



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LIBERT!' AND UNION. 



67 



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PATRICK HENRY'S SPEECH ON CONCILIATION WITH 

ENGLAND. 



JAMES PAR TON. 




^WfATRICK HENRY had been 
r ||° coming and going during Jeffer- 

'III (£?*^ son's student years, dropping in 
*i--iJ when the General Court met in 

j ^ the autumn, and riding homeward, 
with a book or two of Jefferson's 
in his saddle-bags, when the court ad- 
journed over till the spring; then return- 
ing with the books unread. The won- 
drous eloquence which he had displayed 
in the Parsons' Case in December, 1763, 
does not seem to have been generally 
known in Williamsburg in 1764; for he 
moved about the streets and public places 
unrecognized, though not unmarked. It 
would not have been extraordinary if our 
young student had been a little ashamed'of 
his oddity of a guest as they walked to- 
gether toward the capitol, at the time 
when the young ladies were abroad, — 
Sukey Potter, Betsy Moore, Judy Bur- 
well, and the rest; for Henry's dress was 
coarse, worn, and countrified, and he 
walked with such an air of thoughtless 
unconcern that he was taken by some for 
an idiot. But he had a cause to plead 



that winter; and when he sat down he had 
become " Mr. Henry," to all Williams- 
burg. You will observe in the memori- 
als of Old Virginia, from 1765 to 1800, 
that, whoever else may be named with- 
out a prefix of honor, this "first-born De- 
mosthenes," as Byron styled him, is gen- 
erally styled Mr. Henry. To Washing- 
ton, to Jefferson, to Madison, to all that 
circle of eminent men, he ever remained 
" Mr. Henry." On that day in 1764 he 
gave such an exhibition of his power, 
that, during the next session of the 
House of Burgesses, a vacancy was made 
for him, and he was elected to a seat. 
The up-country yeomen, whose idol he 
had become, gladly gave their votes to 
such a man, when the stamp act was ex- 
pected to be a topic of debate. 

And so, in May, 1765, the new mem- 
ber was in Williamsburg to take his seat, 
a guest again of his young friend Jefferson. 
He sat, day after day, waiting for some 
of the older members to open the subject. 
But no one seemed to know just what to 
do. A year before the house had gently 



4- 



Hi 3- 



68 LIBERTY . 

denied the right of Parliament to tax the 
colonies, and softly remonstrated against 
the threatened measure; but as the act had 
been passed, in spite of their objections, 
what more could aloyal colony do? No 
one thought of formal resistance, and re- 
monstrance had failed. What else? 
What next? However frequently the 
two friends might have conversed upon 
this perplexity, it was Patrick 1 1 en rv, who, 
to use his own words, " alone, unadvised, 
and unassisted," hit the proper expedient. 
Only three days of the session remained. 



\ND UNION. 

in the Mouse. There was no gallery 
then, nor any other provision for specta- 
tors; but there could be no objection to 
the friend and relative of so many mem- 
bers standing in the doorway between 
the lobby and the chamber; and there he 
took his stand. He saw his tall, gaunt, 
coarsely attired guest rise in his awkward 
way, and break with stammering tongue 
the silence which had brooded over the 
loudest debates, as week after week of the 
session had passed. lie observed, and 
felt, too, the thrill which ran through the 




PATRICK HENRY BEFORE 



On the blank leaf of an old Coke up- 
on Lyttleton, — perhaps Jefferson's own 
copy, — the new member wrote his cele- 
brated five resolutions, of this purport : 



We, Englishmen, livini 



Ameriea, 



have all the rights of Englishmen living 
in England; the chief of which is, that we 
can only be taxed by our own represent- 
atives; and any attempt to tax us other- 
wise menaces British liberty on both conti- 
nents." In all probability, JelVerson knew 
that something of the kind was intended 
on that memorable day, for he was present 



THE VIRGINIA ASSKMHLY. 

I House at the mere introduction of a sub- 
fect with which every mind was sur- 
charged, and marked the rising tide o\ 
feeling as the reading o[ the resolutions 
went on, until the climax oi audacity was 
reached in the last clause of the last reso- 
lution. Mow moderate, how tame, the 
words seemed to us! "Every attempt to 
invest such power [of taxation] in any 
person or persons whatever, other than 
the General Assembly aforesaid, has a 
manifest tendency to destroy British and 
American freedom."" 



4* 



LI BERT 7' AND UNION. 



When the reading was finished, Jeffer- 
son heard his friend utter the opening sen- 
tences of his speech, with faltering tongue 
as usual, and giving little promise of the 
strains that were to follow. But it was 
the nature of this great genius, as of all 
orenius, to rise to the occasion. Soon 
Jefferson saw him stand erect, and, swing- 
ing free of all impediments, launch into 
the tide of his oration; every eye capti- 
vated by the large and sweeping grace 
of his gesticulation, every ear charmed 
with the swelling music of his voice, 
every mind thrilled or stung by the vivid 
epigrams into which he condensed his 
opinions. He never had a listener so 
formed to be held captive by him as the 
student at the lobby door, who, as a 
boy, had found the oratory of the Indi- 
an chief so impressive, and could not now 
resist a slurring translation of Ossian's 
majestic phrases. After the lapse of fifty - 
nine years, Jefferson still spoke of this 
great day with enthusiasm, and described 
anew the closing moment of Henry's 
speech, when the orator, interrupted by 
cries of treason, uttered the well-known 
words of defiance, " If this be treason, 
make the most of it!" 

The debate which then followed Mr. 
Henry's opening speech was, as Jeffer- 
son has recorded, " most bloody." It is 
impossible for a reader of this genera- 
tion to conceive the mixture of fondness, 
pride, and veneration with which these 
colonists regarded the mother country, 
its parliament and king, its church and its 
literature, and all the glorious names and 
events of its history. Whig as Jefferson 
was by nature and conviction, he could 
not give up England as long as there was 
any hope of a just union with her. 
What, then, must have been the feelings 
of the Tories of the House, — Tories by 



69 

nature and by party, — upon hearing this 
yeoman from the West speak of the 
natural rights of man in the spirit of a 
Sidney, and use language in reference to 
the king which sounded to them like the 
prelude to an assassin's stab? They had 
to make a stand, too, for their position 
as leaders of the House, unquestioned for 
a century. To the matter of the reso- 
lutions no one objected. All that Wythe, 
Pendleton, Bland and Peyton Randolph 
could urge against them was, that they 
were unbecoming and unnecessary. The 
House had already remonstrated without 
effect, and it became a loyal people to 
submit. " Torrents of sublime elo- 
quence " from Patrick Henry, as Jeffer- 
son observes, swept away their arguments 
and the resolutions were carried; the last 
one, however, by only a single vote. 

Doubtless the young gentleman went 
home exulting. Patrick Henry, unused 
to the artifices of legislation, and always 
impatient of detail, supposing now that 
the work for which he had come to 
Williamsburg was done, mounted that 
very evening and rode away. Jefferson, 
perhaps, was not too sure of this ; for the 
next morning sometime before the hour of 
meeting, he was again at the Capitol, and 
in the Burgesses' chamber. His uncle 
Colonel Peter Randolph, one of the Tory 
members, came in, and sitting down at 
the clerk's table, began to turn over the 
journals of the House. He had a dim 
recollection, he said, of a resolution of the 
House, many years ago, having been ex- 
punged! He was trying to find the rec- 
ord of the transaction. He wanted a pre- 
cedent. The student of law looked over 
his shoulder as he turned the leaves ; a 
group of members were standing near, in 
trepidation at the thought of yesterday's 
doings. The House bell rang; the House 



V 



*£- 



7 o 

convened; the student resumed his stand 
in the doorway. A motion was made to 
expunge the last resolution of yesterday's 
series; and, in the absence of the mighty 



LIBERTV AND UNION. 



orator whose eloquence had yesterday 
made the dull intelligent and the timid 
brave, the motion was carried, and the 
resolution was expunged. 



THE BEGINNING OF OUR NATIONALITY. 



REV. LEONARD BACON., D. D. 




'HE Declaration of Independ- 
ence was not at all an unex- 
?-yy$ " pected event. It surprised no- 
P body. Slowly but irresistibly the 
conviction had come that the only 
alternative before the United Col- 
onies was absolute subjection to a British 
Parliament or absolute independence of 
the British crown. Such was the gen- 
eral conviction, but whether independ- 
ence was possible, whether the time had 
come to strike for it, whether something 
might not yet be gained by remonstrance 
and negotiation, were questions on which 
there were different opinions even among 
men whose patriotism could not be rea- 
sonably doubted. 

Having at last undertaken to wage 
war in defense of American liberty, the 
Continental Congress proceeded, very 
naturally, to a formal declaration of war, 
setting forth the causes which impelled 
them to take up arms. 

That declaration preceded by a year 
the Declaration of Independence; for at 
that time only a few sagacious minds 
had seen clearly the impossibility of rec- 
onciliation. Declaring to the world that 
they had taken up arms in self-defense 
and would never lay them down till hos- 
tilities should cease on the part of the ag- 



gressors, they nevertheless disavowed 
again the idea of separation from the 
British empire. "Necessity," said they, 
"has not yet driven us to that desperate 
measure;" "we have not raised armies 
with ambitious designs of separating 
from Great Britain and establishing inde- 
pendent states." That was an honest 
declaration. Doubtless a few prophetic 
souls had seen the vision of a separate 
and independent nationality, and knew 
to what issue the long controversy had 
been tending; but the thought and senti- 
ment of the people throughout the colo- 
nies, at that time — the thought and senti- 
ment of thoughtful and patriotic men in 
every colony — was fairly expressed in 
that declaration. They were English 
colonies, proud of the English blood and 
name; and as young birds cling to the 
nest when the mother thrusts them out 
half-fledged, so they clung to their con- 
nection with Great Britain, notwithstand- 
ing: the unmotherlv harshness of the moth- 
er country. They were English as their 
fathers were; and it was their English 
blood that roused them to resist the inva- 
sion of their English liberty. The me- 
teor flag of England 

"Had braved a thousand years 
The battle and the breeze," 



*■©" 



f 



-&+ 



and it was theirs; its memories of Blen- 
heim and Ramillies, of Crecy and Agin- 
court, were theirs; and they themselves 
had helped to plant that famous banner 
on the ramparts of Louisburg and Que- 
bec. Because they were English they 
could boast 

"That Chatham's language was their mother -tongue, 
And Wolfe's great name compatriot with their own. 1 ' 

Because they were English, Milton was 
theirs, and Shakespeare, and the English 



LIBERTT AND UNION. >ji 

Bible. They still desired to be included 
in the great empire whose navy com- 



manded the ocean, and whose commerce 
encircled the globe. They desired to be 
under its protection, to share in its 
growth and glory, and enjoying their 
chartered freedom under the imperial 
crown, to maintain the closest relations 
of amity and mutual helpfulness with 
the mother country, and with every por- 
tion of the empire. 



mm 



THE ALARM AT CONCORD. 



NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 




:3 ,EPTIMUS could not study on 
a morning like this. He tried 
to say to himself that he had 
nothing to do with this excitement, 
that his studious life kept him 
away from it, that his intended pro- 
fession was that of peace, but say what he 
might to himself, there was a tremor, a 
bubbling impulse, a tingling in his ears, 
and the page that he opened glimmered 
and grew dazzling before him. 

It was a good time, everybody felt, to 
be alive, to have a sense of a nearer 
kindred, a closer sympathy between 
man and man, a sense of the goodness of 
the world, of the sacredness of country, 
of the excellence of life; and yet its slight 
account compared with any truth, any 
principle; the weighing of the material 
and ethereal, and the finding the former 
not worth considering, when, neverthe- 
less, it had so much to do with the settle- 
ment of the crisis; the ennobling of brute 
force; the feeling that it had its godlike 
side ; the drawing of heroic breath amid 



the scenes of ordinary life, so that it 
seemed as if they had all been transfig- 
ured since yesterday. 

Oh, high, heroic, tremulous juncture, 
when man felt himself almost an angel, 
on the verge of doing deeds that out- 
wardly look so fiendish! Oh, strange 
rapture of the coming battle ! We know 
something of that time now — we that 
have seen the muster of the village sol- 
diery on the meeting-house green and at 
railway-stations, and heard the drum and 
fife, > and seen the farewells, seen the fa- 
miliar faces that we hardly knew, now 
that we felt them to be heroes, breathed 
higher breath for their sakes; felt our 
eyes moistened; thanked them in our 
souls for teaching us that nature is yet 
capable of heroic moments ; felt how a 
great impulse lifts up a people and every 
cold, passionless, indifferent spectator — 
lifts him up into religion, and makes him 
join in what becomes an act of devotion, 
a prayer, when perhaps he but half 
approves. 



H&- 



72 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



■€H 




April 19, 1775. 



»t«xys?1safe§9 




■»3 





RALPH WALDO EMERSON 



^i^^C^jfF^^^S^iHle^ 5ft -i; jjj; »fi SjS Wg®«3S)Sjfii 



This Poem was written to be sung at the completion of the Concord 
Monument, April iq, 1836. 



2" the rude bridge that arched the 
flood, 
1 'heir flag to April's breeze un- 
furled, 

Here once the embattled farmers stood, 
And fired the shot heard round the 
world. 

The foe long since in silence slept / 
Alike the co?iqueror silent sleeps ; 

And Time the ruined bridge has swept 
Down the dark stream which seaward 
creeps. 



On this green bank, by this soft 
stream, 
We set to-day a votive stone; 
That memory may their deed redeem, 
When, like our sires, our sons are 
gone. 

Spirit, that made those heroes dare 
To die, or leave their children free, 

Bid Ti7ne and Nature gently spare 
The shaft we raise to the?n and 
thee! 



-H&- 



-$-* 



*-£r 



LIBERT! AND UNION. 



73 



■6H 



THE NEWS FROM LEXINGTON. 



BANCROFT. 




_ARKNESS closed upon the 
JT country and upon the town, 
^ but it was no night for sleep. 
Heralds on swift relays of horses 
transmitted the war-message from 
hand to hand, till village repeated 
it to village; the sea to the backwoods; 
the plains to the highlands ; and it was 
never suffered to droop till it had been 
borne north and south and east and west 
throughout the land. It spread over the 
bays that receive the Saco and the Pe- 
nobscot. Its loud reveille broke the rest of 
the trappers of New Hampshire, and, 
ringing like bugle-notes from peak to 
peak, overleapt the Green Mountains, 
swept onward to Montreal, and de- 
scended the ocean river, till the responses 
were echoed from the cliffs of Quebec. 
The hills along the Hudson told to one 
another the tale. As the summons hur- 
ried to the South, it was one day at New 
York; in one more at Philadelphia; the 
next it lighted a watchfire at Baltimore; 
thence it waked an answer at Annapolis. 
Crossing the Potomac near Mount Ver- 
non, it was sent forward without a halt 
to Williamsburg. It traversed the Dis- 
mal Swamp of Nansemond, along the 
route of the first emigrants to North Car- 
olina. It moved onward and still on- 



ward, through boundless groves of ever- 
green, to Newburn and to Wilmington, 
"For God's sake, forward it by day and 
by night," wrote Cornelius Harnett by 
the express which sped to Brunswick, 
Patriots of South Carolina caught up its 
tones at the border, and dispatched it to 
Charleston and through pines and pal- 
mettoes and moss-clad live-oaks still fur- 
ther to the south, till it resounded among 
the New England settlements beyond 
the Savannah. Hillsborough and the 
Mecklenburg district of North Carolina 
rose in triumph now that their weari- 
some uncertainty had an end. The Blue 
Ridge took up the voice, and made it 
heard from one end to the other of the 
valley of Virginia. The Alleghanies, as 
they listened, opened their barriers that 
the "loud call" might pass through to 
the hardy riflemen in the Holston, the 
Watauga, and the French Broad. Ever 
renewing its strength, powerful enough 
even to create a commonwealth, it 
breathed its inspiring word to the first set. 
tiers of Kentucky ; so that hunters who 
made their halt in the matchless valley of 
the Elkhorn commemorated the ever to 
be remembered nineteenth day of April 
by naming the encampment " Lexing- 
ton. " 



•H9- 



■&* 



74 



LI BERT 2' AND UNION. 



SPEECH ON A RESOLUTION TO PUT VIRGINIA IN A STATE 

OF DEFENCE. 



PATRICK HENRY, 1 775« 




R. PRESIDENT— No man 
thinks more highly than I do 
^ of the patriotism, as well as 
abilities, of the very worthy 
gentlemen who have just ad- 
dressed the house. But different 
men often see the same subject in 
different lights, and therefore I hope it 
will not be thought disrespectful to those 
gentlemen, if, entertaining, as I do, opin- 
ions of character very opposite to theirs, I 
shall speak forth my sentiments freely 
and without reserve. This is no time 
for ceremony. The question before the 
house is one of awful moment to this 
country. For my part, I consider it as 
nothing less than a question of freedom 
or slavery; and in proportion to the 
magnitude of the subject, ought to be the 
freedom of the debate. It is only in this 
way that we can hope to arrive at truth, 
and fulfil the great responsibility which 
we hold to God and our country. Should 
I keep back my opinions at such a time, 
through fear of giving offence, I should 
consider myself as guilty of treason to- 
ward my country, and of an act of dis- 
loyalty toward the Majesty of Heaven, 
which I revere above all earthly kings. 

Mr. President, it is natural to man to 
indulge in the illusions of hope. We 
are apt to shut our eyes against a painful 
truth, and listen to the song of that siren, 
till she transforms us into beasts. Is this 
the part of wise men, engaged in a great 



and arduous struggle for liberty? Are 
we disposed to be of the number of those, 
who, having eyes, see not, and having 
ears hear not, the things which so nearly 
concern their temporal salvation ? For 
my pait, whatever anguish of spirit it 
may cost, I am willing to know the 
whole truth, to know the worst, and 
to provide for it. 

I have but one lamp by which my 
feet are guided; and that is the lamp of 
experience. I know of no way of judg- 
ing of the future but by the past. And 
judging by the past, I wish to know what 
there has been in the conduct of the 
British ministry for the last ten years, to 
justify those hopes with which gentle- 
men have been pleased to solace them- 
selves and the house? Is it that insidious 
smile with which our petition has been 
lately received? Trust it not, sir; it will 
prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not 
yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. 
Ask yourselves how this gracious recep- 
tion of our petition comports with those 
warlike preparations which cover our 
waters and darken our land. Are fleets 
and armies necessary to a work of love 
and reconciliation? Have we shown 
ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled, 
that force must be called in to win back 
our love ? Let us not deceive ourselves, 
sir. These are the implements of war 
and subjugation; the last arguments to 
which kings resort. I ask, gentlemen, 



4- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



sir, what means this martial array, if its 
purpose be not to force us to submission ? 
Can gentlemen assign any other possi- 
ble motive for it? Has Great Britain 
any enemy in this quarter of the world, 
to call for all this accumulation of navies 
and armies? No, sir, she has none. 
They are meant for us; they can be 
meant for no other. They are sent over 
to bind and rivet upon us those chains 
which the British ministry have been so 
long forging. And what have we to 
oppose to them? Shall we try argu- 
ment? Sir, we have been trying that 
for the last ten years. Have we any- 
thing new to offer upon the subject? 
Nothing. We have held the subject up 
in every light of* which it is capable ; 
but it has been all in vain. Shall we 
resort to entreaty and humble supplica- 
tion? What terms shall we find, which 
have not been already exhausted ? Let 
us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive our- 
selves longer. Sir, we have done every- 
thing that could be done, to avert the 
storm which is now coming on. We 
have petitioned; we have remonstrated; 
we have supplicated ; we have prostrated 
ourselves before the throne, and have 
implored its interposition to arrest the 
tyrannical hands of the ministry and 
Parliament. Our petitions have been 
slighted ; our remonstrances have pro- 
duced additional violence and insults; 
our supplications have been disregarded ; 
and we have been spurned, with con- 
tempt, from the foot of the throne! in 
vain, after these things, may we indulge 
the fond hope of peace and reconciliation. 
There is no longer any room for hope. 
If we wish to be free — if we mean to 
preserve inviolate those inestimable priv- 
ileges for which we have been so long 
contending — if we mean not basely to 



75 

abandon the noble struggle in which we 
have been so long engaged, and which 
we have pledged ourselves never to 
abandon, until the glorious object of our 
contest shall be obtained — we must fight! 
I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An ap- 
peal to arms and to the God of Hosts is 
all that is left us ! 

They tell us, sir, that we are weak; 
unable to cope with so formidable an 
adversary. But when shall we be strong- 
er? Will it be the next week, or the 
next year? Will it be when we are to- 
tally disarmed, and when a British guard 
shall be stationed in every house ? Shall 
we gather strength by irresolution and 
inaction ? Shall we acquire the means 
of effectual resistance, by lying supinely 
on our backs and hugging the delusive 
phantom of hope, until our enemies shall 
have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we 
are not weak, if we make a proper use 
of those means which the God of nature 
'hath placed in our power. Three mill- 
ions of people, armed in the holy cause 
of liberty, and in such a country as that 
which we possess, are invincible by any 
force which our enemy can send against 
us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our 
battles alone. There is a just God who 
presides over the destinies of nations, 
and who will raise up friends to fight 
our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not 
to the strong alone ; it is to the vigilant, 
the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we 
have no election. If we were base 
enough to desire it, it is now too late to 
retire from the contest. There is no re- 
treat, but in submission and slavery! 
Our chains are forged ! Their clanking 
may be heard on the plains of Boston ! 
The war is inevitable — and let it come! 
I repeat it, sir, let it come. 

It is vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. 



Hfr 



-&-f 



4 



■€*+ 



7 6 

Gentlemen may cry peace, peace — but 
there is no peace. The war is actually 
begun ! The next gale that sweeps from 
the north, will bring to our ears the clash 
of resounding- arms ! Our brethren are al- 
ready in the field! Why stand we here 
idle? What is it that the gentlemen 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



wish? What would they have? Is life 
so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be pur- 
chased at the price of chains and slavery? 
Forbid it, Almighty God ! I know 
not what course others may take; but 
as for me, give me liberty, or give me 
death ! 



* 



~s i 5 «" 



* 



PAUL REVERE'S RIDE. 



BY H. W. LONGFELLOW. 



The Battle of Lexington, April i<p, 1775 
WpMvL ISTEN, my children', and you shall 



hear 
Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, 
On the eighteenth of April seventy- 
five. 

Hardly a man is now alive 
Who remembers that famous dav and year. 



He said to his friend: " If the British march 

By land or sea from the town to-night, 

Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry arch 

Ot the north church-tower, as a signal light — 

One if by land, and two if by sea — 

And I on the opposite shore will be 

Ready to ride and spread the alarm 

Through every Middlesex village and farm, 

For the country folk to be up and arm." 

Then he said "Good-night," and with muffled oar 

Silently rowed to the Charlestown shore. 

Just as the moon rose ove* the bay 

Where swinging wide at her moorings lay 

The Somerset British man-of-war; 

A phantom ship, with each mast and spar 

Across the moon like a prison-bar, 

And a huge black hulk, that was magnified 

By its own reflection in the tide. 

Meanwhile, his friend through alley and street 
Wanders and watches with eager ears 
Till in the silence around he hears 
The muster of men at the barrack door, 
The sound of arms and the tramp of feet, 
And the measured tread of the grenadiers 
Marching down to their boat on the shore. 

Then he climbed the tower of the Old North 
Church 



By the wooden stairs, with stealthy tread, 

To the belfry chamber overhead, 

And startled the pigeons from their perch 

On the somber rafters, that round him make 

Masses of moving shapes of shade — 

By the trembling ladder steep and tall, 

To the highest window in the wall, 

Where he paused to listen and look down 

A moment on the roofs of the town ; 

And the moonlight flowing over all. 

Beneath, in the churchyard, lay the dead, 

In their night encampment on the hill, 

Wrapped in silence so deep and still, 

That he could hear, like the sentinel's tread, 

The watchful night wind, as it went 

Creeping along from tent to tent, 

And seeming 10 whisper, "All is well !'' 

A moment later he feels the spell 

Of the place and the hour and the secret dread 

Of the lonely belfry and the dead; 

For, suddenly all his thoughts are bent 

On a shadowy something far away, 

Where the river widens to meet the bay — 

A line of black that bends and floats 

On the rising tide like a bridge of boats. 

Meanwhile, impatient to mount and ride, 

Booted and spurred with a heavy stride, 

On the opposite shore walked Paul Revere - . 

Now he patted his horse's side, 

Now he gazed at the landscape far and near; 

Then, impetuous stamped the earth, 

And turned and tightened his horse's girth ; 

But mostly he watched with eager search 

The belfry tower of the Old North Church, 

As it rose above the graves on the hill, 

Lonely and spectral, and somber and still; 



*4fr 



w 



I* 



LIBERT T AND UNION. 



ll 



And, io ! as he looks at the belfry's height, 
A glimmer, and then a gleam of light! 
He springs to his saddle, the bridle he turns ; 
But lingers and gazes, till full on his sight 
A second lamp in the belfry burns. 

A hurry of hoofs in a village street; 
A shape in the moonlight, a bulk in the dark, 
And beneath from the pebbles in passing a spark 
Struck out by a steed flying fearless and fleet. 
That was all ! And yet through the gloom and 

the light, 
The fate of a nation was riding that night; 
And the spark struck out by that steed in his 

flight, 
Kindled the land into flame with its heat. 

He has left the village and mounted the steep, 
And beneath him tranquil and broad and deep, 
Is the mystic meeting of the ocean-lids ; 
And under the alders that skirt its edge, 
Now soft on the sand, now loud on the ledge, 
Is heard the tramp of his steed as he rides. 
It was twelve by the village clock, 
When he crossed the bridge into Medford town; 
He heard the crowing of the cock, 
And the barking of the farmer's dog, 
And felt the damp of the river fog 
That rises after the sun goes down. 

It was one by the village clock, 

When he galloped into Lexington; 

He saw the gilded weather-cock 

Swim in the moonlight as he passed, 

And the meeting-house window, blank and bare, 



Glance at him with spectral glare, 

As if they already stood aghast 

At the bloody work they would look upon. 

It was two by the village clock, 

When he came to the bridge in Concord town 

He heard the bleating of the flock, 

And the twitter of the birds among the trees, 

And felt the breath of the morning breeze 

Blowing o'er the meadows brown. 

And one was safe and asleep in his bed 

Who at the bridge would be first to fall, — 

Who that day would be lying dead, 

Pierced by a British musket-ball. 

You know the rest. In the books you have 

read 
How the British regulars fired and fled ; 
How the farmers gave them ball for ball 
From behind each fence and farm-yard wall, 
Chasing the red coats down the lane, 
Then crossing the field to emerge again 
Under the trees at the turn of the road, 
And only pausing to fire and load. 
So, through the night, rode Paul Revere; 
And so through the night went his cry of alarm 
To every Middlesex village and farm ; 
A cry of defiance, and not of fear, 
A voice in the darkness, a knock at the door, 
And a word that shall echo forevermore. 
For, borne on the night- wind of the past, 
Through all our history to the last, 
In the hour of darkness, and peril and need, 
The people waken and listen to hear 
The hurrying hoof-beats of that steed, 
And the midnight message of Paul Revere. 



WARREN'S ADDRESS. 



JOHM PIERPONT. 




2, TAND ! the ground's your own, my 
braves ! 
Will ye give up to slaves ? 
Will ye look for greener graves ! 

Hope ye mercy still ! 
What's the mercy despots feel? 
Hear it in that battle-peal ! 
Read it on yon bristling steel ! 
Ask it, — ye who will. 

Fear ye foes who kill for hire? 
Will ye to your homes retire? 
Look behind j^ou ! they're a-fire ! 
And before you, see 



Who have done it! — From the vale 
On they come ! — And will ye quail ? — 
Leaden rain and iron hail 

Let their welcome be ! 

In the God of battles trust! 

Die we may,— and die we must;- 

But O, where can dust to dust 

Be consigned so well, 
As where heaven its dews shall shed 
On the martyred patriot's bed, 
And the rocks shall raise their head, 

Of his deeds to tell ! 

June 77, 1775. 



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h h h h A A 



.A- A A A A -A, 



^|THE BATTLE HF LEXINETHN1 

W^ 7 7 7 7 T - ^^"^ - ^""^" - ? — 7 — 7 — 7 — 7 — T~3Fg 

SIDNEY LANIER. 




April 19, 1775. 




HEN haste ye, Prescott, and Revere ! 
Bring all the men of Lincoln here; 
Wft Let Chelmsford, Littleton, Carlisle, 

Let Acton, Bedford, hither file — 
Oh, hither file, and plainly see 
Out of a wound leap Liberty. 

Say, Woodman April ! all in green, ' 
Say, Robin April, hast thou seen 
In all thy travel round the earth 
Ever a morn of calmer birth? 
But Morning's eye alone serene 
Can gaze across yon village-green 
To where the trooping British run 
Through Lexington. 

Good men in fustian, stand ye still; 

The men in red come o'er the hill, 

Lay down your arms, damned rebels! cry 

The men in red full haughtily. 

But never a grounding gun is heard ; 

The men in fustian stand unstirred; 

Dead calm, save maybe a wise bluebird 

Puts in his little heavenly word. 

O men in red! if ye but knew 

The half as much as bluebirds do, 

Now in this little tender calm 

Each hand would out, and every palm 

With patriot palm strike brotherhood's 

stroke 
Or ere these lines of battle broke. 

O men in red, if ye but knew 

The least of all that bluebirds do, 

Now in this little godly calm 

Yon voice might sing the Future's Psalm — 



The Psalm of Love with the brotherly eyes 
Who pardons and is very wise — 
Yon voice that shouts, high-hoarse with ire, 
Fire! 

The red-coats fire, the homespuns fall : 

The nomespuns' anxious voices call, 

Brother, art hurt? and Where hit, John? 

And, Wipe this blood, and Men, come on, 

And Neighbor, do but lift my head, 

And Who is Wounded? Who is dead? 

Seven are killed. My God! My God! 

Seven lie dead o?i the village sod. 

Tivo Harringtons, Parker, Hadley, Brown, 

Monroe and Porter, — they are down. 

Nay, look! stout Harrington not yet dead! 

He crooks his elbow, lifts his head. 

He lies at the step of his own house-door; 

He crawls and makes a path of gore. 

The wife from the window hath seen, and 

rushed ; 
He hath reached the step, but the blood 

hath gushed, 
He hath crawled to the steps of his own 

house-door, 
But his head hath dropped: he will crawl 

no more. 
Clasp, wife, and kiss, and lift the head ; 
Harrington lies at his doorstep dead. 

But, O ye Six that round him lay 

And bloodied up that April day! 

As Harrington fell, ye likewise fell — 

At the door of the house wherein ye dwell: 

As Harrington came, ye likewise came 

And died at the door of the House of Fame. 



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79 



PREDICTIONS CONCERNING FOURTH OF JULY.* 



JOHN ADAMS TO MRS. ADAMS. 



Philadelphia, July j, 1776. 




L AD a declaration of independence 
been made seven months ago, 
it would have been attended 
with many great and glorious 
effects. We might, before this 
hour, have formed alliance with 
foreign states. We should have mastered 
Qvebec, and been in possession of 
Canada. 

You will, perhaps, wonder how such 
a declaration would have influenced our 
affairs in Canada; but, if I could write 
with freedom, I could easily convince you 
that it would, and explain to you the 
manner how. Many gentlemen in high 
stations, and of great influence, have been 
duped by the ministerial bubble of com- 
missioners to treat; and in real, sincere 
expectation of this event, which they so 
fondly wished, they have been slow and 
languid in promoting measures for the 
reduction of that province. Others there 
are in the colonies, who really wished 
that our enterprise in Canada would be 
defeated; that the colonies might be 
brought into danger and distress between 
two fires, and be thus induced to submit. 
Others really wished to defeat the expe- 
dition to Canada, lest the conquest of it 
should elevate the minds of the people 
too much to hearken to those terms of 
reconciliation which they believed would 
be offered us. These jarring views, 
wishes, and designs, occasioned an oppo- 



sition to many salutary measures which 
were proposed for the support of that ex- 
pedition, and caused obstructions, embar- 
rassments, and studied delays, which have 
finally lost us the province. 

All these causes, however, in conjunc- 
tion, would not have disappointed us, if 
it had not been for a misfortune which 
could not have been foreseen, and perhaps 
could not have been prevented — I mean 
the prevalence of the small-pox among 
our troops. This fatal pestilence com- 
pleted our destruction. It is a frown of 
Providence upon us, which we ought to 
lay to heart. 

But, on the other hand, the delay of 
this declaration to this time has many 
great advantages attending" it. The 
hopes of reconciliation which were fondly 
entertained by multitudes of honest and 
well-meaning, though short-sighted and 
mistaken people, have been gradually, 
and at last totally, extinguished. Time 
has been given for the whole people 
maturely to consider the great question 
of independence, and to ripen their judg- 
ment, dissipate their fears, and allure their 
hopes, by discussing it in newspapers and 
pamphlets — by debating it in assemblies, 
conventions, committees of safety and in- 
spection — in town and county meetings, 
as well as in private conversations; so 
that the whole people, in every colony, 
have now adopted it as their own act. 



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'July 2, the vote was taken upon the question of independence, and nine of the colonies voted for the resolution. 



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^ LIBERT) 

This will cement the union, and avoid 
those heats, and perhaps convulsions, 
which might have been occasioned by 
such a declaration six months ago. 

But the day is past. The second day 
o\ July, 1776, will be a memorable 
epoch in the history of America. 1 am 
apt to believe that it will be celebrated 
bv succeeding generations, as the great 
Anniversary Festival. It ought to be 
commemorated, as the day of deliverance 
bv solemn acts of devotion to God Al- 
mighty. It ought to be solemnized with 
pomp, shows, games, sports, guns, bells. 



AXD UNION, 

J bonfires and illuminations, from one end 
of the continent to the other, from this 
time forward forever. 

You may think me transported with 
enthusiasm : but I am not. I am well 
aware of the toil, and blood, and treasure, 
that it will cost us to maintain this dec- 
laration, and support and defend these 
States. Yet, through all the gloom, I 
can see the rays of light and glory; I can 
see that the end is more than worth all 
the means,and that posterity will triumph, 
although you and I may rue, which I 
hope we shall not. 



OCCUPATION OF DORCHESTER HEIGHTS, 1776. 



EDWARD EVERETT. 




Sp X the seventeenth of March, 
4* 1 776, an effective force of many 
^^i* thousand men evacuated the 
H. SsT town, and with a powerful fleet 
%Y and a numerous train of transports, 
[ sailed for Halifax. Putnam, with a 
detachment of the American army, took 
possession of Boston. The beloved com- 
mander himself made his entry into the 
town the following day, and the first 
great act of the drama of the Revolu- 
tion was brought to a triumphant close, 
on that old Dorchester neck which, be- 
fore the foundation of Boston, our 
fathers selected as a place for settlement. 
This event diffused joy throughout the 
Union, and contributed materially to pre- 
pare the public mind for that momentous 
political measure, of which we this day 
commemorate the seventy-ninth anniver- 



sary. That civil government, however 
human infirmities mingle in its organiza- 
tion, is. in its ultimate principles, a Divine 
ordinance, will be doubted bv no one 
who believes in an overruling Providence. 
That every people has a right to inter- 
pret for itself the will of Providence, in 
reference to the form of government best 
suited to its condition, subject to no ex- 
ternal human responsibility, is equally 
certain, and is the doctrine which lies at 
the basis of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence. But what makes a people, — what 
constitutes this august community, to 
which we give that name; how many 
persons — how few; bound to each other 
by what antecedent ties of physical de- 
scent, of common language, oi local 
proximity, of previous political connec- 
tion? This is a great question, to which 



1^1 BERT T AND UNION. 



Si 



no answer, that I know, has yet been 
given; to which, in general terms, per- 
haps, none can be given. Physiologists 
have not yet found the seat of animal 
life, — far less of the rational intellect or 
spiritual essence of the individual man. 
Who can wonder that it should be still 
farther beyond our ability to define the 
mysteriouslaws which — out of the physi- 
cal instincts of our nature, the inexplicable 
attractions of kindred and tongue, the 



persuasion of reason, the social sympa- 
thies, the accidents as we call them of 
birth, the wanderings of nations in the 
dark deeds of the past, the confederacies 
of peace, the ravages of war, employed 
by the all-fashioning hand of time, which 
moulds everything human according to 
the eternal types in the Divine mind — 
work out, in the lapse of centuries, with 
more than Promethean skill, that wond- 
rous creation which we call A People! 



^e^#ll§#SW"" 



ORATION ON THE RE-INTERMENT OF WARREN. 



PEREZ MORTON, 1 776. 




llustrious Relics ! — What 
tidings from the grave? Why 
hast thou left the peaceful man- 
sions of the tomb, to visit again this 
troubled earth! Art thou the wel- 
come messenger of peace ? art thou 
risen again to exhibit thy glorious 
wounds, and through them proclaim 
salvation to thy country, or art thou come 
to demand the last debt of humanity to 
which your rank and merit have so 
justly entitled you — but which has been 
so long ungenerously withheld! and art 
thou angry at the barbarous usage ? Be 
appeased, sweet ghost! for though thy 
body has long lain undistinguished among 
the vulgar dead, scarce privileged with 
earth enough to hide it from the birds of 
prey; though not a friendly sigh was 
uttered o'er thy grave ; and though the 
execrations of an impious foe were all 
thy funeral knells; yet, matchless patriot, 
thy memory has been embalmed in the 



affections of thy grateful countrymen; 
who, in their breasts, have raised an eter- 
nal momument to thy bravery. 

But let us leave, the beloved remains, 
and contemplate for a moment those 
virtues of the man, the exercise of which 
have so deservedlv endeared him to the 
honest among the great, and the good 
among the humble. 

In the social department of life, prac- 
tising upon the strength of that doctrine 
he used so earnestly to inculcate himself, 
that nothing so much conducted to en- 
lighten mankind, and advance the great 
end of society at large, as the frequent 
interchange of sentiments in friendly 
meeting, we find him constantly en- 
gaged in this eligible labor; but on none 
did he place so high a value, as on that 
most honorable of all detached societies, 
The Free and Accepted Masons. Into 
this fraternity he was early initiated; and 
after having given repeated proofs of a 



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LIBERTY AND UNION 



rapid proficiency in the arts, and after 
evidencing by his life, the professions of 
his lips — finally, as the reward of his 
merit, he was commissioned The Most 
Worshipful Grand-Master of all the 
Ancient Masons, through North Amer- 
ica. And you, brethren, are living tes- 
timonies with how much honor to him- 
self, and benefit to the craft universal, he 
discharged the duties of his elevated 
trust; with what sweetened accents he 
courted your attention, while, with wis- 
dom, strength, and beauty, he instructed 
your lodges in the secret art of Free- 
masonry; what perfect order and de- 
corum he preserved in the government 
of them; and, in all his conduct, what a 
bright example he set us, to live within 
the compass, and act upon the square. 

With what pleasure did he silence the 
wants of the poor and penniless brethren ; 
yea, the necessitous everywhere, though 
ignorant of the mysteries of the craft, 
from his benefactions felt the happy 



effects of that institution which is founded 
on faith, hope, and charity. And the 
world may cease to wonder that he so 
readily offered up his life on the altar of 
his country, when they are told that the 
main pillar of Masonry is the love of 
mankind. 

The fates, as though they would reveal 
in the person of our Grand Master, those 
mysteries which have so long lain hid 
from the world, have suffered him, like 
the great master-builder in the temple 
of old, to fall by the hands of ruffians, 
and be again raised in honor and author- 
itv ; we searched in the field for the mur- 
dered son of a widow, and we found 
him, by the turf and the twig, buried on 
the brow of a hill, though not in a decent 
grave. And though we must again 

<r> o o 

commit his body to the tomb, yet our 
breasts shall be the burying spot of his 
Masonic virtues, and there — 

"An adamantine monument we'll rear, 
With this inscription, Masonry lies here." 



FAITH IN AN OVERRULING PROVIDENCE. 



JOHN HANCOCK, 




HAVE the most animating con- 
fidence that the present noble 
^f struggle for liberty will ter- 
minate gloriously for America. 
And let us play the man for our 
God, and for the cities of our God; 
while we are using the means in our 
power, let us humbly commit our right- 
eous cause to the great Lord of the 



universe, who loveth righteouness and 
hateth iniquity. And, having secured the 
approbation of our hearts by a faithful 
and unwearied discharge of our duty to 
our country, let us jo3 r fully leave our 
concerns in the hands of Him who raiseth 
up and putteth down the empires and 
kingdoms of the world with all their 
power and greatness as He pleases. 



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83 



THE REVOLUTIONARY RISING. 



THOMAS BUCHANAN READ. 




^^ UT of the North the wild news came, 
» Far flashing on its wings of flame, 
Swift as the boreal light which flies 
At midnight through the startled 

skies. 
And there was tumult in the air, 
The fife's shrill note, the drum's loud beat, 
While the first oath of Freedom's gun 
Came on the blast from Lexington ; 
'And Concord roused, no longer tame, 
Forgot her old baptismal name, 
Made bare the patriot arm of power. 
And swelled the discord of the hour. 

Within its shape of elm and oak 

The church of Berkley Manor stood ; 
There Sunday found the rural folk, 

And some esteemed of gentle blood. 

In vain their feet with loitering tread 
Passed mid the graves where rank is naught; 
All could not read the lesson taught 

In that republic of the dead. 

How sweet the hour of Sabbath talk, 

The vale with peace and sunshine full, 
Where all the happy people walk, 

Decked in their homespun flax and wool; 

Where youth's gay hats with blossoms bloom; 
And every maid, with simple art, 
Wears on her breast, like her own heart, 

A bud whose depths are all perfume; 
While every garment's gen f le stir 
Is breathing rose and lavender. 

The pastor came ; his snowy locks 

Hallowed his brow of thought and care; 
And calmly, as shepherds lead their flocks 
He led into the house of prayer. 
Then soon he rose; the prayer was strong; 
The Psalm was warrior David's song; 
The text, a few short words of might — 
1 ' The Lord of hosts shall arm the right!" 
He spoke of wrongs too long endured, 
Of sacred rights to be secured; 
Then from his patriot tongue of flame 
The startling words for freedom came. 
The stirring sentences he spake 
Compelled the heart to glow or quake, 
And, rising on his theme's broad wing, 
And grasping in his nervous hand 



The imaginary battle-brand, 
In face of death he dared to fling 
Defiance to a tyrant king. 

Even as he spoke, his frame, renewed 
In eloquence of attitude, 
Rose, as it seemed, a shoulder higher; 
Then swept his kindling glance of fire 
From startled pew to breathless choir; 
When suddenly his mantle wide 
His hands impatient flung aside, 
And, lo! he met their wondering eyes 
Complete in all a warrior's guise. 

A moment there was awful pause — 

When Berkley cried, "Cease, traitor! cease! 

God's temple is the house of peace!" 

The other shouted, " Nay, not so, 
When God is with our righteous cause 
His holiest places then are ours, 
His temples are our forts and towers 

That frown upon the tyrant foe; 
In this, the dawn of freedom's day, 
There is a time to fight and prav !" 

And now before the open door — 

The warrior priest had ordered so — 
The enlisting trumpet's sud ien roar 
Rang through the chapel, o'er and o'er, 

Its long reverberating blow, 
So loud and clear, it seemed the ear 
Of dusty death must wake and hear. 

And there the startling drum and fife 
Fired the living with fiercer life; 
While overhead, with wild increase, 
Forgetting its ancient toll of peace, 

The great bell swung as ne'er before. 
It seemed as it would never cease; 
And every word its ardor flung 
From off its jubilant iron tongue 

Was, "War! War! WAR!" 

"Who dares ?" — this was the patriot's cry, 
As striding from the desk he came — 
" Come out with me, in Freedom's name, 

For her to live, for her to die ?" 

A hundred hands flung up reply, 

A hundred voices answered, " I !" 



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§5 



INDEPENDENCE BELL— JULY 4, 1776. 




HERE was a tumult in the city, 
In the quaint old Quaker town, 
W^ And the streets were rife with people, 

Pacing restless up and down — 
People gathering at the corners, 

Where they whispered each to each, 
And the sweat stood on their temples 
With the earnestness of speech. 

As the black Atlantic currents 

Lash the wild Newfoundland shore, 
So they beat against the State House, 

So they surged against the door; 
And the mingling of their voices 

Made a harmony profound, 
Till the quiet street of Chestnut 

Was all turbulent with sound. 

"Will they do it? " "Dare they do it?" 

"Who is speaking? " "What's the news?" 
"What of Adams?" "What of Sherman?" 

"Oh, God grant they won't refuse!" 
<4 Make some way there!" 'Let me nearer!" 

"I am stifling ' " "Stifle then ! 
When a nation's life ? s at hazard, 

We've no time to think of men!" 

So they surged against the State House, 

While all solemnly inside 
Sat the "Continental Congress," 

Truth and reason for their guide. 
O'er a simple scroll debating, 

Which, though simple it might be, 
Yet should shake the cliffs of England 

With the thunders of the free. « 

Far aloft in that high steeple 

Sat the bellman, old and gray; 
He was weary of the tyrant 

And his iron-sceptered sway. 
So he sat, with one hand ready 



On the clapper of the bell. 
Where his eye should catch the signal, 
The long-expected news, to tell. 

See! See! The dense crowd quivers 

Through all its lengthy line, 
As the boy beside the portal 

Hastens forth to give the sign ! 
With his little hands uplifted 

Breezes dallying with his hair, 
Hark ! with deep, clear intonation, 

Breaks his young voice on the air: 

Hushed the people's swelling murmur, 

Whilst the boy cries joyously ; 
"Ring !" he shouts, "Ring! grandpapa, 

Ring ! oh, ring for liberty !" 
Quickly, at the given signal 

The old bellman lifts his hand, 
Forth he sends the good news, making 

Iron music through the land. 

How r they shouted! What rejoicing! 

How the old bell shook the air, 
Till the clang of freedom ruffled 

The calmly gliding Delaware! 
How the bonfires and the torches 

Lighted up the night's repose, 
And from the flames, like the fabled Phoenix, 

Our glorious libertv arose! 

That old State House bell is silent, 

Hushed is now its clamorous tongue; 
But the spirit it awaken'd 

Still is living — ever young; 
And when we greet the smiling sunlight 

On the Fourth of each July, 
We will ne'er forget the bellman 

Who, betwixt the earth and sky, 
Rung out, loudly, "Independence;" 

Which, please God, shall never die! 



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TICONDEROGA. 



V. B. WILSON 




*m-\< HE cold, gray light of the dawning 
SI On old Carillon falls, 
ro^ And dim in the midst of the morning 

Stand the grim old fortress walls, 
No sound disturbs the stillness 

Save the cataract's mellow roar 
Silent as death is the fortress, 
Silent the misty shore. 

But up from the wakening waters 

Comes the cool, fresh morning breeze, 
Lifting the banner of Britain, 

And whispering to the trees 
Of the swift gliding boats on the waters 

That are nearing the fog-shrouded land, 
With the old Green Mountain Lion 

And his daring patriot band. 

But the sentinel at the postern 

Heard not the whisper low; 
He is dreaming of the banks of the Shannon 

As he walks on his beat to and fro 
Of the starry eyes in Green Erin 

That were dim when he marched away, 
And a tear down his bronzed cheek courses, 

'T is the first for many a day. 

A sound breaks the misty stillness, 
And quickly he glances around ; 

Through the mist, forms like towering giants 
Seem rising out of the ground ; 



A challenge, the firelock flashes, 
A sword cleaves the quivering air, 

And the sentry lies dead bv the postern, 
Blood staining his bright yellow hair. 

Then, with a shout that awakens 

All the echoes of hillside and glen, 
Through the low, frowning gate of the fortress, 

Sword in hand, rush the Green Mountain 
men. 
The scarce wakened troops of the garrison 

Yield up their trust pale with fear; 
And down comes the bright British banner, 

And out rings a Green Mountain cheer. 

Flushed with pride, the whole eastern heavens 

With crimson and gold are ablaze ; 
And up springs the sun in his splendor 

And flings down his arrowy rays, 
Bathing in sunlight the fortress, 

Turning to gold the grim walls, 
While louder and clearer and higher 

Rings the song of the waterfalls. 

Since the taking of Ticonderoga 

A century has rolled away ; 
But with pride the nation remembers 

That glorious morning in May. 
And the cataract's silvery music 

Forever the story tells, 
Of the capture of old Carillon, 

The chime of the silver bells. 



GRANDMOTHER'S STORY OF BUNKER HILL BATTLE. 



OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 



As she satv it from the belfry. 




IS like stirring living embers when, 
at eighty, one remembers 
\ All the achings and the quakings of 
" the times that tried men's souls ;' 
When I talk of Whig and Tory, when 

I tell the Rebel story, 
To you the words are ashes, but to me 
they 're burning coals. 



I had heard the muskets' rattle of the April 

running battle; 
Lord Percy's hunted soldiers, I can see their 

red coats still ; 
But a deadly chill comes o'er me, as the day 

looms up before me, 
When a thousand men lay bleeding on the 

slopes of Bunker's Hill. 



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'T was a peaceful summer's morning, when the 
first thing gave us warning 

Was the booming of the cannon from the river 
and the shore: 

'* Child," says grandma, '* what's the matter, 
what is all this noise and clatter? 

Have those scalping Indian devils come to mur- 
der us once more?" 

Poor old soul! my sides were shaking in the 
midst of all my quaking 

To hear her talk of Indians when the guns be- 
gan to roar : 

She had seen the burning village, and the 
slaughter and the pillage, 

When the Mohawks killed her father, with their 
bullets through his door. 



87 

In the street I heard a thumping: and I knew 

it was the stumping 
Of the Corporal, our old neighbor, 011 that 

wooden leg he wore, 
With a knot of women round him, — it was 

lucky I had found him, — 
So I followed with the others, and the Corporal 

marched before. 

They were making for the steeple — the old sol- 
dier and his people ; 

The pigeons circled round us as we climbed the 
creaking stair, 

Just across the narrow river — O, so close it made 
me shiver! — 

Stood a fortress on the hill-top that but yester- 
day was bare. 




BUNKER HILL MONUMENT AND 

Then I said, " Now, dear old granny, don't you 

fret and worry any, 
For I'll soon come back and tell you whether 

this is work or play ; 
There can't be mischief in it, so I won't be gone 

a minute" — 
For a minute then I started. I was gone the 

livelong day. 

No time for bodice-lacing or for looking-glass 
grimacing; 

Down my hair went as I hurried, tumbling half- 
way to my heels ; 

God forbid your ever knowing, when there's 
blood around her flowing, 

How the lonely, helpless daughter of a quiet 
household feels. 



PLAN OF BATTLE GROUND. 

Not slow our eves to find it ; well we knew who 

stood behind it, 
Though the earthwork hid them from us, and 

the stubborn walls were dumb: 
Here were sister, wife, and mother, looking wild 

upon each other, 
And their lips were white with terror, as they 

said, The hour has come ! 

The morning slowly wasted, not a morsel had 
ve tasted, 

Ana our heads were almost splitting with the 
cannons' deafening thrill, 

When a figure tall and stately round the ram- 
part strode sedatelv; 

It was Prescott, one since told me; he com- 
manded on the hill 



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Every woman's heart grew bigger when we saw 

his manly figure, 
With the banyan bucklea round it, standing up 

so straight and tall ; 
Like a gentleman of leisure who is strolling out 

for pleasure, 
Through the storm of shells and cannon-shot 

he walked around the wall 

At eleven the streets were swarming, for the 
red-coats' ranks were forming ; 

At noon in marching order they were moving 
to the piers; 

How the bayonets gleamed and glistened, as we 
looked far down and listened 

To the tramping and the drum-beat of the belted 
, grenadiers ! 

At length the men have started, with a cheer (it 
seemed faint-hearted), 

In their scarlet regimentals, with their knap- 
sacks on their backs, 

And the reddening, rippling water, as after a 
sea-fignt's slaughter, 

Round the barges gliding onward, blushed like 
blood along their tracks. 

So they crossed to the other border, and again 

they formed in order ; 
And the boats came back for soldiers, came for 

soldiers, soldiers still: 
The time seemed everlasting to us women, faint 

and fasting, — 
At last they're moving, marching, marching 

proudly up the hill. 

We can see the bright steel glancing all along 

the lines advancing — 
Now the front rank fires a volley — they have 

thrown away their shot; 
For behind the earthwork lying, all the balls 

above them flying, 
Our people need not hurry ; so they wait and 

answer not. 

Then the Corporal, our old cripple (he would 

swear sometimes and tipple), — 
He had heard the bullets whistle (in the old 

French war) before, — 
Calls out in words of jeering, just as if they all 

were hearing, — 
And his wooden leg thumps fiercely on the 

dusty belfry floor: — 



"Oh! fire away, ye villains, and earn King 

George's shillin's, 
But ye'll waste a ton of powder afore a ' rebel ' 

falls ; 
You may bang the dirt and welcome, they're as 

safe as Dan'l Malcolm 
Ten foot beneath the gravestone that you've 

splintered with your balls !" 

In the hush of expectation, in the awe and trep- 
idation 

Of the dread approaching moment, we are well 
nigh breathless all ; 

Though the rotten bars are falling on the rickety 
belfry railing, 

We are crowding up against them like the 
waves against a wall. 

Just a glimpse (the air is clearer), they are near- 
er, — nearer, — nearer, 

When a flash — a curling smoke-wreath — then a 
crash — the steeple shakes — 

The deadly truce is ended; the tempest's shroud 
is rended ; 

Like a morning mist it gathered, like a thunder- 
cloud it breaks ! 

O the sight our eyes discover as the blue-black 
smoke blows over ! 

The red-coats stretched in windrows as a mow- 
er rakes his hay ; 

Here a scarlet heap is lying, there a headlong- 
crowd is flying 

Like a billow that has broken, and is shivered 
into spray. 

Then we cried, " The troops are routed ! they 

are beat — it can't be doubted ! 
God be thanked, the fight is over!" — Ah! the 

grim old soldier's smile! 
"Tell us, tell us why you look so?" (we could 

hardly speak, we shook so), — 
"Are they beaten? Are they beaten? Are 

they beaten?" — " Wait a while." 

O the trembling and the terror ! for too soon we 

saw our error : 
They are baffled, not defeated ; we have driven 

them back in vain ; 
And the columns that were scattered, round the 

colors that were tattered, 
Toward the sullen silent fortress, turn their 

belted breasts again. 



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89 



All at once, as we are gazing, lo the roofs of 

Charlestown blazing ! 
They have fired the harmless village ; in an hour 

it will be down ! 
The Lord in heaven confound them, rain his 

fire and brimstone round them, — 
The robbing, murdering red-coats, that would 

burn a peaceful town ! 

They are marching, stern and solemn ; we can 
see each massive column 

As they near the naked earth-mound with the 
slanting walls so steep. 

Have our soldiers got faint-hearted, and in noise- 
less haste departed? 

Are they panic-struck and helpless? Are they 
palsied or asleep? 

Now the walls they're almost under ! scarce, a 
rod the foes asunder ! 

Not a firelock flashed against them ! up the 
earthwork they will swarm! 

But the words have scarce been spoken, when 
the ominous calm is broken, 

And a bellowing crash has emptied all the ven- 
geance of the storm ! 

So again, with murderous slaughter, pelted 

backward to the water, 
Fly Pigot's running heroes and the frightened 

braves of Howe ; 
And we shout, " At last they're done for, it's 

their barges that they have run for : 
They are beaten, beaten, beaten ; and the battle's 

over now!" 

And we looked, poor timid creatures, on the 

rough old soldier's features, 
Our lips afraid to question, but he knew what 

we would ask : 
" Not sure," he said ; " keep quiet, — once more I 

guess they'll try it — 
Here's damnation to the cut-throats !" — then he 

handed me his flask, 

Saying, " Gal, you're looking shaky ; have a drop 

of old Jamaiky ; 
I'm afraid there'll be more trouble afore this job 

is done;" 
So I took one scorching swallow; dreadful faint 

I felt and hollow, 
Standing there from early morning when the 

firing was begun. 



All through those hours of trial I had watched 

a calm clock dial, 
As the hands kept creeping, creeping, — they 

were creeping round to four, 
When the old man said, " They are forming 

with their bayonets fixed for storming : 
It's the death grip that's a coming — they will 

try the works once more." 

With brazen trumpets blaring, the flames behind 
them glaring, 

The deadly wall before them, in close array they 
come ; 

Still onward, upward toiling, like a dragon's fold 
uncoiling — 

Like the rattlesnake's shrill warning the rever- 
berating drum ! 

Over heaps all torn and gory — shall I tell the 

fearful story, 
How they surged above the breastwork, as a sea 

breaks o'er a deck ; 
How, driven, yet scarce defeated, our worn-out 

men retreated, 
With their powder-horns all emptied, like the 

swimmers from a wreck? 

It has all been told and painted ; as for me they 
say I fainted, 

And the wooden-legged old Corporal stumped 
with me down the stair : 

When I woke from dreams affrighted the even- 
ing lamps were lighted, — 

On the floor a youth was lying; his bleeding 
breast was bare. 

And I heard through all the flurry, " Send for 

Warren ! hurry ! hurry ! 
Tell him here's a soldier bleeding, and he'll come 

and dress his wound!" 
Ah, we knew not till the morrow told its tale 

of death and sorrow, 
How the starlight found him stiffened on the 

dark and bloody ground. 

Who the youth was, what his name was, 

where the place from which he came was, 
Who had brought him from the battle, and had 

left him at our door, 
He could not speak to tell us ; but 'twas one of 

our brave fellows, 
As the homespun plainly showed us which the 

dvinsf soldier wore. 



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LIBERTY AND UNION. 



For they all thought he was dying, as they gath- 
ered 'round him crying, — 

And they said, " O, how they'll miss him !" and, 
" What will his mother do?" 

Then, his eyelids just unclosing like a child's 
that has been dozing, 

He faintly murmured, " Mother!" — and — I 
saw his eyes were blue. 

— " Why, grandma, how you're winking!" — Ah, 
my child, it sets me thinking 

Of a story not like this one. Well, he some- 
how lived along; 



So we came to know each other, and I nursed 
him like a — mother, 

Till at last he stood before me, tall, and rosy- 
cheeked, and strong. 

And we sometimes walked together in the pleas- 
ant summer weather ; 

— "Please tell us what his name was?"— Just 
your own, my little dear, — 

There's his picture Copley painted ; we became 
so well acquainted, 

That — in short, that's why I'm grandma, and 
you children, all are here ! 



THE OLD CONTINENTALS. 



GUY HUMPHREY M'MASTER. 



!775— 1783- 




N their ragged regime ntals 
Stood the old continentals, 
Yielding not, 
' When the grenadiers were lunging, 
And like hail fell the plunging 
f,^) Cannon-shot; 

When the files 
Of the isles 

From the smoky night encampment, bore the 
banner of the rampant 
Unicorn, 
And grummer, grummer, grummer rolled the 
roll of the drummer, 

Through the morn ! 

Then with eyes to the front all, 
And with guns horizontal, 

Stood our sires,; 
And the balls whistled deadly, 
And in streams flashing redly 
Blazed the fires; 
As the roar 
On the shore, 
Swept the strong battle-breakers o'er the green- 
sodded acres 

Of the plain ; 
And louder, louder, louder cracked the black 
gunpowder, 

Cracking amain ! 



Now like smiths at their forges 
Worked the red St. George's 

Cannoneers; 
And the " villainous saltpetre" 
Rung a fierce, discordant metre 
Round their ears ; 
As the swift 
Storm-drift, 
With hot sweeping anger, came to the horse- 
guards' clangor 
On our flanks. 
Then higher, higher, higher burned the old- 
fashioned fire 
Through the ranks ! 

Then the old-fashioned colonel 
Galloped through the white infernal 

Powder-cloud ; 
And his broad-sword was swinging 
And his brazen throat was ringing 
Trumpet-loud. 
Then the blue 
Bullets flew, 
And the trooper-jackets redden at the touch of 
the leaden 
Rifle-breath ; 
And rounder, rounder, rounder roared the iron 
six-pounder, 
Hurling death ! 



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9 l 



NATHAN HALE. 




FRANCIS MILES PINCH. 



O drum-beat and heart-beat, 
A soldier marches by : 
^There is color in his cheek, 
There is courage in his eve, 
Yet to drum-beat and heart-beat 
In a moment he must die. 



By starlight and moonlight, 
He seeks the Briton's camp; 

He hears the rustling flag, 

And the armed sentry's tramp; 

And the starlight and moonlight 
His silent wanderings' lamp. 

With slow tread and still tread. 

He scans the tented line ; 
And he counts the battery guns 

By the gaunt and shadowy pine 
And his slow tread and still tread 

Gives no warning sign. 

The dark wave, the plumed wave, 
It meets his eager glance ; 

And it sparkles 'neath the stars, 
Like the glimmer of a lance — 

A dark wave, a plumed wave, 
On an emerald expanse. 

A sharp clang, a steel clang, 
And terror in the sound! 

For the sentry, falccn-eyed, 
In the .camp a spy hath found ; 

With a sharp clang, a steel clang, 
The patriot is bound. 



With calm brow, steady brow ? 

He listens to his doom; 
In his look there is no fear, 

Nor a shadow-trace of gloom ; 
But with calm brow and steady brow 

He robes him for the tomb. 

In the long night, the still night, 

He kneels upon the sod; 
And the brutal guards withhold 

E'n the solemn Word of God! 
In the long night, the still night, 
He walks where Christ hath trod. 

'Neath the blue morn, tne sunny morn r 

He dies upon the tree ; 
And he mourns that he can lose 

But one life for Liberty ; 
And in the blue morn, the sunny morn, 

His spirit wings are free. 

But his last words, his message-words, 
They burn, lest friendly eye 

Should read how proud and calm 
A patriot could die, 

With his last words, his dying words, 
A soldier's battle-cry. 

From the Fame-leaf and Angel-leaf, 

From monument and urn, 
The sad of earth, the glad of heaven r 

His tragic fate shall learn ; 
And on Fame-leaf and Angel-leaf 

The name of Hale shall burn. 



BATTLE OF TRENTON. 




VNONYMOUS. 



\\° N Christmas-day in seventy-six, 

Our ragged troops with bayonets 
[W/g^y» fixed, 

For Trenton marched away. 
The Delaware see ! the boats below ! 
The light obscured by hail and snow ! 
But no signs of dismay. 



Hr- 



Our object was the Hessian band, 
That dared invade fair freedom's land, 
And quarter in that place. 
Great Washington he led us on, 
Whose streaming flag, in storm or sun, 
Had never known disgrace. 



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9 2 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



**% 



in silent march we passed the night, 
Each soldier panting for the fight, 

Though quite benumbed with frost 
Greene, on the left, at six began, 
The right was led by Sullivan, 

Who ne'er a moment lost. 

The pickets stormed, the alarm was spread, 
The rebels risen from the dead 

Were marching into town. 
Some scampered here, some scampered there, 
And some for action did prepare, 

But soon their arms laid down. 



Twelve hundred servile miscreants, 
With all their colors, guns, and tents 

Were trophies of the day. 
The frolic o'er, the bright canteen 
In center, front, and rear was seen 

Driving fatigue away. 

Now, brothers of the patriot bands, 
Let's sing deliverance from the hands 

Of arbitrary sway. 
And our life is but a span, 
Let's touch the tankard while we can 

In memory of that day. 



THE LITTLE BLACK-EYED REBEL. 



WILL CARLETON. 



Between Sept. 26, 1777, and June 17, 1778. 




1 1* boy drove into the city, his wagon 
V loaded down 

^pf^ij^ With food to feed the people of the 
British-governed town ; 
And the little black-eyed rebel, so inno- 
cent and sly, 
Was watching for his coming from the 
corner of her eye. 

His face looked broad and honest, his hands 

were brown and tough, 
The clothes he wore upon him were homespun, 

coarse, and rough ; 
But one there was who watched him, who long 

time lingered nigh, 
And cast at him sweet glances from the corner 

of her eye. 

He drove up to the market, he waited in the 

line; 
His apples and potatoes were fresh and fair and 

fine ; 
But long and long he waited, and no one came 

to buy, 
Save the black-eyed rebel, watching from the 

corner of her eye. 

"Now who will buy my apples?" he shouted, 

long and loud ; 
And " Who wants my potatoes ? ' ' he repeated 

to the crowd ; 



But from all the people round him came no 

word of a reply, 
Save the black-eyed rebel, answering from the 

corner of her eye. 

For she knew that 'neath the lining of the coat 

he wore that day, 
Were long letters from the husbands and the 

fathers far away, 
Who were fighting for the freedom that they 

meant to gain or die ; 
And a tear like silver glistened in the corner of 

her eye. 

But the treasures — how to get them ? crept the 

question through her mind, 
Since keen enemies were watching for what 

prizes they could find , 
And she paused awhile and pondered, with a 

pretty little sigh ; 
Then resolve crept through her features, and 

shrewdness from her eye. 

So she resolutely walked up to the wagon old 

and red ; 
"May I have a dozen apples for a kiss?" she 

sweetly said ; 
And the brown face flushed to scarlet, for the 

boy was somewhat shy, 
And he saw her laughing at him from the corner 

of her eve. 



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LIBERT T AND UNION. 



93 



" You may have them all for nothing, and more, 

if you want," quoth he. 
" I will have them, my good fellow, but can pay 

for them," said she ; 
And she clambered on the wagon, minding not 

who all were by, 
With a laugh of reckless romping in the corner 

of her eye. 

Clinging round his brawny neck, she clasped her 

fingers white and small, 
And then whispered, " Quick ! the letters ! thrust 

them underneath my shawl ! 
Carry back again this package, and be sure that 

you are spry! " 
And she sweetly smiled upon him from the 

corner of her eye. 



Loud the motley crowd were laughing at the 

strange, ungirlish freak, 
And the boy was scared and panting, and so 

dashed he could not speak ; 
And, " Miss / have good apples," a bolder lad did 

cry ; 
But she answered, " No, I thank you," from the 

corner of her eye. 

With the news of loved ones absent to the dear 

friends they would greet, 
Searching them who hungered for them, swift 

she glided through the street. 
" There is nothing worth the doing that it does 

not pay to try," 
Thought the little black-eyed rebel, with a 

twinkle in her eye. 



*i 






MOLLY MAGUIRE AT MONMOUTH. 



WILLIAM COLLINS. 



June 28, 1778. 




S%f N the bloody field of Monmouth 
WJkh Flashed the guns of Greene and 
Wayne, 
Fiercely roared the tide of battle, 

Thick the sward was heaped with slain. 
Foremost, facing death and danger, 
Hessian, horse, and grenadier, 
In the vanguard, fiercely fighting, 
Stood an Irish Cannoneer. 

Loudly roared his iron cannon, 

Mingling ever in the strife, 
And beside him, firm and daring, 

Stood his faithful Irish wife. 
Of her bold contempt of danger 

Greene and Lee's Brigade could tell, 
Every one knew " Captain Molly," 

And the army loved her well. 

Surged the roar of battle round them, 

Swiftly flew the iron hail, 
Forward dashed a thousand bayonets, 

That lone battery to assail. 
From the foeman's foremost columns, 

Swept a furious fusilade, 
Mowing down the massed battalions 

In the ranks of Greene's Brigade. 



Fast and faster worked the gunner, 

Soiled with powder, blood, and dust, 
English bayonets shone before him, 

Shot and shell around him burst ; 
Still he fought with reckless daring, 

Stood and manned her long and well, 
Till at last the gallant fellow 

Dead — beside his cannon fell. 

With a bitter cry of sorrow, 

And a dark and angry frown, 
Looked that band of gallant patriots 

At their gunner stricken down. 
" Fall back, comrades, it is folly 

Thus to strive against the foe." 
"No! not so," cried Irish Molly; 

" We can strike another blow." 



Quickly leaped she to the cannon, 

In her fallen husband's place, ' 
Sponged and rammed it fast and steady, 

Fired it in the foeman's face. 
Flashed another ringing volley, 

Roared another from the gun ; 
" Boys, hurrah! " cried gallant Molly, 

"For the flag of Washington." 



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,IBERTT AND UNION. 



Greene's Brigade, though shorn and shat- 

Slain and bleeding half their men, [tered, 
When they heard that Irish slogan, 

Turned and charged the foe again. 
Knox and Wayne and Morgan rally, 

To the front they forward wheel, 
And before their rushing onset 

Clinton's English columns reel. 

Still the cannon's voice in anger, 

Rolled and rattled o'er the plain, 
Till there lay in swarms around it 

Mangled heaps of Hessian slain. 
" Forward ! charge them with the bayonet! " 

Twas the voice of Washington, 
And there burst a fiery greeting 

From the Irish woman's gun. 



Monckton falls ; against his columns 

Leap the troops of Wayne and Lee, 
And before their reeking bayonets 

Clinton's red battalions flee. 
Morgan's rifles, fiercely flashing, 

Thin the foe's retreating ranks, 
And behind them onward dashing 

Ogden hovers on their flanks. 

Fast they fly, these boasting Britons, 

Who in all their glory came, 
With their brutal Hessian hirelings 

To wipe out our country's name. 
Proudly floats the starry banner, 

Monmouth's glorious field is won, 
And in triumph Irish Molly 

Stands beside her smoking gun. 



SONG OF MARION'S MEN. 



WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. 




t UR band is few, but true and tried, 
Our leaders frank and bold ; 
The British soldier trembles 
When Marion's name is told. 
Our fortress is the good greenwood, 
Our tent the cypress-tree ; 
We know the forest round us, 

As the seamen know the sea. 
We know its walls of thorny vines, 

Its glades of reedy grass, 
Its safe and silent islands, 
Within the dark morass. 

Woe to the English soldiery, 

That little dread us near ! 
On them shall light at midnight 

A strange and sudden fear: 
When, waking to their tents on fire 

They grasp their arms in vain, 
And they who stand to face us 

Are beat to earth again. 
And they who fly in terror deem 

A mighty host behind, 
And hear the tramp of thousands 

Upon the hollow wind. 

Then sweet the hour that brings release 

From danger and from toil ; 
We talk the battle over, 

And share the battle's spoil. 
The woodland rings with laugh and shout, 

As if a hunt were up, 



nd woodland flowers are gathered 

To crown the soldier's cup. 
With merry songs we mock the wind, 

That in the pine-top grieves, 
And slumber long and sweetly 

On beds of oaken leaves. 

Well knows the fair and friendly moon 

The band that Marion leads — 
The glitter of their rifles, 

The scampering of their steeds. 
'Tis life to guard the fiery barb 

Across the moonlight plain ; 
'Tis life to feel the night-wind, 

That lifts his tossing mane. 
A moment in the British camp — 

A moment — and away 
Back to the pathless forest, 

Before the peep of day. 

Grave men there are by broad Santee, 

Grave men with hoary hairs ; 
Their hearts are all with Marion, 

For Marion are their prayers. 
And lovely ladies greet our band 

With kindliest welcoming, 
With smiles like those of Summer, 

And tears like those of Spring. 
For them we wear these trusty arms 

And lay them down no more 
Till we have driven the Briton, 

Forever from our shore. 



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LI BERT 7' AND UNIQN. 95 






THE BATTLE OF THE COV/PENS. 






THOMAS DUNN ENGLISH. 






Jan. 2 


2,1776. 






dfrPfj] O tne Cowpens riding proudly, boast- 


Washington, our trooper peerless, gay and fear- 






|fl|J|jy|| ing loudly, rebels scorning, 


less, with his forces 
Waiting panther-like upon the foe to fall, 






Pilts^T Tarleton hurried, hot and eager for 






nM\ the fight ; 


Formed upon the slope behind us, where, on 






'm From the Cowpens, sore confounded, on 


raw-boned country horses, 






1 that January morning, 


Sat the sudden-summoned levies brought from 






' Tarleton hurried somewhat faster, fain 


Georgia by M'Call. 






to save himself by flight. 


Soon we heard a distant drumming, nearer com- 






In the morn he scorned us rarely, but he fairly 


ing, slow advancing — 






found his error, 


It was then upon the very nick of nine. 






When his force was made our ready blows to 


Soon upon the road from Spartanburg we saw 






feel; 


their bayonets glancing, 






When his horsemen and his footmen fled in 


And the morning sunlight playing on their 






wild and pallid terror 


swaying scarlet line. 






At the leaping of our bullets, and the sweep- 








ing of our steel. 


In the distance seen so dimly, they looked grim- 
ly ; coming nearer 






All the day before we fled them, and we led 


There was naught about them fearful, after all, 






them to pursue us, 


Until some one near me spoke in voice than 






Then at night on Thickety Mountain made our 


falling water clearer, 






camp; 


"Tarleton's quarter is the sword-blade, Tarle- 






There we lay upon our rifles, slumber quickly 


ton's mercy is the ball." 






coming to us, 








Spite the crackling of our camp-fires, and our 


Then the memory came unto me, heavy, 






sentries' heavy tramp. 


gloomy, of my brother 
Who was slain while asking quarter at their 






Morning on the mountain border ranged in or- 


hand; 






der found our forces, 


Of that morning when was driven forth my 






Ere our scouts announced the coming of the 


sister and my mother 






foe; 


From our cabin in the valley by the spoilers of 






While the hoar-frost lying near us, and the dis- 


the land. 






tant water courses, 








Gleamed like silver in the sunlight, seemed 


I remembered of my brother slain, my mother 






like silver in their glow. 


spurned and beaten, 
Of my sister in her beauty brought to shame; 






Morgan ranged us there to meet them, and to 


Of the wretches' jeers and laughter, as from 






greet them with such favor 


mud-sill up to rafter 






That they scarce would care to follow us 


Of the stripped and plundered cabin leapt the 






again ; 


fierce, consuming flame. 






In the rear, the Continentals — none were 








readier, nor braver ; 


But that memory had no power there in that 






In the van, with ready rifles, steady, stern 


hour there to depress me — 






our mountain men. 


No! it stirred within my spirit fiercer ire; 




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LIBERTY AND UNION. 



And I gripped my sword-hilt firmer, and my 
arm and heart grew stronger ; 
And I longed to meet the wronger on the sea 
of steel and fire. 

On they came, our might disdaining, where the 
raining bullets leaden 
Pattered fast from scattered rifles on each 
wing ; 
Here and there went down a foeman and the 
ground began to redden ; 
And they drew them back a moment, like the 
tiger ere his spring. 

Then said Morgan, "Ball and powder kill much 
prouder men than George's; 
On your rifles and a careful aim reiy . 
They were trained in many battles — we in work- 
shops, fields, and forges; 
But we have our homes to fight for and we 
do not fear to die." 

Though our leader's words we cheered not, yet 
we feared not ; we awaited, 
Strong of heart, the threatened onset, and it 
came: 
Up the sloping hill-side swiftly rushed the foe 
so fiercely hated ; 
On they came with gleaming bayonet 'mid 
the cannon's smoke and flame. 

At their head rode Tarleton proudly; ringing 
loudly o'er the yelling 
Of his men we heard his voice's brazen tone; 
With his dark eyes flashing fiercely, and his 
sombre features telling 
In their look the pride that filled him as the 
champion of the throne. 

On they pressed, when sudden flashing, ring- 
ing, crashing, came the firing 
Of our forward line upon their close-set ranks; 
Then at coming of their steel, which moved 
with steadiness untiring, 
Fled our mountaineers, re-forming in good 
order on our flanks. 

Then the combat's ringing anger, din, and 
clangor, round and o'er us 
Filled the forest, stirred the air, and shook the 
ground ; 
Charged with thunder-tramp the horsemen, 
while their sabres shone before us, 
Gleaming lightly, streaming brightly, through 
tne smoky cloud around. 



Through the pines and oaks resounding, madly 
bounding from the mountain, 
Leapt the rattle of the battle and the roar ; 
Fierce the hand to hand engaging, and the hu- 
man freshet raging 
Of the surging current surging past a dark and 
bloody shore. 

Soon the course of fight was altered ; soon they 
faltered at the leaden 
Storm that smote them, and we saw their cen- 
ter swerve. 
Tarleton's eye flashed fierce in anger ; Tarleton's 
face began to redden ; 
Tarleton gave the closing order — "Bring to 
action the reserve !" 

Up the slope his legion thundered, full three 
hundred; fiercely spurring, 
Cheering lustily, they fell upon our flanks ; 
And their worn and wearied comrades, at the 
sound so spirit-stirring, 
Felt a thrill of hope and courage pass along 
their shattered ranks. 

By the wind the smoke-cloud lifted lightly 
drifted to the nor'ward, 
And displayed in all their pride the scarlet foe; 
We beheld them, with a steady tramp and fear- 
less, moving forward, 
With their banners proudly waving, and 
their bayonets leveled low. 

Morgan gave his order clearly — "Fall back 
nearly to the border 
Of the hill, and let the enemy come nigher!" 
Oh! they thought we had retreated, and they 
charged in fierce disorder, 
When out rang the voice of Howard — "To 
the right about, face ! — Fire !" 

Then upon our very wheeling came the peal- 
ing of our volley, 
' And our balls made red a pathway down the 

hill ; 
Broke the foe and shrank and cowered; rang 
again the voice of Howard — 
"Give the hireling dogs the bayonet!" — and 
we did it with a will. 

In the meanwhile one red-coated troop, unnoted 

riding faster 
Than their comrades on our rear in fury bore , 
But the light-horse led by Washington soon 

brought it to disaster, 



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LIB ERTT AND UA i ON. 



97 



For they shattered it a, id scattered it, and 
smote it fast and sore. 

Like a herd of startled cattle from the battle- 
field we drove them ; 
In disorder down the Mill-gap road they fled; 
Tarleton led them in the racing, fast he fled be- 
fore our chasing, 
And he stopped not for the dying, and he 
staid not for the dead . 

Down the Mill-gap road they scurried and they 
hurried with such fleetness — 
We had never seen such running in our 
lives! 
Ran thev swifter than if seeking homes to taste 
domestic sweetness, 
Having many years been parted from their 
children and their wives. 

Ah ! for some no wife to meet them, child to 
greet them, friend to shield them ! 
To their home o'er ccean never sailing back ; 
After them the red avengers, bitter hate for 
death had sealed them, 
Yelped the dark and red-eyed sleuth-hound, 
unrelenting on their track. 

In their midst I saw one trooper, and around 
his waist I noted 
Tied a simple silken scarf of blue and white ; 
When my vision grasped it clearly to my hatred 
I devoted 
Him, from all the hireling wretches who were 
mingled there in flight. 



For that token in the Summer had been from 
our cabin taken 
Bv the robber-hands of wrongers of my kin; 
'Twas my sister's — for the moment things 
around me were forsaken ; 
I was blind to fleeing foemen, I was deaf to 
battle's din. 

Olden comrades round me lying dead or dying 
were unheeded; 
Vain to me they looked for succor in their 
need. 
O'er the corses of the soldiers, through the gory 
pools I speeded, 
Driving rowel-deep my spurs Avithin n y 
madly bounding steed. 

As I came he turned, and staring at my glaring 
eyes he shivered; 
Pallid fear went quickly o'er his features grim ; 
As he grasped his sword in terror, every nerve 
within him quivered, 
For his guilty spirit told him why I solely 
sought for him. 

Though the stroke I dealt he parried, onward 
carried, down I bore him — 
Horse and rider — down together went the 
twain : 
"Quarter!" He! that scarf had doomed him! 
stood a son and brother o'er him ; 
Down through plume and brass and leather 
went my sabre to the brain — 
Ha! no music like that crushing through the 
skull-bone to the brain. 



TO THE MEMORY OF THE AMERICANS WHO FELL AT EUTAW- 



PHILIP FRENEAU. 



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f T Eutaw Springs the valiant died: 
w Their limbs with dust are covered 
llpffft o'er— 

Weep on, ye springs, your tearful tide ; 
How many heroes are no more ! 

If, in this wreck of ruin, they 

Can yet be thought to claim the tear, 
Oh, smite your gentle breast, and say, 
The friends of freedom slumber here ! 

Thou, who shalt trace this bloody plain, 
If goodness rules thy generous breast, 

Sigh for the wasted rural reign ; 

Sigh for the shepherds, sunk to rest ! 



Stranger, their humble graves adorn ; 

You too may fall, and ask a tear ; 
'Tis not the beauty of the morn 

That proves the evening shall be clear, — 

They saw their injured country's woe ; 

The flaming town, the wasted field; 
Then rushed to meet the insulting foe ; 

They took the spear — but left the shield. 

Led by thy conquering genius, Greene, 
The Britons they compelled to fly : 

None distant viewed the fatal plain, 
None grieved in such a cause, to die. 



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L IBER TV A XD I \YfO-\ ' 



DECLARATION' OF INDEPENDENCE. 



WILLIAM M. EVARTS. 




HE resistance of the Colonies, 
which came to a head in the re- 
volt, was led in the name and 
3£' ' for the m ainte nance of the 
Y liberties of Englishmen, against 
i Parliamentary usurpation and a sub- 
version of the British Constitution. A 
triumph of those liberties might have 
ended in an emancipation from the rule 
of the English Parliament, and a con- 
tinued submission to the scheme and sys- 
tem of the British monarchy, with an 
American Parliament adjusted thereto, 
upon the true principles of the English 
Constitution. Whether this new political 
establishment should have maintained 
loyalty to the British sovereign, or should 
have been organized under a crown and 
throne of its own, the transaction would, 
then, have had no other importance than 
such as belongs to a dismemberment of 
existing empires, but with preservation of 
existing institutions. There would have 
been, to be sure, a " new state/' but not 
u of a new species," and that it was "in 
a new part of the globe w would have 
gone far to make the dismemberment but 
a temporary and circumstantial disturb- 
ance in the old order of things. 

Indeed, the solidity and perpetuity of 
that order might have been greatly con- 
firmed by this propagation of the model 
of the European monarchies on the 
boundless regions of this continent. It 
is precisely here that the Declaration of 
Independence has its immense import- 
ance. As a civil act. and by the people's 



decree — and not by the achievement of 
the army, or through military motives — 
.\t the first stage of the conflict it assigned 
a new nationality, with its own institu- 
tions, as the civilly pre-ordained end to%e 
fought for and secured. It did not leave 
it to be an after-fruit of triumphant war, 
shaped and measured by military power, 
and conferred bv the army on the people. 
This assured at the outset the supremacy 
of civil over military authority, the su- 
bordination of the army to the unarmed 
people. 

This deliberate choice of the scope and 
goal of the Revolution made sure of two 
things, which must have been always 
greatly in doubt, if military reasons and 
events had held the mastery over the 
civil power. The first was, that nothing 
less than the independence of the nation, 
and its separation from the system of 
Europe, would be attained if our arms 
were prosperous; and the second, that 
the new nation would always be the mis- 
tress of its own institutions. This might 
not have been its fate had a triumphant 
army won the prize of independence, not 
as a task set for it by the people, and done 
in its service, but by its own might, and 
held In- its own title, and so to be shaped 
and dealt with by its own will. 

One thing was too essential to be left 
uncertain, ami the founders of this nation 
determined that there never should be a 
moment when the several communities 
of the different colonies should lose the 
character of component parts of one 



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LIBERTY AND UNION, 



99 



nation. By their plantation and growth 
up to the day of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence they were subjects of one 
sovereignty, bound together in one polit- 
ical connect : on, parts of one country, 
under one constitution, with one destiny. 
Accordingly, the Declaration, by its very 
terms, made the act of separation a dis- 



solving by "one people " of "the polit- 
ical bands that have connected them with 
another," and the proclamation of the 
right and of the fact of independent 
nationality was, " that these United 
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, 
fr^e and independent States.' 1 " A right 
and a fact acknowledged by the world." 



AMERICA UNCONQUERABLE. 



WM. PITT, EARL OF CHATHAM. 




HIS, my lord, is a perilous and 
tremendous moment. It is no 
time for adulation. The smooth- 
ness of flattery cannot save us in 
this rugged and awful crisis. It is 
now necessary to instruct the Throne 
in the language of Truth. We must, if 
possible, dispel the delusion and darkness 
which envelop it, and display, in its full 
danger and genuine colors, the ruin which 
is brought to our doors. 

Can ministers still presume to ex- 
pect support in their infatuation? Can 
Parliament be so dead to its dignity and 
duty as to be thus deluded into the loss 
of the one, and the violation of the other, 
as to give an unlimited support to meas- 
ures which have heaped disgrace and 
misfortune upon us — measures which 
have reduced this late flourishing empire 
to ruin and contempt? 

But yesterday, and England might 
have stood against the world; now, none 
so poor to do her reverence! France, my 
lord, has insulted you. She has encour- 
aged and sustained America; and whether 
America be wrong or right, the dignity 



of this country ought to spurn at the 
officious insult of French interference. 
Can even our ministers sustain a more 
humiliating disgrace \ Do they dare re- 
sent it? Do they presume to hint a vin- 
dication of their honor and the dignity ot 
the State, by requiring the dismissal of 
the plenipotentiaries of America ? 

The people whom they affected to 
call contemptible rebels, but whose grow- 
ing power has at last obtained the name 
of enemies; the people with whom they 
have engaged this country in war, and 
against whom they now command our 
implicit support in every measure of des- 
perate hostility; — this people, despised as 
rebels or acknowledged as enemies, are 
abetted against you, supplied with every 
military store, their interests consulted, 
and their ambassadors entertained by 
your inveterate enemy, and our ministers 
dare not interpose with dignity or effect! 

My lord, this ruinous and ignomin- 
ious situation, where we cannot act with 
success nor suffer with honor, calls upon 
us to remonstrate, in the strongest and 
loudest language of truth, to rescue the 



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IOO 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



ear of Majesty from the delusions which 
surround it. You cannot — I venture to 
say it — you cannot conquer America. 
We do not know the worst, but we know 
that in three campaigns we have done 
nothing and suffered much. 

You may swell every expense and 
strain every effort btill more extravagant- 
ly; accumulate every assistance you can 
beg or borrow ; traffic and. barter with 
every little pitiful German prince that 
sells and sends his subjects to the sham- 
bles of a foreign country; your efforts are 



doomed to be forever vain and impotent. 
Doubly vain and impotent are they 
from this mercenary aid on which you 
rely, for it irritates to an incurable resent- 
ment the minds of your enemies, to over- 
run them with the sordid sons of rapine 
and of plunder, devoting them and their 
possessions to the rapacity of hireling 
cruelty. If I were an American as I am 
an Englishman, while a foreign troop 
was landed in my country, I would never 
lay down my arms! — never! never! / 
never!!! - 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



EDMUND BURKE. 




OU will remember, gentlemen, 

If that in the beginning of the 

American war (that era of ca- 



lamity, disgrace and downfall — an 
era which no feeling mind will ever 
mention without a tear for Eng- 
land) you were greatly divided. A very 
strong body, if not the strongest, opposed 
itself to the madness which every art 
and every power was employed to 
render popular. This opposition con- 
tinued till after our great but most unfor- 
tunate victory on Long Island. Then 
all the mounds and banks of our con- 
stancy were borne down at once, and the 
frenzy of the American war broke in 
upon us like a deluge. 

This victory, which seemed to put 
an immediate end to all difficulties, per- 
fected us in that spirit of domination 
which our unparalleled prosperity had 
but too long nurtured. Our headlong 



desires became our politics and our 
morals. All men who wished for peace 
or retained any sentiments of moderation 
were overborne or silenced. But time at 
length has made us all of one opinion, 
and we have all opened our eyes to the 
true nature of the American war — of all 
its successes and all its failures. 

Do you remember our commission? 
We sent out a solemn embassy across the 
Atlantic Ocean, to lay the Crown, the 
Peerage, the Commons' of Great Britain 
at the feet of the American Congress. 
My Lord Carlisle, once the mover of a 
haughty address against America, was 
put in the front of this embassy of sub- 
mission. Mr. Eden was taken from the 
office of Lord Suffolk, to whom he was 
then under-secretary of State — taken 
from the office of that Lord Suffolk who, 
but a few weeks before, in his place in 
Parliament, did not deign to inquire 



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LIBERTY AND UNIOX. 



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where " a congress of vagrants " was to 
be found. This Lord Suffolk sent Mr. 
Eden to find out these " vagrants," with- 
out knowing where His Majesty's gen- 
erals were to be found, who were joined 
in the same commission of supplicating 
those whom they were now sent out to 
subdue ! 

They entered the capital of Amer- 
ica only to abandon it, and these asserters 
and representatives of the dignity of 
England, in the rear of a flying army, 
let flv their Parthian shafts of memorials 
and remonstrances at random behind 
them. Their promises and their offers, 
their flatteries and their menaces, were 
all despised, and we were saved the dis- 
grace of their formal reception onlv be- 



cause the American Congress scorned to 
receive them, whilst the Statehouse of 
independent Philadelphia opened her 
doors to the public entry of the ambas- 
sador of France! 

From war and blood we went to 
submission, and from submission we 
plunged back again into war and blood, 
to desolate and to be desolated, without 
measure, hope, or end! I am a rovalist 
— I blushed for this degradation of the 
Crown. I am a Whig — I blushed for 
the dishonor of Parliament. I am a true 
Englishman — I felt to the quick for the 
disgrace of England. I am a man — I 
felt for the melancholy reverse of human 
affairs in the fall of the first power in the 
world. 



-mw>B*~ 



EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION. 



JARED SPARKS. 




acter, 



HE military events of the Revo- 
lution, which necessarily occupy 
~ so much of its history, are not 
less honorable to the actors, nor less 
fruitful in the evidences thev afford 
of large design and ability of char- 
But these we need not recount. 
They live in the memory of all; we have 
heard them from the lips of those who 
saw and suffered ; they are inscribed on 
imperishable monuments; the very hills 
and plains around us tell of achievements 
which can never die; and the day will 
come, when the traveler, who has gazed 
and pondered at M arathon and Waterloo, 
will linger on the mount where Prescott 
fought and Warren fell, and say — Here 
is the field where man has struggled in 
his most daring conflicts: here is the field 
where liberty poured out her noblest 



blood, and won her brightest and most 
enduring- laurels. 

Happy was it for America, happy for 
the world, that a great name, a guardian 
genius, presided over her destinies in war, 
combining more than the virtues of the 
Roman Fabius and the Theban Epami- 
nondas, and compared with whom, the 
conquerors of the world, the Alexanders 
and Caesars, are but pageants crimsoned 
with blood and decked with the trophies 
of slaughter, objects equally of the 
wonder and the execration of mankind. 
The hero of America was the conqueror 
only of his country's foes, and the hearts 
of his countrymen. To the one he was 
a terror, and in the other he gained an 
ascendancy supreme, unrivaled, the trib- 
ute of admiring gratitude, the reward 
of a nation's love. 



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LIBERTY AND UNION. 



PATRIOTISM A VIRTUE. 



JONATHAN 



ffik»*WJL 




i-N our day we are called to see a 
happy country laid waste at the 
shrine of ambition-; to experi- 
ence those scenes of distress which 
history is rilled with : but experience 
rivets its lessons upon the mind, and 
if we resolve with deliberation, and exe- 
cute with vigor, we may yet be a free 
and flourishing people. Repine not too 
much at the ravages of war, nor murmur 
at the dispensations of Providence. We 
oftentimes rate our blessings in proposi- 
tion to the difficulty in attaining them, 
and if, without a struggle, we had secured 
our liberties, perhaps we should have 
been less sensible of their value. Chastise- 
ments in youth are not without their ad- 
vantages; blessings most commonly 
spring from them in old age. They lead 
us to reflect seriously in the hour of re- 
tirement, and to cherish those qualifica- 
tions which are frequently lost in the 
glare of prosperity. 

The important prophecy is nearly ac- 
complished. The rising glory of this 
western hemisphere is already an- 
nounced, and she is summoned to her seat 
among the nations. We have publicly 
declared ourselves convinced of the de- 
structive tendency of standing armies; we 
have acknowledged the necessity of pub- 
lic spirit and the love of virtue to the 
happiness of any people, and we profess 
to be sensible of the great blessings that 
flow from them. Let us not then act 
unworthy of the reputable character we 
now sustain: like the nation we have 



abandoned, be content with freedom in 
form and tyranny in substance, profess 
virtue and practice vice, and convince an 
attentive world that in this Glorious stru^- 
gle for our lives and properties, the only 
men capable of prizing such exalted priv- 
ileges, were an illustrious set of heroes, 
who have sealed their principles with 
their blood. Dwell, my fellow-citizens, 
upon the present situation of your countrv. 
Remember that though our enemies have 
dispensed with the hopes of conquering, 
our land is not entirely freed of them, 
and should our resistance prove unsucces- 
ful by our own inattention and inactivity, 
death will be far preferable to the yoke 
or bondage. 

Let us therefore be still vigilant over 
our enemies — instil into our armies the 
righteous cause they protect and support, 
and let not the soldier and citizen be dis- 
tinct characters among us. By our con- 
duct let us convince them, that it is for 
the preservation of themselves and their 
country they are now fighting; that they, 
equally with us, are interested in the 
event, and abandon them not to the insat- 

I iable rapacity of the greedy executioner. 
As a reward for our exertions in the 

I great cause of freedom, we are now in 
the possession of those rights and privi- 
leges attendant upon the original state of 
nature, with the opportunity of establish- 
ing a government for ourselves, inde- 
pendent of any nation or any people upon 
the earth. We have the experience of 
ages to copy from, advantages that have 



*■€?" 



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4- 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



°3 



been denied to any that have gone before 
us. Let us then, my fellow-citizens, learn 
to value the blessing. Let integrity of 
heart, the spirit of freedom and rigid 
virtue be seen to actuate every member 
of the commonwealth. Let no party 
rage, private animosities, or self interest- 
ed motives, succeed that religious attach- 
ment to the public weal which has 
brought us successfully thus far ; for vain 
are all the boasted charms of liberty if 
her greatest votaries are guided by such 
base passions. The trial of our patriot- 
ism is yet before us, and we have reason 
to thank Heaven that its principles are so 
well known and diffused. Exercise 
toward each other the benevolent feel- 
ings of friendship, and let that unity of 
sentiment, which has shone in the field, 
be equally animating in our councils. 

Remember that prosperity is danger- 
ous: that though successful, we are not 
infallible: that like the rest of mankind, 
we are capable of erring. The line of 
our happiness may be traced with exact- 



ness, and still there may be a difficulty 
in pursuing it. Let us not forget that 
our enemies have other arts in store for 
our destruction ; that they are tempting 
us into those snares which, after success- 
ful struggles, proved the ruin of the 
empires of the east; and let this sacred 
maxim receive the deepest impression 
upon our minds, that if avarice, if extor- 
tion, if luxury and political corruption, 
are suffered to become popular among us, 
civil discord and the ruin of our country 
will be the speedy consequence of such 
fatal vices; but while patriotism is the 
leading principle, and our laws are con- 
trived with wisdom, and executed with 
vigor, while industry, frugality and tern 
perance are held in estimation, and we 
depend upon public spirit and the love of 
virtue for our social happiness, peace and 
affluence will throw their smiles upon 
the brow of the individual, our common- 
wealth will flourish, our land become the 
land of liberty, and America an asylum 
for the oppressed. 



STATE SOVEREIGNTY. 



BENJAMIN RUSH, 1787. 




HERE are two errors or preju- 
dices on the subject of govern- 
* ment in America, which lead to 
the most dangerous consequences. 
It is often said, " that the sovereign 
and all other power is seated in 
the people." This idea is unhappily ex- 
pressed. It should be, "All power is de- 
rived from the people," the}' possess it 
only on the days of their elections. After 
this, it is the property of their rulers; nor 
can they exercise or resume it unless it be 
abused. It is of importance to circulate 
this idea, as it leads to order and good 
government. 



The people of America have mistaken 
the meaning of the word sovereignty: 
hence each State pretends to be sovereign. 
In Europe, it is applied only to those 
states which possess the power of mak- 
ing war and peace — of forming treaties, 
and the like. As this power belongs 
only to Congress, they are the only sov- 
ereign power in the United States. 

We commit a similar mistake in our 
ideas of the word independent. No in- 
dividual State, as such, has any claim to 
independence. She is independent only 
in a union with her sister States in Con- 
gress. 



104 



LIBERT7' AND UNION. 



-*- 



THE UNION MUST BE PRESERVED.— LETTER TO THE 

GOVERNORS. 



GEORGE WASHINGTON, 1 783. 




HESE are the pillars on which 
the glorious fabric. of our inde- 
pendence and national charac- 
ter must be supported. Liberty 
is the basis — and whoever would 
dare to sap the foundation, on what- 
ever specious jjretext he may attempt it, 
merits the bitterest execration and the 
severest punishment which can be afflict- 
ed by his injured country. 

It will be a part of my duty, and that 
of every true patriot, to assert, without 
reserve, and to insist upon the following 
positions: — That, unless the States will 
suffer Congress to exercise those prerog- 
atives they are undoubtedly invested 
with by the Constitution, everything 
must very rapidly tend to anarchy and 
confusion: That it is indispensable to 
the happiness of the individual States, 
that there should be lodged, somewhere, 
a supreme power to regulate and govern 
the general concerns of the confederated 
republic,without which the Union cannot 
be of long duration. That there must 
be a faithful and pointed compliance on 
the part of every State with the late pro- 
posals and demands of Congress, or the 
most fatal consequences will ensue : That 
whatever measures have a tendency to dis- 
solve the Union, or contribute to violate 
or lessen the sovereign authority ought 
to be considered as hostile to the liberty 
and independence of America, and the 
authors of them treated accordingly. 
And, lastly, that, unless we can be ena- 



bled by the concurrence of the States to 
participate in the fruits of the revolution, 
and enjoy the essential benefits of civil 
society, under a form of government so 
free and urtcorrupted, so happily guarded 
against the danger of oppression, as has 
been devised and adopted by the articles 
of confederation, it will be a subject ot 
regret, that so much blood and treasure 
have been lavished for no purpose; that 
so many sufferings have been en- 
countered without compensation, and that 
so many sacrifices have been made in 
vain. Many other considerations might 
here be adduced to prove, that, without 
an entire conformity to the spirit of the 
Union, we cannot exist as an independent 
power. It will be sufficient for my pur- 
pose to mention but one or two, which 
seem to me of the greatest importance. 
It is only in our united character as an 
empire, that our independence is acknowl- 
edged, that our power can be regarded, 
or our credit supported among foreign 
nations. The treaties of the European 
powers with the United States of Amer- 
ica, will have no validity on a dissolution 
of the Union. We shall be left nearly 
in a state of nature; or we may find, by 
our own unhappy experience, that there 
is a natural and necessaiy progression 
from the extreme of anarchy to the ex- 
treme of tyranny; and that arbitrary 
power is most easily established on the 
ruins of liberty, abused to licentious- 
ness. 



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New York, April 30, 17S9. 






CnnclueiDn of Washington's Inaugural Address. 




A VIJSTG thus i?nparted to you my sentiments, as they have been awakened 
by the occasion which brings ?is together, I shall take my present leave, 
but not zvithout resorting once more to the benign Parent of the human 
race, in humble supplication, that since he has been pleased to favor the Ameri- 
can people with opportunities for deliberating in perfect tranquility, and dis- 
positions for deciding with unparalleled unanimity on a form of government 
for the security of their Union and the advancement of their happiness, so His 
Divine blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged views, the temper- 
ate consultations, and the wise measures, on which the success of this gov~ 
ernment must depend. 



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LIBERTT AND UNION. 






107 




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n or emi mi ran. 




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EULOGIUM ON WASHINGTON. 



DANIEL WEBSTEJR.. 




RISE, gentlemen, to propose to 
yon the name of that great man 
in commemoration of whose 
birth and in honor of whose char- 
acter and services we are here as- 
sembled, 
am sure that I express a sentiment 
common to every one present when I say 
that there is something more than ordi- 
narily solemn and affecting in this occa- 
sion. 

We are met to testify our regard for 
him whose name is intimately blended 
with whatever belongs most essentially 
to the prosperity, the liberty, the free in- 
stitutions, and the renown of our coun- 
try. That name was of power to rally 
a nation, in the hour of thick thronging 
public disasters and calamities; that name 
shone, amid the storm of war, a beacon 
light to cheer and guide the country's 
friends; it flamed, too, like a meteor, to 
repel her foes. That name, in the days 
of peace, was a lodestone, attracting to 
itself a whole people's confidence, a 
whole people's love, and the whole 
world's respect; that name, descending 
with all time, spreading over the whole 



earth, and uttered in all the languages 
belonging to the tribes and races of men, 
will forever be pronounced with affec- 
tionate gratitude by every one in whose 
breast there shall arise an aspiration for 
human rights and human liberty. 

We perform this grateful duty, gentle- 
men, at the expiration of a hundred years 
from his birth, near the place so cher- 
ished and beloved by him, where his dust 
now reposes, and in the capital which 
bears his own immortal name. 

All experience evinces that human sen- 
timents are strongly affected bv associa- 
tions. The recurrence of anniversaries, 
or of longer periods of time, naturally 
freshens the recollection, and deepens the 
impression, of events with which they are 
historically connected. Renowned places, 
also, have a power to awaken feelings 
which all acknowledge. No American 
can pass by the fields of Bunker Hill, 
Monmouth, and Camden, as if they were 
ordimny spots on the earth's surface. 
Whoever visits them feels the sentiment of 
love of country kindling anew, ns if the 
spirit that belonged to the transactions 
which have rendered these places distin- 



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I05 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



guished still hovered round with power 
to move and excite all who in future time 
may approach them. 

But neither of these sources of emotion 
equals the power with which great moral 
examples affect the mind. When sub- 
lime virtues cease to be abstractions, when 
they become embodied in human charac- 
ter, and exemplified in human conduct, 
we should be false to our own nature if 
we did not indulge in the spontaneous 
effusions of our gratitude and admiration. 
A true lover of the virtue of patriotism 
delights to contemplate its purest models; 
and that love of country may be well 
suspected which affects to soar so high 
into the regions of sentiment as to be lost 
and absorbed in the abstract feeling, and 
becomes too elevated, or too refined, to 
glow with fervor in the commendation 
or the love of individual benefactors. All 
this is unnatural. It is as if one should be 
so enthusiastic a lover of poetry as to care 
nothing for Homer or Milton; so pas- 
sionately attached to eloquence as to be in- 
different to Tully and Chatham; or such 
a devotee to the arts, in such an ecstasy 
with the elements of beauty, proportion, 
and expression, as to regard the master- 
pieces of Raphael and Michael Angelo 
with coldness or contempt. We may be 
assured, gentlemen, that he who really 
loves the thing itself loves its finest exhi- 
bitions. A true friend of his country loves 
her friends and benefactors, and thinks it 
no degradation to commend and com- 
memorate them. The voluntary outpour- 
ing of public feeling made to-day from the 
North to the South, and from the East to 
the West, proves this sentiment to be both 
just and natural. In the cities and in the 
villages, in the public temples and in the 
family circles, among all ages and sexes 
gladdened voices to-day bespeak grateful 



hearts, and a freshened recollection of the 
virtues of the Father of his Country. 
And it will be so in all time to come, so 
long as public virtue is itself an object of 
regard. The ingenuous youth of Amer- 
ica will hold up to themselves the bright 
model of Washington's example, and 
study to be what they behold; they will 
contemplate his character till all its vir- 
tues spread out and display themselves to 
their delighted vision, as the earliest as- 
tronomers, the shepherds on the plains of 
Babylon, gazed at the stars till they saw 
them form into clusters and constella- 
tions, overpowering at length the eyes 
of the beholders with the united blaze of 
a thousand lights. 

Gentlemen, we are at the point of a 
century from the birth of Washington; 
and what a century it has been! During 
its course the human mind has seemed to 
proceed with a sort of geometric velocity, 
accomplishing for human intelligence and 
human freedom, more than had been done 
in fives or tens of centuries preceding. 
Washington stands at the commencement 
of the new era, as well as at the head of the 
New World. A century from the birth 
of Washington has changed the world. 
The country of Washington has been the 
theater on which a great part of that 
change has been wrought ; and Washing- 
ton himself a principal agent by which 
it has been accomplished. His age and 
his country are equally full of wonders, 
and of both he is the chief. 

If the prediction of the poet, uttered a 
few years before his birth, be true; if in- 
deed it be designed by Providence that 
the proudest exhibition of human charac- 
ter and human affairs shall be made on 
this theater of the Western world; if it 
be true that, 

"The tour first acts already past, 



*** 






LIBERTT AND UNION. 



109 



" A fifth shall close the drama with the day ; 
Time's noblest offspring is the last," 

how could this imposing, swelling, final 
scene be appropriately opened, how could 
its intense interest be adequately sus- 
tained, but by the introduction of just such 
a character as our Washington? 

Washington had attained his man- 
hood when that spark of liberty was 
struck out in his own country, which has 
since kindled into a flame, and shot its 
beams over the earth. In the flow of a 
century from his birth, the world has 
changed in science, in arts, in the extent 
of commerce, in the improvement of 
navigation, and in all that relates to the 
civilization of man. But it is the spirit of 
human freedom, the new elevation of in- 
dividual man, in his moral, social and po- 
litical character, leading the whole long 
train of other improvements, which has 



most remarkably distinguished the era. 
Society, in this century, has not made its 
progress, like Chinese skill, by a greater 
acuteness of ingenuity in trifles; it has 
not merely lashed itself to an increased 
speed round the old circles of thought 
and action; but it has assumed a new 
character; it has raised itself from beneath 
governments to participate in govern- 
ments ; it has mixed moral and political ob- 
jects with the daily pursuits of individual 
men, and, with a freedom and strength 
before altogether unknown, it has applied 
to these objects the whole power of the 
human understanding. It has been the 
era, in short, when the social principle 
has triumphed over the feudal principle; 
when society has maintained its rights 
against military power, and established, 
on foundations never hereafter to be 
shaken, its competency to govern itself. 



THE BIRTHDAY OF WASHINGTON. 



RUFUS CHOATE. 




lrai|HE birthday of the " Father of i 
his Country !" May it ever be 
freshly remembered by Amer 
ican hearts! May it ever re-awak 
en in them a filial veneration for his 
memory; ever re-kindle the fires of 
patriotic regard for the country which he 
loved so well, to which he gave his 
youthful vigor and his youthful energy, 
during the perilous period of the early 
Indian warfare; to which he devoted his 
life in the maturity of his powers, in the 
field ; to which again he offered the coun- 
sels of his wisdom and his experience, as 



president of the convention which framed 
our Constitution; which he guided and di- 
rected while in the chair of State, and for 
which the last prayer of his earthly sup- 
plication was offered up, when it came 
the moment for him so well, and so 
grandly, and so calmly, to die. He was 
the first man of the time in which he 
grew. His memory is first and most sa- 
cred in our love, and ever hereafter, till 
the last drop of blood shall freeze in the 
last American heart, his name shall be a 
spell of power and of might. 

Yes, gentlemen, there is one personal, 



4- 



-sH 



i^IBERTT AND UNION 



III 



one vast felicity, which no man can share 
with him. It was the daily beauty, and 
towering and matchless glory of his life 
which enabled him to create his country, 
and at the same time secure an undying 
love and regard from the whole Amer- 
ican people. " The first in the hearts of 
his countrymen!" Yes, first! He has 
our first and most fervent love. Un- 
doubtedly there were brave and wise and 
good men before his day, in every col- 
on v. But the American nation, as a na- 
tion, I do not reckon to have begun 
before 1774. And the first love of that 
Young America was Washington. The 
hrst word she lisped was his name. Her 
earliest breath spoke it. It still is her 
proud ejaculation; and it will be the last 
gasp of her expiring life! Yes; others of 
our great men have been appreciated — 
many admired bv all; — but him we love; 
him we all love. About and around him 



we call up no dissentient and discordant 
and dissatisfied elements — no sectional 
prejudice nor bias — no party, no creed, no 
dogma of politics. None of these shall 
assail him. Yes, when the storm of bat- 
tle blows darkest and rages highest, the 
memory of Washington shall nerve 
every American arm, and cheer every 
American heart. It shall re-illume that 
Promethean fire, that sublime flame of 
patriotism, that devoted love of country 
which his words have commended, which 
his example has consecrated : 



' ' Where may the wearied heart repose, 

When gazing on the great ; 
Where neither guilty glory glows 

Nor despicable state? 
Yes — one — the first, the last, the best, 
The Cincinnatus of the West, 

Whom envy dared not hate, 
Bequeathed the name of Washington, 
To make man blush there was but one.' 



NATIONAL MONUMENT TO WASHINGTON. 



ROBERT CHARLES WINTHROP. 



%■££& 



^Ijf^i^ELLOW-citizens of the United 
h Wllf S tates : ^ ve are assembled to 
"||p^m take the first step toward the 
: 5 fulfilment of a lone-deferred obli- 



1 



W^ gati°n- In this eight and fortieth 
I year since his death, we have come 
together to lay the corner-stone of a 
national monument to Washington. 

Other monuments to this illustrious 
person have long ago been erected. By 
not a few of the great States of our 
Union, by not a few of the great cities of 
our States, the chiseled statue, or the 



lofty column, has been set up in his 
honor. The highest art of the Old 
World — of France, of Italy, and of Eng- 
land successively — has been put in requi- 
sition for the purpose. Houdon for Vir- 
ginia, Canova for North Carolina, Sir 
Francis Chantrey for Massachusetts, have 
severally signalized their genius by por- 
traying and perpetuating the form and 
features of the Father of his Country. 
One tribute to his memory is left to be 
rendered. One monument remains to be 
reared, — a monument which shall be- 



4- 



•■?•■§■ 



-- 



i 12 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



speak the gratitude, not of States, or of 
cities, or of governments ; not of separate 
communities, or of official bodies, but of 
the people, the whole people of the 
nation, — a National Monument, erected 
by the citizens of the United States of 
America. 

Of such a monument we have come to 
lay the corner-stone, here and now. On 
this day, on this spot, in this presence, 
and at this precise epoch in the history of 
our country and of the world, we are 
about to commence this crowning work 
of commemoration. 

Yes, to-day, fellow-citizens, at this very 
moment when the extension of our 
boundaries and the multiplication of our 
territories are producing, directly and in- 
directly, among the different members of 
our political system, so many marked 
and mourned centrifugal tendencies, — let 
us seize the occasion to renew to each 
other our vows of allegiance and devo- 
tion to the American Union; and let us 
recognize, in our common title to the 
name and the fame of Washington, and 
in our common veneration for his exam- 
ple and his advice, the all-sufficient cen- 
tripetal power, which shall hold the thick 
clustering stars of our confederacy in one 
glorious constellation forever! 

Let the column which we are about to 
construct be at once a pledge and an 
emblem of perpetual union! Let the 
foundations be laid, let the superstructure 
be built up and cemented, let each stone 
be raised and riveted in a spirit of national 
brotherhood! And may the earliest ray 
of the rising sun — till that sun shall set 
to rise no more — draw forth from it 
daily, as from the fabled statue of antiq- 
uity, a strain of national harmony, 
which shall strike a responsive chord in 
every heart throughout the republic. 



Proceed, then, fellow-citizens, with the 
work for which you have assembled. 
Lay the corner-stone of a monument 
which shall adequately bespeak the grati- 
tude of the whole American people to 
the illustrious Father of his Country! 
Build it to the skies; you cannot outreach 
the loftiness of his principles! Found 
it upon the massive and eternal rock; you 
cannot make it more enduring than his 
fame! Construct it of the peerless 
Parian marble: you cannot make it 
purer than his life ! Exhaust upon it the 
rules and principles of ancient and of 
modern art; you cannot make it more 
proportionate than his character! 

But let not your homage to his mem- 
ory end here. Think not to transfer to a 
tablet or a column the tribute which is 
due from yourselves. Just honor to 
Washington can only be rendered by 
observing his precepts and imitating his 
example. He has built his" own monu- 
ment. We, and those who come after 
us, are its appointed, its privileged guar- 
dians. The wide-spread Republic is the 
true monument to Washington. Main- 
tain its independence. Uphold its con- 
stitution. Preserve its union. Defend 
its liberty. Let it stand before the world 
in all its original strength and beauty, 
securing peace, order, equality, and free- 
dom to all within its boundaries, and 
shedding light, and hope, and joy upon 
the pathway of human liberty through- 
out the world ; — and Washington needs 
no other monument. Other structures 
may fitly testify our veneration for him; 
this, this alone can adequately illustrate 
his services to mankind. 

Nor does-he need even this. The Re- 
public may perish; the wide arch of our 
ranged union may fall; star by star its 
glories may expire; stone by stone its 



t 



Y* 



-ir 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



columns and capital may moulder and 
crumble; all other names which adorn 
its annals may be forgotten; but as long 
as human hearts shall anywhere pant, 
or human tongues shall anywhere plead, 



Ji 3 



for a true, rational, constitutional liberty, 
those hearts shall enshrine the memory 
of those virtues, and those tongues pro- 
long the fame, of George Washing- 
ton. 



£ 






THE MEMORY OF WASHINGTON. 



LOUIS KOSSUTH. 




R. PRESIDENT: I consider 

it a particular favor of Provi- 

ffc dence that I am permitted to 

V^T partake, on the present solemn 

I s " occasion, in paying the tribute of 

f ^ honor and gratitude to the memory 
of your immortal Washington. 

An architect having raised a proud 
and noble building to the service of the 
Almighty, his admirers desired to erect 
a monument to his memory. How was 
it done? His name was inscribed upon 
the wall, with these additional words: 
w You seek his monument — look around." 

Let him who looks for a monument of 
Washington look around the United 
States. The whole country is a monu- 
ment to him. Your freedem, your inde- 
pendence, your national power, your pros- 
perity, and your prodigious growth, is a 
monument to Washington. 

There is no room left for panegyric, 
none especially to a stranger whom you 
had full reason to charge w-ith arrogance, 
were he able to believe that his feeble 
voice could claim to be noticed in the 
mighty harmony of a nation's praise. 
Let me, therefore, instead of such an 
arrogant attempt, pray that that God, to 
whose providential intentions Washing- 



ton was a glorious instrument, may im- 
part to the people of the United States 
the same wisdom for the conservation of 
the present prosperity of the land and 
for its future security, which he gave to 
Washington for the foundation of it. 

I yield to nobody in the world in rev- 
erence and respect to the immortal mem- 
ory of Washington. His life and his 
principles were the guiding star of my 
life; to that star I looked up for inspira- 
tion and advice, during the vicissitudes of 
my stormy life. Hence I drew that de- 
votion to my country and to the cause of 
national freedom, which you, gentlemen, 
and millions of your fellow-citizens, and 
your national government, are so kind as 
to honor by unexampled distinction. 

Sir, I have studied the history of your 
immortal Washington, and have, from 
my early youth, considered his principles 
as a living source of instruction to states- 
men and to patriots. 

When, in that very year in which 
Washington issued his Farewell Address, 
M. Adet, the French Minister, presented 
to him the flag of the French Republic, 
Washington, as President of the United 
States, answered officially, with these 
memorable words: 



4 



n 4 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



"Born ina land of liberty, having 
early learned its value, having- engaged 
in a perilous conflict to defend it, having 
devoted the best years of my life to 
secure its permanent establishment in my 
country, my anxious recollections, my 
sympathetic feelings, and my best wishes, 
are irresistibly attracted, whensoever in 
any country I see an oppressed nation 
unfurl the banner of freedom." 



Thus spoke Washington. Have I not 
then full reason to say, that if he were 
alive His generous sympathy would be 
with me; and the sympathy of a Wash- 
ington never was, and never would be, a 
barren word. Washington, who raised 
the word " Honesty " as a rule of policy, 
never would have professed a sentiment 
which his wisdom as a statesman would 
not have approved. 



J~€> 



NAPOLEON AND WASHINGTON. 



CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS. 




HE star of Napoleon was just 
rising to its zenith as that of 
^ Washington passed away. In 
point of military genius Napoleon 
probably equaled if he did not 
exceed any person known in his- 
tory. In regard to the direction of the 
interests of a nation he may be admitted 
to have held a very high place. He in- 
spired an energy and a vigor in the veins 
of the French people which they sadly 
needed after the demoralizing sway of 
generations of Bourbon kings. With 
even a small modicum of the wisdom so 
prominent in Washington, he too might 
have left a people to honor his memory 
down to the latest times. But it was not 
to be. Do you ask the reason? It is 
this. His motives of action always cen- 
tered in self. His example gives a warn- 
ing, but not a guide. For when selfish- 
ness animates a ruler there is no cause of 
wonder if he sacrifice, without scruple, 
an entire generation of men as a holo- 
caust to the great principle of evil, merely 



to maintain or extend his sway. Had 
Napoleon copied the example of Wash- 
ington he might have been justly the idol 
of all later generations in France. For 
Washington to have copied the example 
of Napoleon, would have been simply 
impossible. 

Let us then, discarding all inferior 
strife, hold up to our children the exam- 
ple of Washington as the symbol not 
merely of wisdom, but of purity and 
truth. 

Let us labor continually to keep the 
advance in civilization as it becomes us 
to do after the struggles of the past, so 
that the rights to life and liberty and the 
pursuit of happiness, which we have 
honorably secured, may be firmly entailed 
upon the ever-enlarging generations of 
mankind. 

And what is it, I pray you tell me, 
that has brought us to the celebration of 
this most memorable day? Is it not the 
steady crv, of Excelsior up to the most 
elevated regions of political purity, secured 



•M&- 



LIBERTY AND UN I OX. 



1 1 



to us by the memory of those who have 
passed before us and consecrated the very 
ground occupied by their ashes? Glori- 
ous indeed may it be said of it in the 
words of the poet: 



What's hallow 5 d ground ? 'Tis what gives birth 
To sacred thoughts in souls of worth — 
Peace ! Independence ! Truth ! go forth 

Earth's compass round, 
And your high priesthood shall make earth 

All Hallowed Ground. 



~mt4 



LAFAYETTE. 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 1 834. 



fOll A FAYETTE discovered no 
3'lHE new principle of politics or of 

Wf&T morals. He invented nothing 

. . . 

olu i' 1 science. He disclosed no new 

A phenomenon in the laws of nature. 
Born and educated in the highest 
order of feudal nobility, under the most 
absolute monarchy of Europe, in posses- 
sion of an affluent fortune, and master of 
himself and of all his capabilities, at the 
moment of attaining manhood, the prin- 
ciple of republican justice and of social 
equality took possession of his heart and 
mind, as if by inspiration from above. 
He devoted himself, his life, his fortune, 
his hereditary honors, his towering am- 
bit i o n, his splendid 
hopes, all to the cause 
of liberty. He came 
to another hemisphere 
to defend her. He 
became one of the 
most effective cham- 
p i o n s of our inde- 
gexeral la fayhtte. pendence ; but, that 
once achieved, he returned to his own 
country, and thenceforward took no part 
in the controversies which have divided 
us. In the events of our revolution, and 
in the forms of policy which we have 




adopted for the establishment and per- 
petuation of our freedom, Lafayette found 
the most perfect form of government. 
He wished to add nothing to it. He 
would gladly have abstracted nothing 
from it. Instead of the imaginary Re- 
public of Plato, or the Utopia of Sir 
Thomas More, he took a practical ex- 
isting model, in actual operation here, 
and never attempted or wished more than 
to apply it faithfully to his own countrv. 
It was not given to Moses to enter the 
promised land; but he saw it from the 
summit of Pisgah. It was not given to 
Lafayette to witness the consummation 
of his wishes in the establishment of a 
republic and the extinction of all heredi- 
tary rule in France. His principles were 
in advance of the age and hemisphere in 
which he lived. A Bourbon still reigns 
on the throne of France, and it is not for 
us to scrutinize the title by which he 
reigns. The principles of elective and 
hereditary power, blended in reluctant 
union in his person, like the red and 
white roses of York and Lancaster, may 
postpone to aftertime the last conflict to 
which they must ultimately come. The 
life of the patriarch was not long enough 
for the development of his whole politi- 



$. 



«-£r 



116 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



cal system. Its final accomplishment is 
in the womb of time. 

The anticipation of this event is the 
more certain, from the consideration that 
all the principles for which Lafayette 
contended were practical. He never in- 
dulged himself in wild and fanciful specu- 
lations. The principle of hereditary 
power was, in his opinion, the bane of all 
republican liberty in Europe. Unable to 
extinguish it in the Revolution of 1830, 
so far as concerned the chief magistracy 
of the nation, Lafayette. had the satisfac- 
tion of seeing it abolished with reference 
to the peerage; and a hereditary crown, 
stripped of the support which it may 
derive from an hereditary peerage, how- 
ever compatible with Asiatic despotism, 
is an anomaly in the history of the Chris- 
tian world and in the theory of free gov- 
ernment. There is no argument pro- 
ducible against the existence of an 
hereditary peerage, but applies with 
aggravated weight against the transmis- 
sion, from sire to son, of an hereditary 
crown. The prejudices and passions of 
the people of France rejected the prin- 
ciple of inherited power in every 
station of public trust, excepting the first 
and highest of them all, but there they 



clung to it, as did the Israelites of old to 
the savory deities of Egypt. 

When the principle of hereditary 
dominion shall be extinguished in all the 
institutions of France; when government 
shall no longer be considered as property 
transmissible from sire to son, but as a 
trust committed for a limited time, and 
then to return to the people whence it 
came; as a burdensome duty to be dis- 
charged, and not as a reward to be 
abused; when a claim, any claim, to 
political power by inheritance shall in 
the estimation of the whole French peo- 
ple, be held as it now is by the whole 
people of the North American Union — 
then will be the time for contemplating 
the character of Lafayette, not merely in 
the events of his life, but in the full de- 
velopment of his intellectual conceptions, 
of his fervent aspirations, of the labors 
and perils and sacrifices of his long and 
eventful career upon earth; and thence- 
forward, till the hour when the trump of 
the Archangel shall sound to announce 
that Time shall be no more, the name of 
Lafayette shall stand enrolled upon the 
annals of our race, high on the list of the 
pure and disinterested benefactors of man- 
kind. 



)7/i/v. 



WASHINGTON. 



f 



W. C. BRYANT. 




RE AT were the hearts, and strong the 

minds, 

Of those who framed, in high debate, 

The immortal league of love that binds 

Our fair broad empire, State with State. 



And deep the gladness of the hour, 

When, as the auspicious task was done, 

In solemn trust, the sword of power 
Was idven to Glory's unspoiled Son. 



That noble race is gone; the suns 
Of fifty years have risen and set ; 

But the bright links those chosen ones 
So strongly forged, are brighter yet. 



'Wide — as our own free race increase — 
Wide shall extend the elastic chain, 

And bind, in everlasting peace, 

State after State, a mighty train. 



*-* 



I- 



LIBERTY AND UiVIOJV. 



l 7 



THE OLD MAN ELOQUENT. 




1£ N the opening of the twenty- 
sixth Congress in December, 
f§|j^ x 839, in consequence of a two- 
fe^ 1 fold delegation from New Jersey, 
the House was unable, for some 
time, to complete its organization, 
and presented to the country and the 
world the perilous and discreditable aspect 
of the assembled representatives of the 
people unable to form themselves into a 
constitutional body. On first assembling, 
the house has no officers, and the clerk 
of the preceding congress acts, by usage, 
as chairman of the body till a speaker is 
chosen. On this occasion, after reaching 
the State of New Jersey, the acting clerk 
declined to proceed in calling the roll, 
and refused to entertain any of the mo- 
tions which were made for the purpose 
of extricating the house from its embar- 
rassment. Many of the most able and 
judicious members had addressed the 
house in vain, and there was nothing but 
confusion and disorder in prospect. The 
fourth day opened, and still confusion 
was triumphant. But the hour of disen- 
thral ment was at hand, and a scene was 
presented which sent the mind back to 
those days when Cromwell uttered the 
exclamation: "Sir Harry Vane! woe 
unto you, Sir Harry Vane! " and in an 
instant dispersed the famous Rump Par- 
liament. Mr. Adams, from the opening 
of this scene of confusion and anarchy, 
had maintained a profound silence. He 
appeared to be engaged most of the time 
in writing. To a common observer he 
seemed to be reckless of evervthing 



around him; but nothing — not the slight- 
est incident — escaped him. The fourth 
day of the struggle had now commenced. 
Hugh H. Garland, the clerk, was direct- 
ed to call the roll again. He commenced 
with Maine, as was usual in those days, 
and was proceeding toward Massachu- 
setts. I turned and saw that Mr. Adams 
was ready to get the floor at the earliest 
moment possible. His keen eye was 
riveted on the clerk; his hands clasped 
the front edge of his desk, where he 
always placed them to assist him in 
rising. 

"New Jersey," ejaculated Hugh H. 
Garland, " and the clerk has to repeat 
that—" 

Mr. Adams sprang to the floor. 

" I rise to interrupt the clerk ! " was 
his first ejaculation. 

" Silence! silence! " resounded through 
the hall. "Hear him — hear him!" 
" Hear what he has to say ! " " Hear 
John Quincy Adams! " were the numer- 
ous ejaculations on all sides. In an 
instant the most profound silence reigned 
throughout the hall — you might have 
heard a leaf of paper fall in any part of 
it — and every eye was riveted on the 
venerable Nestor of Massachusetts. He 
paused for a moment; and, having given 
Mr. Garland a withering look, he pro- 
ceeded to address the multitude: 

" It was not my intention," said he, " to 
take any part in these extraordinary pro- 
ceedings. I had hoped that this House 
would succeed in organizing itself; that 
a speaker and clerk would be elected, 



>r*r 



H$- 



ui 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



and that the ordinary business of legisla- 
tion would be progressed in. This is 
not the time or place to discuss the merits 
of the conflicting claimants for seats 
from New Jersey; that subject belongs 
to the House of Representatives, which, 
by the Constitution, is made the ultimate 
monitor of the qualification of its mem- 
bers. But what a spectacle we here 
present ! We degrade and disgrace our- 
selves; we degrade and disgrace our con- 
stituents and the country. We do not 
and cannot organize; and why? Because 
the clerk of this house, the mere clerk 
whom we create, whom we employ, and 
whose existence depends upon our will, 
usurps the throne, and sets us, the repre- 
sentatives, the vicegerents of the whole 
American people, at defiance, and holds 
us in contempt. And what is this clerk 
of yours? Is he to suspend by his mere 
negative the functions of government, 
and put an end to this congress? He 
refuses to call the roll. It is in your 
power to compel him to call it, if he will 
not do it voluntarily." [Here he was 
interrupted by a member, who said that 
he was authorized to say that compulsion 
could not reach the clerk, who had 
avowed that he would resign rather than 
call the State of New Jersey.] " Well, 
sir, let him resign," continued Mr. 
Adams, " and we may possibly discover 
some way by which we can get along 
without the aid of his all-powerful talent, 
learning, and genius. If we cannot 
organize in any other way, if this clerk 
of yours will not consent to our discharg- 
ing the trusts confided to us by our con- 
stituents, then let us do as did the Virginia 
house of burgesses, which, when the co- 
lonial governor, Dinwiddie, ordered it to 
disperse, refused to obey the imperious and 
insulting mandate; and then, like men — " 



The multitude could not contain or 
repress their enthusiasm any longer, but 
saluted the indignant speaker with loud 
and deafening cheers, that seemed to 
shake the capitol to its center. The tur- 
moil, the darkness, " the very chaos of 
anarchy, 1 ' which had for three successive 
days pervaded the American Congress 
was dispelled by the magic, the talismanic 
eloquence of a single man, and once 
more the wheels of government anc | ] eg ._ 
islation were put in motion. Having bv 
this powerful appeal brought the yet un- 
organized assembly to a perception of 
its hazardous position, he submitted a 
motion requiring the acting clerk to pro- 
ceed to call the roll. This and similar 
motions had already been made by other 
members. The difficulty was that the 
acting clerk declined to entertain them. 
Accordingly, Mr. Adams was immedi- 
ately interrupted by a burst of voices 
demanding: " How shall the question be 
put?" " Who will put the question?" 
The voice of Mr. Adams was heard 
above the tumult: " I intend to put the 
question myself! " That word brought 
order out of chaos. There was the mas- 
ter mind. As soon as the multitude had 
recovered itself and the excitement of 
irrepressible enthusiasm had abated, 
Richard Barnwell Rhett, of South Caro- 
lina, leaped upon one of the desks, waved 
his hand, and exclaimed, " I move that 
the Hon. John Q. Adams take the chair 
of the speaker of this house, and officiate 
as presiding officer till the house be 
organized by the election of its constitu- 
tional officer. As many as are agreed to 
this will say aye; those — " 

He had not an opportunity to complete 
the sentence — " those who are not agreed 
will say no" — for the universal, deafening, 
thundering "Aye!" responded to the noffi- 



■$- 



#- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



II 9 



ination. Hereupon it was moved and 
ordered that Louis Williams, of North 
Carolina, and Richard Barnwell Rhett 
conduct John Quincy Adams to the chair. 
In speaking of this scene, Mr. Wise, of 
Virginia, said : " Sir, I regard it as the 
proudest hour of your life; and if, 



when you shall be gathered to your 
fathers, I were asked to select the 
words which, in my judgment, are best 
calculated to give at once the character 
of the man, I would inscribe upon your 
tomb this sentence: ' I will put the ques- 
tion myself.'" 



ON THE EMBARGO. 



JOSIAH QUINCY, JR., 1S08. 



>wwjL 




ET me ask, Is embargo indepen- 
dence? Deceive not yourselves. 



It is palpable submission. Gen- 
tlemen exclaim, Great Britain 
" smites us on one cheek." And 
what does Administration ? "It turns 
the other also." Gentlemen say, Great 
Britain is a robber, she " takes our cloak." 
And what says Administration ? " Let 
her take our coat also." France and 
Great Britain require you to relinquish a 
part of your commerce, and you yield it 
entirely. Sir, this conduct may be the 
way to dignity and honor in another 
world, but it will never secure safety and 
independence in this. 

At every corner of this great city we 
meet some gentlemen of the majority, 
wringing their hands and exclaiming, 
" What shall we do? Nothing but em- 
bargo will save us. Remove it, and 
what shall we do ? " Sir, it is not for me, 
an humble and uninfluential individual, 
at an awful distance from the predomi- 
nant influences, to suggest plans of gov- 
ernment. But to my eve the path of our 
dutv is as distinct as the milky way,— all 
6 



studded with living sapphires, glowing 
with cumulating light. It is the path of 
active preparation, of dignified energy. 
It is the path of 1776. It consists, not 
in abandoning our rights, but in support- 
ing them, as they exist, and where they 
exist — on the ocean as well as on the 
land. It consists in taking the nature of 
things as the measure of the rights of 
your citizens, not the orders and decrees 
of imperious foreigners. Give what pro- 
tection you can. Take no counsel of 
fear. Your strength will increase with 
the trial, and prove greater than you are 
now aware. 

But I shall be told, " This may lead to 
war." I ask, " Arc we now at peace? " 
Certainly not, unless retiring from insult 
be peace, — unless ..irinking under the 
lash be peace. Trie surest way to pre- 
vent war is not to fear it. The idea that 
nothing on earth is so dreadful as war is 
inculcated too studiously among us. Dis- 
grace is worse. Abandonment of essen- 
tial rights is worse. 

Sir, I could not refrain from seizing 
the first opportunity of spreading before 



4r* 



*- 



20 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



this House the sufferings and exigencies 
of New England under this embargo. 
Some gentlemen may deem it not strictly 
before us. It is my opinion it is, neces- 
sarily. For, if the idea of the commit- 



tee be correct, and embargo is resistance, 
then this resolution sanctions its continu- 
ance. If, on the contrary, as I contend, 
embargo is submission, then this resolu- 
tion is a pledge of its repeal. 



•"'ifiOGfriSftM* 



<1/v^- 



ADDRESS TO THE REVOLUTIONARY VETERANS AT THE 
LAYING OF THE CORNER-STONE OF BUNKER HILL 

MONUMENT. 



DANIEL WEBSTER. 




N the meantime, both in Europe 
and America, such has been the 
general progress of knowledge; 
such the improvements in legisla- 
tion, in commerce, in the arts, in let- 
ters, and above all, in liberal ideas, 
and the general spirit of the age, that the 
whole world seems changed. 

Yet, notwithstanding that this is but a 
faint abstract of the things which have 
happened since the day of the battle of 
Bunker Hill, we are but fifty years re- 
moved from it; and we now stand here, 
to enjoy all the blessings of our own 
condition, and to look abroad on the 
brightened prospects of the world, while 
we hold still among us some of those 
who were active agents in the scenes of 
1775, and who are now here from every 
quarter of New England, to visit, once 
more, and under circumstances so affect- 
ing, I had almost said 90 overwhelming, 
this renowned theatre of their courage 
and patriotism. 

Venerable men! you have come down 
to us from a former generation. Heaven 
has bounteously lengthened out your 
lives, that you might behold this jovous 



day. You are now where you stood fifty 
years ago, this very hour, with your 
brothers, and your neighbors, shoulder to 
shoulder, in the strife for your country. 
Behold, how altered! The same heavens 
are indeed over your heads; the same 
ocean rolls at your feet; but all else, how 
changed! You hear now no roar of 
hostile cannon, you see no mixed volumes 
of smoke and flame rising from burning 
Charlestown. The ground strewed with 
the dead and the dying; the impetuous 
charge; the steady and successful repulse; 
the loud call to repeated assault; the sum- 
moning of all that is manly to repeated 
resistance; a thousand bosoms freely and 
fearlessly bared in an instant to whatever 
of terror there may be in war and death; 
— all these you have witnessed, but you 
witness them no more. All is peace. 
The heights of yonder metropolis, its 
towers and roofs, which you then saw 
filled with wives and children and coun- 
trymen in distress and terror, and looking 
with unutterable emotions for the issue of 
the combat, have presented you to-day 
with the sight of its whole happy popu- 
lation, come out to welcome and greet 



*-&- 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



121 



\ r ou with a universal jubilee Yonder 
proud ships, by a felicity of position ap- 
propriately lying at the foot of this 
mount, and seeming fondly to cling 
around it, are not means of annoyance to 
you, but your country's own means of 
distinction and defence. All is peace; 
and God has granted you this sight of 
your country's happiness, ere you slumber 
in the grave forever. He has allowed 
you to behold and to partake the reward 
of your patriotic toils; and he has 4 allowed 
us, your sons an d 
countrymen, to meet 
you here, and in the 
name of the present 
generation, in the 
name of your country, 
in the name of Liber- 
ty, to thank you ! ■ 

But, alas ! you are 
not all here! Time 
and the sword have 
thinned your ranks. 
Prescott, Putnam, 
Stark, Brooks, Read, 
Pomeroy, Bridge! 
Our eyes seek for you 
in vain amidst this 
broken band. You 
are gathered to your 
fathers, and live only 
to your country in her grateful remem- 
brance, and your own bright exam- 
ple. But let us not too much grieve that 
you have met the common fate of men. 
You lived, at least, long enough to know 
that your work had been nobly and suc- 
cessfully accomplished. You lived to see 
your country's independence established, 
On the light of liberty you saw arise the 
light of peace, like 

" another morn, 
Risen on mid-noon;" — 




Qh^tX ^k^z£5, 



and the sky, on which you closed your 
eyes, was cloudless. 

But — ah! — him! the first great martyr 
in this great cause! him! the premature 
victim of his own self-devoting- heart! 
Him! the head of our civil councils, and 
the destined leader of our military bands; 
whom nothing brought hither but the 
unquenchable fire of his own spirit; him! 
cut off by Providence, in the hour of 
overwhelming anxiety and thick gloom ; 
falling ere he saw the star of his country 
rise ; pouring out his 
generous blood, like 
water, before he knew 
whether it woul d 
fertilize a land of free- 
dom or of bondage! 
How shall 1 struggle 
with the emotions 
that stifle the utter- 
ance of thy name! — 
Our poor work may 
perish ; but thine shall 
endure! This monu- 
ment may moulder 
away; the solid 
ground it rests upon 
may sink down to a 
level with the sea ; but 
thy memory shall not 
fail! Wheresoever 
among men a heart shall be found that 
beats to the transports of patriotism and 
liberty, its aspirations shall be to claim 
kindred with thy spirit! 

But the scene amidst which we stand 
does not permit us to confine our 
thoughts or our sympathies to those fear- 
less spirits who hazarded or lost their 
lives on this consecrated spot. We have 
the happiness to rejoice here in the pres- 
ence of a most worthy representation of 
the survivors of the revolutionary army. 



*•€&• 



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4 



** 



122 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



Veterans! you are the remnant of 
many a well-fought field. You bring 
with you marks of honor from Trenton 
and Monmouth, from Yorktowu, Cam- 
den, Bennington and Saratoga. Veter- 
ans of half a century! when, in your 
youthful days, you put everything at 
hazard in your country's cause, good as 
that cause was, and sanguine as youth is, 
still your fondest hopes did not stretch 
onward to an hour like this! At a period 
to which you could not reasonably have 
expected to arrive ; at a moment of 
national prosperity such as you could 
never have foreseen, you are now met 
here, to enjoy the fellowship of old 
soldiers, and to receive the overflowings 
of a universal gratitude. 

But your agitated countenances and 
your heaving breasts inform me, that 
even this is not an unmixed joy. I per- 
ceive that a tumult of contending feelings 



rushes upon you. The images of the 
dead, as well as the persons of the living, 
throng to your embraces. The scene 
overwhelms you, and I turn from 
it. May the Father of all mercies smile 
upon your declining years, and bless 
them! And when you shall here have 
exchanged your embraces; when you 
shall once more have pressed the hands 
which have been so often extended to 
give succor in adversity, or grasped in 
the exultation of victory; then look 
abroad into this lovely land which your 
young valor defended, and mark the 
happiness with which it is filled; yea, 
look abroad into the whole earth, and see 
what a name you have contributed to 
give to your country, and what a praise 
you have added to freedom, and then re- 
joice in the sympathy and gratitude 
which beam upon your last days from 
the improved condition of mankind. 



<~ 



THE BUNKER HILL MONUMENT FINISHED. 



DANIEL WEBSTER. 




HE Bunker Hill Monument is 
finished! Here it stands! For- 
tgSrT^* tunate in the natural eminence 
on which it is placed, higher, in- 
finitely higher, in its objects and 
purpose, it rises over the land, and 
over the sea; and, visible at their homes 
to three hundred thousand citizens of 
Massachusetts, it stands a memorial of 
the past, and a monitor to the present 
and all succeeding generations. 

I have spoken of the loftiness of its 
purpose. If it had been without any 



other design than the creation of a work 
of art, the granite of which it is com- 
posed would have slept in its native bed. 
It has a purpose; and that purpose gives 
it character. That purpose enrobes it 
with dignity and moral grandeur. That 
well-known purpose it is which causes 
us to look up to it with a feeling of awe. 
It is itself the orator of this occasion. 
It is not from my lips, it is not from any 
human lips, that that strain of eloquence 
is this day to flow, most competent to 
move and excite the vast multitudes 



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4~r<' 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



123 



around. The potent speaker stands 
motionless before them. It is a plain 
shaft. It bears no inscriptions fronting 
to the rising sun, from which the future 
antiquarian shall wipe the dust. Nor 
does the rising sun cause tones of music 
to issue from its summit. But at the 
rising of the sun, and at the setting of 
the sun, in the blaze of noonday, and 
beneath the milder effulgence of lunar 
light, it looks, it speaks, it acts, to the full 
comprehension of every American mind, 
and the awakening of glowing enthusi- 
asm in every American heart. 

Its silent but awful utterance, its deep 
pathos, as it brings to our contemplation 
the 17th of June, 1775, and the conse- 
quences which have resulted to us, to our 



country, and to the world, from the events 
of that day, and which we. know must 
continue to rain influence on the destinies 
of mankind to the end of time, — the 
elevation with which it raises us high 
above the ordinary feelings of life, — sur- 
pass all that the study of the closet, or even 
the inspiration of genius, can produce. 

To-day it speaks to us. Its future 
auditories will be through successive gen- 
erations of men, as they rise up before it, 
and gather round it. Its speech will be 
of patriotism and courage; of civil and 
religious liberty; of free government; of 
the moral improvement and elevation of 
mankind, and of the immortal memory 
of those who, with heroic devotion, have 
sacrificed their lives for their country. 



SOUTH CAROLINA DURING THE REVOLUTION. 



R. T. HAYNE. 




T is with unfeigned reluctance, 
Mr. President, that I enter upon 
tl'vS^T tne performance of this part of 
Mj m y duty. I shrink almost instinc- 
tively from a course, however neces- 
sary, which may have a tendency 
to excite sectional feelings and sectional 
jealousies. But, sir, the task has been 
forced upon me, and I proceed right on- 
ward to the performance of my duty. 
Be the consequences what they may, the 
responsibility is with those who have im- 
posed upon me this necessity. The Sena- 
tor from Massachusetts has thought 
proper to cast the first stone, and if he 
shall find, according to the homely adage, 
that "he lives in a glass house," — on his 



head be the consequences. The gentle- 
man has made a great flourish about his 
fidelity to Massachusetts. I shall make 
no professions of zeal for the interests 
and honor of South Carolina — of that 
my constituents shall judge. 

If there be one State in the Union, 
Mr. President (and I say it not in a 
boastful spirit) that may challenge com- 
parison with any other for a uniform, 
zealous, ardent, and uncalculating devo- 
tion to the Union, that State is South 
Carolina. Sir, from the very commence- 
ment of the Revolution up to this hour 
there is no sacrifice, however great, she 
has not cheerfully made; no service she 
has hesitated to perform. She has ad- 



<&4 



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124 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



hered to you in your prosperity, but in 
vour adversity she has clung to you with 
more than filial affection. No matter 
what was the condition of her domestic 
affairs, — though deprived of her resour- 
ces, divided by parties, or surrounded by 
difficulties, — the call of the country has 
been to her as the voice of God. Domes- 
tic discord ceased at the sound — every 
man became at once reconciled to his 
brethren, and the sons of Carolina were 
all seen crowding together to the temple, 
bringing their gifts to the altar of their 
common country. 

What, sir, was the conduct of the 
South during the Revolution? Sir, I 
honor New England for her conduct in 
that glorious struggle; but great as is the 
praise which belongs to her, I think at 
least equal honor is due to the South. 
They espoused the cause of their breth- 
ren with generous zeal which did not 
suffer them to stop to calculate their in- 
terest in the dispute. Favorites of the 
mother country, possessed of neither 
ships nor seamen to create commercial 
rivalship, they might have found in their 
situation a guaranty that their trade 



would be forever fostered and protected 
by Great Britain. But trampling on all 
considerations, either of interest or of 
safety, they rushed into the conflict, and 
fighting for principle, periled all in the 
sacred cause, for freedom. Never was 
there exhibited in the history of the 
world higher examples of noble daring, 
dreadful suffering, and heroic endurance, 
than by the Whigs of Carolina during 
that Revolution. The whole State, from 
the mountain to the sea, was overrun by 
an overwhelming force of the enemy. 
The fruits of industry perished on the 
spot where they were produced, or were 
consumed by the foe. The " plains of 
Carolina " drank up the most precious 
blood of her citizens, — -black and smok- 
ing ruins marked the places which had 
been the habitations of her children! 
Driven from their homes into the gloomy 
and almost impenetrable swamps, even 
there the spirit of liberty survived, and 
South Carolina, sustained by the exam- 
ple of her Sumters and her Marions, 
proved by her conduct, that, though her 
soil might be overrun, the spirit of her 
people was invincible. 



* 






REPLY TO HAYNE. 

DAMEL WEBSTER, 1S3O. 



& 



tsm 



R. PRESIDENT, I have stat- 
ed the reasons of my dissent to 
the doctrines which have been 
j W^\ advanced and maintained. I am 
'• conscious of having detained you 
and the Senate, much too long. I 
was drawn into the debate with no pre- 



vious deliberation such as is suited to the 
discussion of so grave and important 
a subject. But it is a subject of which 
my heart is full, and I have not been 
willing to suppress the utterance of its 
spontaneous sentiments. 

T cannot, even now, persuade myself 



■§*-* 



LIBERTY AND UXIOX. 



I2 5 



to relinquish it, without expressing once 
more, my deep conviction, that since it 
respects nothing less than the union of 
the States, it is of the most vital and essen- 
tial importance to the public happiness. 
I profess, sir, in my career hitherto, to 
have kept steadily in view the prosperitv 
and honor of the whole country, and 
the preservation of our Federal Union. 
It is to that union we owe our safety at 
home, and our consideration and dignity 
abroad. It is to that union that we are 
chieflv indebted for whatever makes us 
most proud of our country. That union 
we reached only by the discipline of our 
virtues in the severe school of adversity. 
It had its origin in the necessities of disor- 
dered finances, prostrate commerce, and 
ruined credit. Under its benign influences, 
these great interests immediately awoke, 
as from the dead, and sprang forth with 
newness of life. Every year of its dura- 
tion has teemed with fresh proofs of its 
utility and its blessings; and although 
our territory has stretched out wider and 
wider, and our population spread farther 
and farther, they have not outrun its pro- 
tection or its benefits. It has been to us 
all a copious fountain of national, social, 
personal happiness. I have not allowed 
myself, sir, to look beyond the Union, to 
see what might lie hidden in the dark 
recesses behind. I have not coolly 
weighed the chances of preserving liberty, 
when the bonds that unite us together 
shall be broken asunder. I have not 
accustomed myself to hang over the 
precipice of disunion, to see whether, 
with my short sight, I can fathom the 
depth of the abyss below; nor could I 



regard him as a safe counselor in the 
affairs of this government, whose thoughts 
should be mainly bent on considering, 
not how the Union should be best pre- 
served, but how tolerable might be the 
condition of the people when it shall be 
broken up and destroyed. While the 
Union lasts, we have high, exciting, 
gratifying prospects spread out before us, 
for us and our children. Beyond that I 
seek not to penetrate the veil. God 
grant that, in my day at least, that cur- 
tain may not rise. God grant that on 
my vision never may be opened what 
lies behind. When my eyes shall be 
turned to behold, for the last time, the 
sun in heaven, may I not see him shining 
on the broken and dishonored fragments 
of a once glorious Union; on States dis- 
severed, discordant, belligerent; on a 
land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it 
may be, in fraternal blood! Let their 
last feeble and lingering glance, rather, 
behold the gorgeous ensign of the repub- 
lic, now known and honored throughout 
the earth; still full high advanced, its 
arms and trophies streaming in their 
original luster, not a stripe erased or pol- 
luted, not a single star obscured — bearing 
for its motto no such miserable interroga- 
tory as, What is all this worth? nor 
those other words of delusion and folly, 
Liberty first, and Union afterward; but 
everywhere, spread all over in characters 
of living light, blazing on all its ample 
I folds, as they float over the sea and land, 
and in every wind under the whole heav- 
ens, that other sentiment, dear to every 
true American heart — Liberty and Union, 
now and forever, one and inseparable! 



\z6 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 




_i__i__A_ 



1 L 



■*■• ' 



I CIdse nf Dratinn nn Daniel WEbstEr. -Smi 



, ? — 9 — 7 — ? ^ (jr—^ ,,., ,,,, ^-^-Tp — ip — ? — t — 9 — <jr 
Dartmouth College, June a8, 1882. 




HOMAS FRANCIS BAYARD.— 'UNITES STATES SENATOR. 

VYi ^^ :r/ ' / which hides from our eyes the future^ no doubt conceals in 
mercy many an assault upon the peace, laze, and liberty of the laud we 
love; and in the misty foreground of the future I fear there are 

dimly to be discerned forms and shafes of CVlL But :cc must stand, 
as the father of Webster stood, "a minute man" ready for onr country^ s de- 
fence, fortified^ enlarged^ and refreshed by the memories and counsel of our 
great countryman, in whose honor I have spoken to-day. 

rho" world on world tu myriad myriads roll 
Round us with different powers^ 
And other forms of life than ours, 
W'litit know we greater than the soul? 
On God and God-like men ive build our trust. 



+ 



"t 



*■$■ 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



I2 7 



-8H 



PROCLAMATION AGAINST NULLIFICATION. 



ANDREW JACKSON, 1 832. 



ffiWiA , 




HAVE urged you to look back 
to the means that were used to 
^ harry you on to the position you 
have now assumed, and forward to 
the consequences it will produce. 
Something more is necessary. Con- 
template the condition of that country of 
which you still form an important part. 
Consider its government uniting in one 
bond of common interest and general 
protection so many different States — giv- 
ing to all their inhabitants the proud title 
of American citizens, protecting their 
commerce, securing their literature and 
their arts; facilitating their inter-com- 
munication; defending their frontiers; 
and making their name respected in the 
remotest parts of the earth. Consider 
the extent of its territory; its increasing 
and happy population ; -its advance in arts 
which render life agreeable; and the 
sciences which elevate the mind! See 
education spreading the lights of religion, 
morality, and general information into 
every cottage in this wide extent of our 
Territories and States! Behold it as the 
asylum where the wretched and the 
oppressed find a refuge and support! 
Look on this picture of happiness and. 
honor, and say we, too, are Citizens of 
America! Carolina is one of these 
proud States; her arms have defended, 
her best blood has cemented, this happy 
Union! And then add, if you can, 
without horror and remorse: This happy 
Union we will dissolve; this picture of 
peace and prosperity we will deface; this 



free intercourse we will interrupt; these 
fertile fields we will deluge with blood; 
the protection of that glorious flag we 
renounce; the very name of Americans 
we discard. And for what, mistaken 
men; for what do you throw away these 
inestimable blessings? For what would 
you exchange your share in the advanta- 
ges and honor of the Union? For the 
dream of separate independence — a dream 
interrupted by bloody conflicts with your 
neighbors, and a vile dependence on a 
foreign power. If your leaders could 
suoceed in establishing a separation, 
what would be your situation? Arc you 
united at home; are you free from the 
apprehension of civil discord, with all 
its fearful consequences? Do our neigh- 
boring republics, every day suffering 
some new revolution, or contending with 
some new insurrection — do they excite 
your envy? But the dictates of a high 
duty oblige me solemnly to announce that 
you cannot succeed. The laws of the 
United States must be executed. I have 
no discretionary power on the subject; 
my duty is emphatically pronounced in 
the Constitution. Those who told you 
that you might peaceably prevent their 
execution, deceived you; they could not 
have been deceived themselves. They 
know that a forcible opposition could 
alone prevent the execution of the laws, 
and they know that such opposition 
must be repelled. Their object is dis- 
union; but be not deceived by names. 
Disunion, by armed force, is treason. Are 



♦*- 



•Hfr 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 
to incur its <juilt? If 



128 

you really ready 
you are, on the heads of the instigators 
of the act be the dreadful consequences; 
on their heads be the dishonor, but on 
yours may fall the punishment. On your 
unhappy State will inevitably fall all the 
evils of the conflict you force upon the 
government of your country. It cannot 
accede to the mad project of disunion, of 
which you would be the first victims; its 
first magistrate cannot, if he would, avoid 
the performance of his duty. The con- 
sequence must be fearful for you, distress- 
ing to your fellow-citizens here, and to 
the friends of good government through- 
out the world. Its enemies have beheld 
our prosperity with a vexation they could 
not conceal; it was a standing refutation 
of their slavish doctrines, and they will 
point to our discord with the triumph of 
malignant joy. It is yet in your power 
to disappoint them. There is yet time to 
show that the descendants of the Pinck- 
neys, the Sumters, the Rutledges, and of 
the thousand other names which adorn 
the pages of your revolutionary history, 
will not abandon that Union to support 
which so many of them fought, and bled, 
and died. 

I adjure you, as you honor their mem- 
ory, as you love the cause of freedom, to 
which they dedicated their lives, as you 
prize the peace of your country, the lives 
of its best citizens, and your own fail- 
fame, to retrace your steps. Snatch from 
the archives of your State the disorganiz- 
ing edict of its convention; bid its mem- 
bers to re-assemble, and promulgate the 
decided expressions of your will to re- 
main in the path which alone can con- 
duct you to safety, prosperity, and honor. 
Tell them that, compared to disunion, all 
other evils are light, because that brings 
with it an accumulation of all. Declare 



that you will never take the field unless 
the Star-Spangled banner of your country 
shall float over you ; that you will not be 
stigmatized when dead, and dishonored 
and scorned while you live, as the 
authors of the first attack on the Consti- 
tution of your country. Its destroyers 
vou cannot be. You may disturb its 
peace — you may interrupt the course of 
its prosperity — you may cloud its reputa- 
tion for stability, but its tranquility will 
be restored, its prosperity will return, and 
the stain upon its national character will 
be transferred and remain an eternal blot 
on the memory of those who caused the 
disorder. 

Fellow-citizens of the United States: 
The threat of unhallowed disunion — the 
names of those once respected, by whom 
it is uttered — the array of military force 
to support it — denote the approach of a 
crisis in our affairs on which the continu- 
ance of our unexampled prosperity, our 
political existence, and perhaps that of all 
free governments, may depend. The con- 
juncture demanded a free, a full, and ex- 
plicit enunciation, not only of my inten- 
tions, but of my principles of action; and 
as the claim was asserted of a right by a 
State to annul the laws of the Union, 
and even to secede from it at pleasure, a 
frank exposition of my opinions in rela- 
tion to the origin and foim of our gov- 
ernment, and the construction I give to 
the instrument by which it was created, 
seemed to be proper. Having the fullest 
confidence in the justness of the legal 
and constitutional opinion of my duties, 
which has been expressed, I rely, with 
equal confidence, on your undivided sup- 
port in my determination to execute the 
laws, to preserve the Union by all con- 
stitutional means, to arrest, if possible, 
by moderate but firm measures, the neces- 



4-G3- 



■qr 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



129 



sity of a recourse to forces and, if it be 
the will of Heaven that the recurrence 
of its primeval curse on man for the 
shedding of a brother's blood should fall 
upon our land, that it be not called down 
by an offensive act on the part of the 
United States. 

Fellow-citizens: The momentous case 
is before you. On your undivided sup- 
port of your government depends the 
decision of the great question it involves 
whether your sacred Union will be pre- 
erved, and the blessing it secures to us 
as one people shall be perpetuated. No 
one can doubt that the unanimity with 
which that decision will be expressed, 
will be such as to inspire new confidence 
in republican institutions, and that the 
prudence, the wisdom, and the courage 
which it will bring to their defence will 
transmit them unimpaired and invigo- 
rated to our children. 

May the Great Ruler of nations grant 
that the signal blessings with which he 



has favored ours may not, by the mad- 
ness of party or personal ambition, be 
disregarded and lost; and may his wise 
Providence bring those who have pro- 
duced this crisis to see their folly before 
they feel the misery of civil strife, and 
inspire a returning veneration for that 
Union which, if we may dare to pene- 
trate His designs, He has chosen as the 
only means of attaining the high desti- 
nies to which we may reasonably aspire. 

In testimony whereof, I have caused 
the seal of the United States to be here- 
unto affixed, having signed the same with 
my hand. 

Done at the City of Washington, this 
10th day of December, in the year of 
our Lord one thousand eight hundred 
and thirty-two, and of the independence 
of the United States the fifty-seventh. 
ANDREW JACKSON. 

By the President: 

Edw. Livingston, 

Secretary of State. 



THE CONSEQUENCES OF SECESSION. 



HENRY CLAY, SENATE CHAMBER, 1842, 




R. PRESIDENT, I must 
take occasion here to say 
i ^§-2^ that, in my opinion, there is no 

■f S^S rig^ on ^ ie p art °f an y one or 

: V' more of the States to secede from 
I the Union. War and dissolution 
of the Union are identical and inevitable, 
in my opinion. There can be a dissolu- 
tion of the Union only by consent or by 
war. Consent no one can anticipate, 



from any existing state of things, is likely 
to be given, and war is the only alterna- 
tive by which a dissolution could be ac- 
complished. If consent were given — if 
it were possible that we were to be sepa- 
rated by one great line— in less than sixty 
days after such consent was given war 
would break out between the slavehold- 
ing and non-slaveholding portions of this 
Union — between the two independent 



V 



H± 



130 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



parts into which it would be erected in 
virtue of the act of separation. In less 
than sixty days, I believe, our slaves from 
Kentucky, flocking over in numbers to 
the other side of the river, would be pur- 
sued by their owners. Our hot and 
ardent spirits would be restrained by no 
sense of the right which appertains to 
the independence of the other side of the 
river, should that be the line of separ- 
ation. They would pursue their slaves 
into the adjacent 
free States ; they 
would be repelled, 
and the conse- 
quence would b e 
that, in less than 
sixty days, war 
would be blazing 
in every part of 
this now happy 
and peaceful land. 
And, sir, how 
are you going to 
separate the States 
of this Confede- 
racy? In my hum- 
ble opinion, Mr. 
President, we 

should [begin with henry clay. 

at least three separate Confederacies. 
There \ would be a Confederacy of the 
North, a Confederacy of the valley of 
the Mississippi. My life upon it, that 
the vast population which has already 
concentrated and will concentrate on the 
head-waters and the tributaries of the 
Mississippi will never give their consent 
that the mouth of that river shall be held 
subject to the power of any foreign state 
or community whatever. Such, I be- 
lieve, would be the consequence of a dis- 
solution of the Union, immediately en- 
suing; but other Confederacies would 




spring up from time to time as dissatis- 
faction and discontent were disseminated 
throughout the country — the Confederacy 
of the lakes, perhaps the Confederacy of 
New England, or of the Middle States. 
Ah, sir, the veil which covers these sad 
and disastrous events that lie beyond it, 
is too thick to be penetrated or lifted by 
any mortal eye or hand. 

Mr. President, I am directly opposed 
to any purpose of secession or separation. 
I am for staying 
within the Union, 
and defying any 
portion of this 
Confederacy to ex- 
pel me or drive me 
out of the Union. 
I am for staying 
within the Union 
and fio-htino- f o r 
my rights, if neces- 
s a r y, w i t h the 
sword, within the 
bounds and under 
the safeguard of 
the Union. I am 
for v i n d i c a t i n 
those rights, 
by being driven 



not 



out of the Union harshly and uncere- 
moniously by any portion of this Con- 
federacy. Here I am within it, and 
here I mean to stand and die, as far as 
my individual wishes or purposes can go 
— within it to protect my property and 
defend myself, defying all the power on 
earth to expel me or drive me from the 
situation in which I am placed. And 
would there not be more safety in fight- 
ing within the Union than out of it? 
Suppose your rights to be violated, sup- 
pose wrong to be done to you, aggres- 
sions to be perpetrated upon you, can you 



*■#- 



■9?-* 



not better vindicate them — if you have 
occasion to resort to the last necessity, 
the sword, for a restoration of those 
rights — within, and with the sympathies 
of a large portion of the population of 
the Union, than by being - without the 
Union, when a large portion of the pop- 
ulation have sympathies adverse to your 
own? You can vindicate your rights 
within the Union better than if expelled 
from the Union, and driven from it with- 
out ceremony, and without authority. 

Sir, I have said that I thought there 
was no right on the part of one or more 
States to secede from the Union. I think 
so. The Consititution of the United 
States was made not merely for the gen- 
eration that then existed, but for poster- 
ity — unlimited, undefined, endless, per- 
petual posterity. And every State that 
tiien came into the Union, and every 
State that has since come into the Union, 
came into it binding itself by indissoluble 
bonds, to remain within the Union itself, 
and to remain within it by its posterity, 
forever. Like another of the sacred con- 
nections in private life, it is a marriage 
which no human authority can dissolve 
or divorce the parties from. And if I 
may be allowed to refer to some exam- 
ples in private life, let me say to the 
North and to the South, what husband 
and wife say to each other: We have 
mutual faults; neither of us is perfect; 
nothing in the form of humanity is per- 
fect; let us, then, be kind to each other — 
forbearing, forgiving each other's faults 
— and above all, let us live in happiness 
and peace together. 

Mr. President, I have said, what I 
solemnly believe, that dissolution of the 
Union and war are identical and inevi- 
table; that they are convertible terms; 
and such a war as would be following a 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 131 

dissolution of the Union! Sir, we may 
search the pages of history, and none so 
ferocious, so bloody, so implacable, so ex- 
terminating — not even the wars of 
Greece 



including those of the Common- 
ers of England and the revolutions of 
France — none, none of them all would 
rage with such violence, or be character- 
ized with such bloodshed and enormities 
as would the war which must succeed, if 
that event ever happens, the dissolution of 
the Union. And what would be its ter- 
mination? Standing armies, and navies 
to an extent stretching the revenue of 
each portion of the dissevered members, 
would take place. An exterminating 
war would follow — not, sir, a war of two 
or three years' duration, but a war of in- 
terminable duration — and exterminating- 
wars would ensue until, after the strug- 
gles and exhaustion of both parties, some 
Philip or Alexander, some Caesar or 
Napoleon, would arise and cut the Gor- 
dian knot, and solve the problem of the 
capacity of man for self-government, and 
crush the liberties of both the severed 
portions of this common empire. Can 
you doubt it? 

Look at all history— consult her pages, 
ancient or modern — look at human 
nature; look at the contest in which you 
would be engaged in the supposition of 
war following upon the dissolution of the 
Union, such as I have suggested ; and I 
ask you if it is possible for you to doubt 
that the final disposition of the whole 
w T ould be some despot treading down the 
liberties of the people — the final result 
would be the extinction of this last and 
glorious light which is leading all man- 
kind, who are gazing upon it, in the hope 
and anxious expectation that the liberty 
which prevails here will sooner or later 
be diffused throughout the whole of the 



4h 



132 

civilized world. Sir, can you lightly 
contemplate these consequences? Can 
you yield yourself to the tyranny of pas- 
sion, amid dangers which I have depicted 
in colors far too tame of what the result 
would be if that direful event to which I 
have referred should ever occur? Sir, I 
implore you gentlemen, I adjure them, 
whether from the South or the North, 
by all that lhey hold dear in this world — 
bv all their love of liberty — by all their 
yeneration for their ancestors — by all 
their love of liberty — by all their regard 
for posterity — by all their gratitude to 
Him who has bestowed on them such 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



unnumbered and countless blessings — by 
all the duties which they owe to man- 
kind — and by all the duties which they 
owe to themselves, to pause, solemnly to 
pause at the edge of the precipice, before 
the fearful and dangerous leap is taken 
into the yawning abyss below, from 
which none who ever take it shall re- 
turn in safety. 

Finally, I implore, as the best blessing 
which Heaven can bestow upon me, upon 
earth, that if the direful event of the dis- 
solution of this Union is to happen, I 
shall not survive to behold the sad and 
heart-rending spectacle. 



PROTEST AGAINST SLAVERY IN NEBRASKA AND KANSAS. 



CHARLES SUMNER. 



The Senate, May 23, 1854. 




HOLD in my hand, and now 
present to the Senate, one hun- 
f died and twenty-five separate 
remonstrances, from clergymen of 
every Protestant denomination in 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Con- 
necticut, constituting the six New Eng- 
land States. 

With pleasure and pride I now do this 
service, and at this last stage interpose 
the sanctity of the pulpits of New Eng- 
land to arrest an alarming outrage — be- 
lieving that the remonstrants, from their 
eminent character and influence as repre- 
sentatives of the intelligence and con- 
science of the country, are peculiarly en- 
titled to be heard, — and further, believ- 
ing that their remonstrances, while re- 



spectful in form, embody just conclusions, 
both of opinion and fact. Like them, 
sir, I do not hesitate to protest against 
the bill yet pending before the Senate, 
as a great moral wrong, as a breach of 
public faith, as a measure full of danger 
to the peace, and even existence of our 
Union. And, sir, believing in God, as 1 
profoundly do, I cannot doubt that the 
opening of an immense region to so 
great an enormity as slavery, is calcu- 
lated to draw down upon our country 
his righteous judgment. 

"In the name of Almighty God, and 
in his presence," these remonstrants pro- 
test against the Nebraska Bill. In this 
solemn language, most strangely pro- 
nounced blasphemous on this floor, there 
is obviously no assumption of ecclesiasti- 



•<-*■?- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



*33 



cal power, as is perversely charged, but 
simply a devout observance of the Scrip- 
tural injunction, "Whatsoever ye do, in 
word or deed, do all in the name of the 
Lord." Let me add, also, that these 
remonstrants, in this very language, have 
followed the example of the Senate, 
which at our present session, has ratified 
at least one important treaty beginning 
with these precise words, "In the name 
of Almighty God." Surely, if the Senate 
may thus assume to speak, the clergy 
may do likewise, 
without imputa- 
tion of blasphe- 
mv, or any just 
criticism, at least 
in this bod}-. 

I am unwill- 
ing, particularly 
at this time, to be 
betrayed into 
anything like a 
defence of the 
clergy. Thev 
need no such 
thing at m y 
hands. There 
are men in this 
Senate justly 
eminent for elo- 
quence, learning 




and ability: but there is no man here 
competent, except in his own conceit, to 
sit in judgment on the clergy of New 
England. Honorable Senators, so swift 
with criticism and sarcasm, might profit 
by their example. Perhaps the Senator 
from South Carolina (Mr. Butler), who 
is not insensible to scholarship, might 
learn from them something of its graces. 
Perhaps the Senator from Virginia (Mr. 
Mason), who finds no sanction under the 
Constitution for anv remonstrance from 



CHARLES SUMNER. 

fathers. 



clergymen, might learn from them some- 
thing of the privileges of an American 
citizen. And perhaps the Senator from 
Illinois (Mr. Douglas), who precipitated 
this odious measure upon the country, 
might learn from them something of poli- 
tical wisdom. Sir, from the first settle- 
ment of these shores, from those early 
days of struggle and privation, through 
the trials of the Revolution, the clergy 
are associated not only with the piety and 
the learning, but with the liberties of the 
country. N e w 
England for a 
long time was 
governed by their 
prayers more 
than by any acts 
of the Legisla- 
ture; and at a 
later day their 
voices aided even 
the Declaration 
of Independence. 
The clergy of 
our time speak, 
then, not onlv 
from their own 
virtues, but from 
echoes yet sur- 
viving in the 
pulpits of their 



In the days of the Revolution, John 
Adams, yearning for independence, said, 
"Let the pulpits thunder against oppres- 
sion!" And the pulpits thundered. The 
time has come for them to thunder again. 
So famous was John Knox for power in 
prayer, that Queen Mary used to say she 
feared his prayers more than all the arm- 
ies of Europe. But our clergy have 
prayers to be feared by the upholders of 
wrongf. 



■£?■ 



134 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



FORWARD! 



I. PI HR PONT 



1PH OD ' to the human sou1, 

llji iw Aml a11 the s P heres lhat ro11, 

Jl feg** Wrapped bv his spirit in their robes 
Wt of light, 

Hath said: " The primal plan 
Of all the world, and man, [right.'' 

Is forward! Progress is your law- your 

The despots of the earth, 
Since Freedom had her birth, 

Have to their subject nations said, " Stand still ;*' 
So from the Polar Bear 
Comes down the freezing air, 

And stiffens all things with its deadly chill. 

He who doth God resist — 

God's old antagonist — [him; 

Would snap the chain that binds all things to 

And in his godless pride, 

All peoples would divide, 
And scatter even the choirs of seraphim. 

God, all the orbs that roll, 

Bind to one common goal — 
One source of light and life — his radiant throne. 

In one fraternal mind 

All races would he bind, 
Till every man in man a brother own. 



Tyrants with tyrants league, 

Corruption and intrigue 
To strangle infant Liberty, conspire. 

Around her cradle, then, 

Let self-devoted men 
Gather, and keeD unquenched her vital fire. 

When Tyranny, grown bold, 

To Freedom's host cries, "Hold! 
Ye toward her temple at your peril march ;" 

"Stop!" that great host replies, 

Raising to heaven its eyes, 
'Stop first, the host that moves across yon arch !" 

When Tyranny commands, 

"Hold thou my victim's hands, 
While I more firmly rivet on his chains, 

Or with my bowie-knife 

I'll take your craven life, 
Or show my streets bespattered with your 
brains," — 

Freedom, with forward tread, 
Unblenching, turns her head, 

And draws from its sheath her flashing glave, 
Calmly makes answer: li Dare 
Touch of my head one hair, , 

/'// cut the cord that holds your every slave/' 1 






-*&- 



OLD IRONSIDES. 



O. W. HOLMES. 




V, tear her tattered ensign down ! 
Long has it waved on high, 
And many an eye has danced to see 
That banner in the sky ; — 

Beneath it rung the battle shout, 

And burst the cannon's roar; 
The meteor of the ocean air 
Shall sweep the clouds no more. 

Her deck once red with heroes 1 blood, 
Where knelt the vanquished foe, 

When winds were hurrying o'er the flood. 
And waxes were white below, 



No more shall feel the victor's tread, 
Or know the conquered knee; 

The harpies of the shore shall pluck 
The eagle of the sea ! 

O better that her shattered hulk 
Should sink beneath the wave! 

Her thunders shook the mighty deep, 
And there should be her grave! 

Nail to the mast her holy flag, 

Set every threadbare sail, 
And give her to the god of storms — 

The lightning and the gale! 



*3- 



4- 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



ns 



4» 



GLORIOUS NEW ENGLAND. 



S. S. PRENTISS. 




LORIOUS New England! thou 
art still true to thy ancient fame, 
and worthy of thy ancestral hon- 
ors. We, thy children, have assem- 
bled in this far distant land to cele- 
brate thy birthday. A thousand 
fond associations throng upon us, roused 
by the spirit of the hour. On thy pleasant 
valleys rest, like sweet dews of morning, 
the gentle recollections of our early life; 
around thy hills and mountains cling, 
like gathering mists, the mighty memo- 
ries of the Revolution; and, far away in 
the horizon of thy past, gleam, like thy 
own bright northern lights, the awful 
virtues of our pilgrim sires! But while 
we devote this day to the remembrance 
of our native land, we forget not that in 
which our happy lot is cast. We exult 
in the reflection, that though we count 
by thousands the miles which separate 
us from our birthplace, still our country 
is the same. We are no exiles meeting 
upon the banks of a foreign river, to 
swell its waters with our home-sick tears. 
Here floats the same banner which rus- 
tled above our boyish heads, except that 
its mighty folds are wider, and its glit- 
tering stars increased in number. 

The sons of New England are found 
in every State of the broad republic! In 
the East, the South, and the unbounded 
West, their blood mingles freely with 
every kindred current. We have but 
changed our chamber in the paternal 
mansion; in all its rooms we are at home, 
and all who inhabit it are our brothers. 



To us the Union has but one domestic 
hearth; its household gods are all the 
same. Upon us, then, peculiarly devolves 
the duty of feeding the fires upon that 
kindly hearth; of guarding with pious 
care those sacred household gods. 

We cannot do with less than the whole 
Union; to us it admits of no division. 
In the veins of our children flows North- 
ern and Southern blood ; how shall it 
be separated? Who shall put asunder 
the best affections of the heart, the no- 
blest instincts of our nature? We love 
the land of our adoption : so do we that 
of our birth. Let us ever be true to 
both; and always exert ourselves in 
maintaining the unity of our country. 

But no! the Union cannot be dissolved. 
Its fortunes are too brilliant to be marred ; 
its destinies too powerful to be resisted. 
Here will be their greatest triumph, their 
most mighty development. 

And when, a century hence, this Cres- 
cent City shall have filled her golden 
horns; — when, within her broad-armed 
port shall be gathered the products of 
industry of a hundred millions of free- 
men; — when galleries of art and halls of 
learning shall have made classic this mart 
of trade; then may the sons of the Pilgrims 
still wandering from the bleak hills of 
the North, stand up on the banks of the 
Great River, and exclaim, with mingled 
pride and wonder, — "Lo! this is our 
country; — when did the world ever be- 
hold so rich and magnificent a city — so 
great and glorious a republic!" 



■&■ 



4k' 



136 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



^| ^Nn Fehee Wlihniii Uninn<4 :i*#S 



WT'i^w=LJ -H -^ -t ±- civ .-!'. *- A vt, .f, A ± :f, & A -;!:-: A A A A A^.i^iAA ;'-v A^A ± :':. ± A A & ^"fett^*- 1 




31 




i? COMPLAIN of party rage even now, but it is mild and innocent compared with what 
we should experience were our Union dissolved. Each republic would then be broken 
into factions — one in possession and the other in pursuit of power, and both prepared to 
link themselves with the factions of their neighbors. Party spirit, when spread ever a 
large country, is far less envenomed and ruinous than when shut up in small States- 
The histories of Greece and Rome are striking illustrations of this truth. 

There is no need of exaggeration. We do dread separation as the greatest of political 
evils. Under the wise distribute on of power hi this country, ice enjoy the watchful and minute 
protection of a local government, with the immense advantage of a widespread community. 
Greater means of prosperity a people cannot enjoy. Let us not be defrauded of them by selfish 
or malignant passions. Let us prise and uphold our National Government. Let us prize it as 
our bond of union, as that which constitutes us one people-, as preserving the different States from 
mutual jealousies and wars, and from separate alliances with foreign nations, as mitigating 
party spirit — in one word, as perpetuating our peace. 



4- 



4» 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



J 37 



THE DUTIES OF FREE STATES. 



WILLIAM ELLERY CHANNIXG. 



X gg^rti 




OTWITHSTANDING my 
admiration of the course of 
^ England in reference to slavery, 
I see as plainly as any the wrongs 
j£ and miseries under which her lower 
classes groan. I do not on this ac- 
count, however, subscribe to a doctrine 
very common in this country, that the 
poor Chartists of England are more to 
be pitied than our slaves. Ah, no ! Mis- 
ery is not slavery; and were it greater 
than it is, it would afford the slave-hold- 
er no warrant for trampling on the 
rights and the souls of his fellow-crea- 
tures. The Chartist, depressed as he is, 
is not a slave. The blood would rush 
to his cheek, and the spirit of a man 
swell his emaciated form, at the sugges- 
tion of relieving his misery by reducing 
him to bondage, and this sensibility 
shows the immeasurable distance be- 
tween him and the slave. He has rights, 
and knows them. He pleads his own 
cause, and just and good men plead it 
for him. According to the best testi- 
mony, intelligence is spreading among 
the Chartists; so is temperance; so is self- 
restraint. They feel themselves to be 
men. Their wives and children do not 
belong to another. They meet together 
for free discussion, and their speeches 
are not wanting in strong sense and 
strong expression. Not a few among 
them have seized on the idea of the ele- 
vation of their class by a new intellect- 
ual and moral culture, and here is a 



living seed, the promise of immeasurable 
good. Shall such men, who aspire after 
a better lot, and among whom strong 
and generous spirits are springing up, be 
confounded with slaves, whose lot admits 
no change, who must not speak of 
wrongs or think of redress, whom it is a 
crime to teach to read, to whom even the 
Bible is a sealed book, who have no 
future, no hope on this side death? 

I have spoken freely of England; yet 
I do not forget our debt or the debt of 
the world to her. She was the mother 
of our freedom. She has been the bul- 
wark of Protestantism. What nation 
has been more fruitful in great men, in 
men of genius? What nation can com- 
pare with her in munificence? What 
nation but must now acknowledge her 
unrivaled greatness? That little island 
sways a wider empire than the Roman, 
and has a power of blessing mankind 
never before conferred on a people. 
Would to God she could learn, what 
nation never yet learned, so to use 
power as to inspire confidence, not fear, 
so as to awaken the world's gratitude, 
not its jealousy and revenge! 

But whatever be the claims of Eng- 
land or of any other state, I must cling 
to my own country with strong prefer- 
ence, and cling to it even now, in this 
dark day, this day of her humiliation, 
when she stands before the world branded, 
beyond the truth, with dishonesty, and, 
too trulv, with the crime of resisting the 



■&-* 



He- 



'3« 

progress of freedom on the earth. After 
a^l, she has her glory. After all, in 
these free States a man is still a man. 
He knows his rights, he respects himself, 
and acknowledges the equal claim of his 
brother. We have order without the 
display of force. We have government 
without soldiers, spies, or the constant 
presence of coercion. The rights of 
thought, of speech, of the pres£, of con- 
science, of worship, are enjoyed to the 
full without violence or dangerous ex- 
cess. We are even distinguished by 
kindness and good temper amidst this 
unbounded freedom. The individual is 
not lost in the mass, but has a conscious- 
ness of self-subsistence, and stands erect. 
That character which we call manliness 
is stamped on the multitude here as no- 
where else. No aristocracy interferes 
with the natural relations of men to one 
another. No hierarchy weighs down 
the intellect, and makes the church a 
prison to the soul, from which it ought 
to break every chain. I make no boast 
of my country's progress, marvelous as 
it has been. I feel deeply her defects. 
But, in the language of Cowper, I can 
say to her, — 

"Yet, being free, I love thee ; for the sake 
Of that one feature can be well content, 
Disgraced as thou hast been, poor as thou art, 
To seek no sublunary rest beside." 

Our country is free; this is its glory. 
How deeply to be lamented is it that 
this glory is obscured by the presence of 
slavery in any part of our territory! 
The distant foreigner, to whom America 
is a point, and who communicates the 
taint of a part to the whole, hears with 
derision our boast of liberty, and points 
with a sneer to our ministers in London 
not ashamed to plead the rights of slavery 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



learn that America, which shrinks in his 
mind into a narrow unity, is a league of 
sovereignties stretching from the Bay of 
Fundy to the Gulf of Mexico, and des- 
tined, unless disunited, to spread from 
ocean to ocean; that a great majority of 
its citizens hold no slaves; that a vast 
proportion of its wealth, commerce, 
manufactures, and arts, belong to the 
wide regon not blighted by this evil ; 
that we of the free States cannot touch 
slavery, where it exists, with one of our 
fingers; that it exists without and against 
our will ; and that our necessity is not our 
choice and crime. Still, the cloud hangs 
over us as a people, the only dark and 
menacing cloud. Can it not be dis- 
persed? Will not the South, so alive to 
honor, so ardent and fearless, and con- 
taining so many elements of greatness, 
resolve on the destruction of what does 
not profit, and cannot but degrade it? 
Must slavery still continue to exist, a 
fire-brand at home, and our shame 
abroad? Can we of the free States 
brook that it should be thrust perpet- 
ually by our diplomacy on the notice of 
a reproving world? that it should be- 
come our distinction among nations? 
that it should place us behind all? Can 
we endure that it should control our 
public councils, that it should threaten 
war, should threaten to assert its claims 
in the thunder of our artillery? Can we 
endure that our peace should be broken, 
our country exposed to invasion, our 
cities stormed, our fields ravaged, our 
prosperity withered, our progress ar- 
rested, our sons slain, our homes turned 
into deserts, not for rights, not for liberty, 
not for a cause which humanity smiles 
on and God will bless, but to rivet chains 
on fellow-creatures, to extend the law of 



before the civilized world. He ought to I slavery throughout the earth? 



**3- 



These 

! 



4'r* 



are great questions for the free States. 
The duties of the free States in relation 
to slavery deserve the most serious re- 
gard. Let us implore Him who was 
the God of our fathers, and who has 
shielded us in so many perils, to open 
our minds and hearts to what is true and 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 139 

just and good, to continue our union at 
home and our peace abroad, and to make 
our country a living witness to the bless- 
ings of freedom, of reverence for right 
on our own shores, and in our intercourse 
with all nations. 



-<£&$$- 



ABOLITIONISTS AND ABOLITIONISM. 



WM. LOYD GARRISON, 1S42. 




NE thing I know full 



well. 
Calumniated, abhorred, perse- 
cuted as the abolitionists have 
been, they constitute the body- 
guard of the slaveholders, not to 
strengthen their oppression, but to 
shield them from the vengeance of their 
slaves. 

Instead of seeking their destruction 
abolitionists are endeavoring to save 
them from midnight conflagration ?nd 
sudden death, by beseeching them to re- 
move the cause of insurrection; and by 
holding out to their slaves the hope of a 
peaceful deliverance. We do not desire 
that any should perish. Having a con- 
science void of offence in this matter, 
and cherishing a love for our race which 
is "without partiality and without hypoc- 
risy," no impe-dchment of our motives, 
or assault upon our characters, can disturb 
the serenity of our minds; nor can any 
threats of violence or prospect of suffer- 
ing, deter us from our purpose. That 
we manifest a bad spirit, is not to be 
decided on the testimony of the Southern 
slave-driver, or his Northern apologist. 
That our philanthropy is exclusive, in 



favor of but one party, is not proved by 
our denouncing the oppressor, and sym- 
pathizing with his victim. That we are 
seeking popularity, is not apparent from 
our advocating an odious and unpopular 
cause, and vindicating, at the loss of our 
reputation, the rights of a people who 
are reckoned among the offscouring of 
all things. That our motives are not 
disinterested, they who swim with the 
popular current, and partake of the gains 
of unrighteousness, and plunder the 
laborers of their wages, are not com- 
petent to determine. That our lan- 
guage is uncharitable and unchristian, 
they who revile us as madmen, fanatics, 
incendiaries, traitors, cut-throats, etc., 
etc., cannot be allowed to testify. That 
our measures are violent, is not demon- 
strated by the fact that we wield no 
physical weapons, pledge ourselves not 
to countenance insurrection, and present 
the peaceful front of non-resistance to 
those who put our lives in peril. That 
our object is chimerical or unrighteous, 
is not substantiated by the fact of its being 
commended by Almighty God, and sup- 
ported by his omnipotence, as well as 



HB- 



4- 



■**■ 



140 



LIBERTY AND UNION, 



approved by the wise and good in every 
age, and in all countries. If the charge, 
so often brought against us, be true, that 
our temper is rancorous and our spirit 
turbulent, how has it happened that, 
during io long a conflict with slavery, 
not a single instance can be found in 
which an abolitionist has committed a 
breach of the peace, or violated any law 
of his country? If it be true that we 
are not actuated by the highest principles 
rectitude, nor governed by the spirit of 
forbearance, I ask, once more, how it 
has come to pass, that when our meet- 
ings have been repeatedly broken up by 
lawless men, our property burnt in the 
streets, our dwellings sacked, our persons 
brutally assailed, and our lives put in 
imminent peril, we have refused to lift a 
finger in self-defence, or to maintain our 
rights in the spirit of worldly patriotism. 

Will it be retorted, that we dare not 
resist — that we are cowards? Cowards? 
no man believes it. They are dastards 
who maintain might makes right; whose 
arguments are brickbats and rotten eggs; 
whose weapons are dirks and bowie- 
knives; and whose code of justice is lynch 
law. A love of liberty, instead of un- 
nerving men, makes them intrepid, 
heroic, invincible. It was so at Ther- 
mopylae — it was so on Bunker Hill. 

Who so tranquil, who so little agi- 
tated, in storm or sunshine, as the aboli- 
tionists? But what consternation, what 
running to and fro like men at their wits' 
end, what trepidation, what anguish of 



spirit, on the part of their enemies! How 
Southern slavemongers quake and trem- 
ble at the faintest whispering of an aboli- 
tionist! For, truly, "The thief doth 
fear each bush an officer." Oh! the 
great poet of nature is right — 

"Thrice is he armed who hath his quarrel just — 
And he but naked, though locked up in steel, 
Whose conscience with injustice is corrupt!" 

A greater than Shakespeare certifies 
the "wicked flee when no man pursueth; 
but the righteous are bold as a lion.'" 
In this great contest of right against 
wrong, of liberty against slavery, who 
are the wicked, if they be not those who, 
like vultures and vampires, are gorging 
themselves with human blood? if they 
be not the plunderers of the poor, the 
spoilers of the defenceless, the traffickers 
in "slaves, and the souls of men?" Who 
are the cowards, if not those who shrink 
from manly argumentation, the light of 
truth, the concussion of mind, and a fair 
field? if not those whose prowess, stimu- 
lated by whiskey potations or the spirit 
of murder, grows rampant as the dark- 
ness of night approaches; whose shouts 
and yells are savage and fiend-like; who 
furiously exclaim: "Down with the free 
discussion! down with the liberty of the 
press! down with the right of petitions! 
down with constitutional law! who rifle 
mailbags, throw types and printing presses 
into the river, burn public halls dedicated 
to "virtue, liberty, and independence,' 
and assassinate the defenders of inalien- 
able human rights? 



■m^m^m- 



->■♦< >}- 



-*■ 



*H 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



I 4 I 



THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENT 



WENDEBL PHILLIPS. 




O matter where you meet a dozen 
earnest men pledged to a new 
^ idea, — wherever you have met 
them, you have met the beginning 
of a revolution. Revolutions are not 
made; they come. A revolution is as 
natural a growth as an oak. It comes 
out of the past. Its foundations are laid 
far back. The child feels; he grows into 
a man, and thinks; another, perhaps, 
speaks, and the world acts out the 
thought. And this is the history of mod- 
ern society. Men undervalue the Anti- 
slavery movement, because they imagine 
you can always put your finger on some 
illustrious moment in history, and say, 
Here commenced the great change which 
has come over the nation. Not so. The 
beginning of great changes is like the 
rise of the Mississippi. A child must 
stoop and gather away the pebbles to 
find it. But soon it swells broader and 
broader, bears on its ample bosom the 
navies of a mighty republic, fills the Gulf, 
and divides a continent. 

I remember a story of Napoleon which 
illustrates my meaning. We are apt to 
trace his control of France to some noted 
victory, to the time when he camped in 
the Tuilieries, or when he dissolved the 
Assembly by the stamp of his foot. He 
reigned in fact when his hand was first 
felt on the helm of the vessel of state, 



and that was far back of the time when 
he had conquered in Italy, or his name 
had been echoed over two continents. It 
was on the day when five hundred irres- 
olute men were met in that Assembly 
which called itself, and pretended to be, 
the government of France. They heard 
that the mob of Paris was coming the 
next morning, thirty thousand strong, to 
turn them, as was usual in those days, out 
of doors. And where did this seemingly 
* great power go for its support and ref- 
uge? They sent Tallien to seek out a 
boy-lieutenant, — the shadow of an offi- 
cer, — so thin and pallid that, when he 
was placed on the stand before them, the 
President of the Assembly, fearful, if the 
fate of France rested on the shrunken 
form, the ashy cheek before him, that all 
hope was gone, asked, "Young man, can 
you protect the Assembly ? " And the 
stern lips of the Corsican boy parted only 
to reply, U I always do what I under- 
take!" Then and there Napoleon as- 
cended his throne ; and the next day, from 
the steps of St. Roche, thundered forth 
the cannon which taught the mob of 
Paris, for the first time, that it had a 
master. That was the commencement of 
the Empire. So the Anti-slavery move- 
ment commenced unheeded in that "ob- 
scure hole " which Mayor Otis could not 
find, occupied by a printer and a black boy. 



-*fe 



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harper's ferry, 1859. 



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LIBERTY AND ''A'/OX. 1 43 


J ' 






HOW OLD BROWN TOOK HARPER'S FERRY. 






EDMUND CLAR] 


:\cj; STEDMAN. 






CJg 


|gg||pOHN BROWN in Kansas settled like 


Drove him cruelly, for their sport, and at last 






1 


jj,.|r a steadfast Yankee farmer, 
pjjjipr Brave and godly, with four sons, all 


blew out his brains; 

Then Old Brown, 






i 
1 


&y ,v ^ stalwart men of might. 


Ossawatomie Brown, 






\Sf There he spoke aloud for freedom, and 


Raised his right hand up to Heaven, calling 






p* the Border strife grew warmer, 


Heaven's vengeance down. 






1 


*> Till the Rangers fired his dwelling, in the 
night; 

And Old Brown, 
* Ossawatomie Brown, 


And he swore a fearful oath, by the name of the 
Almighty, 
lie would hunt this ravening evil that had 






Came homeward in the morning — to find his 
house burned down. 


scathed and torn him so; 
lie would seize it by the vitals; he would crush 
it day and night ; he 






Then he grasped his trusty rifle and boldly 


Would so pursue its footsteps, so return it 






fought for freedom ; 


blow for blow, 






Smote from border unto border the fierce, in- 


That Old Brown, 






vading band ; 


Ossawatomie Brown, 






And he and his brave boys vowed — so might 


Should be a name to swear by, in backwoods or 






Heaven help and speed 'em! — 


in town ! 






They would save those grand old prairies from 
the curse that blights the land ; 
And Old Brown, 
Ossawatomie Brown, 
Said, "Boys, the Lord will aid us!" and he 
shoved his ramrod down. 


Then his beard became more grizzled, and his 
wild blue eye grew wilder, 
And more sharply curved his hawk's-nose, 
snuffing battle from afar; 

And he and the two boys left, though the Kan- 
sas strife waxed milder, 






And the Lord did aid these men, and they la- 


Grew more sullen, till 'twas over the bloody 






bored day and even, 


Border War, 






Saving Kansas from its peril; and their very 


That Old Brown, 






lives seemed charmed, 


Ossawatomie Brown, 






Till the ruffians killed one son, in the blessed 


I lad gone crazy, as they reckoned by his fearful 






light of Heaven — 


glare and frown. 






In cold blood the fellows slew him, as he jour- 








neyed, all unarmed; 


So he left the plains of Kansas and their bitter 






Then Old Brown, 


woes behind him, 






Ossawatomie Brown, 


Slipt off into Virginia, where the statesmen 






Shed not a tear, but shut his teeth, and frowned 


all are born, 






a terrible frown ! 


Hired a farm by Harper's Ferry, and no one 
knew where to find him, 






Then they seized another brave boy, — not amid 


Or whether he'd turned parson, or was jacket- 






the heat of battle, 


ed and shorn ; 






But in peace, behind his ploughshare, — and 


For Old Brown, 






they loaded him with chains, 


Ossawatomie Brown, 






And with pikes, before their horses, even as 


Mad as he was, knew texts enough to wear a 




.-., 


they goad their cattle, 
1— .- 


parson's gown. 


iH 


- 


T 






. 



*&. 



4P 



I44 



L1BERTT AND UNION. 



He bought no ploughs and harrows, spades and 
shovels, and such trifles ; 
But quietly to his ranche there came, by »- very 
train, 
Boxes full of pikes and pistols, and his well-be- 
loved Sharp's rifles ; 
And eighteen other madmen joined their 
leader there again. 

Says Old Brown, 
Ossawatomie Brown, 
"Boys, we've got an army large enough to 
march and take the town ! 

"Take the town, and seize the muskets, free the 
negroes and then arm them ; 
Carry the county and the State, ay, and all 
the potent South. 
On. their own heads be the slaughter, if their 
victims rise to harm them — 
These Virginians! who believed not, nor 
Avould heed the warning mouth." 
Says Old Brown, 
Ossawatomie Brown, 
"The world shall see a Republic, or my name 
is not John Brown." 

: T was the sixteenth of October, on the evening 
of a Sunday: 
"This good work," declared the captain, 
"shall be on a holy night!" 
It was on a Sunday evening, and before the 
noon of Monday, 
With two sons, and Captain Stephens, fifteen 
privates — black and white, 
Captain Brown, 
Ossawatomie Brown, 
Marched across the bridged Potomac, and 
knocked the sentry down • 

Took the guarded armory-building, and the 
muskets and the cannon ; 
Captured all the county majors and the colo- 
nels, one by one; 
Scared to death each gallant scion of Virginia 
they ran on, 
And before the noon of Monday, I say, the 
deed was done. 

Mad Old Brown, 
Ossawatomie Brown, 
With his eighteen other crazy men, went in and 
took the town, 

Very little noise and bluster, little smell of 
powder made he; 



It was all done in the midnight, like the Em- 
peror's coup oV etat. 
"Cut the wires ! Stop the rail-cars ! Hold the 
streets and bridges!" said he, 
Then declared the new Republic, with him- 
self for guiding star — 

This Old Brown, 
Ossawatomie Brown ; 
And the bold two thousand citizens ran off and 
left the town. 

Then was riding and railroading and expressing 
here and thither ; 
And the Martinsburg Sharpshooters and the 
Charlestown volunteers, 
And the Shepherdstown and Winchester Militia 
hastened whither 
Old Brown was said to muster his ten thou- 
sand grenadiers. 

Genei-al Brown ! 
Ossawatomie Brown ! 
Behind whose rampant banner all the North was 
pouring down. 

But at last, 't is said, some prisoners escaped 
from Old Brown's durance, 
And the effervescent valor of the chivalry 
broke out, 
When they learned that nineteen madmen had 
the marvelous assurance — 
Only nineteen — thus to seize the place and 
drive them straight about ; 
And Old Brown, 
Ossawatomie Brown, 
Found an army come to take him, encamped 
around the town. 

But to storm, with all the forces I have men- 
tioned, was too risky ; 
So they hurried off to Richmond for the Gov- 
ernment Marines, 
Tore them from their weeping matrons, fired 
their souls with Bourbon whiskey, 
Till they battered down Brown's castle with 
their ladders and machines ; 
And Old Brown, 
Ossawatomie Brown, 
Received three bayonet stabs, and a cut on his 
brave old crown. 

Tally ho ! the old Virginia gentry gather to the 
baying ! 
In they rushed and killed the game, shooting 
lustily away ; 



■sh- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



H5 



And whene'er they slew a rebel, those who came 
too late for slaying, 
Not to lose a share of glory, fired their bullets 
in his clay ; 

And Old Brown, 
Ossawatomie Brown, 
Saw his sons fall dead beside him, and between 
them laid him down. 

How the conquerors wore their laurels; how 
they hastened on the trial ; 
How Old Brown was placed, half dying, on 
the Charlestown court-house floor; 
How he spoke his grand oration, in the scorn of 
all denial ; 
What the brave old madman told them, these 
are known the country o'er. 



"Hang Old Brown, 
Ossawatomie Brown," 
Said the judge, "and all such rebels!" with his 
most judicial frown. 

But, Virginians, don't do it ! for I tell you that 
the flagon, 
Filled with blood of Old Brown's offspring, 
was first poured by Southern hands; 
And each drop from Old Brown's life- veins, 
like the red gore of the dragon, 
May spring up a vengeful Fury, hissing 
through your slave-worn lands! 
And Old Brown, 
Ossawatomie Brown, 
May trouble you more than ever when you've 
nailed his coffin down ! 



■4. -$!■&!»- ¥■ 

PERRY'S VICTORY ON LAKE ERIE. 



JAMES GATES PERCIVAL. 




!^~ RIGHT was the morn, — the wave- 
less bay 
Shone like a mirror to the sun ; 
'Mid greenwood shades and meadows 

gay, 

The matin birds their lays begun : 
While swelling o'er the gloomy wood 

Was heard the faintly-echoed roar, — 

The dashing of the foaming flood, 

That beat on Erie's distant shore. 

The tawny wanderer of the wild 
Paddled his painted birch canoe, 
And, where the wave serenely smiled, 
Swift as the darting falcon, flew; 
He rowed along that peaceful bay, 
And glanced its polished surface o'er, 
Listening the billow far away 
That rolled on Erie's lonely shore. 

What sounds awake my slumbering ear? 

What echoes o'er the waters come? 

It is the morning gun I hear, 

The rolling of the distant drum. 

Far o'er the bright illumined wave 

I mark the flash,— I hear the roar, 

That calls from sleep the slumbering brave, 

To fight on Erie's lonely shore. 

See how the starry banner floats, 
And sparkles in the morning ray : 
While sweetly swell the fife's gay notes 



In echoes o'er the gleaming bay : 
Flash follows flash, as through yon fleet 
Columbia's cannons loudly roar, 
And valiant tars the battle greet, 
That storms on Erie's echoing shore. 

O, who can tell what deeds were done, 
When Britain's cross, on yonder wave, 
Sunk 'neath Columbia's dazzling sun, 
And met in Erie's flood its grave? 
Who tell the triumph of that day, 
When, smiling at the cannon's roar, 
Our hero, 'mid the bloody fray, 
Conquered on Erie's echoing shore. 

Though many a wounded bosom bleeds 
For sire, for son, for lover dear, 
Yet sorrow smiles amid her weeds, — 
Affliction dries her tender tear; 
Oh! she exclaims, with glowing pride, 
With ardent thoughts that wildly soar, 
My sire, my son, my lover died, 
Conquering on Erie's bloody shore. 

Long shall that country bless that day, 
When soared our Eagle to the skies; 
Long, long in triumph's bright array, 
That victory shall proudly rise: 
And when our country's lights are gone, 
And all its proudest days are o'er. 
How will her fading courage dawn, 
To think on Erie's bloody shore. 



-*-* 



*■&■ 



146 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



DEFENCE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



HENRY WILSON. 




ASSACHUSETTS, in her 

heart of hearts, loves liberty 
— loathes slavery. I glory in 
^" her sentiments; for the heart of 
:&&*' our common humanity is throb- 
*|k bing in sympathy with her opin- 
ions. But she is not unmindful of her 
constitutional duties, of her obligations to 
the Union, and to her sister States. Up 
to the verge of constitutional power she 
will go in maintenance of her cherished 
convictions; but she has not shrunk and 
she does not mean to shrink, from the 
performance of her obligations as a mem- 
ber of this Confederation of constellated 
States. She has never sought, she does 
not seek, to encroach, by her own acts or 
by the action of the Federal Government, 
upon the constitutional rights of her sister 
States. Jealous of her own rights, she 
will respect the rights of others. Claim- 
ing the power to control her own do- 
mestic policy, she freely accords that 
power to her sister States. Conceding 
the rights of others, she demands her 
own. Loyal to the Union, she demands 
loyalty in others. Here, and now, I de- 
mand of her accusers that they file their 
bill of specifications, and produce the 
proofs of their allegations, or forever hold 
their peace. 

In other days, when Adams, Webster, 
Davis, Everett, dishing, Choate, Win- 
throp, Mann, Rantoul, and their associ- 
ates graced these chambers, Massachu- 
setts was then, as she is now, the object 



of animadversion and assault. I have 
sometimes thought, Mr. President, that 
these continual assaults upon the 
Commonwealth of Massachusetts were 
prompted — not by her faults, but by her 
virtues rather — not by the sense of justice, 
but by the spirit of envy and jealousy 
and uncharitableness. Unawed, how- 
ever, by censure or menace, she continues 
in her course, upward and onward, to the 
accomplishment of her high destinies. 
She is but a speck, a mere patch on the 
surface of America, hardly more than 
one four-hundredth part of the territory 
of the Republic, with a rugged soil and 
still more rugged clime. But on that 
little spot of the globe is a Common- 
wealth where common consent is recog- 
nized as the only just basis of funda- 
mental law, and personal freedom is 
secured in its completest individuality. 
In that commonwealth are one and a 
quarter million of freemen, with skilled 
hand and cultivated brain, — with me- 
chanic arts and manufactures on every 
streamlet, and commerce on the waves of 
all seas — with institutions of moral and 
mental culture open to all, and art, sci- 
ence, and literature illustrated by glorious 
names — with benevolent institutions for 
the sons and daughters of misfortune and 
poverty, and charities for humanity, the 
wide world over. The heart, the soul, 
the reason of Massachusetts send up un- 
ceasing aspirations for the unity, indivisi- 
bility, and perpetuity of the North 



American Republic; but if it shall be 
rent, torn, dissevered, she will not lose 
her faith in God and humanity, she will 
not go down with the falling- fortunes of 
her country without making: a stru«;«-le 
to preserve and perpetuate free institu- 



LIBERT1' AND UNION. 147 

tions. So long: as the ocean shall roll at 



her feet, so long - as God shall send her 
health-giving breezes, and sunshine and 
rain, she will endeavor to illustrate, in 
the future as in the past, the daily beauty 
of freedom secured and protected by law. 



^m 



-> 'vi<o1[t 



& 



AMERICAN LITERATURE AND THE UNION. 



RUFUS CHOATE. 




N leaving this subject, I cannot 
help suggesting, at the hazard 
r (f of being thought whimsical, 
that a literature of such writings as 
these, embodying the romance of 
the whole revolutionary and 
ante-revolutionary history of the United 
States, might do something to per- 
petuate the Union itself. The influ- 
ence of a rich literature of passion and 
fancy upon society must not be denied 
merely because you cannot measure it 
by the vard, or detect it by the barometer. 
Poems and romances which shall be read 
in every parlor, by every fireside, in every 
schoolhouse, behind every counter, in 
every printing office, in every lawyer's 
office, at every weekly evening club, in 
all the States of this Confederacy, must 
do something, along with more palpable, 
if not more powerful agents, toward 
moulding and fixing that final, grand, 
complex result, — the national character. 
A keen, well-instructed judge of such 
things said, if he might write the ballads 
of a j^eople, he cared little who made its 
laws. Let me say, if a hundred men of 
genius would extract such a body of ro- 
mantic literature from our early history 



as Scott has extracted from the history of 
England and Scotland, and as Homer 
extracted from that of Greece, it perhaps 
would not be so alarming if demagogues 
should preach, or governors practice, or 
executives tolerate nullification. Such a 
literature would be a common property 
of all the States, — a treasure of com- 
mon ancestral recollections, — more noble 
and richer than our thousand million 
acres of public land; and, unlike that 
land, it would be indivisible. It would 
be as the opening of a great fountain for 
the healing of the nations. It would turn 
back our thoughts from these recent and 
overrated diversities of interest, — these 
controversies about negro-cloth, coarse- 
wooled sheep, and cotton bagging, — to 
the day when our fathers walked hand 
in hand together through the valley of 
the Shadow of Death in the War of In- 
dependence. Reminded of our fathers, 
we should remember that we are breth- 
ren. The exclusiveness of State pride, — 
the narrow selfishness of a mere local 
policy, and the small jealousies of vulgar 
minds, would be merged in an expanded, 
comprehensive, constitutional sentiment 
of old family, fraternal regard. It would 



t 



1 4$ 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



re-assemble, as it were, the people of 
America in one vast congregation. It 
would rehearse in their hearing all things 
which God had done for them in the old 
time; it would proclaim the law once 



more; and then it would bid them join 
in that grandest and most affecting solem- 
nity, — a national anthem of thanksgiving 
for the deliverance, of honor for the dead, 
of proud prediction for the future ! 



BURIAL OF JOHN BROWN. 



WENDELL PHILLIPS. 



North Elba, N. T., December 8, i8$g. 




OW feeble words seem here! 
How can I hope to utter what 
your hearts are full of? I fear 
to disturb the harmony which his life 
breathes round his home. One and 
another of you, his neighbors say, 
" I have known him five years ;" " I have 
known him ten years." It seems to me 
as if we had none of us known him. 
How our admiring, loving wonder has 
grown, day by day, as he has unfolded 
trait after trait of earnest, brave, tender, 
Christian life! We see him walking 
with radiant, serene face to the scaffold, 
and think what an iron heart, what de- 
voted faith! We take up his letters be- 
ginning : " My dear wife and children, 
every one," — see him stoop on his way 
to the scaffold and kiss that negro child 
— and this iron heart seems all tenderness. 
Marvelous old man! We have hardly 
said it when the loved forms of his sons, 
in the bloom of young devotion, encircle 
him, and we remember he is not alone, 
only the majestic center of a group. Your 
neighbor farmer went, surrounded by his 
household, to tell the slaves there were 
still hearts and right arms ready and 
nerved for their service. From this roof 



four, from a neighboring roof two, to 
make up that score of heroes. How 
resolute each looked into the face of Vir- 
ginia, how loyally each stood at his for- 
lorn post, meeting death cheerfully, till 
that master- voice said, "It is enough." 
And these weeping children and widow 
seem so lifted up and consecrated by 
long, single-hearted devotion to his great 
purpose, that we dare, even at this mo- 
ment, to remind them how blessed they 
are in the privilege of thinking that in 
the last throbs of those brave young 
hearts, which lie buried on the banks of 
the Shenandoah, thoughts of them 
mingled with love to God and hope for 
the slave. 

He has abolished slavery in Virginia. 
You may say this is too much. Our 
neighbors are the last men we know. 
The hours that pass us are the ones we 
appreciate the least. Men walked Bos- 
ton streets when night fell on Bunker's 
Hill, and pitied Warren, saying, " Fool- 
ish man! Thrown away his life! Why 
didn't he measuie his means better?" 
Now we see him standing colossal on 
that blood-stained sod, and severing that 
day the tie which bound Boston to Great 



«■& 



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LIBERTV A 

Britain. That night George III. ceased 
to rule in New England. History will 
date Virginian emancipation from Har- 
per's Ferry. True, the slave is still 
there. vSo, when the tempest uproots a 
pine on your hills, it looks green for 
months, — a year or two. Still, it is tim- 
ber, not a tree. John Brown has loos- 
ened the roots of the slave system ; it only 
breathes — it does not live — -hereafter. 

Men say, " How coolly brave!" But 
matchless courage seems the least of his 
merits. How o-eritleness graced it! 
When the frightened town wished to 
bear off the body of the mayor, a man 
said, " I will go, Miss Fovvke, under their 
rifles, if you will stand between them 
and me!" He knew he could trust their 
gentle respect for a woman. He was 
right. He went into the thick of the 
fight, and bore off the body in safety. 
That same girl flung herself between ; 
Virginia rifles and your brave young 
Thompson. Thev had no pitv. The 
pitiless bullet reached him, spite of the 
woman's prayers, though the fight had ! 
long been over. How God has blessed i 
him! How truly he may say, "I have 
fought a good fight, I have finished my 
course." Truly he has finished — done 
his work. God granted him the privi- 
lege to look on his work accomplished. 
He said, " I will show the South that 
twenty men can take possession of a | 
town, hold it twenty-four hours, and car- 
ry away all the slaves who wish to 
escape." Did he not do it? On Mon- 
day night he stood master of Harper's 
Ferry — could have left unchecked with 
a score or a hundred slaves. The wide 
sympathy and secret approval are shown 
by the eager, quivering lips of lovers of 
slavery, asking, "Oh! why did he not 
take his victory and go awav ?" 



ND UNION. i_j.q. 

Who checked him at last ? Not startled 
Virginia. Her he had conquered. The 
Union crushed — seemed to crush him. 
In reality God said, " That work is done; 
you have proved that a slave State is only 
fear in the mask of despotism; come up 
higher, and baptize by your martyrdom 
a million hearts into holier life." Surely 
such a life is no failure. How vast the 
change in men's hearts ! Insurrection was 
a harsh, horrid word to millions a month 
ago. John Brown went a whole genera- 
tion beyond it, claiming the right for 
white men to help the slaves to freedom 
by arms. And now men run up and 
down, not disputing his principle, but 
trying to frame excuses for Virginia's 
hanging so pure, honest, high-hearted, 
and heroic a man. Virginia stands at 
the bar of the civilized world on trial. 
Round her victim crowd the apostles 
and martyrs, all the brave, high souls 
who have said, " God is God," and trod- 
den wicked laws under their feet. 

As I stood looking at his grandfather's 
gravestone, brought here from Connecti- 
cut, telling as it does, of his death in the 
revolution, I thought I could hear our 
hero-saint saying, " My fathers gave their 
sword to the oppressor — the slave still 
sinks before the pledged force of this 
nation. I give my sword to the slave 
my fathers forgot." 

If any swords ever reflected the smile 
of Heaven, surely it was those drawn at 
Harper's Ferry. If our God is ever the 
Lord of hosts, making one man chase a 
thousand, surely that little band might 
claim him for their captain. Harper's 
Ferry was no single hour, standing alone 
— taken out from a common life — it was 
the flowering out of fifty years of single- 
hearted devotion. He must have lived 
wholly for one great idea, when those 



4 



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LIBERTT AND UNION. 



who owe their being to him, and those 
whom love has joined to the circle, group 
so harmoniously around him, each accept- 
ing serenely his and her part. 

I feel honored to stand under such a 
roof. Hereafter you will tell children 
standing at your knee, " I saw John 
Brown buried — I sat under his roof." 
Thank God for such a master. Could 
we have asked a nobler representative of 
the Christian North putting her foot on 
the accursed system of Slavery ? As time 
passes, and these hours float back into 
history, men will see against the clear 
December sky that gallows, and round it 
thousands of armed men guarding Vir- 
ginia from her slaves! On the other 
side, the serene brow of that calm old 
man, as he stoops to kiss the child of a 
forlorn race. Thank God for our em- 
blem. May he soon bring Virginia to 
blot out hers in repentant shame, and 
cover that hateful gallows and soldiery 
with thousands of broken fetters. 

What lessons shall those lips teach us! 
Before that still, calm brow let us take a 
new baptism. How can we stand here 
without a fresh and utter consecration? 
These tears! how shall we dare even to 
offer consolation ? Only lips fresh from 
such a vow have the right to mingle 
their words with your tears. We envy 
you your nearer place to these martyred 



children of God. I do not believe slavery 
will go down in blood. Ours is the age 
of thought. Hearts are stronger than 
swords. The last fortnight! How sub- 
lime its lesson! the Christian one of con- 
science — of truth. Virginia is weak, 
because each man's heart said Amen to 
John Brown. His words — thev are 
stronger even than his rifles. These 
crushed a State. Those have changed 
the thoughts of millions, and will yet 
crush slavery. Men said, " Would he 
had died in arms!" God ordered better, 
and granted to him and the slave those 
noble prison hours- — that single hour of 
death; granted him a higher than a sol- 
dier's place, that of teacher; the echoes 
of his rifles have died away in the hills 
^ — a million of hearts guard his words. 
God bless this roof — make it bless us. 
We dare not say bless you, children of 
this home ! you stand nearer to one whose 
lips God touched, and we rather bend 
for your blessing. God make us all 
worthier of him whose dust we lav among 
these hills he loved. Here he girded 
himself, and went forth to battle. Fuller 
success than his heart ever dreamed, God 
granted him. He sleeps in the blessings of 
the crushed and the poor, and men believe 
more firmly in virtue, now that such a man 
has lived. Standing here, let us thank 
God for a firmer faith and fuller hope. 




+0" 



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(^•MIlBteBfe^b 
SW(^~Y 7 7 7 7 7 r 



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4. 



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*5- 



LIBERT 2' AND UNION. 




af ■ — 



OliClW^ ID 












OU, young heroes! your coun- 
try is calling ! 
Time strikes the hour for the 
brave and the true ! 
Now while the foremost are fghting 
and falling, 
Fill up the ra?zhs that have opened 
for you ! 

You, whom the fathers made free and 
defended, 
Stain not the scroll that emblazons 
their fame! 



You whose fair heritage spotless de- 
scended, 
Leave not your childre?z a birthright 
of shame! 

Stay not for questions while freedom 
stands gasping, 
Wait not till Honor lies wrapped it.', 
his pall! 
Brief the lip^s meeting be, swift the 
hand^s clasping ! 
"Off for the wars" is enough for 
them all ! 



42. 



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LIBERTT AND UNION- 



53 





W& 




FLAG OF THE CONSTELLATION 



CROSBY. 




HE stars of morn, 

On our banner borne, 
With the iris of Heaven are blended, 
The hand of our sires 
First mingled those fires, 
And by us they shall be defended ! 
Then hail the true 
Red, White and Blue, 
The flag of the Constellation ! 
It sails as it sailed, 
By our forefathers hailed, 
O'er battles that made us a nation. 

Chorus. 

Then hail the true 

Red, White and Blue, 
The flag of the Constellation ! 

It sails as it sailed, 

By our forefathers hailed, 
O'er battles that made us a nation. 

What hand so bold 

As strike from its fold 
One star or one stripe of its brightening ? 

For him be those stars 

Each a fiery Mars, 
And each stripe be as terrible lightning ! 

Then hail the true 

Red, White and Blue, 
The flag of the Constellation, 

It sails as it sailed, 



By our forefathers hailed, 
O'er battles that made us a nation. 

Chorus. 

Its meteor form 

Shall ride the storm 
Till the fiercest of foes shall surrender; 

The storm gone by, 

It shall gild the sky ! 
A rainbow of peace and of splendor ! 

Then hail the true 

Red, White and Blue, 
The flag of our Constellation ! 

It sails as it sailed 

By our forefathers hailed, 
O'er battles that made us a nation . 

Chorus. 

Peace to the world 

Is our motto unfurled, 
Tho' we shun not the field that is gory; 

At home or abroad, 

Fearing none but our God, 
We will carve our own pathway to glory! 

Then hail the true 

Red, White and Blue, 
The flag of the Constellation ! 

It sails as it sails, 

By our forefathers hailed, 
O'er battles that made us a nation. 

Chorus. 



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LIBERTT AND UNION. 



STARS OF MY COUNTRY'S SKIES. 



MRS. L. H. SIGOURNEY, i860. 




RE ye all there ? Are ye all there? 
Stars of my country's sky ; 
*^%\ Are ye all there? Are ye all there, 
In your shining homes on high?" 

"Count us!" "Count us!" was their 
answer, 
As they dazzled on my view, 

In glorious perihelion, 
Amid their fields of blue. 

" I cannot count ye rightly, 

There's a cloud with sable rim ; 
I cannot make your number out, 

For my eyes with tears are dim. 
O, bright and blessed Angel, 

On white wing floating by, 
Help me to count and not to miss 

One star in my country's sky.'* 



Then the Angel touch'd my eyelids, 

And touch'd the frowning cloud, 
And its sable rim departed, 

And it fled with murky shroud 
There was no missing Pleiad, 

'Mid all that sister race; 
The Southern Cross shone radiant forth, 

And the Pole Star kept its place. 

Then I knew it was the Angel, 

Who woke the hymning strain , 
That our dear Redeemer's birth, 

Flow'd out on Bethlehem's plain 
And still its echoing key-tone, 

My listening country held, 
For all her constellated stars 

The diapason swell'd. 



THE FLAG. 



REV, THOMAS HILL, D. D., l86l. 




V AIL ! all hail! to Columbia's flag, 
I* Flag of Liberty, Justice and Truth; 
*** She shall wave it forever and aye, 
Like an eagle renewing her youth. 

Then all hail to the Stars and the Stripes! 

To the flag of the brave and the free; 
And as long as the stars shall endure 

Shall it wave o'er the land and the 



The Pacific shall mirror its stars; 

With its stripes the Atlantic shall glow, 
From the Gulf to the Lakes shall it wave 

Over hill, plain, and valley below. 
Then all hail, etc. 



Neath the flag was our liberty born, 
And our nation to gre atness has grown ; 

For our banner on land and at sea 
Is the Star Spangled Banner alone 
Then all hail, etc. 

With its stripes is our history entwined, 
By its stars is our future illumed, 

He wno fails to defend it to-day 

To the fate of the traitor is doomed 
Then all hail, etc. 

When our fathers their freedom maintained 
The Almighty himself was their friend; 

And, whatever the foes that assail, 
May He us and our children defend. 
Then all hail, etc. 



JL 










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LIBERTY AND UNION. 155 








JONATHAN TO JOHN. 






JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 






Jan. t 


), 1862. 






6 


P^WH 


A, 


We own the ocean, tu, John : 








2. T don't seem hardly right, John, 






i 


ill (i 


f- When both my hands was full, 


You mus'n' take it hard, 






i 


PH 


t To stump me to a fight, John — 


Ef we can't think with you, John, 






1 


UfcT v Your cousin, tu, John Bull! 
\J Ole Uncle S, sez he, "I guess 
^. We know it now," sez he, 
"The lion's paw is all the law, 


It's jest your own back-yard. 

Ole Uncle S., says he, "I guess, 
Ef theVs his claim," sez he, 








"The fencin'-stuff '11 cost enough 






Accordhv to J. B., 


To bust up friend J. B., 






Thet's fit for you an' me !" 


Ez wal ez you an' me!" 






You wonder why we're hot, John ? 


Why talk so dreffle big, John, 






Your mark wuz on the guns, 


Of honor when it meant 






The neutral guns, thet shot, John, 


You didn't care a fig, John, 






Our brothers an' our sons : 


But jest for ten per cent.? 






Ole Uncle S. sez he, "I guess 


Ole Uncle S. sez he, "I guess 






There's human blood," sez he, 


He's like the rest," sez he: 






"By fits an' starts, in Yankee hearts, 


"When all is done, it's number one 






Though 't may surprise J. B. 


Thet's nearest to J. B., 






More'n it would you an' me." 


Ez wal as you an' me ! ' 






Ef / turned mad dogs loose, John, 


We give the critters back, John, 






On your front-parlor stairs, 


Cos Abram thought 't was right; 






Would it jest meet your views, John, 


It warn't your bullyin' clack, John, 






To wait and sue their heirs? 


Provokin' vis to fight. 






Ole Uncle S. sez he, "I guess, 


Ole Uncle S. sez he, "I guess 






I only guess," sez he, 


We've a hard row," sez he, 






"Thet ef Vattel on his toes fell, 


"To hoe jest now ; but thet somehow, 






'T would kind 0' rile J. B., 


May happen to J. B,, 






Ez wal ez you an' me!" 


Ez wal ez vou an' me!" 






Who made the law thet hurts, Jonn, 


We ain't so weak an' poor, John, 






Heads I win, — ditto tails? 


With twenty million people, 






"J. B." was on his shirts, John, 


An' close to every door, John, 






Onless my memory fails. 


A schoolhouse an' a steeple. 






Ole Uncle S. sez he, "I guess 


Ole Uncle S. sez he, "I guess 






(I'm good at thet) " sez he, 


It is a fact," sez he, 






"Thet sauce for goose ain't jest the juice 


"The surest plan to make a man 






For ganders with J. B., 


Is, think him so, J. B., 






No more than you or me !." 


Ez much ez you or me !" 






When your rights was our wrongs, John, 


Our folks believe in Law, John ; 






You didn't stop for fuss — 


An' it's for her sake, now, 






Brittany's trident prongs, John, 


They've left the ax an' saw, John, 






Was good 'nough law for us. 


The anvil an' the plough. 






Ole Uncle S. sez he, "I guess, 


Ole Uncle S. sez he, "I guess, 






Though physic's good," sez he, 


Ef 't warn't for law," sez he, 






"It doesn't foller that he can swaller 


"There'd be one shindy from here to Indy ; 






Prescriptions signed *J. 2?.,' 


An' thet don't suit J. B. 






Put up by you an' me!" 


(When 't ain't 'twixt you an' me!)" 






i., 


r 


~ 






t 










. 


, 



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ISO 



LIBERTT AND UNION 



We know we've got a cause, John, 

Thet's honest, just an' true; 
We thought 't would win applause, John, 
Ef nowheres else, from you. 
Ole Uncle S. sez he, "I guess 
His love of right," sez he, 
"Hangs by a rotten fiber o' cotton : 
There's natur' in J. B., 
Ez wal ez you an' me!" 

The South says, "Poor folks doxvn /" John, 

An', "All men tip!" say we — 
White, yaller, black, an' brown, John : 
Now which is your idee? 

Ole Uncle S. sez he, "I guess, 
John preaches wal," sez he ; 
"But, sermon thru, an' come to a?u, 
Why, there's the old J. B. 
A crowdin' vou an' me!" 



Shall it be love, or hate, John? 

It's you thet's to decide; 
Ain't your bonds held by Fate, John, 
Like all the world's beside? 
Ole Uncle S. sez he, "I guess 
Wise men forgive," sez he, 
"But not forget ; an' some time yet 
Thet truth may strike J. B., 
Ez wal ez you an' me !" 

God means to make this land, John 

Clear thru, from sea to sea, 
Believe an' understand, John, 
The -wuth o' bein' free. 

Ole Uncle S. sez he, " I guess, 
God's price is high," sez he ; 
"But nothin' else than wut He sells 
Wears long, an' thet, J. B. 
Mav larn, like vou an' mel" 



THE CUMBERLAND. 



HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 




|[T anchor in Hampton Roads we lay, 
On board of the Cumberland, sloop- 
of-war; [bay 

And at times from the fortress across the 
The alarum of drums swept past, 
Or a bugle blast 
From the camp on the shore. 

Then far away to the south uprose 

A little feather of snow-white smoke. 
And we knew that the iron ship of our foes 
Was steadily steering its course 
To try the force 
Of our ribs of oak. 

Down upon us heavily runs, 

Silent and sullen, the floating fort; 
Then comes a puff of smoke from her guns, 
And leaps the terrible death, 
With fiery breath, 
From each open port. 

We are not idle, but send her straight 

Defiance back in a full broadside ! 
As hail rebounds from a roof of slate, 
Rebounds our heavier hail 
From each iron scale 
Of the monster's hide. 



"Strike your flag!" the rebel cries, 
In his arrogant old plantation strain. 

"Never!" our gallant Morris replies; 
''It is better to sink than to vield!" 

And the whole air pealed 
With the cheers of our men. 

Then, like a kraken huge and black, 

She crushed our ribs in her iron grasp! 
Down went the Cumberland all a wreck, 
With a sudden shudder of death, 
And the cannon's breath 
For her dying gasp. 

Next morn, as the sun rose over the bay, 

Still floated our flag at the mainmast head. 
Lord, how beautiful was Thy day ! 
Every waft of the air 
Was a whisper of prayer, 
Or a dirge for the dead. 

Ho! brave hearts that went down in the seas! 

Ye are at peace in the troubled stream; 
Ho! brave land! with hearts like these, 
Thy flag, that is rent in twain, 
Shall be one again, 
And without a seam ! 






■63- 



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LIBERTY AND UNION. 



J 57 







THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICII. 




yVy HE increasing moonlight drifts 

across my bed, 

1 And on the churchyard by the 

road, I know 

It falls as -white and noiselessly as snow. 

' T zvas sztch a night two weary summers 

fed; 
The stars, as now zverc waning over- 
head. 
Listen ! Agai?z the shrill -lipped bugles 

blow 
Where the swift currents of tnc river 
flow 



Past Fredericksburg : far off" the heav- 
ens are red 

With sudden confag ration : on yon 
height, 

Linstock i)i hand, the gunners hold 
their breath : 

A signal-rocket pierces the dense night, 

Flings its spent stars upon the town be- 
neath : 

Hark ! — the artillery massing on the 
right, 

Hark ! — the black squadrons wheeling 
down to Death ! 



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LIBERTY AND UNION 
SONNET. 



RT. REV. A. C. COXE, D. D. 



On the Field of Antietam, Sept. 25, 1862. 




Oh, what 
Of 



S if with autumn's leaves the failing 
year 
Too soon these wasted hills had 

covered o'er, 
The soil is crimsoned; but, of hu- 
man gore 
nearer sight these deeper dyes ap- 
pear ! 
a dread Aceldama is here 
those the treach'rous steel that dared 
to draw, 



And those, asserting right, avenging law, 
Who nobly tell in duty's high career ! 
As lustrous amber meaner things contains, 
So glory's field embosoms foes unjust 
Who found a brotherhood foresworn in 
dust ; 
But the pure ichor from the patriot's veins, 

How hath it changed, in one triumphant 
day, 
Antietam's name unnamed, to fame's proud 
word for aye. 



THE AMERICAN ENSIGN. 



RT. REV. ARTHUR CLEVELAND COXE, D. D. 



It lias been of en objected t 
moral bcau'y. Other nations 
said, has no "such token in her 1 
is well-founded. At all events 

ten several years ago, which are here presei 
to say the least, our National colors are not 



Nation; 

display 
r. It d( 

has bee. 



ag of our country, that it is meaningless to the Christian, and without 
he Cross, and gloried in Christian emblems, but young- America, it is 
iOt seem to the author of the following stanzas, that such an objection 
ustomed to read its emblems with a Christian eye; and the verses, writ- 
are an attempt to express in rhyme the sacred associations with which, 
pable of being ennobled. 




from the ramart, how the fresh- 
ening breeze 
Flings out that flag of splendors, 
lv*J> where the Night 

Mingles with flaming Day's, its blazon- 
ries, 
And spreads its wavy azure, star-be- 
dight. 

Thy flag, my country! Let those colors toss 
O'er wave or held, o'er steadfast hearts they 
fly; 

But me delight memorials of the Cross, 
And thy diviner svmbols to descry. 

What though th' ignoble herd those tokens tell, 
Even as they tell of Heaven no star aright ! 

Forme, high meanings in their 'broidery dwell, 
And Christ's five wounds each star displays 
to sight. 

Let millions live beneath that flag enrolled; 

One shall they be, as heaven is one, above, 
While faith is theirs to read, in every fold, 

Signs of their God and of Redeeming Love. 



Thy name is there, oh, Thou of many scars, 
Whose many sons like stars shall ever shine; 

Thy name — oh, Star of all the Morning-stars! 
For many crowns, bright starry crowns are 
thine. 

And thine the crimson of that snowy field! 
Those bloody dyes, like scourging all be- 
spread, 
Tell of stripes by which we all are healed, 

And plows that plowed those furrows deep 
and red. 

Oft o'er the seaman's or the soldier's bier 

Droops that dear banner for his glittering 
pall, 
Where every star might seem an angel's tear, 
And every stripe Christ's mercy covering 
all. 

Or, streaming -wildly, from the lifted lance, 
'Mid strife and carnage if that flag be borne. 

Onward and upward, ever in advance, 

Rent, but unstooping — taintless all, though 
torn. 



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LIBERTY AND UNION. 



Still be it Mercy's ensign ! — even there 
As over ocean's Alps, or calmest bay, 

A sign of promise, opening everywhere 

For Truth and Peace, a free and glorious way. 



And by these tokens conquer! Let it fly 
For Christ a herald, over wave and field; 

His Stars they are who for mankind did die; 
1 1 is glorious Stripes,by which we all are healed. 



THE THREE ERAS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



J. IT. AI.LSCANDER, L.L. D., MARYLAND. 



^SAkUffl 




AS IT WAS 



IpORN to grow up rich and free, 
|s Suffering neither stint nor care, 
f»f Standing at their mother's knee, 
Who so happy as these are? 

AS IT IS. 
Did you never chance to see 

One young flushed and angry brother 



(" Cause he wouldn't let me be,") 
Pitching hot into the other ! 

AS IT SHALL BE. 

Every trace of childish passion 

From their brows, th^ mother wipes' 

As she smooths, in nightly fashion, 
Their coverlet of Stars and Stripes. 



■^^liteSx 



THE BLUE COAT OF THE SOLDIER. 



RT. REV. GEORGE BURGESS, D. D. 




^OU asked me, little one, why I bowed, 

Though never I passed the man 

before ? 

Because my heart was full and proud, 

When I saw the old blue coat he wore. 

The blue great coat, the sky blue 

coat, 
The old blue coat the soldier wore 

I knew not, I, what weapon he chose, 
What chief he followed, what badge he bore ; 

Enough that in the front of foes, 

His country's blue great coat he wore: 
The blue great coat, etc. 

Perhaps he was born in a forest hut, 
Perhaps he had danced on a palace floor: 

To want or wealth my eyes were shut, 
I only marked the coat he wore : 
The blue great coat, etc. 



It mattered not much if he drew his line 
From Shem, or Ham, in the days of yore; 

For surely he was a brother of mine, 
Who for my sake the war-coat wore : 
The blue great coat, etc. 

He might have no skill to read or write, 
Or he might be rich in learned lore; 

But I knew he could make his mark in fight, 
And nobler gown no scholar wore 
Than the blue great coat, etc. 

It mav be he could plunder and prowl, 

And perhaps in his mood he scoffed and swore ; 

But I would not guess a spot so foul, 
On the honored coat he bravely wore 
The blue great coat, etc. 

He had worn it long, and borne it far; 
And perhaps on the red Virginian shore, 



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1 62 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



THE NATIONAL FLAG. 



CHARLES SUMNER. 




HERE is the national flag. He 
» must be cold indeed, who can 
look upon its folds rippling in 
the breeze without pride of coun- 
try. If he be in a foreign land, the 
flag is companionship and country 
itself with all its endearments. Who, as 
he sees it, can think of a State merely? 
Whose eyes, once fastened upon its ra- 
diant trophies, can fail to recognize the 
image of the whole nation? It has been 
called a " floating piece of poetry," and 
yet I know not if it have an intrinsic 
beauty beyond other ensigns. Its high- 
est beauty is in what it symbolizes. It 
is because it represents all, that all gaze at 
it with delight and reverence. It is a 
piece of bunting lifted in the air, but it 



speaks sublimely, and every part has a 
voice. Its stripes of alternate red and 
white proclaim the original union ot 
thirteen States to maintain the Declara- 
tion of Independence. Its stars of white 
on a field of blue proclaim that union of 
States constituting our national constella- 
tion, which receives anew star with every 
new State. The two together signify 
union, past and present. The very col- 
ors have a language which was officially 
recognized bv our fathers. White is for 
purity, red for valor, blue for justice; and 
all together, bunting, stripes, stars and 
colors blazing in the sky, make the flag 
of our. country — to be cherished by all 
our hearts, to be upheld by all our 
hands. 






"TOUCH NOT SLAVERY. 1 



CARL SCHURZ. 




HAT! you, the descendants of 
IJi 3 those men of iron who pre- 



ferred a life-or-death struggle 
\ with misery on the bleak and 
wintry coast of New England to 
submission to priestcraft and king- 
craft; you, the offspring of those hardy 
pioneers who set their faces against all 
the dangers and difficulties that surround 



the early settler's life; you, who subdued 
the forces of wild nature, cleared away 
the primeval forest, covered the endless 
prairie with human habitations; you, this 
race of bold reformers who blended to- 
gether the most incongruous elements of 
birth and creed, who built up a govern- 
ment which you called a model republic, 
and undertook to show mankind how to 



t 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



be free; you, the mighty nation of the 
West, that presumes to defy the world in 
arms, and to subject a hemisphere to its 
sovereign dictation ; you, who boast of re- 
coiling from no enterprise ever so great, 
and no problem ever so fearful — the 
spectral monster of Slavery stares you in 
the face, and now your blood runs cold? 
and all your courage fails you? For half 
a century it has disturbed the peace of 
this Republic; it has arrogated to itself 
your national domain; it has attempted to 
establish its absolute rule, and to absorb 
even your future development ; it has dis- 
graced you in the eyes of mankind, and 
now it endeavors to ruin you if it cannot 
rule you; it raises its murderous hand 
against the institutions most dear to you; 
it attempts to draw the power of foreign 
nations upon your heads; it swallows up 
the treasures you have earned by long 
years of labor ; it drinks the blood of your 
sons, and the tears of your wives — and 
now, every day it is whispered in your 
ears, "Whatever Slavery may have done 
to you, whatever you may suffer, touch 
it not! No matter how many thousand 
millions of your wealth it may cost, no 
matter how much blood you may have 
to shed in order to disarm its murderous 
hand, touch it not! No matter how 
many years of peace and prosperity you 
may have to sacrifice in order to prolong 



163 

its existence, touch it not! And if it 
should cost you your honor, touch it 
not!" 

Listen to this story: On the Lower 
Potomac, as the papers tell us, a negro 
comes within our lines, and tells the val- 
iant defenders of the Union that his 
master conspires with the rebels, and has 
a quantity of arms concealed in a swamp; 
our soldiers go and find the arms; the 
master reclaims the slave; the slave is 
given up; the master ties him to his horse, 
drags him along eleven miles to his house, 
lashes him to a tree, and, with the assist- 
ance of his overseer, whips him three 
hours — three mortal hours ; then the negro 
dies." That black man served the Union; 
Slavery attempts to destroy the Union; 
the Union surrenders the black man to 
Slavery, and he is whipped to death — 
touch it not! Let an imperishable blush 
of shame cover every cheek in this boast- 
ed land of freedom — but be careful not 
to touch Slavery ' Ah, what a dark 
divinity is this, that we must sacrifice to 
it our peace, our prosperity, our blood, 
our future, our honor ! What an insatiable 
vampire is this that drinks out the very 
marrow of our manliness! Pardon me; 
this sounds like a dark dream, like the off- 
spring of a hypochondriac imagination; 
and yet — have I been unjust in what I 
have said? 




T 



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164 




LIB ER T T AND UNION. 

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^BARBARA FHIETEHIE^ 

'•T-*" ' "v^3 sTZ •TsJ Z>t^ *^si *^JN» •fs. ^fxl I^Z •'N, ^T^ Z^Z IP^Z Z^Z */|N.' 

JOHN G. WHITTIER. 





P from the meadows rich with corn, 
H.dlf" Clear in the cool September morn, 

l°5^b The clustered spires of Frederick 

Iff stand 

dtf? Green-walled by the hills of Maryland. 

\ Round about them orchards sweep, 

Apple and peach tree fruited deep. 

Fair as a garden of the Lord 

To the eves of the famished rebel horde, 

On that pleasant morn of the early fall, 
When Lee marched over the mountain wall; 

Over the mountains, wind- 
ing down, 

Horse and foot into Fred- 
erick town. 

Forty flags with their sil- 
ver stars, 

Forty flags with their 
crimson bars, 



Flapped in the morning 

wind ; the sun 
Of noon looked down and 

saw not one. 

Up rose old Barbara 

Frietchie then, 
Bowed with her fourscore 

years and ten. 




Quick as it fell, from the broken staff 
Dame Barbara snatched the silken scarf; 

She leaned far out on the window sill, 
And shook it forth with a royal will, 

" Shoot, if you must, this old gray head, 
But spare your country's flag!" she said. 

A shade of sadness, a blush of shame 
Over the face of the leader came ; 

The nobler nature within him stirred 
To life at that woman's deed and word. 

"Who touches a hair of 
yon gray head 

Dies like a dog ! March 
on! " he said. 

All day long thro' Fred- 
erick street 

Sounded the tread of 
marching feet; 

All day long that free flag 

tossed 
Over the head of the 

rebel host; 

And ever its torn foldb 
rose and fell 

On the loyal winds that 
loved it well, 



Bravest of all in Frederick town, 

She took up the flag the men hauled down; 

In her attic window the staff she sec, 
To show that one heart was loyal vet. 

Up the street came the rebel tread, 
Stonewall Jackson riding ahead. 

Under his slouched hat left and right 
He glanced — the old flag met his sight. 

" Halt!'' The dust-brown ranks stood fast; 
11 Fire ! " Out blazed the rifle blast. 

It shivered the window, pane and sash; 
It rent the banner with seam and gash. 



And through the hill gaps' sunset light 
Shone over it with a warm good-night. 

Barbara Frietchie's work is o'er, 

And the rebel rides on his raids no more. 

Honor to her! and let a tear 

Fall, for her sake, on Stonewall's bier! 

Over Barbara Frietchie's grave 
Flag of Freedom and Union, wave! 

Peace, and order, and beauty draw 
Round thy symbol of light and law, 

And ever the stars above look down 
On thv stars below in Frederick town ! 



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1 66 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



THE NATIONAL ENSIGN. 



R. C. WINTIIROP 




^IR, I must detain you no longer. 
_W~ I have said enough, and more 
Wyfc than enough, to manifest the 
spirit in which this flag is now 
committed to your charge. It is 
the national ensign, pure and sim- 
ple; dearer to all our hearts at this mo- 
ment, as we lift it to the gale, and see no 
other sign of hope upon the storm-cloud 
which rolls and rattles above it, save that 
which is reflected from its own radiant 
hues; dearer, a thousand-fold dearer to 
us all, than ever it was before, while 
gilded by the sunshine of prosperity, and 
playing with the zephyrs of peace. It 
will speak for itself far more eloquently 
than I can speak for it. 

Behold it! Listen to it! Every star 
lias a tongue; every stripe is articulate. 
There is no language or speech where 
their voices are not heard. There's 
magic in the web of it. It has an an- 
swer for every question of duty. It has 
a solution for every doubt and perplexity. 
It has a word of good cheer for every 
hour of gloom or of despondency. 

Behold it! Listen to it! It speaks of 
earlier and of later struggles. It speaks 
of victories, and sometimes of reverses, 
on the sea and on the land. It speaks of 



patriots and heroes among the living and 
the dead : and of him the first and great- 
est of them all, around whose consecrated 
ashes this unnatural and abhorrent strife 
has so long been raging — "the abomina- 
tion of desolation standing where it ought 
not." But before all and above all other 
associations and memories — whether of 
glorious men or glorious deeds, or glo- 
rious places — its voice is ever of Union 
and Liberty, of the Constitution and the 
Laws. 

Behold it! Listen to it! Let it tell 
the story of its birth to these gallant vol- 
unteers^ as they march beneath its folds 
by day, or repose beneath its sentinel 
stars by night. Let it recall to them the 
strange, eventful history of its rise and 
progress; let it rehearse to them the 
wondrous tale of its trials and its tri- 
umphs, in peace as well as in war; and, 
whatever else may happen to it or to 
them, it will never be surrendered to 
rebels; never be ignominiously struck to 
treason ; nor be prostituted to any unwor- 
thy or unchristian purpose of revenge, 
depredation, or rapine. 

And may a merciful God cover the 
head of each one of its brave defenders 
in the hour of battle. 




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_— JL— ' 




LI BERT 7' AND UNION. 



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67 



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VHYflEE 



HF THE EDEE SHIP unihn 






OLIVER WENDELL JfOLMES. 




through 



troubled 



IS midnight 
dream 
Loud wails the tempest's cry ; 
Before the gale, with tattered sail, 
A ship goes plunging by. 
What name? Where bound? Th? rocks 
around 
Repeat the loud halloo. 
— The good ship Union, Southward 
bound: 
God help her and her crew! 

And is the old flag flying still 

That o'er your fathers flew, 
With bands of white and rosy light, 

And field of starry blue? 
—Ay! look aloft! its folds full oft 

Have braved the roaring blast, 
And still shall fly when from the sky 

This black typhoon has past! 

Speak, pilot of the storm-tost bark ! 

May I thy peril share ? 
— O landsman, these are feartul seas 

The brave alone may dare ! 
— Nay, ruler of the rebel deep, 

What matters wind or wave? 
The rocks that wreck your reeling deck 

Will leave me nought to save ! 

O landsman, art thou false or true ? 

What sign hast thou to show? 
— The crimson stains from loyal veins 

That hold my heart-blood's flow ! 
—Enough! what more shall honor claim? 

I know the sacred sign ; 
Above thy head our flag shall spread ! 

Our ocean path be thine! 

The bark sails on; the Pilgrim's cape 

Lies low along her lee, 
Whose headland crooks its anchor-flukes 

To lock the shore and sea. 
No treason here ! it cost too dear 

To win this barren realm ! 



And true and free the hands must be 
That hold the whaler's helm. 

Still on! Manhattan's narrowing bay 

No Rebel cruiser scars; 
Her waters feel no pirate's keel 

That flaunts the fallen stars ! 
—But watch the light on yonder height, — 

Ay, pilot, have a care! 
Some lingering cloud in mist may shroud 

The capes of Delaware! 

Say, pilot, what this fort may be, 

Whose sentinels look down 
From moated walls that show the sea 

Their deep embrasures' frown? 
The Rebel host claims all the coast, 

But these are friends, we know, 
Whose footprints spoil the " sacred soil," 

And this is? — Fort Monroe! 

The breakers roar, — how bears the shore? 

— The traitorous wreckers' hands 
Have quenched the blaze that poured its rays 

Along the Hatteras sands. 
— Ha! say not so! I see its glow! 

Again the shoals display 
The beacon light that shines by night. 

The Union Stars by day ! 

The good ship flies to milder skies, 

The wave more gently flows; 
The softening breeze wafts o'er the seas 

The breath of Beaufort's rose. 
What fold is this the swtet winds kiss, 

Fair-striped and mam -starred, 
Whose shadow palls these orphaned walls, 

The twins of Beauregard? 

What! heard you not Port Royal's doom? 

How the black war-ships came 
And turned the Beaufort roses' bloom 

To redder wreaths of flame? 
How from Rebellion's broken reed 

We saw his emblem fall, 
As soon his cursed poison-weed 

Shall drop from Sumter's wall: 



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LIBERT)' AND UNION. 




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November 19, 1S63. 





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ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 

OURSCORE and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new- 
nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. 
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so 
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that 
war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who 
here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should 
do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, v\ e cannot hallow this 
ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far abOT e our 
pov er to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it 
can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the iiv.ng, rather to be dedicated here to the un- 
finished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to 
be here dedicated to the great task rem ining before us, that from these honored d ad we take in- 
creased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here 
hi^hk resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have 
a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall 
not perish from the earth. 



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LIBERTY AND UNION. 



On! on! Pulaski's iron hail 

Falls harmless on Tybeel 
Her topsails feel the freshening gale,— 

She strikes the open sea; 

she rounds the point, she threads the Key 
That guard the Land of Flowers, 

And tides at last where firm and last 
1 ler own Gibraltar towers! 



The good siiip Union's voyage is o'er, 

Al anchor sale she SWlngS, 
And loud and cle.n u illi cheer on cheer 

l in jovons welcome rings : 
Hurrah! Hurrah! it shakes the wave 

It thunders on tin- shore, — 

One flag, one Land, one heart, one hand, 

( )ne Nation, evermore! 



69 



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AlikAIIAM LINCOLN. 



\Mayk Lemon /<> London Punch.] 




OU lay a wreath on murdered Ian 
coin's bier. 
* — You, who with mocking pencil wont to 
z*) trace, 

Broad for the self-complacent British sneer, 
1 1 if- length of shambling limb, his fur- 
rowed face. 

His gaunt, gnarled hands, his unkempt, brist- 
ling hair, 

1 1 is garb uncouth, his bearing ill at ease, 
Ili^ lack of all we prize as debonair, 

Of power or will to shine, of art to please; 

Ton, whose smart pen backed up the pencil's 
laugh, 
Judging each step as though the way were 
plain; 
Reckless, so it could point its paragraph 
Of chief's perplexity, or people's pain: 

Beside this corpse, that bears for uinding-sheet 
The Stars and Stripes he lived to rear anew, 

Between the mourners at his head and feet, 
Say, scurrile jester, is there room for you? 

Yes: He had lived to shame me from my 
sneer, 

To lame my pencil, and confute my pen; 
To make me own this hind of princes peer 

This rail-splitter a true-born king of men. 

My shallow judgment I had learned to rue, 
Noting how to occasion's height he rose; 

How his quaint wit made home-truth seem 
more true; 
How irondike his temper grew by blows. 



How humble, vet how hopel'nl, he could he; 

How in good fortune and in ill, the same; 
Nor hitler in success, nor boastful he, 

Thirsty for gold, nor feverish for fame. 

lie went about his work — such work as lew 
Ever had laid on head, and heart, and hand 

As one who knows, where there's a task to do; 
Man's honest will must heaven's good grace 

command ; 

Who trusts the strength will with the burden 
grow, 
That God makes instruments to work his 
will, 
If but that will we can arrive to know, 

Nor tamper with the weights of good and ill. 

So he went forth to hat lie, on the side 

That he feit clear was Liberty's and Right's. 

As in his peasant boyhood he- had plied 

His warfare with rude Nature's thwarting 
mights — 

The uncleared forest, the unbroken soil, 

The iron-bark, that turns the lumberer's axe, 

The rapid that o'erbears the boatman's toil; 
The prairie hiding the mazed wanderer's 
tracks. 

The ambushed Indian, and the prowling bear : 
Such were the deeds that helped his youth to 
train ; 
Rough culture — but such trees large fruit may 
bear, 
If but their stocks be of right girth and 
grain . 



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170 



L I BER TT AND UNION, 




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LIBERTY AND UNION. 






So he grew up a destined work to do, 

A nd lived to do it. Four long-suffering years' 

Ill-fate, ill-feeling, ill-report lived through, 

And then he heard the hisses changed to 
cheers, 

The taunts to tribute, the abuse to praise, 

And took both with the same unwavering 
mood : 
Till, as he came on light, from darkling days 
And seemed to touch the goal from where he 
stood, 

A felon hand between the goal and him, 

Reached from behind his back, a trigger 
prest — 
And those perplexed and patient eyes were dim, 
Those gaunt, long-laboring limbs were laid to 
rest ! 

The words of mercy were upon his lips, 
Forgiveness in his heart and on his pen, 



When this vile murderer brought swift eclipse 
To thoughts of peace on earth, good- will to 
men. 

The Old World and the New, from sea to sea, 
Utter one voice of sympathy and shame. 

Sore heart, so stopped when it at last beat 
high; 
Sad life cut short, just as its triumph came. 

A deed accurst! Strokes have been struck be- 
fore 
By the assassin's hand, whereof men doubt 
If more of horror or disgrace they bore; 

But thy foul crime like Cain's stands darkly 
out. 

Vile hand, that brandest murder on a strife, 
Whate'er its grounds, stoutly and nobly 
striven ; 

And with the martyr's crown crownest a life 
With much to praise, little to be forgiven. 




_A A A A A A_j&l_A A A A A A_jfe_| 

SHEHIMN'S HIHE, 4 




T. B. READ. 



if- P from the south at break ot day, 

Bringing to Winchester fresh dismay, 
The affrighted air with a shudder bore, 
1^5 Like a herald in haste to the chieftain's 
door, 
The terrible grumble, and rumble, and 
roar, 

Telling the battle was on once more, 
And Sheridan twenty miles away. 
And wider still those billows of war 
Thundered along the horizon's bar, 
And louder yet into Winchester rolled 
The roar of that red sea uncontrolled, 
Making the blood of the listener cold 
As he thought of the stake in that fiery fray, 
With Sheridan twenty miles away. 

But there's a road from Winchester town, 

A good broad highway leading down ; 

And there, thro' the flash of the morning 

light, 
A steed as black as the steeds of night 



Was seen to pass, as with eagle flight; 

As if he knew the terrible need, 

He stretched away with the utmost speed : 

Hills rose and fell — but his heart was gay, 

With Sheriean fifteen miles away. 

Under his spurning feet the road 

Like an arrowy Alpine river flowed, 

And the landscape flowed away behind, 

Like an ocean flying before the wind ; 

And the steed like a bark fed with furnace-ire 

Swept on with his wild eyes full of fire; 

But lo! he is nearing his heart's desire, 

He is snuffing the smoke of the roaring 

fray, 
With Sheridan only five miles away. 

The first that the General saw were the 

groups 
Of stragglers, and then the retreating troops; 
What was done — what to do — a glance told 

him both, 
And, striking his spurs with a terrible oath, 



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172 



L I BERT 2 ' AND UNION 



He dashed down the line 'mid a storm of hur- 
rahs, 
And the wave of retreat checked its course 

there, because 
The sight of the master compelled it to pause. 
With foam and with dust the black charger 

was gray, 
By the flash of his eye and his nostril's play 
He seemed to the whole great army to say: 
"I have brought you Sheridan all the way 
From Winchester town, to save the dav !" 



Hurrah! hurrah! for Sheridan! 

Hurrah! hurrah! for horse and man! 

And when their statues are placed on 

high, 
Under the dome of the Union sky — 
The American soldier's temple of fame — 
There with the glorious General's name, 
Be it said, in letters both bold and bright; 
"Here is the steed that saved the day 
By carrying Sheridan into the fight 
From Winchester, twenty miles away!" 



GOD FOR OUR NATIVE LAND! 



REV. DR. BETHUNE. 




[ OD'S blessing be upon 

Our own, our native land ! 
f: The land our fathers won 
By the strong heart and hand, 
The keen axe and the brand, 
When they felled the forest's pride, 
And the tyrant foe defied, 
The free, the rich, the wide; 
God for our native land ! 

Up with the starry sign, 

The red stripes and the white! 
Where'er its glories shine, 
In peace or in the fight, 
We own its high command ; 
For the Flag our fathers gave, 
O'er our children's heads shall wave, 
And their children's children's grave 
God for our native land! 



Who doth that Flag defy, 

We challenge as our foe; 
Who will not for it die, 

Out from us he must go! 

So let them understand 
Who that dear Flag disclaim, 
Which won their fathers' fame, 
We brand with endless shame! 

God for our native land! 

Our native land ! to thee, 

In one united vow, 
To keep thee strong and free, 

And glorious as now — 

We pledge each heart and hand 
By the blood our fathers shed 
By the ashes of our dead, 
By the sacred soil we tread, 

God for our native land! 






l>- 



UNION AND LIBERTY. 



O. W. HOLMES 



P LAG of the heroes who left us theit 

' § lor X 
&. Borne through their battle-fields 

thunder and flame, 

Blazoned in song, and illumined in story, 

Wave o'er us all who inherit their 

fame! 




Up with our banner bright, 
Sprinkled with starry light, 

Spread its fair emblems from mountain 
shore, 

While through the sounding sky 
Loud rings the Nation's cry — 

Union and Liberty! One Evermore! 



to 



**3- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



J 73 



Light of our firmament, guide of our Nation, 
Pride of her children, and honored afar, 

Let the wide beams of thy full constellation 
Scatter each cloud that would darken a star! 

Empire unsceptered! what foe shall assail thee 
Bearing the standard of Liberty's van? 

Think not the God of thy fathers shall fail 
thee, 
Striving with men for the birthright of man ! 

Yet if, by madness and treachery blighted, 
Dawns the dark hour when the sword thou 
must draw, 



Then with the arms to thy millions united, 
Smite the bold traitors to Freedom and Law ! 

Lord of the Universe! 1 shield us and guide us, 
Trusting Thee always, through shadow and 

sun ! 
Thou hast united us, who shall divide us? 
Keep us, O keep us the Many in One! 

Up with our banner bright, 

Sprinkled with starry light, 
Spread its fair emblems from mountain to shore, 

While through the sounding sky 

Loud rings the Nation's cry — 
Union and Liberty! One Evermore! 



g@?S? 






"LIBERTY AND UNION, ONE AND INSEPARABLE." 



F. A. II. 




HERE floats our glorious ensign, 
There still our eagles fly ! 
And lives the coward heart or hand 
Dare pluck them from the sky? 



Still floats our glorious ensign, 
And still our eagles soar, 
Yet weeping eyes now fear to gaze 
And see them fly no more. 

Oh! brethren in the Union strong, 

Bethink ye of the day 
When our sires, beneath that banner, 

Rushed eager to the fray ; 

When first its glories were unfurled 
O'er Freedom's sacred ground, 

And thirteen States confederate stood, 
In loyal union bound. 

Its stripes were dyed at Monmouth* 

In Brandvwine's red stream; 
On Saratoga's trampled plain ; 

By Lexington's sad green. 

Tts stars shone out o'er Bunker's height 
Fort Moultrie saw them gleam ; 

And high o'er Yorktown's humble camp 
They flashed in dazzling sheen. 

Rise! souls of martyred heroes, 
Rise from your troubled grave, 

And guard once more our Union, 
Our broken country save ! 



Rise, Stark from old New Hampshire, 

Rise, Lincoln from the Bay, 
Rise, Sumter from the rice fields, 

As on that glorious day. 

Again o'er broad savannahs 

Rise, Marion's swart brigade, 
Whose fiery tramp, like whirlwind rush, 

Swept down the everglade. 

Why now sleeps Henry's patriot heart; 

Why Otis' tongue of flame; 
Hancock and Adams, live they yet, 

Or live they but in name ? 

They cannot die ! immortal truth 

Outlasts the shock of time, 
And fires the faithful human heart 

Willi energy sublime. 

They live! on every hill and plain, 

By every gleaming river, 
Where'er their glowing feet have trod, 

They live, and live forever. 

The mem rv of the past shall raise 

Fresh altars to their name ; 
And coming years with reverent hand, 

Protect the sacred flame. 

We know no North, nor South, nor West: 

One Union binds us all; 
Its stars and stripes are o'er us flung — 

'Neath them we'll stand or fall. 



f 



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174 



LI BERT 2' AND UNION 




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OTHING that God has 7nade interrupts our unity. And when the 
spirit that has subdued the mountains, and hewn passes of easy grade 
out of their heights for American energy to move through, the spirit of 
free and honorable toil, the spirit that honors God in honoring man — 
when this spirit goes down into the tropic lowlands of the nation, and applies 
its vigor to them, and recasts the tone of society around them, the nation will 
again be o?ze; the hills and the central valley stream will be in harmo?zy, and 
the one fag of the republic will be suppoi'ted on every height and eve?y delta, 
by a commo?i feeling, faith, and aim. By the war and its tendency to extir- 
pate slavery, God is cutting for us this path through the frowning jjioral 
barrier that was upheaved by Satan to rupture our social geography and our 
peace. 



•SH 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



*75 



THE DEATH OF SLAVERY. 



W. C. BRYANT. 




• THOU great Wrong, that, through 
the slow-paced years 
Didst hold thy millions fettered, 
and didst wield 
The scourge that drove the laborer to 
the field, 
And look with stony eye on human tears, 
Thy cruel reign is o'er ; 
Thy bondmen crouch no more 
In terror at the menace of thine eye; 

For He who marks the bounds of guilty power, 
Long-suffering, hath heard the captive's cry, 
And touched his shackles at the appointed 
hour, 
And lo ! they fall, and he whose limbs they 

galled 
Stands in his native manhood, disenthralled. 

A shout of joy from the redeemed is sent; 

Ten thousand hamlets swell the hymn of 

thanks; 
Our rivers roll exulting, and their banks 
Send up hosannas to the firmament. 

Fields, where the bondmen's toil 
No more shall trench the soil, 
Seem now to bask in a serener day ; 

The meadow birds sing sweeter, and the airs 
Of heaven with more caressing softness play, 

Welcoming men to liberty like theirs. 
A glory clothes the land from sea to sea, 
For the great land and all its coasts are free. 

Within that land wert thou enthroned of late, 
And they by whom the nation's laws were 

made, 
And they who filled its judgment-seats, 
obeyed 
Thy mandate, rigid as the will of fate. 
Fierce men at thy right hand, 
With gesture of command, 
Gave forth the word that none might dare gain- 
say ; 
And grave and reverend ones, who loved thee 
not, 
Shrank from thy presence, and, in blank dismay 



Choked down, unuttered, the rebellious 
thought; 
While meaner cowards, mingling with thy train 
Proved, from the book of God, thy right to reign. 

Great as thou wert, and feared from shore to 
shore, 
The wrath of God o'ertook thee in thy pride; 
Thou sitt'st a ghastly shadow ; by thy side 
Thy once strong arms hang nerveless, evermore 
And they who quailed but now 
Before thy lowering brow 
Devote thy memory to scorn and shame, 

And scoff at the pale, powerless thing thou art. 
And they who rule in thine imperial name, 

Subdued, and standing sullenly apart, 
Scowl at the hands that overthrew thy reign, 
And shattered at a blow the prisoner's chain. 

Well was thy doom deserved; thou didst not 
spare 
Life's tenderest ties, but cruelly didst part 
Husband and wife, and from the mother's 
heart 
Didst wrest her children, deaf to shriek and 
prayer. 
Thy inner lair became 
The haunt of guilty shame; 
Thy lash dropped blood ; the murderer, at thy 
side 
Showed his red hands, nor feared the vengeance 
due. 
Thou didst sow earth with crimes, and, far and 
wide, 
A harvest of uncounted miseries grew, 
Until the measure of thy sins at last 
Was full, and then the avenging bolt was cast. 

Go then, accursed of God, and take thy place 
With baleful memories of the elder time, 
With many a wasting pest, and nameless 
crime, 
And bloody war that thinned "the human race; 
With the Black Death, whose way 
Through wailing cities lay, 
Worship of Moloch, tyrannies that built 



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LIBERTY AND UNION. 



I 77 



The Pyramids, and cruel creeds that taught 
To avenge a fancied guilt by deeper guilt — 

Death at the stake to those that held them not, 
Lo, the foul phantoms, silent in the gloom 
Of the flown ages, part, to yield thee room. 

I see the better years that hasten by, 
Carry thee back into that shadowy past, 
Where, in the dusty spaces, void and vast, 

The graves of those whom thou hast murdered lie. 



The slave-pen, through whose door 

Thy victims pass no more, 
Is there, and there shall the grim block remain 
At which the slave was sold; while at thy 

feet 
Scourges and engines of restraint and pain 

Molder and rust by thine eternal seat. 
There 'mid the symbols that proclaim thy 

crimes, 
Dwell thou, a warning to the coming times. 



THE MORAL STRENGTH OF OUR COUNTRY'S CAUSE. 



llffiK^ 




RT. REV. F. D. HUNTINGTON, D. D., 1S64. 



IRST of all, our cause is the | view of the subject points out in what 



cause of Government, which 
God ordains and loves, against 

reckless and selfish insurrection, 
i?ES which he denounces and hates. 

With our adversary, it is not a case 
of the last and desperate resort of the 
right of revolution; for that exists only 
under actual and intolerable abuses or 
oppressions ; whereas, in this rebellion, 
even the grievances alleged are only 
prospective and contingent, on confession 
of its abettors. In the principles indi- 
rectly involved, ours is also the cause of 
liberty against bondage, honor against 
treachery, and constitutional protection 
against usurpation, lawful administration 
against public fraud, and equal rights 
against feudalism and caste. Now, God 
loves liberty, honor, order, and brotherly 
equality among his children. In the dis- 
tinction often drawn between offensive 
and defensive war, we have the further 
moral advantage of being on the defen- 
sive; actual aggressions being begun on 
the other side. 

In the second place, lending this confi- 
dence of right to the cause, the Christian 



spirit, and by what principles, the war 
shall be carried on. If it is a righteous 
cause, it can be righteously prosecuted. 
Man can make war not only in the name 
of the Most High, but in the solemn and 
tender spirit of His religion. Anger, 
crueltv, personal revenge, and all the 
hateful brood of Satanic passions, have 
no more necessary places in the camp 
and on the field, than they have on farms 
and in counting-houses. In a conflict so 
sacred as ours, there can be no reason 
why regiments shall not be enrolled, bat- 
teries planted, campaigns planned, strate- 
gy conducted, battles fought, and blood 
poured out, with all the energy of the 
bravest soldiership, yet with every trace 
of wrath extinguished. Indeed, I observe 
no brighter sign in the horizon than the 
intelligent testimony of one of the most 
eminent statesmen of the country, after 
extensive travels through its great seats 
of population. He says: "I have no- 
where found any feeling of exasperation 
against the people of the South, but in 
every point, a solemn determination to 
uphold the Government." 



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178 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 




This fragment is the conclusion of the "Building- of the Ship." 







*£•'# 



HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. &fr 



MHO CI, too, sail on, Ship of 
State! 
Sail on, O Union, strong and 
\ great ! 

Humanity, with all its fears, 
With all the hopes of future years, 
Is hanging breathless on thy fate ! 
We know what Master laid thy keel, 
What workman wrought thy rids of steel, 
Who made each mast, and sail, and rope, 
What anvils rang, what hammers beat, 
In what a forge, and what a heat 
Were shaped the anchors of thy hope! 



Fear ?iot each sudde?t sound and shock, 
' T is of the wave, and not the rock; 
' T is but the flapping of the sail, 
And not a 7'ent made by the gale ! 
In spite of rock and tempest' *s roar, 
In spite of false lights on the shore, 
Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea ! 

Our hearts, ow hopes, are all with 

thee, 
Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our 

tears, 
Our faith triumphant o^er our fears, 
Are all with thee, — are all with thee ! 



JL 



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i So 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 








HO now shall sneer P 

Who dare again to say we trace 
Onr lines to a plebeian race'? 
Roundhead and Cavalier ! 
Dumb are those names, erewhile in bat- 
tle loud; 
Dream-footed, as the shadow of a cloud, 

They flit across the ear ; 
That is best blood that hath most iron in V 
To edge resolve with, pouring without 
stint 
For what makes manhood dear. 
Tell us not of Plantagenets, 
Hapsburgs, and Guelphs, whose thin 
bloods crawl 



Down from some victor i?t a border 

brawl! 
Hozv poor their outworn coronets, 
Matched with one leaf of that plain civic 

wreath 
Our brave for honor's blazon stiall be- 
queath, 
Through whose desert a rescued 

Nation sets 
Her heel on treason, and the trumpet 

hears 
Shout victory, tingling Europe's sullen 

ears 
With vain resentments and more 

vain regrets ! 



*-S3- 



t 1 



4 








Period of Reconstruction and Development. 








THE PECULIAR POSITION OF OUR COUNTRY. 



REV. T. M. POST, D. D. 



K =2^k 



I UR country is the theater and 
(J? magazine, actual or prospect- 
vI^Il * ve ' °^ peculiar historic forces, 
(s!$f*« capable of being wrought to a 
b special efficiency for this purpose, 
i It is so from the vastness of its natural 
resources, from its facilities for interior 
transport and foreign commerce; from its 
territorial extent and variety of produc- 
tions, and its geographical reach from 
ocean to ocean across the destined high- 
way of a world's trade and travel. It is 
so from the peculiar energy imparted to 
our civilization by our peculiar institu- 
tions, by the stimulus of personal and 
civil libertv, of public and private schools, 
of a free and cheap press, and of univer- 
sal electoral, legislative, judicial, and ad- 
ministrative franchise. These impart 
peculiar vigor, versatility, and diffusive- 
ness to American civilization. They 
make the American the founder and factor 
of commercial and manufactural enter- 
prise, the builder of railroads, steamships, 



and internal improvements, and the 
medium of exchange extensively through 
foreign countries; and these make him 
the energetic diffuser of his own especial 
ideas, ideas which are now upheaving as 
an earthquake under the modern world. 
To these causes, add the energy bred in 
our civilization by the constant attrition, 
coalescence or conflict of diverse or antag- 
onistic forces, brought from the different 
parts of the civilized world. Arising 
from this unique combination there is 
kept up a perpetual agitation and play of 
the life-forces of civilization without anal- 
ogy in the history of the world. Our 
virgin soil and popular freedom make us 
the quarry for all the schools, social, po- 
litical, economical and religious, of all the 
earth ; the theater of all social experi- 
ments; the battle-ground of all ideas 
afloat in modern society. Thus is gen- 
erated a special energy in our civilization, 
which makes it especially aggressive and 
diffusive. This diffusiveness is increased 



-m 



82 



LIBER TV A ND UNION. 



through the natural contagion of liberty, 
while the immigration to us places us in 
ethnic affiliation and kinship with all 
nations. Thus our country becomes the 
laboratory and focus of ideas that aspire 
to the future; it is also their paradigm and 
proof. Liberty and the rights of man are 
here on trial. Here is the cynosure of 
oppressed nations. Our country is a sign 
and auspice, a refuge and hope to the 
stricken and downtrodden of the peoples. 
All the above causes seem to me to des- 
tine our country a future historic power, 
unique in the history of the world ; a most 
potent factor of its future, and eminently 



so of that of the kingdom of God. Our 
country is also a peculiar historic power 
because of our geographic isolation among 
nations. Tbe transit of the seas leaves 
the past behind. A new, fresh and free 
world emerges. Many things I see in 
the Old World to admire, to desire 
for my own country; but when I see how 
society is borne down, thought is fettered, 
and aspiration repressed by tradition, by 
slavish modes of feeling, by alien institu- 
tions, I feel a sense of emancipation upon 
the shores of the New World. Of this 
emancipation in America is born an 
especial, original, and progressive genius. 






ENGLAND AND AMERICA. 



PROF. GOLDWIN SMITH. 




r ND now let me presume with 
I all deference to offer you a single 
^ ^ word of advice, in case occasion 
should ever arise, in regard to your 
mode of dealing in controverted 
matters with the English nation. 
Englishmen, unfortunately, have some 
qualities which are not calculated to make 
them popular among other nations, and 
perhaps their popularity among their 
European rivals has not been increased 
by that which seldom does increase pop- 
ularity — a somewhat disproportionate 
amount of success. But as a nation they 
are not regardless, perhaps they are more 
regardful than most other nations, of 
justice and of honor. If England has 
done you, if ever she should hereafter do 
you a wrong, approach her as one man 
of honor would approach another man 



by whom he felt that he had been ag- 
grieved, with a frank, manly and court- 
eous request for reparation, but without 
acrimony or petulance or angry imputa- 
tion of motives which can lead to no 
practical result, and which after all, may 
be undeserved. Depend upon it your 
application made in this spirit will meet 
with no ungenerous response, even though 
compliance with it should be difficult and 
onerous; and there will be many in Eng- 
land who will esteem it their highest duty 
to their country to second a fair claim 
courteously preferred, to the extent of 
their power. And, oh! persuade your 
government, if you can, to exercise a due 
control over the language of its subordi- 
nates, and not to suffer questions, a wrong 
solution of which may entail untold ca- 
lamities on the two nations, and on the 



H%- 



— 4h 



4* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



world, to be prejudiced by any one who 
has not to bear the full responsibility of 
the result. One word more. You know 
that no syllable, even of hypothetical 
hostility, much less of menace to Amer- 
icans would ever pass my lips; but I 
ought not to permit any American to be 
misled by anything that has fallen from 
me, or from more influential writers or 
speakers, as to the divisions of sentiment 
which prevail among Englishmen with 
regard to the American question, and 
which it is necessary to explain lest you 



'83 

should suppose that the whole body of 
the English people is animated by the 
hostility toward America expressed by 
such organs of mere class feeling as the 
Times. If any dominant class or party 
in England were to attempt to use the 
power of the State for the purpose of 
doing you a wrong, we should be divided, 
and you would have a zealous, and, as I 
think, not an insignificant party on your 
side. But let the honor of England be 
touched, and we are indeed, a firmly 
united nation. 



NATIONAL SUPREMACY AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY. 



JUDGE HARLOW S. ORTON. 




j| OW, that our national life has 
I been preserved and the power 
^ and sanctions of the govern 
ment vindicated by victorious war; 
and we here meet to express our 
gratitude to those who shed their blood 
and lost their lives in that terrible strug- 
gle; we will not forget, that in imme- 
diate and harmonious connection with 
the heroic achievements of the war, is 
that bloodless victory over passion and 
prejudice only to be won by the charities 
and amenities of gentle peace, and while 
holding in highest honor and gratitude, 
the deeds and sacrifices of the Army of the 
Union, and congratulating ourselves over 
the material and civil results of our over- 
whelming and subjugating victory, it 
now becomes us as a people in all sections 
of our country, to practice the virtues of 
conciliation and friendship, by which onlv 
can the wounds of the war be healed, 



and our Union cemented and preserved. 
We can now look impartially and chari- 
tably upon those great issues, which arose 
from an almost fatally false conception 
of the real nature and power of our gen- 
eral government, which secured our ex- 
istence as a nation, and from the theories 
and delusions of state and sectional inde- 
pendence, destructive of national pre-em- 
inence, out of which our civil war arose, 
and by the war were tried; and we are 
grateful to God and the army, that our 
national character and authority have 
been established and defined by an arbi- 
tration, and "wager of battle," conclusive 
forever. There can never be again any 
refinements, distinctions, or theories of 
State sovereignty in the creed of any 
respectable party in this country, incon- 
sistent with the final and comple suprem- 
acy of the Constitution of the United 
States, and the national government; and 



-*-♦ 



.8 4 

whatever other results have followed this 
one great result, and which I believe 
formed the great and paramount object 
in the estimation of our patriotic army, 
to be attained by the war, and by which 
only it could rune been justified, and 
which has been called the " salvation of 
the nation's life," was an achievement 
greater than in any other war in the his- 
tory of the world, because fraught with 
greater blessings to the world at large, 
as well as to our own people, and which 
justified all the necessary expenditure of 
life and treasure, by which it has been 
secured. State sovereignty, within con- 



LIBERTV AND UNION. 



stitutional limits, should not be invaded 
or entrenched upon by the national gov- 
ernment, but should remain, as established 
by the fathers, supreme within state 
boundaries over local and state concerns 
— to secure and administer the rights and 
liberties of the citizens — and will never 
again conflict with that national suprem- 
acy, which secures to us all a common 
country, one government and a perfect 
union, by which only our affinities, at- 
tachments, homogeneousness, patriotism, 
and common history as a people, can be 
protected and secured. 



HIS SOUL IS MARCHING ON. 




HERE were few of those who 
were parties to the affair, we 

\gpT J * fancy, who imagined, when 
they saw the body of this strange, 
brave old man in the hands of a 

\ cruel fate, that his name was to 
outlive so many more splendid names, 
and his death should be a transcendent 
epoch in our history. John Brown has 
become a sentiment in American history, 
and will be remembered as we remember 
Brutus and Rienzi and Savonarola. He 
was the culmination of an idea that for 
twenty years had been growing into 
mighty being in the Northern States. 
Poets, orators, rhetoricians, had passion- 
ately assailed slavery as the crime of the 
age, the stain upon our Mag, the injustice 
to liberty, the crime of modern civiliza- 
tion, the emblem of American shame. 
John Brown struck it with his sword, 
and, although he fell in the encounter. 



his memory lived. And when the war 
came — the unnecessary war of ambition 
and empire inspired by Jefferson Davis 
and his associates — this memory became 
a legend, and the hundreds of thousands 
who swept into Virginia on their errands 
of strife, had no cry more stirring to their 
souls than that; while the body of the 
condemned fanatic was moldering in the 
'grave, his soul w;is marching on. It 
marched on, carrying with it the hesitat- 
ing Lincoln, the reluctant Seward, the 
timid conservatism of the North, until it 
animated the war and made the battle 
for the Union the battle for emancipa- 
tion. It was won — at how terrible and 
dreary a cost, we dare not say. But it 
Was the soul of John Brown that won 
it, that signed the Proclamation of 
Emancipation, and accepted the uncondi- 
tional surrender of Lee at Appomattox 
— iV. } '. Herald. 



-~im 



4±* 



LI BERT V AND UNION. 



185 



THE FUTURE OF OUR NATION. 



BY REV. DR. RAPHAEL (JEWISH RABBl). 




AM not of this country. The 
.first fifty years of my life were, 
as you well know, spent in Eu- 
rope — that part of the world 
which, in the opinion of all its in- 
hahitants, is the seat of civilization, 
the home of military glory, and the envy 
of the whole human race. I have been 
a great traveler, and with the exception 
of Russia and Turkey, there are few 
States in Europe that I have not visited 
and studied. Moreover, I kept not mine 
eyes shut during my travels, but wide 
open. Wherever I came I sought to 
know and understand; and that which I 
could not explain to myself I endeavored 
to find out by inquiring and reading. 
Since then I have taken up my abode in 
these United States; and what is the re- 
sult that, after near twenty years' resi- 
dence in America, in peace and in war, I 
arrive at, you arrive at, and which is as 
sure to happen as that this day we thank 
God for all His goodness? You shall 
hear and judge for yourselves. Europe 
is 3,700,000 square miles in extent, and 
of that 1,900,000 square miles is taken up 
by the frigid and cold zones, and scarcely 
inhabited; whereas, the United States at 
present contains 3,000,000 square miles 
of flourishing land; the 200,000 miles 
that remain are rock and water. Europe, 
divided by twenty States, 250,000,000 of 
inhabitants; the United States, ninety 
years independent, in the year 1880, num- 
bered upward of 50,000,000; in the year 
1890 they will greatly exceed that num- 



ber, and in the year 1900 she will not be 
far behind Europe. It is true that Eu- 
rope boasts of her military glory, and 
keeps 4,000,000 of soldiers under arms. 
Her jealousies, the fears that the Gov- 
ernments entertain of each other, compel 
her to keep armed. America, by God's 
blessing, the land of peace and of plenty, 
has no occasion for such a host of fight- 
ing men ; and now that the revolt is over, 
her warriors have become peaceful citi- 
zens, proud of their securitv, and scathe- 
less in the glory of their country, which 
all Europe united cannot invade! Lastly, 
there are three countries in Europe which 
pre-eminently boast of their civilization — 
Great Britain, France, and Germany. 
Their ships, their commerce, their manu- 
factures, their agriculture and their learn- 
ing command the attention of the world. 
But what we have not yet done in America 
we may do; nay, with the help of Al- 
mighty God, our Heavenlv Father, we 
shall do. As yet, here everything is new ; 
agriculture occupies millions, mining 
hundreds of thousands of busy hands. 
Many a year will yet elapse ere the whole 
of the United States will be settled; but 
when that is done, when our shipping, 
already so large; when our commerce, 
already so extensive; when our manu- 
factures, already so flourishing, equal our 
agricultural and mining triumphs, who 
shall say that our learning — aye, the 
learning of us, the last to come and the 
most ardent — shall not equal, shall not 
excel that of Europe? Such, my dear 
friends, are bur prospects for the future. 



■£}-* 



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1 86 



LfBERTT AND UNION. 



DEDICATORY ODE FOR THE GETTYSBURG NATIONAL 

CEMETERY. 

BAYARD TAYLOR. 



July /, 1869. 



dfrfea; 




(FTER the eyes that looked, the lips 
that spake 
^y^a~m Here, from the shadows of impending 
death, 

Those words of solemn breath, 

What voice may fitly break 

The silence, doubly hallowed, left by him ? 
We can but bow the head, with eyes grown dim, 
And as a nation's litany, repeat 
The phrase his martyrdom has made complete, 
Noble as then, but now more sadly sweet : 
" Let us, the Living, rather dedicate 
Ourselves to the unfinished work, which they 
Thus far advanced so nobly on its way, 
And save the periled State! 
Let us, upon this field where they, the brave, 
Their last full measure of devotion gave, 
Highly resolve they have not died in vain ! — 
That, under God, the Nation's later birth 
Of Freedom, and the People's gain 
Of their own Sovereignty, shall never wane 
And perish from the circle of the earth ! '' 
From such a perfect text, shall Song aspire 
To light its faded fire — 
And into wandering music turn 
Its virtue, simple, sorrowful and stern? 
His voice all elegies anticipated; 
For whatsoe'er the strain, 
We hear that one refrain : 

"We consecrate ourselves to them, the conse- 
crated ! " 

After the thunder-storm our heaven is blue; 
Far off, along the borders of the sky, 
In silver folds the clouds of battle lie, 
With soft consoling sunlight shining through ; 
And round the sweeping circle of your hills 
The crashing cannon-thrills 
Have faded from the memory of the air; 
And Summer pours from unexhausted foun- 
tains 
Her bliss on yonder mountains: 



The camps are lenantless, the breastworks bare; 
Earth keeps no stain where hero-blood was 

poured : 
The hornets, humming on their wings of lead, 
Have ceased to sting, their angry swarms are 

dead, 
And, harmless in its scabbard, rusts the sword ! 

Oh, not till now — oh, now we dare, at last, 
To give our heroes fitting consecration ! 
Not till the soreness of the strife is past, 
And Peace hath comforted the weary nation ! 
So long her sid, indignant spirit held 
One keer; regret, one throb of pain, unequaled 
So long the land about her feet was waste, 
The ashes of the burning lay upon her. 
We stood beside their graves with brows abased T 
Waiting the purer mood to do them honor ! 
They, through the flames of this dread holo- 
caust, 
The patriot's wrath, the soldier's ardor lost : 
They sit above us and above our passion, 
Disparaged even by our human tears — 
Beholding truth our race, perchance, may fash- 
ion 
In the slow judgment of the creeping years. 
We saw the still reproof upo 1 their faces ; 
We heard them whisper from the shining spaces: 
"To-day ye grieve; come not to us with sor- 
row! 
Wait for the glad, the reconciled to-morrow ! 
Your grief but clouds the ether where we dwell; 
Your anger keeps your souls and ours apart; 
But come with peace and pardon, all is well ! 
And come with love, we touch you, heart to 
heart ! " 

Immortal brothers, we have heard ! 

Our lips declare the reconciling word : 

For Battle taught, that set us face to face, 

The stubborn temper of the race, 

And both, from fields no longer alien, come, 



f 



*■ 



LIBERT! AND UNION. 



1 8 



To grander action equally invited — 
Marshaled by Learning's trump, by Labor's 

drum, 
In strife that purines and makes united ! 
We force to build the powers that would de- 
stroy ; 
The muscles, hardened by the sabre's grasp, 
Now give our hands a firmer clasp : 
We bring not grief to you, but solemn joy ! 
And feeling you so near, 
Look forward with your eyes, divinely clear 
To some sublimely -.perfect, sacred year 
When sons of fathers whom ye overcame 
Forget in mutual pride the partial blame, 
And join with us to set the final crown 
Upon your dear renown — 
The People's Union in heart and name ! 

****** 
This they have done for us who slumber here — 
Awake, alive, though now so dumbly sleeping; 
Spreading the board, though tasting not its 
cheer, 



Sowing, but never reaping ; — 
Building, but never sitting in the shade 
Of the strong mansion they have made; 
Speaking their word of life with mighty tongue, 
But hearing not the echo, million-voiced, 
Of brothers who rejoiced, 

From all our river- vales and mountains flung. ? 
So take them, Heroes of the songful Past! 
Open your ranks, let every shining troop, 
Its phantom banners droop, 
To hail Earth's noblest martyrs, and her last ! 
.Take them, oh, Fatherland ! 
Who, dying, conquered in thy name; 
And, with a grateful hand, 

Inscribe their deeds who took away thy blame — 
Give, for their grandest all, thine insufficient 

fa trie ! 
Take them, oh God ! our Brave, 
The glad fulfillers of Thy dread decree ; 
Who grasped the sword for Peace, and smote to 

save, 
And, dying here for Freedom, died for Thee I 



+ 



THE DUTY OF AMERICANS. 



THE RT. REV. DR. SPALDING. 



(Roman Catholic Bishop of Peoria, 111.) 




~l4 
} O believe in God and His Christ 

is not only to believe in liberty 

** in opposition to the fatalism of 

atheistic theories of the universe, 

but it is also to have faith that in a 

free state there must be found an 

upward movement and gradual progress 

toward truer thoughts and purer life. 

We represent, therefore, not merely 

the material hopes of mankind, but our 

civilization promises freer and higher 

spiritual benefits. 

But these hopes could not fulfill them- 



selves if our national union had been 
broken. The destruction of this unity 
would make republican institutions im- 
possible here. If we were several inde- 
pendent States our political liberty and 
equality could not long survive. Wars 
and standing armies would lead to die. 
tatorship and aristocracy, and we should 
soon enter upon the downward path it 
is so easy to descend. Hence the men 
who died in defense of the unity and in- 
tegrity of our national life, died in a 
cause which is eternally right and holy. 



"F 



1 88 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 
OUR CENTENNIAL. 



VICE-PRESIDENT THOS. W. FERRY. 




HREE millions of people grown 
to forty-three millions; and thir- 
~~ teen Colonies enlarged to a 
nation of thirty-seven States, with 
the thirty-eighth — the Centennial 
State — forsaking eight Territories, 
and on the threshold of the Union ; abid- 
ing executive admission; these attest the 
forecast and majesty of the Declaration 
of 1776. It was nothing short of the 
utterance of the sovereignty of manhood 
and the worth of American citizenship. 
Its force is fast supplanting the assump- 
tion of the divine right of kings, by 



virtue of the supreme law of the nation 
that the people alone hold the sole power 
to rule. Nations succeed each other in 
following the example of this republic, 
and the force of American institutions 
bids fair to bring about a general reversal 
of the source of political power. When- 
ever that period shall come, Great Brit- 
ain, so magnanimous in presence on this 
auspicious era, will then, if not before, 
praise the events when American Inde- 
pendence was won under Washington, 
and when freedom and equalitv of races 
were achieved under Lincoln and Grant. 



PATRIOTISM OF THE OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS OF THE 

MEXICAN WAR. 



HON. LEONARD SWETT, 




PATRIOTISM, in the long his- 

|J|o tory of man, has been the orna- 

jPj^S ment of the aeres. The Greeks 



D honored above all, those who fell at 
Marathon, Salamis, and Platrea, 
and gave the state, as to its control, 
and the laurel wreath, the emblem of 
undying fame, to those who survived. 

Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori 
is the sweetest Latin line, and nearly two 
thousand years after it was penned was 
repeated by General Warren when 
urged not to expose his life at the battle 
of Bunker Hill. 

Patriotism, the heroic plant of the 
ages, thrives where glory is recognized 
and heroism is honored, but droops and 



declines as honor and self-sacrifice are 
unheeded and forgotten. Without self- 
sacrifice there can be no state, and with- 
out the honorable recognition which he- 
roism merits, it is rarely found, and never 
abides. 

To the living soldiers of the war mem- 
ory unrolls the great panorama of the 
past, and the scenes and actors stand be- 
fore him as men and mountains on the 
canvas — youth, with its warm compan- 
ionship and love, the pomp and spectacle 
of war, sharp mountain peaks above the 
storm line high in the air, blue as the 
bluest sky, snow-capped and ice-clad in 
the tropic heat, and silent as the night, 
the burning heat, the wearv march, the 



4- 



** 



LI BERT T AND UNION. 



pale, patient face, as the soldier sat under 
the orange tree or the palm, wounded or 
spent by the march, or lying on his bed 
of sickness or of death. Memory will 
not avaunt, but holds even here reunion 
with the dead. Even in this fairy scene 
of flashing lights and eloquence, of music 
and of flowers, the deep-mouthed guns of. 
the Castle of San Juan D'Ulloa again are 
roaring in his ears, and the friends of the 
days gone by rise up and smile, and call 
and beckon to him from the other shore. 
Nor did they die in vain. The soldier's 
life is not for himself. His riches do not 
lie in the wealth of cattle, or of credits, 
or of bonds, but in the magnitude of his 
self-sacrifice. 

His not to reason why; 
His but to do and die. 

He buries all his fears, he surrenders 



189 

all his hopes, he invites disease, and 
rushes even upon death, that all he loses 
others may enjoy. England, France, 
Germany and the Netherlands were 
brought out of darkness into a higher 
life through ages of bloodshed and war. 
They who sleep under the tall grasses of 
Mexico purchased with their lives an 
empire sweet and fresh as when it came 
from the creating hand of God, and gave 
it as a memorial offering to their coun- 
trymen. Its blessings they can never 
enjoy, but the millions of the twentieth 
century will embellish and adorn it with 
all the flowers of a Christian civilization, 
and, as the world marches to the ulti- 
mate development of mankind, these si- 
lent heroes will rise from their graves 
and live in the hearts of an ever grateful 
posterity. 



THE PATRIOTIC UNION WOMAN. 



GEN. THOMAS C. FLETCHER. 




|OMRADES, when we speak 
of a woman, we always think 
of that woman upon whose 
knee we learned in childhood and 
looked into her kind and loving 
eyes and felt our hearts warm under 
her loving smile; and then we saw her 
growing older and the crown of Chris- 
tian graces which adorned her brow, be- 
coming more radiant and beautiful, until 
in our manhood we turned again to wor- 
ship our dear old mother. 

The only real magic of nature is the 
power possessed by a woman over the 
man who loves her, — whether it be his 



mother, his wife, his sister, or his sweet- 
heart. At the hearthstone she awoke in 
him patriotic impulses. At the doorstep 
she consecrated him with tears and 
prayers to his country. In the hospital 
she whispered to him of the loved ones 
at home, and assuaged his pains with soft 
and gentle words of hope. With skillful 
hands she wrought life-inspiring inscrip- 
tions on our banners and waved us a 
cheering adieu as we marched off to the 
front, and then through her tears looked 
up to God to beg His protection for us, 
and for our success. 

There is efficacy In the prayers of a 



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190 



LIBERTT AND UN ION. 



good woman as sure as there is in the 
heaviest artillery. The Greek and the 
Roman women, as well as those of 
Europe in the days of chivalry, reared 
amid the clangor of arms and the scenes 
of war, animated those dear to them to 
deeds of valor, impelled by ambition for 
the individual distinction which might be 
won in contests of personal prowess. 
But the American woman, to whom the 
sounds of war were filled with strange 
and awful terrors, animated by a pure 
and lofty, aye, a holy patriotism, gave 
the standard of her country into the 
hands of her father or husband, or her 
son, or her brother, and bade him go and 
uphold the power of the Government 
which it represented, at the risk of his 
precious life. 

All through the terrific strife, the Ions 



years of anxiety, every mail bore loving 
words to those at the front. Every boat 
and every train bore to the sick and 
wounded the comforts which only 
woman's love can suggest, and only 
woman's tender care and skill can 
prepare. 

God bless the patriotic Union woman 
wherever she may be. The fires were 
kept by them bright upon the altar or 
home for those who never came back. 
The flag of the country covers their 
moldering ashes in the national ceme- 
tery; and the strong fatherly arm of the 
Government for which they died pro- 
tects their dear old mother, or their 
widow, or orphan children: and, com- 
rades, while we live and they live, the 
Government we fought for shall continue 
to do so. 



-**£ 



r- 



¥±L 



■9, 



THE GENIUS OF AMERICA. 



HON. FELIX R. BRUNOT, PITTSBURGH, PA., JULY 4, 1876. 



iHi BLLOW 



CITIZENS AND FRIENDS : 

jjjr Yesterday I stood in the Hall 



fc 



p£f c m- f Independence, on the banks 
of the Delaware, and looked upon 
the immortal Declaration which a 
hundred years ago proclaimed the 
birth of the nation. To-day I join with 
you, on the banks of the Ohio, to cele- 
brate with appropriate ceremonies the 
Centennial of the Nation's birth. Space 
and time in the progress ot those hun- 
dred years seem well nigh obliterated 
between the ends of our good old Com- 
monwealth; so let space and time stand 
aside whilst we mingle the august mem- 
ories of the past with the glories of the 
present, and cement the foundations of a 



still more imperishable and noble future. 
Were I a sculptor charged with the 
study of embodying in marble the idea 
of this occasion, I would represent the 
Genius of America— glancing backward 
at monuments upon whose foundations 
would be inscribed the principles of our 
forefathers, upon which the national in- 
stitutions have been builded, and out of 
which the prosperity of the nation has 
grown — and with firm, advancing step, 
and right arm raised, she should point 
onward and upward to a pyramid grand- 
er than those Egypt inscribed on every 
stone from foundation to apex and glow- 
ing with the same noble and upright 
principles. 



f 



4 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



I 9 l 



THE MOTHER COUNTRY. 



ROBERT C. WINTHROP. 




HO wonders that George the 
Third would not let go such 
jJSSl * colonies as ours without a 
jiSy. struggle? They were the bright- 
est jewels of his crown. Who 
wonders that he shrank from 
the responsibility of such a dis- 
memberment of his empire, and that 
his brain reeled at the very thought of 
it ? It would have been a poor compli- 
ment to us had he not considered us 
worth holding at any and every cost. 
We should hardly have forgiven him 
had he not desired to retain us. Nor can 
we altogether wonder that, with the 
views of kingly prerogative which be- 
longed to that period, and in which he 
was educated, he should have preferred 
the policy of coercion to that of concilia- 
tion, and should have insisted on sending 
over troops to subdue us. 

Our old mother country has had in- 
deed, a peculiar destiny, and in many re- 
spects a glorious one. Not alone with 
her drum -beat, as Webster so grandly 
said, has she encircled the earth. Not 
alone with her martial airs has she kept 
company with the hours. She has car- 
ried civilization and Christianity where - 
ever she has carried her flag. She has 
carried her noble tongue, with all its in- 
comparable treasures of literature and 
science and religion, around the globe; 
and, with our aid — for she will confess 
that we are doing our full part in this 



line of extension — it is fast becoming the 
most prevailing speech of civilized man. 
We thank God at this hour, and at every 
hour, that "Chatham's language is our 
mother tongue," and that we have an 
inherited and indisputable share in the 
glory of so many of the great names by 
which that language has been illustrated 
and adorned. 

But she has done more than all this. 
She has planted the great institutions and 
principles of civil freedom in every lati- 
tude where she could find a foothold. 
From her our Revolutionary fathers 
learned to understand and value them, 
and from her they inherited the spirit to 
defend them. Not in vain had her brave 
barons extorted Magna Charta from 
King John. Not in vain had her Simon 
de Montfort summoned the knights and 
burgesses, and laid the foundations of a 
Parliament and a House of Commons. 
Not in vain had her noble Sir John Elliot 
died, as a martyr of free speech, in the 
Tower. Not in vain had her heroic 
Hampden resisted ship-money and died 
on the battlefield. Not in vain for us, cer- 
tainly, the great examples and the great 
warnings of Cromwell and the Com- 
monwealth, or those sadder ones of Sid- 
ney and Russell, or that later and more 
glorious one still, of William of Orange. 

The grand lessons of her own history, 
forgotten, overlooked, or resolutely dis- 
regarded, it may be, on her own side of 



^ 



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4- 



192 



LIBERTY AND UNION 




r \j DO NOT believe that one State. or that ten States, or that even a majority of alt the States, has 
T a moral, legal, or constitutional right to dissolve our Union. That Union is founded on a con- 
stitution which is a charter of government, not a mere league. It does not create a league 
1 merely, nor a confederacy, but a nation under a government of limited and defined powers, and 
V, of unlimited duration. I believe that the Union is not only destined to be, but was intended to 
be perpetual, and I believe that our great civil war, if there ever was any reasonable doubt as to the 
nature of that Union, has settled that doubt forever. That slavery is dead, and that the nation 
abides forever is the sum and substance of the verdict pronounced through the issues of our great con- 
test. There is no longer a gwstion, there can never again arise a question as to the perpetuity of the 
Union. The apple of discord, the only thing that ever made any American hostile to his own country 
and constitution, has utterly perished. Henceforth the American Union abides forever, grounded in 
the affections, in the necessities and in the fervent devotion of the whole American people. If there 
ever shall again arise a cloud of disunion, it will not arise in the South and not in the Southern 
section of the country. But no such question will or can arise, As perpetual as the hills, as solid 
as the everlasting rocks, the Union of these States abides, and must abide forever. One sentiment, one 
purpose animates the American heart, and that is that the Union of the States must and shall 
be preserved. 



4-G* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



J 93 



the Atlantic, in the days we are com- 
memorating, were the very inspiration of 
her colonies on this side; and under that 
inspiration they contended and con- 
quered. And though she may sometimes 
be almost tempted to take sadly upon her 
lips the words of the old prophet: "I 
have nourished and brought up children 
and they have rebelled against me," she 
has long ago learned that such a rebellion 
as ours was really in her own interest and 
for her own ultimate welfare — begun, 
continued, and ended as it was, in vindi- 
cation of the liberties of Englishmen. 

I cannot forget how justly and elo- 
quently my friend, Dr. Ellis, a few 
months ago, in this same hall, gave ex- 
pression to the respect which is so widely 
entertained on this side of the Atlantic 
foi the sovereign lady who has now 
graced the British throne for nearly forty 
years. No passage of his admirable ora- 
tion elicited a warmer response from the 
multitudes who listened to him. How 



much of the growth and grandeur of 
Great Britain is associated with the 
names of illustrious women ! Even those 
of us who have no fancy for female suf- 
frage might often be well-nigh tempted 
to take refuge from the incompetencies 
and intrigues and corruptions of men 
under the presidency of the purer and 
gentler sex. What would English history 
be without the names of Elizabeth and 
Anne? What would it be without the 
name of Victoria — of whom it has re- 
cently been written " that by a long 
course of loyal acquiescence in the de- 
clared wishes of her people, she has 
brought about what is nothing less than 
a great revolution— all the more benefi- 
cent because it has been gradual and 
silent?" Ever honored be her name, 
and that of her lamented consort. 

Ever-beloved and loving may her rule be; 
And when old Time shall lead her to her end, 
Goodness and she fill ud one monument. 



-^^S^" 



OUR COMMON COUNTRY. 



COL. ALBERT R. LAMAR. 




ELLOW - CITIZENS : — Im- 
pelled by causes not necessary 
m to be mentioned here, for many 
years the people of this country 
have failed to gather in the spirit 
of patriotic devotion around a com- 
mon altar. But to-day, from one end 
of the land to the other, the people will 
renew their vows to the great principles 
13 



which gave birth to the American re- 
public in 1776. Standing in the shadow 
of a dead century and facing the dawn 
of a coming one, the people of Savannah 
have determined to light again the 
torch of our common country's liberty, 
and with confident hopes to transmit it 
to their children and their children's 
children. 



4- 



-3K 



•H$r 



194 



LIBERT! AND UNION. 



UNION AND PEACE FOREVER. 



GEN. CHARLES DEVENS. 




J BOVE all, may there be peace 
f forever among the States of 
"** this Union. "The blood spilt 
here," said Washington upon the 
place where we stand (Bunker 
Hill), "roused the whole Ameri- 
can people, and united them in de- 
fense of their rights, — that Union will 
never be broken." Prophecies may be 
made to work their own fulfillment; and 
whatever may have been our trials and 
our difficulties, let us spare no efforts that 
this shall be realized. Achieving their 
independence by a common struggle, en- 
dowed to-day with common institutions, 
we see even more clearly than before that 
the States of this Union have before them 
a common destiny. 

We have commenced here in Massa- 
chusetts the celebration of that series of 
events which made of us a nation, and let 
each as it approaches in the centennial 
cycle serve to kindle anew the fires of 
patriotism. Let us meet on the fields 
where our fathers fought, and where 
they lie, whether they fell with the stern 
joy of victory irradiating their counte- 
nances, or in the gloomy hours of dis- 
aster and defeat. Alike in remembrance 
of Saratoga and Yorktown, and of the 
dreary winter of Valley Forge; at Tren- 
ton and Princeton, and at the spots im- 
mortalized in the bloody campaign of the 
Jerseys, at King's Mountain, and Char- 
leston, at Camden and Guilford C. H., and 



along the track of the steadily fighting, 
slowly retreating Greene, through the 
Carolinas. 

Above all, at the city from which went 
forth the Declaration that we were, and 
of right ought to be, a free and inde- 
pendent nation, let us gather, and by the 
sacred memories of the great departed 
pledge ourselves to transmit untarnished 
the heritage they have left us. 

The soldiers of the Revolution are 
gone, the statesmen who embodied their 
work in the Constitution of the United 
States, have passed away. With them, 
too, sleep those who in the earlier days 
watched the development of this won- 
drous frame of government. The mighty 
master of thought and speech, by whose 
voice fifty years ago was dedicated the 
monument at whose base we stand, and 
whose noble argument, that the Consti- 
tution is not a compact but a law, by its 
nature supreme and perpetual, won for 
him the proud name of " The expounder 
of the Constitution," rests with those 
whose work he so nobly vindicated, 
happy at least that his eyes were not per- 
mitted to behold the sad sight of States 
" discordant, belligerent, and drenched in 
fraternal blood." 

The lips of him who twenty-five years 
ago commemorated this anniversary with 
that surpassing grace and eloquence all 
his own, and with that spirit of pure 
patriotism in which we may strive at least 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



95 



to imitate him, are silent now. Through- 
out the cruel years of war that clarion 
voice, sweet, yet far resounding, sum- 
moned his countrymen to the struggle on 
which our Union depended, yet the last 
time that it waked the echoes of the an- 
cient hall dedicated to liberty, even while 
the retiring storm yet thundered along 
the horizon, was, as he would have 
wished it should have been, in love and 
charity to the distressed people of the 
South. 

But although they have passed beyond 
the veil which separates the unseen world 
from mortal gaze, the lessons which they 
have left remain adjuring us, whatever 
may have been the perils, the discords, 
the sorrows of the past, to struggle al- 
ways for that " more perfect Union " or- 
dained by the Constitution. Here, at 
least, however poor and inadequate for 
an occasion that rises so vast and grand 
above us our words maj' be, none 
shall be uttered that are not in regard 
and love to all of our fellow-citizens, 
no feelings indulged except those of 
anxious desire for their prosperity and 
happiness. 

We are gratified to-day by the pres- 
ence of citizens from Maryland, Virginia, 
South Carolina, as well as of other States 
of the South. Their fathers were ancient 
friends of Massachusetts; it was the in- 



spiration they gave which strengthened 
the hearts and nerved the arm of every 
man of New England. In every proper 
and larger sense the soil upon which 
their sons stand is theirs as well as ours, 
and wherever there may have been es- 
trangement, here, at least, we have met 
upon common ground. They unite with 
us in recognition of the great principles 
of civil and religious liberty, and in pious 
memory of those who vindicated them, 
they join with us in the wish to make of 
this regenerated Union a power grander 
and more august than its founders dared 
to hope. 

Standing always in generous remem- 
brance of every section of the Union, 
neither now nor hereafter will we distin- 
guish between States or sections in our 
anxiety for the glory and happiness of 
all. To-day upon the verge of the cen- 
turies, as together we look back upon 
that which is gone, in deep and heartfelt 
gratitude for the prosperity so largely 
enjoyed by us, so together will we look 
forward serenely and with confidence to 
that which is advancing. Together will 
we utter our solemn aspiration in the 
spirit of the motto of the city which now 
incloses within its limits the battle-field 
and the town for which it was fought, 
"As God was to our fathers, so may He 
be to us." 




4h 



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ig6 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



THE VOLUNTEER SOLDIERS OF THE UNION ARMY. 



COL. ROBERT J. INGERSOLL. 




HEN the savagery of the lash, 
the barbarism of the chain, and 
the insanity of secession con- 
)> fronted the civilization of our 
" N century, the question " Will the 
great republic defend itself?" 
trembled on the lips of every lover of 
mankind. 

The North, filled with intelligence and 
wealth — children of liberty — marshaled 
her hosts, and asked only for a leader. 
From civil life a man, silent, thoughtful, 
poised and calm, stepped forth, and with 
the lips of victory voiced the Nation's 
first and last demand : " Unconditional 
and immediate surrender." From that 
moment the end was known. That utter- 
ance was the first real declaration of real 
war, and, in accordance with the dramatic 
unities of mighty events, the great soldier 
who made it received the final sword of 
the rebellion. 

The soldiers of the Republic were not 
seekers after vulgar glory. They were 
not animated by the hope of plunder or 
the love of conquest. They fought to 
preserve the homestead of liberty, and 
that their children might have peace. 
They were the defenders of humanity, 
the destroyers of prejudice, the breakers 
of chains, and in the name of the future 
they slew the monster of their time. 
They finished what the soldiers of the 
Revolution commenced. They re-lighted 
the torch that fell from their auerust 



hands, and filled the world again with 
light. They blotted from the statute- 
books laws that had been passed by hypo- 
crites at the instigation of robbers, and 
tore with indignant hands from the Con- 
stitution that infamous clause that made 
men the catchers of their fellow men. 
They made it possible for judges to be 
just, for statesmen to be humane, and for 
politicians to be honest. They broke the 
shackles from the limbs of slaves, from 
the souls of masters, and from the North- 
ern brain. They kept our country on the 
map of the world, and our flag in heaven. 
They rolled the stone from the sepulcher 
of progress, and found therein two angels 
clad in shining garments, Nationality and 
Liberty. 

The soldiers were the saviours of the 
nation; they were the liberators of men. 
In writing the Proclamation of Eman- 
cipation, Lincoln, greatest of our mighty 
dead, whose memory is as gentle as the 
summer air when reapers sing amid the 
gathered sheaves, copied with the pen 
what Grant and his brave comrades 
wrote with swords. 

Grander than the Greek, nobler than 
the Roman, the soldiers of the Republic, 
with patriotism as shoreless as the air, 
battled for the rights of others, for the 
nobility of labor; fought that mothers 
might own their babes, that arrogant 
idleness should not scar the back of 
patient toil, and that our country should 



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LIBERTT AND UNI OX. 



197 



not be a many-headed monster made of 
warring States, but a nation, sovereign, 
great and free. 

Blood was water, money was leaves, 
and life was only common air until one 
flag floated over a Republic without a 
master and without a slave. 

And then was asked the question: 
" Will a free people tax themselves to 
pay a nation's debt?" 

The soldiers went home to their wait- 
ing wives, to their glad children, and to 
the girls they loved — they went back to 
the fields, the shops and mines. They 
had not been demoralized. They had 
been ennobled. They were as honest in 
peace as they had been brave in war. 
Mocking at poverty, laughing at reverses, 
they made a friend of toil. They said: 
" We saved the nation's life, and what is 
life without honor? " They worked and 
wrought with all of labor's royal sons 
that every pledge the nation gave might 
be redeemed. And their great leader, 
having put a shining band of friendship 
— a girdle of clasped and happy hands — 
around the globe, comes home and finds 
that every promise made in war has now 
the ring- and odeam of g-old. 

There is another question still : " Will 
all the wounds of war be healed ? " I 
answer, Yes. The Southern people must 
submit, not to the dictation of the North, 



but to the nation's will and to the ver- 
dict of mankind. They were wrong, 
and the time will come when they will 
say that they are victors who have been 
vanquished by the right. Freedom con- 
quered them, and freedom will cultivate 
their fields, educate their children, weave 
for them the robes of wealth, execute 
their laws, and fill their land with happy 
homes. 

The soldiers of the Union saved the 
South as well as North. They made us 
a nation. Their victory made us free 
and rendered tyranny in every other 
land as insecure as snow upon volcanoes' 
lips. 

And now let us drink to the volun- 
teers — to those who sleep in unknown, 
sunken graves, whose names are only in 
the hearts of those they loved and left — 
of those who only hear in happy dreams 
the footsteps of return. Let us drink to 
those who died where lipless famine 
mocked at want — to all the maimed 
whose scars give modesty a tongue — to 
all who dared, and gave to chance the 
care and keeping of their lives — to all 
the living and to all the dead — to Sher- 
man, to Sheridan, and to Grant, the 
laureled soldier of the world, and last, 
to Lincoln, whose loving life, like a bow 
of peace, spans and arches all the clouds 
of war. 




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198 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



THE TENDENCY OF CIVILIZATION. 



HENRY WARD BEECHER. 




H HE tendency of the civilization of 
the globe is toward the educa- 
tion of the whole people, the en- 
franchisement of the whole people, 
and the participation of the whole 
people in government. Popular 
intelligence and popular liberty is the 
manifest destiny of the world. The doc- 
trine of popular rights is no longer the 
caprice of a single class, the mania of a 
nation. It is the open and secret faith of 
the world ; it circulates in the blood ; it is 
the vital element of that subtle mental 
atmosphere which we call the public sen- 
timent of the world ! And, like an atmos- 
phere, it knows how to collect storms, 



and how to disperse them. It is too 
subtle to be bound. It moves with the 
world in its whole circuit. It is a divine 
decree. God has said to the people, 
"Thou art my Son." "Be wise, there- 
fore, O ye kings; be instructed, ye 
judges of the earth. Kiss the Son, lest 
he be angry, and ye perish from the way 
when his wrath is kindled but a little." 
(Psalms, 2.) It is along the line of this 
march of the world, and with this pro- 
found conviction, that liberty for all peo- 
ple is the meaning of the Gospel, and of 
the providence of God in this age, that 
we must look upon the condition and 
tendency of things in our time. 



-»-§$£-€- 



THE REPUBLIC NOT UNGRATEFUL. 



GEN. JOHN M. PALMER. 




Y comrades, we were citizens 
of a free and powerful re- 
public that was happy under 
wise and equal laws; it was 
threatened by those who de- 
sired its overthrow that they 
might make its great and only 
crime eternal. We became soldiers, 
and encountered death on the battle- 
field, and in pestilential camps, and on 



weary marches, not to win honors or 
privileges for ourselves, but to main- 
tain liberty and equal rights for all. By 
the blessings of that Divine Being that 
guided us through dangers, seen and un- 
seen, while so many of the noble and the 
brave perished, we have won the right 
to be again called the free citizens of a 
free republic. We have secured an in- 
heritance of liberty and protection for 



i& 



.d; 



LIBERTY AND UNION, 

whose gentle faces 
our presence while 



199 



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on d 



is- 



those little ones 
would steal into 
we sat by the solitary camp 
tant fields, or who would come to us in 
our dreams and nestle in our arms and 
whisper to us words of hope and en- 
couragement, and our grateful country 
has conferred upon us the only title of 
honor a free government can or ought 
to bestow, or that free citizens can ac- 
cept, that of " citizens who, having 
done their duty, deserve well of the Re- 
public." It has founded homes for our 
destitute comrades; it has pensioned our , 
disabled, and has cared for the orphans 
of our slain; and if I had not said enough 
to excite our gratitude or justify our 
pride, mark the magnanimity of the re- 
stored Republic to the citizens whose un- 
patriotic passions inflicted on the whole 
country so much suffering, so many woes # 
They erred sadly, yes, wickedly ; for they 
took up arms not only to destroy us but 



themselves; but they have suffered ter- 
ribly. Who can control a feeling of pity 
when he contemplates the condition of 
these brave but misguided men, at the 
close of the war, who had struggled so 
long and so gallantly, even in the bad 
cause of their country's overthrow? 
They had fought their last battle; they 
had seen the last thin lines melt and dis- 
appear, leaving them all alone, and then 
all hope perished. They laid down their 
arms, and clad in the thin, worn uniform 
that we had hated but they had wor- 
shiped, they departed on their weary way 
alone to seek desolated homes, if any 
homes remained to them after the land had 
been torn by the hoof-prints of war. I 
pause; I have said enough. Who is it 
that has a soldier's heart and knows what 
a solder may suffer, that would not reach 
forth his hand to help them, and as they 
disappear in the dim distance, drop a tear 
of sympathy with their sorrows. 



WELCOME TO THE SOLDIERS. 



COL. GEO. CARR. 




ELLOW-CITIZENS :— It de- 
volves upon me to express to 
you the cordial greeting of the 
people of Galesburg. 

I address you as "citizens," be- 
cause you are like us, simple citizens 
of the Republic. We remember 
when you were soldiers. We also re- 
member before you were soldiers you 
were as now — citizens. We know that 
your professions are not those of arms ; 



that you are peaceful in your inclinations, 
and that you are averse to war. You 
have given us every evidence that the 
miseries attendant upon war are repug- 
nant to you, that martial glory and mili- 
tary renown have no charm for you. 

Notwithstanding your repugnance for 
war and the sorrows attendant upon it, 
we have seen you cheerfully and without 
a moment's delay leave your homes, your 
farms, your shops, your stores and your 



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200 



LIBERT! 'AND UNION. 



offices, and march away to fields of car- 
nage and blood, and in deadly conflict 
prove yourselves worthy to be classed 
with the heroes of every age. Notwith- 
standing you had known nothing of mili- 
tary life, and had no military training; 
notwithstanding you were entirely un- 
familiar with military drill and military 
tactics; notwithstanding you had never 
seen a camp nor heard the roar of artil- 
lery, you became in a short time disci- 
plined and trained soldiers, equal to those 
of the best armies of Europe, who have 
spent their whole lives in discipline and 
upon the field. You fought and won bat- 
tles which will be placed among the most 
resplendent military achievements of an- 
cient or modern times. You not only, 
upon many sanguinary battle-fields, de- 
feated your enemies, but you overcame 
the greatest rebellion ever known, and 
conquered eight millions of people. After 
all your triumph and glory, with a whole 
continent at your mercy, when your great 
work was accomplished, you quietly dis- 
banded, relieving your country from the 
burdens incident to a great army, and re- 
suming your ordinary occupations, by 
your industry" made it possible for your 
country to meet the vast obligations she 
had incurred while you were fighting her 
battles, and you again just as really be- 
came her saviours in peace as you had 
been in war. When it seemed as though 
the last hope, the last ray Of sunlight was 
gone, when good men were in despair, 
and bad men were jubilant, through dark- 
ness and gloom, in the midst of defeat 
and death, you steadily performed your 
duty. 

Before your invincible battalions went 
down forever a confederacy founded on 
unconstitutionalism ; went down forever 
nullification and secession. In the midst 



of smoke and battle you established upon 
enduring foundations the nationality and 
unity of our government, and with your 
good swords you wrote into our funda- 
mental law freedom for all, citizenship 
for all, suffrage for all. Among the 
heroes of ancient and modern times your 
names properly belong. No armies of 
Alexander, of Caesar, or of Napoleon, of 
Cromwell, or of Washington, performed 
more worthy or more gallant deeds. In 
the results in behalf of freedom and jus- 
tice scarcely any have accomplished as 
much. While others fought for mere 
conquest or renown, you fought the bat- 
tles of humanity. Upon your banners 
were emblazoned, in characters of living 
light, liberty and justice. 

Sixteen years have passed away since 
you laid down your arms. We look 
about us and find the happiest people 
upon the face of th2 earth ; prosperity 
upon every hand; a stable and success- 
ful government; peace with all nations, 
plenty in every larder, sunlight in every 
home, joy upon every hearth. Citizen 
soldiers of America, for all of these 
manifold blessings, under God, we are in- 
debted to you. Why should we not 
welcome you to our homes, and to our 
hearts upon this great occasion ? By ex- 
tending to you our cordial greeting we 
honor ourselves more than we can possi- 
bly honor you. 

It was a custom of the ancients when 
heroes were welcomed, as an especial 
mark of distinction to remove the wall 
which surrounded the city and let them 
pass in upon other ground than that trod- 
den by the ordinary citizen in his passage 
through the gates. We can give you no 
such distinction, for we have no walls to 
remove. We need none ; you your- 
selves are our bulwark, our defence. 



■Hn^- 



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LIBERTY AND UNION 
<j 1* ■*- 



2GI 




SOME ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL STRENGTH. 



THE RKV. WILLIAM EDWARDS HUNTINGTON, I'll. D. 



|£ UR forefathers taught us no les- 
son of lawlessness in the brave 
gllig^* words and deeds of 1776. The 
(*)]£> Declaration of Independence read 
to the royalist like an insulting 
challenge to the " divine right of 
kings;" but that document was all filled 
between the lines which Jefferson wrote, 
with the highest allegiance to law — a 
law not made by the British Parliament, 
it is true, yet a law that was wider and 
deeper than English legislators had yet 
enacted. Every man who signed it put 
his name to the t; law of liberty," and 
promised to defend that law which Christ 
taught in His gospel, and which all ty- 
rants dread. The men of the Revolu- 
tion knew what law meant. The Puri- 
tan character was one that understood 
discipline. Obedience to rightful author- 
ity was a primal law of the Puritan con- 
science. It was, therefore, a loud call 
that rang out from the eastern margin of 
this continent, asking that English mon- 
arch for liberty. Liberty meant some- 
thing to the men who knew also the 
higher meaning of law. They had read 
out of their Bibles and out of their con- 



sciences the meaning of both. It was 
not a mob thirsting for license. They 
were not wild visionaries asking for im- 
possibilities. They were the prophets 
of that age who saw the dawn-light of a 
new era breaking over a new world, in 
which law should be disenthralled from 
the fettered meaning that European em- 
pires had impressed upon it, and receive 
into itself afresh the lofty significance 
which liberty alone can give. That 
spirit which carried defeat into the Eng- 
lish army and navy, and made victory 
possible to the Puritan rebels, is a condi- 
tion of our national perpetuity, as it was 
the condition of the nation's birth. 

True culture is also a national safe- 
guard. It was the fiber wrought out in 
the common schools of the North, which 
was too strong to yield to a rebellious 
South. It was the cool, intelligent brav- 
ery that carried the decisive battlefields 
of the great conflict. The historic elm 
is still standing in Cambridge under 
which Washington took command of the 
American army, on July 3, 1 / 7 5 * ^ * s 
just across the open square, and in full 
view from Harvard University. There 



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202 



LIHERTT 



w:> - . no other spot on the continent so ap- 
propriate as that for that peerless man to 
draw the sword for freedom and country. 
Harvard College was at that date one 
hundred and thirty seven years old. For 
nearly a century and a half it had been 
diffusing sound learning throughout New 
England. And this outward fact, that 
the great commander-in-chief began his 
seven years' campaign under that elm, 
and in front of the first college of the 
land, was only a symbol of the deeper 
truth that Washington marched from 
that point with an army of men who 
could not only read hooks and write 
their own names, but were able by their 
intelligence to understand why they were 
soldiers, and for what they risked their 
lives. They wrote their names down 
upon their enlistment papers not for the 
hire of a mercenary, but for the sake of 
the principles for which they were will- 
ing to shed their blood. They went to 
war, not for the love of it, like the north- 
ern barbarians who swept down through 
Europe, and carried from the seven hills 
the ancient glory of Rome. These 
American fighters loved their farms, their 
homes, their books, their schools, and all 
the arts and delights of peace. But their 
intelligence, their wisdom and conscience 
taught them that their Work must be in 
the battlefield if their children were to 
enter into any inheritance worth having. 
We pray that the coming century may 
not try again the nerve of the American 
soldier. But if the "long roll" shall 
sound again, and he must : once more take 
arms, his intelligence will be one of his 
most effective weapons. 

It was in the homes of New England 
that the foundations of our national life 
were laid. In the simple, sturdy life of 
the well-ordered household, ripened those 



\ND UNION. 

traits of American character which finally 
expressed themselves in the constitution 
of a free government. In the second 
year of the Revolutionary war, when 
John Adams was standing at his post in 
Philadelphia, at the very focus of the 
struggle, he wrote these lines to his wife: 
" I begin to suspect that I have not much 
of the grand in my composition. The 
pride and pomp of War, the continual 
sound of drums and fifes, the prancing 
and trampling of the light horse, have 
no charms for me. I long for domestic 
scenes, for the warbling of birds, and the 
prattle of my children. As much as I 
converse with sages and heroes, they 
have very little of my love and associa- 
tion. I should prefer the delights of a 
garden to the dominion of a world. I 
have nothing of Cesar's greatness in my 
soul." At another time he wrote, w * Take 
care that the children don't Sfo astray. 
Cultivate their minds, inspire their little 
hearts, raise their wishes. Fix their at- 
tention upon great and glorious objects. 
Root out every little thing. Weed out 
every meanness Make them great anil 
manly. Teach them to scorn injustice, 
cowardice, and falsehood. Let them re- 
vere nothing but religion, morality and 
liberty.'" Here are also a few brave 
words from Mrs. Adams, the woman 
who was worthy to share the honors and 
the perils of such a man at such an hour. 
It w r as when Adams had been separated 
from home and country on his mission to 
the court of France. She wrote thus: 
"Difficult as the day is, and as this war 
has been, separated as I am, on account 
of it, from the dearest connection in life, 
I would not exchange my country for 
the wealth of the Indies, or be any other 
than an American, though I might he 
queen of any nation upon the earth. 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



203 



THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC AM) ITS INSTITUTIONS. 



PROF. JAMES I). BUTLER, LL. i>. 



(Baccalaureate Address, University of Wisconsin, 1862. 




though 



HERE is no laud, 
] sterile in soil, arctic or tropical 
in climate, and of institutions 
hardly worth preserving, but can 
boast patriots who have died for it, 
lamenting only that they had no 
more lives to lay down for its sake. 
What would have been the love of heroes 
like these, for a land like ours? 

As a spur in the sides of your patriot- 
ism, let us mark the tendency of our 
institutions — in the spirit of my text — " to 
gather up the fragments" — that is, to 
exalt those who are elsewhere thrust 
down, and thus to render ours the best 
poor man's country in the world. That 
such is their tendency seems the instinct- 
ive feeling of the common people 
throughout Europe. Witness emigrants 
by millions, who have voyaged hither, 
when the world was all before them 
where to choose their place of rest. 

But nowhere else, — not in Canada, nor 
in Australia, — would they have seen 
what is now beheld in this common- 
wealth, — one of their own number as 
the chief magistrate — (Governor .Salo- 
mon, born in Germany.) 

Again, where save here can every man 
who will, become the owner of a farm? 

The Christian church everywhere rec- 
ognizes all men barbarian, .Scythian, bond 
and free, as moral equals, — but here most, 
— for here there is less of a hierachy and 



more of lay influence in all sects. Sects 
! which elsewhere are seeking toleration, 
here seek it. not, for they need it not. 

Further, no country from its first settle- 
j ment has made such provisions for prim- 
ary instruction as our school lands when 
used for their legitimate purpose afford to 
every child. In new settlements endow- 
ments to promote higher culture are not 
to be looked for, yet they are not un- 
known in our youngest States, and have 
grown with the growth of all the older 
ones. .Accordingly, there is no class so 
poor that it is not largely represented in 
our educated class. 

As a specimen of such educational 
funds behold this University, proffering 
to all the world its privileges for three 
hundred thousand dollars less than they 
cost, and see denominational colleges, 
equally accessible. 

Moreover, nowhere have the pulpit, 
the political speaker, the lecturer — literary 
or scientific — the debating society, and 
the press — whether through books or 
papers — so long and so persuasively leav- 
ened every fiber of society. 

Nowhere have politics been to such an 
extent a whetstone, and, indeed, a liberal 
education, to the popular mind. No- 
where have state and national issues so 
often laid on the masses responsibilities in 
whose ennobling stir they feel themselves 
exalted. Nowhere lias so large a portion 



T 



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204 



LI BERT r AND UNION. 



of a nation been roused to self develop- 
ment, through the prospect of social and 
political advancement as the reward of at 
least supposed merit. 

It is often complained that the most 
competent men among us are not elected 
to office; and this charge is sometimes 
too well grounded. In such cases, how- 
ever, there is some compensation in the 
elevating ambition which hence electri- 
fies thousands, wakening in them aspi- 
rations to what men, no whit their super- 
iors, have attained. 

Nor has the free North ever known a 
dominant class monopolizing all power, 
like the slaveholders of the South, the 
landholders in England, or an equally 
small clique in Rome and Athens. Other 
societies are built on an aristocratic basis, 
so that schemes for popular advantage 
stumble at the threshold over vested 
rights and time-honored abuses. Thus, 
nations which have been growing freer 
for ages, still resemble the lion, who, 
though he has broken his cage, yet bears 
his chain upon his neck. 

On the other hand our ancestors, in 
crossing the ocean, escaped from the past 
and found ample room for realizing their 
ideals. 

" Here the free spirit of mankind at 
length threw its last fetters off." 



Institutions like ours — framed to spread 
blessings as broadcast as the sun sheds his 
light — no wonder their establishment is 
pronounced by Lord Brougham, in his 
greatest work, "the most important event 
in the history of our species ; " no wonder 
they move the hatred of all despotisms; 
no wonder they have rallied to their de- 
fence half a million of citizen soldiers, 
and, if need be, will rally enough to make 
us confident against the world in arms. 
The cannonade on Sumter rung through 
the continent, as potent as the alarum of 
the chieftain in the Scotch highlands, 

when 

"He whistled shrill, 
And he was answered from the hill ; 
Instant, through copse and heath, arose 
Bonnets, and spears, and bended bows ; 
From shingles grey their lances start, 
The bracken bush sends forth the dart. 
The rushes and the willow wand 
Are bristling into axe and brand, 
And everv tuft of broom gives life 
To plaided warrior, armed for strife. 
That whistle garrisoned the glen 
At once, with many a myriad men, 
As if the yawning earth to heaven 
A subterranean host had given.' 

Daily ought we to thank God for such 
a country to uphold — our knowing no 
man common or unclean — but honoring 
man as man — holding all to be of one 
blood; and fashioned in heart alike by 
the Almighty. 




■K3- 



LI BERT T AND UNION. 



2 °5 



&+ 



SOLDIERS' ORPHANS. 



GENERAL LUCIUS FAIRCHILD, EX-GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN. 




HE fathers of these children 
have laid down their lives while 
battling for the preservation of 
our country. They have died that 
we might live to reap the rich 
harvest of National prosperity, 
secured to us as the result of that contest 
in which they bore so honorable a part. 
They are the children of the State, and 
as such, are entitled to its fostering care 
and protection. The necessity of provid- 
ing a suitable asylum for such of these 
orphans as require the protection of the 
State, has been appreciated by our people, 
who have contributed generously for that 
purpose. I call your attention to the ac- 
companying communication, and earnest- 
ly recommend that the proposition of the 
executive committee be accepted, and 
that the Harvey Soldiers' Orphans' 
Home be adopted by the State as one of 
its benevolent institutions. 

In the struggle just closed, Wisconsin's 
record stands among the brightest. 
When , the first echoes of the distant 
guns at Sumter sounded in our ears, her 
sons flew to arms. A young and peace- 
ful State, unused to war, almost without 
a militia organization, almost without the 
men fitted to lead her few battalions, she 
pressed to the front with her offering of 
men; and from the first skirmish in 
Virginia to the last struggle in North 
Carolina, her banners have been displayed 
amid the smoke of every battle, her 
regiments have shared the fatigues and 



dangers of every important expedition. 
When the thunder of artillery " rocked 
like a cradle land and sea," when the 
shrieks of the wounded and the moans 
of the dying came borne to our ears from 
scores of battle fields; when our streets 
were filled with pale and wounded men; 
when there were defeats as well as 
victories; when traitors grew confident 
and patriots grew anxious, still her men, 
young and old, pressed forward to the 
conflict. They shrank not from danger, 
they never doubted of success. 

When there was mourning in so many 
of our homes, when its sad emblems 
were everywhere upon our streets and in 
our churches, when harassing anxiety 
for the danger of those they loved filled 
so many hearts, and made pale so many 
faces, still mothers sent forth other sons, 
and other loving hearts bled fresh with- 
out a murmur. 

The plow stood almost idle in the fur- 
row for want of hands to guide it ; women 
toiled where men were wont to work, 
and yet our country's calls were 
answered. 

In the hour of her greatest danger, 
Wisconsin's sons and daughters listened 
only to her voice. I thank God that this 
was so. To protect the State from danger 
is always the highest duty of the citizen. 
With us it was a solemn duty. Not our 
own national life alone, but the cause of 
freedom, and the success of free institu- 
tions throughout the world, depended 



4 



206 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



upon our arms. If we failed, these failed 
with us. If we failed, the lamp of liberty 
went out forever, and left the world in 
darkness. That we did not fail is indeed 
a cause of great rejoicing'. That the 
cause of freedom triumphed, brings joy 
to all the world. Yet for us to-day, it is 
a chastened triumph. Tears will mingle 
with our joy, sadness with our pride. 

Thousands, " the flower of our youth, 
the beauty of our Israel," have fallen in 
the conflict, dying that we might live. 
Proud of their noble sacrifice, a nation 
mourns their loss. 

Let it be your care that those whose 
natural guardians they were, shall not be 
left to want. 

Let it be our privilege to see that suf- 



fering and neglect be not added to their 
noble grief. Let the State protect their 
families and educate their children. Those 
fallen heroes will need no monument 
other than their nation's greatness. 

For all who nobly bore their part in 
this dread conflict a nation's heart beats 
warm with gratitude. Generation after 
generation yet to come, will bless them 
for it. They have saved the nation's life. 

If anything can be added to their proud 
consciousness of duty nobly done, let 
them dwell with satisfaction on the 
glorious future they have made possible 
for our country, where a hundred million 
of free and happy people shall owe a 
proud allegiance to that flag they have so 
gallantly defended. 



^mm^ 



THE FIRST AMERICAN FLAG— WHEN AND WHERE IT 

WAS MADE. 



WILLIAM J. CAXBY, 




HE American Flag. Tracing 

the history of this national 

emblem, the first instances when 

the Stars and Stripes were unfurled 

were at the siege of Fort Schuyler, 



Au, 
sion just about 



g. 17, 1777, and upon an occa- 



one year prior to that 
time, the brig Nancy was chartered by 
the Continental Congress to procure 
military stores in the West Indies, during 
the latter part of 1775. While at Porto 
Rico, in July of the ensuing year, the in- 
formation came that the colonies had de- 
clared their independence, and with this 
information came the description of the 
flag that had been accepted as the 



national banner. A young man, Capt. 
Thomas Mandeville, set to work to 
make one, and successfully accomplished 
it. The flag was unfurled, and saluted 
with thirteen guns. When the brig- 
Nancy was upon her return voyage, she 
was hemmed in by British vessels off 
Cape May. Her officers succeeded in re- 
moving all the munitions to the shore, 
and when the last boat put off, a young 
man in it John Hancock, jumped into 
the sea, climbed to the vessel, ran up the 
shrouds of the mast, and securing the flag, 
brought it triumphantly to shore, through 
a hot fire from the British men-of-war. 
The first American flag, however, ac- 



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LIBERT 1' AND UNION. 



207 



cording to the design and approval of 
Congress, was made by Mrs. Elizabeth 
Ross. Three of her daughters still live 
m Philadelphia (1882) to confism this 
fact — founding their belief, not upon 
what they saw, for it was made many 
years before they were born, but upon 
what their mother had often told them. 
A niece of this lady, Mrs. Margaret 
Boggs, aged ninety-five years, now lives 
in Germantown, and is conversant with 
the fact. The fact is not generally known 
that to Philadelphia not only belongs the 
honor of flinging the first star-spangled 
banner to the breeze, but to a Philadelphia 
lady belongs the honor of having made it. 
The house in which it was made still 
stands — No. 239 Arch street, Philadel- 



phia (the old No. being 80) — the last of 
an old row. It is related that when Con- 
gress had decided upon the design, 
Colonel Geo. Ross and General Wash- 
ington visited Mrs. Ross and asked her 
to make it. She said, " I don't know 
whether I can, but I'll try," and directly 
suggested to the gentlemen that the de- 
sign was wrong, in that the stars were six 
cornered and not five cornered as they 
should be. This was corrected, she made 
the flag, Congress accepted it, and for 
half a dozen years this lady furnished the 
Government with all its national flags, 
having, of course, a large assistance. 
This lady was also the wife of Claypole, 
one of the lineal descendants of Oliver 
Cromwell. 



■~^$^~- 



THE AMERICAN CHARACTER AND RELIGION. 



REV. H. W. THOMAS, D. D. 




HE American character is as- 
suming a many-sided form of 
tenderness. In this land sym- 
pathy is a fundamental idea. In- 
deed, trie nation began in pity for 
the multitude. Monarchy had al- 
ways taken great care of the few. There 
had always been a class who needed no 
pity, no new world; but around these 
toiled and suffered and wept, the millions 
whom no one loved. Hard was their 
task, poor their house, their clothing, their 
food. Tears of compassion began to 
form in the eyes of the noblest, and out 
of those tears came the United States. 
There is not a stone in the deep founda- 
tions of this nation that was not laid bv 



that compassion for the multitude which 
filled the heart of Jesus when he saw the 
throng hungry in the wilderness. In 
speaking of the origin of this land men 
use the words "liberty," "right," "equal- 
ity," "justice"; but beneath all these 
words there lies the word "sympathy," 
the basis of all those great hopes. Our 
nation is a gathering up of the wants 
and wrongs of man that they may be 
removed, and that those may be happy 
who have long been without food, or 
house, or education. Arising in sympa- 
thy, the American nature surpasses all 
before it or around it in the warmth of 
its mercy. Here the children find most 
affection; here the brute finds a friend; 



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208 



LI BERT 7' AND UNION. 



«-** 



here the sick, the blind, the deaf, find an 
asylum ; here the "Wandering Jew" may 
cease from his world-wide march, and 
dare to think of a permanent home. 

Born in the glowing climate of mercy 
the American religion turns naturally to- 
ward only one figure in the great drama 
of theology. The logic of the times has 
caused religion to assume a more rational 
form, and has diminished the number of 
the articles of common belief, but th e I 
American mind, besides possessing the 
most acute logical power — a power which 
relegates to oblivion many dogmas once 
popular — is drawn powerfully toward 
Him who blessed the poor and in all man- 
ners glorified the greatness and equality 
of manhood. The entire history and 
genius of this country turn it toward 
Jesus as the One able and worth}- to lead 
it in the life of faith. Theology as once 
taught is too abstract. The age of deeds 
and of being has come. This continent 
is the arena of actions. Its commerce, 
its agriculture, its manufactures, its cities 
and towns, its schools, its letters, its arts, 
tell us that here man has emerged from 
the closet of metaphysics and has become 
an actor in the great scene. The abstract 
lies dead and lies buried — the wheels of 
busy life are rumbling all day long oyer 
its grave. To such a multitude Christ 
becomes the popular theology, because 
his religion is one of being and doing. 
The activity of the Nazarene, his deeds 
of mercy, his mingling with the mul- 
titude, his philosophy — being the plain- 
est laws of life, his infinite breadth of 
thought and conduct — make him the only 
theologian demanded by the Western 
world. To some he stands for the coun- 
try's Deity, to others for the country's 
saint. Words once great, such as "Bap- 
tist," and "Calvinist," and "Episcopacy," 



and "Romanist," are fading away, to be 
succeeded by the simple name and creed 
of the only one who has spoken words 
wide enough for the many different minds 
of our hemisphere. Here the mingling 
of minds is so constant and widespread 
that those are the best words in religion 
which will offend the fewest and delight 
the most, and in this benevolence of 
choice all come to the teachings of one 
who, born and cradled in common life, 
and having suffered and died in the sub- 
limity of a God, breathed our truths 
which are broad as the ocean, and can go 
everywhere like the winged winds. To- 
ward those words the heart of this West- 
ern world is free to move. It is not re- 
strained by the power of state nor by the 
iron-like grasp of custom, and as camels 
in the parched desert march longingly 
toward streams of water, as song birds 
when winter draws near rise for a flight 
for the South, so the educated and free 
occupants of this great land will soon find 
in Jesus Christ all the elements of a pop- 
ular religion. In Him they will find the 
stream in a desert — the Southland of ref- 
uge from storm. , 

It thus appears that there is rising up 
an American manhood; that it. will love 
the beautiful as much as did the Greeks, 
but it will do better than the classics by 
combining the broadest wisdom with the 
richest beauty. It will estimate merit 
not by the old standards of births and 
riches, but by the intellectual and moral 
power within. It will be full of charity 
and benevolence because the nation itself 
sprang from a sympathy for mankind. 
In its religious hours it will make Jesus 
its teacher, or Saint, or Saviour, because 
He only equals the continent in breadth 
and tenderness. The atheism which ap- 
pears at intervals will, as it seems, be 



— f 



4* 



LIBERT T AND UNION. 



209 



only the cloud of a day, and not the de- 
struction of a whole summer time, or the 
quenching of the sun. The grave of 
man, always open before him to receive 
those he loves and at last to ask for his 
own body and life, will see to it that the 
family of man shall always assemble for 
a hymn and a prayer, and shall look to- 



ward the beyond with tears. The senti- 
ment of religion being thus perpetual it 
seems probable that in this continent the 
aggregate of faith, and piety, and hope 
will be gathered up in the deeds and 
words of Him who said : 

I am the Resurrection and the Life. 



THE MEANING OF OUR FLAG 



COL. ROBT. G. IXGERSOLL. 





g|B fought, for which they died, is 
" * the symbol of all we are, of all 
we hope to be. It is the emblem 
of equal rights. It means free 
hands, free lips, self-government, 
and the sovereignty of the individual. It 
means that this continent has been ded- 
icated to freedom. It means universal 
education — light for every mind, knowl- 
edge for every child. It means that the 
schoolhouse is the fortress of liberty. It 
means that " governments derive their 
just powers from the consent of the gov- 
erned"; that each man is accountable to 
and for the Government; that respon- 
sibility goes hand in hand with liberty. 
It means that it is the duty of every citi- 
zen to bear his share of the public burden 
— to take part in the affairs of his town, 
his county, his State, and his country. It 
means that the ballot-box is the ark of 
the covenant ; that the source of author- 
ity must not be poisoned. It means the 
perpetual right of peaceful revolution. 
It means that every citizen of the Repub- 
lic, native or naturalized, must be pro- 
tected at home in every State, abroad in 
every land, on every sea. It means that 



all distinctions based on birth or blood 
have perished from our laws; that our 
Government shall stand between labor 
and capital, between the weak and sti'ong, 
between the individual and the corpo- 
ration, between want and wealth, and 
give and guarantee simple justice to each 
and all. It means that there shall be a 
legal remedy for every wrong. It means 
national hospitality — that we must wel- 
come to our shores the exiles of the 
world, and that we may not drive them 
back. Some may be deformed by labor, 
dwarfed by hunger, broken in spirit, vic- 
tims of tyranny and caste — in whose sad 
faces may be read the touching record of 
a weary life — and yet their children, born 
of liberty and love, will be symmetrical 
and fair, intelligent and free. 

That flag is the emblem of a supreme 
w T ill — of a nation's power. Beneath its 
folds the weakest must be protected and 
the strongest must obey. It shields and 
canopies alike the loftiest mansion and 
the rudest hut. The flag was given to 
the air in the Revolution's darkest days. 
It represents the sufferings of the past, 
the glories yet to be, and, like the banner 
of heaven, it is the child of storm and sun. 



"©■* 



*"©• 



210 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



OUR STARRY ENSIGN. 



HON. E. B. WASHRURNE. 




T should be the prayer of all 
good and patriotic citizens that 
peace, happiness,, and fraternal 
feelings may prevail throughout all 
our borders, and that our country, 
and our whole country, may move 
forward with gigantic strides in the path- 
way of prosperity and progress. But it 
must be understood always, that our 
starry ensign, which is saluted with rev- 



erence in every part of the civilized globe 
as the emblem of liberty, order, and law, 
must cover "with the aegis of its protection 
the rights of all men — native and foreign- 
born, white and black alike, — over every 
inch of the territory of our ocean-bound 
Republic. When it fails in that, it is but 
a flaunting rag, to be trampled under 
foot as a fitting emblem of our National 
degradation. 



OUR OLD BANNER. 

GEN. JOHN A. LOGAN. 




% UR old banner is the only true 

■ banner of liberty ; it has gathered 

vte^* * ts munons fr° m lands of ty- 

/ */tj^' ranny and gladdened their hearts 

J£ with freedom; it rejoices the eye 

t and heart of every liberty-loving man 

wherever seen around the globe. 

It is the banner of freedom to-day, it 
was yesterday, and a century ago. 

'Tis the same that waved over and in- 
spired the noble band of unshod patriots 
that gained independence. 

On more than a hundred hardly con- 



tested fields for the Union as borne aloft 
it gladdened the weary, the wounded and 
dying. It took the manacles from the 
limbs of men chained in the deep gulf of 
despair, and stood them erect in the glo- 
rious sunlight of freedom. 

All hail! proud old flag; no ruthless 
hand shall despoil thee ; as the stars that 
deck the plains of heaven are the glory 
of the night, and light up the footpath 
of man, so shall these stars be the glory 
of this nation, shedding their light along 
the pathway of liberty. 



*4* 



LIBERTT AND UNION, 



211 



4* 



THE FOURTH OF JULY. 



GEN. J. B. SANBORN, 




O every American heart the 
Fourth day of July is most dear. 
It com memorates the day when 
those principles of government 
which were to insure to man his 
inalienable natural rights, and 
which were to place the power of gov- 
ernment in the hands of the governed, 
first took practical form, and were pro- 
claimed as essential in all well governed 
communities. It commemorates the day 
when our ancestors resolved that they 



and their descendants would realize that 
freedom and happiness for which the 
statesmen of many ages had labored in 
vain, and for which many patriots had 
poured out their blood. It brings to our 
view the refreshing recollections of the 
patriotism of our fathers — of the small 
value placed by them on life compared 
with liberty — of their great efforts and 
great achievements to rescue and insure 
to their descendants the blessings of good 
2-overnment. 



THE COMING AMERICAN CHARACTER. 



PROF. DAVID SWING. 




F not overwhelmed by foreign 
ideas and customs an American 
character will become one of the 
world's mental possessions, and, 
while it will not be' any form of per- 
fection, it will be the best type of 
humanity our race has produced. The 
elements which enter into the best type 
of soul are present in this part of the hu- 
man dwelling-place in a large variety and 
in good quality. The world all through 
becomes enlarged as it grows older, and 
has therefore better Germans and better 
Englishmen than it could have pointed to 
ioo years ago; but in the old nations cus- 
tom fetters the multitude, and the mind 



and soul do not respond quickly to the 
new advantages within reach. In most 
of the European States the people are 
changed into the stone or iron of old cus- 
toms, and when they have the choice of 
the new or the old, the old presents the 
greater charm. In these new shores the 
heart is more free to accept all the forms 
of human advance, and, the old and the 
new being set down before it, the new 
presents the greater charm. Customs 
have not turned the American heart into 
stone. It is a heart of flesh, tender as a 
child's, and as wise as a philosopher's. 
It is by no means certain that the new in 
public or private life will be the better 



t 



-aw 



-&"* 



212 



LI BERT 2' AND UNION. 



<t? 1 1 FREEDOM IN THE UNITED STATES. t#l|r 

''''''''^iiiw 

«w ^ — "T- — "T* "T^* "^ ^T- - ^* ^f- -'F ;7 F~fi§r ; 'T ;: "T* ''T" - " "T" •'T* ^F — "T* — -f* — ^ — ;7 F~C 




GEN. U. S. GRANT. 



ET us labor for security of free thought, free speecn, free press, pure 
morals, unfettered religious sentiments, and equal rights and privileges 
of all men, irrespective of nationality, color, or religion' encourage 
free schools / resolve that not one dollar appropriated to them shall go to the 
support of any sectarian school / resolve that neither State nor nation shall 
support any institution, save those where every child may get a common-school 
education, unmixed with any atheistic, pagan, or sectarian teaching ; leave 
the matter of religious teaching to the family altar, and keep Church and 
State separate. i 



4+ 



f 



-> 



LIBERTY A. 

thing, but that it will be the general truth, 
for, learning and wisdom being greatly 
increased in these late centuries, the ideas 
of to-day must be better than the methods 
of times less informed and less wise. At 
times, in their zeal for novelty, the pub- 
lic will trample under foot some noble 
good of olden date, just as an excited 
mob will often put to death its best pa- 
triot or thinker, or even its Saviour; but 
the law of nature must certainly be to the 
effect that that a^e will be greatest which 
is most free to accept of the new in politics 
and science, and domestic and ornamental 
art, and in religion. It was the lament of 
Lord Bacon that the world would not 
make practical use of its experience, and 
thus march on to new things. It acted 
as though it had reached the highest ends 
possible. He said, " Many would come 
to wisdom if they did not think them- 
selves already there." His effort was to 
persuade mankind to gather up new data 
and to deduce new and richer principles 



YD UNION. 21 3 

for the state and for the sanctuary, and 
for the shop and the field. Out of that 
method have come the eighteenth and 
nineteenth century. 

And now, when we look upon this 
field we see possibilities such as were 
never placed before any other people. 
We have a mixed population, represent- 
ing every nationality, and every form of 
government and religion. There are 
difficulties in the way, and possibly dan- 
gers ; but still there is the great oppor- 
tunitv before us as a country to mould all 
these masses, to educate them in the 
proper use of the larger liberty they have 
come to enjoy, and to unify them in the 
great principles of a free Government, a 
high morality and a pure religion. Oh, 
what a field for thought, for courage, for 
sacrifice, for work. Here the thinkers 
and scholars of old schools come face to 
face; and the great battle is to be one 
of ideas and principles, and rtot of swords; 
of ballots, and not of bullets. 



ADDRESS OF WELCOME. 

Society of the Army of the Tennessee, St Louis, May 10, 1882. 



GOVERNOR T. T. CRITTENDEN 




O-DAY I represent the soldiers 
of both armies — the citizens of 
both sides, in .Missouri, in ex- 
tending to you, survivors of the 
Army of the Tennessee, as gener- 
ous a welcome and as broad a hos- 
pitality as ever gave character to any 
people. Federal and confederate of the 
past, merged now into that broader, and 
more honorable title, American citizen, 



*a- 



are your friends, on this historic occasion, 
and you are their guests. There is no 
party here, there is no section here, there 
is no animosity here, there are no regrets 
here — save alone for the dead ; no desire 
to recur to the past and remember its 
bitter waters — but one feeling, and that, 
to stand by the Constitution as it is, and 
the country as it is — one, united and 
entire. 



-?-> 



* 



214 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



THE TRUE TYPE OF A SOLDIER 



MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN POPE. 



ffiW kj, 



Address to the Graduating Class at West Point, fSyg. 




s£-T is true now, and must in the 
nature of things always be true, 
that in a free country and among 

a free people, the real heroes of 

every war are found in the ranks; 

nameless men, perhaps, but men 
who have taken up arms with the sole 
purpose to serve their country, and with 
intelligent knowledge of the object for 
which they dare the perils of battle and 
disease. They have neither the wish nor 
the hope of personal gain or preferment, 
and they leave behind them no heart- 
burnings nor controversies to vex their 
descendants, nor to impair the value or 
the glory of their unselfish service. Dead 
or alive, they are cherished in the mem- 
ory of their countrymen, to whose wel- 
fare their lives have been devoted. 

Such is the true type of the soldier 
bred under our free institutions, and such 
must he always be when our country 
calls its citizens to arms. It is to this true 
type ot the Republican soldier that you 
must direct your study, for in all warlike 
movements of this free people he repre- 
sents the class you will be called on to 
command. 

If military organization out of harmony 
with our free institutions and the feelings 
and habits of our people has made him in 
peace less or other than this, be yours 
the mission, by considerate and judicious 
administration of even a faulty system, to 
bring the private soldier in time of peace 



to the high standard of the true soldier of 
the Republic in time of war. 

I should but imperfectly have per- 
formed my task did I fail to invite your 
earnest attention to a duty still higher 
and nobler than any to which I have al- 
luded — your duty as citizens of the Re- 
public. Cast your eyes over this broad 
land of ours and you shall see it dotted 
here and there with noble structures built 
by a grateful country for the occupation 
of the disabled veterans, who, because of 
their services in war, are incapable of 
maintaining themselves. Still more nu- 
merous will you find the green and silent 
homes of the dead, the final resting 
places of those who died in their country's 
service. It will be very pertinent for you 
to inquire why it is that the soldier of 
our late war, whether he died in battle 
or still lives, is so near to the affections 
and so honored in the memory of his 
countrymen. Why do we build homes 
for those still living? Why do we con- 
secrate the graves of the dead ? Why do 
we meet year after year, in national cem- 
eteries, hallowed not more by the public 
gratitude of a nation than by the stronger, 
though less openly expressed feelings, of 
every citizen? 

The answer is not far to seek. We 
meet on such occasions, not as soldiers, 
but as citizens of a common and loved 
country; not to vaunt ourselves because 
of the valiant deeds done in war by our 



•K3- 



f 



Hf— 



4k 



LI BERT 2' 



soldiers, living or dead, but to pay our 
tribute of gratitude to the citizens who lie 
buried because their lives were needed by 
their country. It is because they were 
Citizens; because they shared our interests 
and our feelings; because they sympa- 
thized in our hopes and aspirations'; be- 
cause they were of us and with us, and 
because they laid down their lives in a 
cause dear to us all ; for these reasons, 
and not because they were soldiers only, 
do we meet around their graves to mourn 
over them with sorrowful remembrance. 
Not merely nor mainly for their valiant 
deeds in war do we honor them. We 
honor them because they exhibited the 
highest qualities of citizens; because they 
stood ready to maintain in arms the prin- 
ciples of civil government which they 
held sacred in peace, and because they 
hastened to pay the last great sacrifice 
to the safety and welfare of their conntry- 
men. 

Such considerations as these teach us 
all, and especially us of the regular army, 
a lesson we ought to lay near to our 
hearts: the lesson that the highest and 
greatest quality of a good soldier in this 
country is that he shall be a good citizen 
also. 

Let us not be alarmed nor deterred by 
the ill-judged talk concerning politic, 
and politicians, more common in times 
past than now, in the army. Politics 
are the daily history of our country; the 
embodiment and the expression of the 
wishes and purposes of our countrymen. 
Politicians, whatever they may be in 
their personal relations, are, in their cor- 
porate capacity, the men who make our 
laws, and upon whom largely depend the 
welfare and prosperity of the country. 
Are not the duties of the army plainly 
such as demand from every officer and 



AND UNION. 215 

soldier the deepest interest in such mat- 
ters, and the fullest acquaintance with 
them ? Do politics and politicians in- 
fluence our lives less than they influence 
the lives of other citizens? Is it wisdom 
or good policy in us to keep ourselves 
ignorant of the daily history of the coun- 
try, and of the hopes, wishes and interests 
of the people ? Ought any citizen of this 
countrv to be indifferent on any great 
question affecting the welfare of his fel- 
low-citizens, 01 the security of our com- 
mon government? Is it right for us, the 
citizens of a free country, to allow our- 
selves to be made mere instruments, with- 
out knowledge, without thought, without 
opinions, and without interest in the 
hands of others whose schemes and pur- 
poses we not only do -not know, but stu- 
diously avoid knowing? 

If the army is to be reduced to such 
a condition as this, it is as true now and 
here as it has been true heretofore and 
elsewhere, "that standing armies are 
dangerous to republican institutions." 
Let us not consent" to such degradation. 
Above all, let us not degrade ourselves. 
Knowledge of every popular movement 
and deep interest in all that interests our 
countrymen, or affects our institutions 
from day to day; not the interest of a 
looker-on merely, but the profounder 
interest' of a sharer alike for good or ill, 
be ours the duty to seek and to feel. And 
should other great wars unhappily occur, 
let it not be said of us, that we were 
without knowledge of the cause, or in- 
terest in the object. So long as the sol- 
dier remains one of the people; so long 
as he shares their interests, takes part in 
their progress, and feels a common sym- 
pathy with them in their hopes and as- 
pirations, so long will the army be held 
in honorable esteem and regard, and so 



4- 



■4- 



2H 



LI BERT 7' AND UNION. 



long will the close ties which should bind 
together the soldier and the citizen be 
perpetuated among us. When he ceases 
to be this; when officers and soldiers 
cease to be citizens in the highest and 
truest sense, the army will deserve to 
lose, as it will surely lose, its place in the 
affections of the people, and properly and 
naturally become an object of suspicion 
and dislike. Whatever we may do to 
avert such a misfortune, as great almost 



to the civilian as to the soldier, I beg you, 
the graduates of to-day, representing the 
newest life and the latest aspiration of 
the army, here strongly to resolve that, 
so far as in you lies, no human power 
shall ever pronounce a divorce between 
the army and the people; that those 
whom God's providence, a common coun- 
try, and a common destiny have joined 
together, neither time nor circumstances 
shall ever put asunder. 



H!*3^* >3EEE #* 



PRESENT AMERICAN TENDENCIES IN RELATION TO THE 
DESTINY OF THE HUMAN RACE. 



THE REV. GEORGE H. PEEKE, D. D., I S8o. 




HEN Simonides was requested 
by Hiero to define God, he 
asked a day to consider. Atthe 
end of that day, instead of giving 
his answer, he demanded two more, 
and when these were gone, he re- 
quired four more, for, said he, u The 
more I consider my subject the more I 
feel my difficulties double upon me." 
Our country's present stands related 
to a great national ideal, and every year 
is adding new complications to the prob- 
lem of our destiny, and the longer we 
contemplate, the more time seems to be 
needed for contemplating the probabili- 
ties of our national future. 

America is assuming a prophetic im- 



portance in regard to the realms of earth. 
Every new page of national life turned is 
full of bright prophecies, and the ex- 
pectant world is watching with deepest 
interest our unparalleled career. The 
nations may well stand on the tip-toe 
with expectation, for the solution of the 
problem of our American life is the real 
practical solution of the problem of 
human destiny. 

The new " Encyclopedia Britannica" 
contains this remarkable statement: 

" The Anglo-Saxon population in 
America increases at the rate of three 
per cent, annually, and doubles in 21 
years. In 1900 there will be 88,000,- 
000; in 1925 176,000,000. Suppose the 



•K3- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



2I 7 



increase after this to be two per cent, 
and to take 35 } r ears to double, vet in 
1995 it will be 704,000,000. Suppose 
that after that the rate declines to one 
and a half per cent., and to double in 50 
years. In 2095, tne population will be 
2,816,000,000." 

This English writer sums up the fu- 
ture of America by allowing us a soil 
capable of supporting 3,600,000,000 of 
people; a number nearly four times as 
many as the entire race of human beings 
now existing on the globe, and pre- 
dicts its realization within three, or 
at most four centuries. With such an 
approximate future in prospect, the prob- 
lem of our ultimate American life as- 
sumes gigantic proportions. 

Are these forces moulding our people 
such as tend to make them self-o-ovcrnino- 

O S 7 

self-directing, self-preserving? Is our 
American boast that " all men are born 
free and equal" a delusive cry? Hav- 
ing cast off royalty, are we destined to 
be the slaves of political oligarchies? 
Are we so deluded that our very free- 
dom is a worse slavery than that 
imposed by an ancient, corrupt royal- 
ty? Are not these questions con- 
stantly being answered with emphasis? 
Has not the royalty wdiich sits en- 
throned in the moral purpose of the 
good people of all parties, declared that 
all men shall be free and equal in so far 
as a God-given right, a God-given in- 
dividuality, and a God-given purpose to 
do justice to each and all, can declare it? 
America to-day stands as the vindi- 
cator and vindication of individuality. 
If she has had a single problem to solve, 
it has been the right of the individual. 
There must be admitted either the royal- 
ty of the king or the royalty of the man; 
yes, and the higher royalty of the 



woman, for it is our faith and hope that 
woman, the neglected gem which has 
been unappreciated along the ages, will 
be assigned her royal position in Ameri- 
can life as the reformer of humanity's 
evils, until she shall appear with a 
sceptre of life, of liberty, of sympathy, of 
purity, far more potent than all the 
golden sceptres of a Louis, a Henry, or 
a Napoleon. 

America stands for the vindication of 
universal intelligence. Ignorance is the 
Yankee synonym for total depravity. 
Intelligence is one of the divine guaran- 
tees for America's future. Intelligence 
is not the material which works up well 
in the hands of demagogues. America 
alone can allow individual freedom. 
Foreign despots gag the national press, 
imprison editors, and slay conspirators. 
We sometimes arrest traitors, but they 
are soon pardoned, to sputter and to 
writhe under the frown of popular con- 
tempt. The only protection that Amer- 
ica can use for the morals of her people 
must be exercised through her ballot, 
her senators, her legislatures, her free 
schools, in that through universal cul- 
ture and intelligent legislation. If 
Macaulay could have seen the election of 
18S0 and those more recent elections 
where all good men rushed to the rescue, 
he would never have predicted that the 
United States would be dissolved when 
the. population should reach more than 
two hundred to the square mile. 

America is not only the vindicator of 
individuality and of intelligence, but also 
of morality and home virtues. It is an 
oft repeated maxim, " Let me make the 
songs of a nation, and I care not who 
makes her laws." Far more truthfully 
could it be written, " Let me make the 
homes of a nation, and I care not who 



■SH- 



H&- 



LIBERT2" AND UNION. 



makes her laws/' With an English- 
man, his home is his castle; a Frenchman 
has no home. American strength is the 
strength of her homes, and the stock 
from which we sprang, and constant im- 
portations from the same source, are a 
perpetual guarantee of a pure home 
life. It is the glory of our nation that we 
point with pride to a Christian family,* 
illustrating Christian virtues, presiding at 
the White House, as the exponent of our 
2:reat and growing civilization. 



Whatever may be the opposing in- 
fluences, or the clouds upon our national 
horizon, the sunlight of Christianitv can 
and will dispel all, and under the reign 
of our blessed religion, we shall continue 
to see America vindicating individuality, 
intelligence and morality, and sanctifying 
her opulence, her wealth, her material 
resources to those high ideals of national 
life which are the perpetual guarantees 
of peace, purity, plenty, and universal 
prosperity to all peoples. 



^3- 



TOTUS IN UXO. 



MRS. MARGARET B. PEEKE. 




OD gave to every land a charm 
To hold her sons from straying; 
A subtle power, to keep their hearts 
The home land from betraying. 



The Swiss he gave their mountains- bold; 
The South her perfumed flowers 

And music like the songs of birds, 
To gladden all her hours ; 
To France he gave the luscious vine; 

Set German thoughts a swinging 
Like ponderous bell of minster chime. 

Through after ages ringing; 
But to the land we call our own, 

He gave his richest treasure; 
Her freedom, boundless as the sea, 

Her wealth that knows no treasure. 
And all the charms of other lands. 



Their hills, and songs, and flowers, 
Make lonely hearts at home again, 
Within this land of ours. 

And God will bless America, 

When other lands are falling, 
Because to Him, in every tongue 

Her children will be calling. 
From East and West, from North and 
South, 

All nations here are joining 
Their varied gifts, and out of this 

A higher life is coining. 

All hail, America, the blessed! 

All lands in one combining, 
Whose star so bright, through future years. 

Shall evermore be shining. 



* President Garfield's family. 



— te££##^M^##^ 



yr/m< 



Y(W. 



4— 



R— :> 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



II 9 



THE UNION SOLDIER. 



ROBERT G. INGERSOLL. 




HE past rises before me like a 
dream. Again we are in the 
great struggle for national life* 
We hear the sounds of prepara- 
tion, the music of the boisterous 
drum, the silver voices of heroic 
bugles. We see thousands of assem- 
blages, and hear the appeals of orators; 
we see the pale cheeks of women and the 
flushed faces of men ; and in those assem- 
blages we see all the dead whose dust we 
have covered with flowers. We lose 
sight of them no more. We are with 
them when they enlist in the great army 
of freedom. We see them part with 
those they love. Some are walking for 
the last time in quiet, woody places with 
the maidens they adore. We hear the 
whisperings and the sweet vows of eter- 
nal love as they lingeringly part forever. 
Others are bending over cradles, kissing 
babies that are asleep; some are receiving 
the blessings of old men; some are part- 
ing with mothers who hold them and 
press them to their hearts again and 
again, and say nothing, and some are 
talking with wives, and endeavoring with 
brave words spoken in the old tones to 
drive from their hearts the awful fear. 
We see them part. We see the wife 
standing in the door, with the babe in 
her arms — standing; in the sunlight sob- 
bing — at the turn of the road a hand 
waves— she answers by holding high in 
her loving hands the child. He is gone, 
and forever. We see them all as they 
march proudly away under the flaunting 



flags, keeping time to the wild, grand 
music of war, marching down the streets 
of the great cities, through the towns and 
across the prairies, down to the fields of 
glory, to do and to die for the eternal 
right. We go with them, one and all. 
We are by their side on all the gory 
fields, in the hospitals, on all the weary 
marches. We stand guard with them in 
the wild storm, and under the quiet stars. 
We are with them in ravines running 
with blood, in the furrows of old fields; 
we are with them between contesting 
hosts unable to move, wild with thirst, 
the life ebbing slowly away among the 
withered leaves. We see them pierced 
by balls and torn with shells in the trench- 
es by forts, and in the whirlwind of 
the charge, where men become iron, with 
nerves of steel. 

We are with them in the prisons of 
hatred and famine; but human speech 
can never tell what they endured. We 
are at home when the news comes that 
they are dead. We see the maiden in 
the shadow of her first sorrow. We see 
the silvered head of the old man bowed 
with the first grief. 

The past rises before us, and we see 
four millions of human beings governed 
by the lash; we see them bound hand and 
foot; w r e hear the strokes of cruel whips; 
we see the hounds tracking women 
through the tangled swamps; we see 
babes sold from the breasts of mothers. 
Cruelty unspeakable! Outrage infinite! 
Four million bodies in chains — four mil- 



4* 



>&■ 



220 



LI BERT 7' AND UNION, 



MM 






mm CLOSE DF- ADDRESS DN GARFIELD. Wft 





JAMES G. BLAINE. 

S the end drew near, his early craving for the sea returned. The stately mansion of power 
had been to him the wearisome hospital of pain, and he begged to be taken from its 
prison walls, from its oppressive, stifling air, from its homelessness and its hopelessness. 
Gently, silently, the love of a great people bore the pale sufferer to the longed-for heal- 
ing of the sea, to live or to die, as God should will, within sight of its heaving billows, within 
sound of its manifold voices. With wan, fevered face tenderly lifted to the cooling breeze, he 
looked out wistfully upon the ocean s changing wonders; on its far sails, whiten'uig in the morn- 
ing light; on its restless waves, rolling shoreward to break and die beneath the noonday sun; 
on the red clouds of evening, arching low to the horizon; on the serene and shining pathway 
of the stars. Let us think that his dying eyes read a mystic meaning which only the rapt and 
parting soul may know. Let us believe that in the silence of the receding world he heard the 
great waves breaking on a further shore, awl felt already upon his wasted brow the breath of 
the eternal morning. 



■H:*- 



■*+ 



LIBERT T AND UNION. 



221 



lion souls in fetters. All the sacred 
relations of wife, mother, father and child 
trampled beneath the brutal feet of might. 
All this was done under our own beauti- 
ful banner of the free. The past rises 
before us; we hear the roar and shriek 
of the bursting shell ; the broken fetters 
fall; these heroes died. We look, instead 
of slaves we see men, women and chil- 
dren. The wand of progress touches the 
auction block, the slave pen, the whip- 
ping post, and we see homes and fire- 
sides, and school houses and books, and 
where all was want and crime and cruelty 
and fetters, we see the faces of the free. 



These heroes are dead; they died for 
liberty; they died for us; they are at rest; 
they sleep in the land they made free 
under the flag they rendered stainless, 
under the solemn pines, the sad hem- 
locks, the tearful willows and the em- 
bracing vines; they sleep beneath the 
shadows of the clouds, careless alike of 
sunshine or storm, each in the window- 
less palace of rest. Earth may run red 
with other wars, they are at peace. In 
the midst of battle, they found the sever- 
ity of death. I have one sentiment for 
the soldiers, living and dead — cheers for 
the living, and tears for the dead. 



THE MATCHLESS STORY. 



HON. JOHN O. BYRNE. 




N all the annaled past the story 
of our country is matchless. Go 
back to the frontier line of fact 
and fable, begin at the misty border 
which marks the boundary of exact 
knowledge, and cull out the most 
extraordinary stories of national prog- 
ress; parallel them with our tale of a 
century; and how dry and insipid are 
they, how deficient in dramatic force, 
how slow and limping in gait, how 
.lenuded of the element of human happi- 
ness, when compared with the marvelous 
and beneficent growth of our Republic? 
The glamor of history is thrown around 
a Cyrus, a Leonidas, a Miltiades, an 
Alexander, a Charlemagne, or Napoleon, 
and the glowing mind of the student 
drinks in the glory of their career as they 
rise up in demigod proportions to the im- 



agination. Their glories are written in 
the blood sweat and woe of the con- 
quered. The wail of the captive is heard 
as the cadenced answer to the shout of 
triumph. Herein our history differs from 
that of all others. Our growth is wreathed 
and entwined with men's well-being and 
woman's exaltation. It is a poem of hap- 
piness conferred, not of suffering endured. 
This alone makes our career a blessed 
one among all the people. 

One hundred years ago, around the old 
State House in Philadelphia, were gath- 
ered no denser crowd than now here, 
then as now — the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence was read. It was then to be 
sustained by serried columns of armed 
men, now by the votes of unarmed free- 
men. The grim and bloody visage of 
war has unruffled its frowns and scars? 



4- 



4- 



222 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



and the halcyon smiles of peace now 
•wreath the same brow; but peace has its 
duties, as well as war, and their perform- 
ances are sternly demanded. 

Within the old State House sat the 
Continental Congress — its story is too 
well known- to need repetition. To-day 
in the same city, the greatest Congress of 
the Nations. ever before assembled, holds 
high council. It is not a congress of a 
race, or a nation; it is a gathering together 
of all the tribes and peoples, whom God 
scattered upon the plains of Shinaar, for 



impious defiance of His mighty power. 
Although diverse in speech, with 
Babel's confusion upon every tongue, yet 
the threshold of unification has been 
reached, and an acknowledgement by all 
mankind, from the Malay, Mongolian, 
Hindoo, Persian, Turk and Arab, as 
well as from our cognate races, that all 
are brothers, the children of a common 
father, friendly rivals in the race for 
human perfection, has been had amid the 
hosannahs of song, and the roar of can- 
non. God save the Republic! 



t/a/i/Lt 



« 



THE AMERICAN SOLDIERY. 



ARCHIBALD FORBES. 




PEAKING of these Connect- 
icut troops, said he, I could not 
but be struck with that miracu- 
lous gift of talk which is the at- 
tribute of the American citizen. 
We Englishmen have a habit of 
looking down upon a talking man, and 
to agree with Carlyle when he says 
the able man is the silent man. And I 
am bound to say that the first night I was 
here, when I heard those Connecticut 
men get upon their hind legs and orate 
freely, with a good deal of buncombe 
thrown in, I said to myself: Much that I 
am told I will see to-morrow will be 
promise without fulfillment. But it came 
quite the other way. And I am free to 
say that it seems to me that if there are 
a great many regiments like that Con- 
necticut regiment which I saw here on 
parade, in a nation, it don't want any 
standing army at all, as they would con- 



stitute a far cheaper and more effective 
force than any standing army would be. 
I have seen all the armies in the world, I 
believe, from the Afghan scallawags to 
the Russian Imperial Guards, and have 
never seen greater precision and solidity 
than those men manifested on that dress 
parade. To me it was a revelation, and 
rather a disagreeable revelation, simply 
from this point of view, which you can 
easily understand, that I became pain, 
fully aware that here was another factor 
in the world' capable of beating us. A 
man never likes to find out that the num- 



of men stronger than himself is on 



ber 

the increase. We Englishmen have been 
indulging in the satisfaction that, how- 
ever the continental countries might grow 
with their millions of reserves against our 
hundred or two hundred thousand trained 
troops, we were yet capable of swagger- 
ing over the United States in the matter 



T~" 



■SH 



of drill and discipline and punctilious 
performance of evolutions. But what I 
saw yesterday proved to me that such 
was not the case. These men marched 
and wheeled quite equal to our Grenadier 
Guard, and I don't think I have seen 
anything to equal the precision in the 
manual in that dress parade. It seemed 
to me that the commanding officer, who 
went to the front and moved as a piece 
of mechanism, and not like a creature 
with bowels in him at all, had his foot on 
an electric wire which communicated 
with the regiment and with every man 
in the regiment, and that each man was a 
mere automaton, not moved by the word 
of command, but by their Colonel's foot 
on the concealed wire in the ground. 
And what I admired most of all was the 
absolute rigidity of accuracy that was 
preserved in the minutest detail. 

The tendency of a republican country 
like this is to despise accuracy which does 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 

not bear fruit right awaj 



223 

But the ac- 
curacy in military affairs which appears 
good to outsiders is really the means to 
an end. It is the evidence of that dis- 
cipline which in time of danger may be 
found to have no other stable reliance 
than by that consuetude which rigorous 
drill and practice, the intuition of dis- 
cipline, carries with it. Discipline be- 
comes second nature to a soldier — almost 
first nature. The weak point of all vol- 
unteer improvised forces is that they have 
not that amount of discipline that be- 
comes engrafted into the very nature of 
the old soldier. But those men seemed 
yesterday to have been that way so long 
that what they did was not the result of 
thoughtfulness, it was not the result of a 
first rehearsal or a second rehearsal, but 
the performance of a thing by rote. All 
this seems to come out of an infinite 
capacity for taking pains, in these Con- 
necticut people. 



WELCOME TO THE RETURNING SOLDIERS. 



JACOB M. MANNING. 




&OLDIERS from the army and 
navy, once soldiers, but now 
IjSSp'W again citizens, we hail you to- 
day as our benefactors and deliv- 
erers. We welcome you home 
from the fatigues of the inarch, the 
wearisome camp, and the awful ecstacy 
of battle. Through four terrible years 
you have looked without quailing upon 
the ghastly visage of war. You have 
patiently borne the heats of summer and 
the frosts of winter. You have cheer- 



fully exchanged the delights of home 
for the hardships of the campaign or 
blockade. Not only the armed foe, but 
the wasting malaria has lurked along 
your resistless advance. You know the 
agony and the transport of the deadly 
encounter. How many times, standing 
each man at his post in the long line of 
gleaming sabres and bayonets, every 
hand clenched and every eye distended, 
you have caught the peal of your lead- 
er's clarion, and sprung through the 



-C&4 



■$■ 



224 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



iron storm to the embrace of victory! 
But all that has passed away. The 
mangled forests are putting on an un- 
wonted verdure, the fields, once black- 
ened with the firey breath of war, are now 
covered with their softest bloom, and the 
vessels of commerce are riding on all the 
national waters. 

The carnage, the groans, the cries 
for succor, the fierce onset, and sullen 
recoil, the thunders of the artillery, and 
the missiles screaming like demons in 
the air, have given way to paeans, civic 
processions, and songs of thanksgiving. 
The flag of your country, so often rent 
and torn in your grasp, and which you 
have borne to triumph again and again, 
over the quaking earth or through the 
hurricane of death in river and bay, 
rolls out its peaceful folds above you, 
every star blazing with the glory of 
your deeds, in token of a nation's grat- 
itude. We come forth to greet you, 
sires and matrons, young men and 
maidens, children, and those bowed 
with age; to own the vast debt which 
we can never pay, and to say, from 
full hearts, we thank you, — God bless 
you! 

But while we thus address you, you 
are thinking of the fallen. With a sol- 
dier's generosity you wish they could 
be here to share in the hard-earned 
welcome. Possibly they are here from 
many a grave in which you laid them 



after the strife; pleased with these fes- 
tivities, and with the return of joy to 
the nation, but far above any ability of 
ours, either to bless or to injure. You 
may tarnish your laurels, or an envious 
hand may pluck them from you. But 
your fallen comrades are exposed to no 
such accident. They are doubly fortu- 
nate, for the same event which crowned 
them with honor has placed them be- 
yond the possibility of losing their 
crown. Many of them died in the 
darkest hours of the republic; others in 
the early dawn of peace, while the 
morning stars were singing together. 
But victory and defeat make no differ- 
ence to them now. They have all con- 
quered in the final triumph. Their 
names will thrill the coming ages, as 
they are spoken by the tongues of the 
eloquent; and their deeds. will forever be 
chanted bv immortal minstrels. Thev 
were together, "brave men who repose 
in the public monuments, all of whom 
alike, as being worthy of the same honor, 
the country buried, not alone the success- 
ful or victorious; and justly, for the duty 
of brave men done bv all, their fortune 
being such as God assigned to each." 

" By fairy hands their knell is rung, 
By forms unseen their dirge is sung; 
There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray, 
To bless the turf that wraps their clay ; 
And Freedom shall awhile repair, 
To cfweil a weeping hermit there." 



H3- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



225 



OUR AMERICAN AGE. 



ROBERT C. WINTIIROP 



^R%f^ 



\ THER ages have had their des- 
l ignations, local or personal or 
llpf 3 ^ mythical — historic or prehistoric 
0" — ages of stone or iron, of silver or 
£ gold; ages of kings or queens, of 
\ reformers or conquerors, — that 
marvelous compound of almost every- 
thing wise or foolish, noble or base, 
witty or ridiculous, sublime or profane. 
Voltaire maintained that, in his day, no 
man of reflection or taste could count 
more than four authentic ages in the his- 
tory of the world: 1. That of Philip 
and Alexander, with Pericles and De- 
mosthenes, Aristotle and Plato, Apelles, 
Phidias, and Praxiteles. 2. That of 
Cassar and Augustus, with Lucretius 
and Cicero and Livy, Virgil and Hor- 
ace, Varro and Vitruvius. 3. That of the 
Medici, with Michael Angelo and 
Raphael, Galileo and Dante. 4. That 
which he was at the moment engaged in 
depicting- — the age of Louis XIV., 
which, in his judgment, surpassed all the 
others. 

Our American age could bear no 
comparison with ages like these — meas- 
ured only by the brilliancy of historians 
and philosophers, of poets or painters. 
We need not, indeed, be ashamed of 
what has been done for literature and 
science and art during these hundred 
years, nor hesitate to point with pride 
to our own authors and artists, living 
and dead. But the day has gone by 
when literature and the fine arts, or even 

science and the useful arts, can charac- 
15 



There are other and 
higher measures of comparison. And 
the very nation which counts Voltaire 
among its great celebrities — the nation 
which aided us so generously in our 
Revolutionary struggle, and which is 
now rejoicing in its own successful es- 
tablishment of republican institutions — 
the land of the good and great Lafayette, 
has taken the lead in pointing out the 
true grounds on which our American age 
may challenge and claim a special rec- 
ognition. An association of Frenchmen, 
under the lead of some of their most dis- 
tinguished statesmen and scholars, has 
proposed to erect, and is engaged in 
erecting, as their contribution to our cen- 
tennial, a gigantic statue at the very 
throat of the harbor of our supreme 
commercial emporium, which shall sym- 
bolize the legend inscribed on its ped- 
estal, " Liberty enlightening the world." 
That glorious legend presents the 
standard by which our age is to be 
judged, and by which we may be will- 
ing and proud to have it judged. All 
else in our own career, certainly, is sec- 
ondary. The growth and grandeur ot 
our territorial dimensions, the multipli- 
cation of our vStates, the number and 
size and wealth of our cities, the mar- 
velous increase of our population, the 
measureless extent of our railways and 
internal navigation, our overflowing gra- 
naries, our inexhaustible mines, our 
countless inventions and multitudinous 
industries—all these may be remitted to 



«B— 



■r 



H^r 



226 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



the census, and left for the students of 
statistics. The claim which our country 
presents for giving no second or subordi- 
nate character to the age which has just 
closed, rests only on what has been ac- 
complished, at home and abroad, for ele- 
vating the condition of mankind, for ad- 
vancing political and human freedom, 
for promoting the greatest good of the 
greatest number; for providing the ca- 
pacity of man for self-g6vernment; and 
for " enlightening the world " by the ex- 
ample of a rational, regulated, enduring 
constitutional liberty. And who will 



dispute or question that claim? In what 
region of the earth, ever so remote from 
us, in what corner of creation ever so 
far out of the range of our communica- 
tion, does not some burden lightened, 
some bond loosened, some yoke lifted, 
some labor better remunerated, some 
new hope for despairing hearts, some 
new light or new liberty for the be- 
nighted or the oppressed, bear witness 
this day, and trace itself, directly or indi- 
rectly, back to the impulse given to the 
world by the establishment of free in- 
stitutions on this American continent? 



u 



THE HONOR DUE OUR FALLEN COMRADES. 



THE KT. REV. SAMUEL FALLOWS, D. D. 




LONOR all men is a divine in- 
junction. It is the assertion of 
the essential dignity and equality 
of man as man wherever found. It 
is the affirmation that beneath all 
exteriors and accidents, beneath all 
faults and failings and sins, there is some- 
thing in the human soul to be regarded 
of priceless value. 

The command is in perfect consonance 
with the special honor we instinctively 
and gladly pay to lives which bless man- 
kind. " The righteous shall be had in 
everlasting remembrance." The brave 
and the good in every struggle for free- 
dom, truth, and right, shall be given 
with increasing willingness the honor of 
mankind. Time does not dim the luster 
of their distinguished deeds. Succeed- 
ing acts of bravery by others do not 
efface the memory of their achievements. 



No lines of latitude nor longitude can 
bound their inspiration or limit the grat- 
itude for their performance. No nation- 
ality can " cabin, crib, or confine " them. 
They are enshrined and commemorated 
in the world's mausoleum. 

The hearts of our children thrill to- 
day at the story of Leonidas and his de- 
voted Spartan band. Their pulses leap 
at the legend of ancient Rome, and the 
actual heroisms eclipsing the legends "in 
the brave days of old." 

In the hands of an Egyptian mummy, 
where it had been held for four thousand 
years, was a bulb. It was taken in our 
day from the grasp of death, and hidden 
in the ground. From it there sprung 
up a calla lily of immaculate whiteness 
and ethereal beauty. It is a type of the 
perennial resurrection of the work of 
Sfoodness. 



**9- 



JBBRTT AND UNION. 



227 



Uncommon men by the tens of thou- 
sands were in the ranks. Manly beauty, 
physical perfection, wealth in money, 
richness of intellect, treasures of devo- 
tion, were the possessions of these bravest 
of the brave. 

Common men can be transformed and 
glorified in purpose, character and con- 
duct by a great cause. The lump of 
common charcoal, under the fierce fires 
of nature, becomes a compact, lustrous 
diamond. The white heat of the fires 
of a glowing patriotism transform the 
commonest men into invincible heroes, 
enduring hardness as good soldiers. 
Lips which never had voiced an eloquent 
thought before, spoke as though a live 
coal from heaven's altar had touched 
them, when pleading for the preserva- 
tion of the Union. Common lives that 
had hastened to their setting before they 
had climbed to their noon, went down 
in meridian splendor. The whole rain- 
bow is reflected in a single drop of rain. 
Our whole country spanned each com- 
mon soldier's life with an unbroken arch' 
of glory. 

A few great actions among a people 
will exalt a whole period, and give char- 
acter to a whole history. To what a 
height of dignity shall the great deeds 
or those four long years raise the period 
in which our nation struggled for its 
life, and what a character shall be given 
to our whole history, through the su- 
preme and successful efforts of the living 
and the heroic dead, who alone made that 
history possible! Honor these with the 
most unstinted praise. In monumental 
marble, impassioned oratory, and enrap- 
turing song, celebrate their worth. 

We have said of the fathers who 



fought at the first birth of the Republic : 

" Let Bunker Hill and Lexington, 
And Yorktown tell their story." 



It shall be said of their 
fought at its second birth: 



sons who 



" Let Gettysburg and Vicksburg, 
And Nashville tell their story." 

For the fathers consecrated this conti- 
nent to freedom, and the sons consum- 
mated the sacred act. In that full, and, 
may we not hope final, consummation 
they have made possible not a nation of 
three millions, but of thirty millions, 
forty millions, fifty millions, a hundred 
millions, three hundred millions, with 
one flag, one aim, one glorious destiny. 

Honor, then, unspeakable honor, to 
these brave immortals! 

Over the inner entrance of St. Paul's 
Cathedral, in London, I read as the epi- 
taph of Sir Christopher Wren, its archi- 
tect : Lector, si monumentum, ejus re- 
quiris, ciroum.S'pice. " Reader, if thou 
desirest his monument look about thee." 
It is the epitaph of our illustrious dead. 

Comrades, the roll-call is made at the 
close of battle of another year of life. 
No answer comes from many of our 
brothers who were with us at its begin- 
ning. 

"The angel 'mid the sulphur smoke, 
Who warded off the battle's stroke," 

has stood by with folded pinions, while 
'mid the victories of peace the last enemy 
has borne them off in triumph. But we 
are not separated. " The living and the 
dead but one communion make." 

" When death comes, as come it must, 

To dissolve this union band, 
Its links shall not return to dust, 

They shall shine at God's right hand." 



-- 



228 



LIBERT 2' AND UNION. 



WAR AND PEACE. 



THE REV. O. H. TIFFANY, D. D. 




f 



M.OW solemn a thing is death! — 
and yet, how wonderful a thing 
is life! God appoints it, man de- 
velops it, death seals its destiny, 
eternity unfolds its ultimate issues. 
Each human soul in which this pow- 
er of life is, has "its secrets and histories 
and marvels of destiny, heaven's splen- 
dors are over its dead, hell's terrors are 
under its feet, tragedies and poetries are 
in it, and a history for eternity." Every 
social organism, every grand national ag- 
gregation of lives but generalizes the 
history of the individual, and thus the 
history of all life and of all living, wheth- 
er in individuals, families, societies, or 
nations, is one history, and that history 
the record of its conflicts, its defeats, its 
victories. The dawn of this life is a 
struggle for being, its growth a constant 
warfare with antagonisms, its mainte- 
nance is by continued defences. And 
each and all of these create crises of des- 
tiny which may retard or advance, destroy 
or establish the whole. 

Our national birth was a contest with 
physical difficulties, our establishment a 
victory over political antagonisms; the 
last desperate struggle was a conflict of 
ideas, a contest of moral principles; and 
we may hope that its issue shall be one 
of prosperity and peace. 

Mountains are rock-ribbed and endur- 
ing because the earthquake has settled 
them on their foundations; the pines that 
crest them like a coronet withstand the 
rudest blasts, because they have been 



rooted by the storms which toss their 
giant branches. So universal freedom 
has been made sure by the passing tur- 
bulence of rebellion, and our national 
prosperity established by the rude blast 
of war. 

It was a war such as the world never 
before witnessed ; it was fought by such 
armies as never before were marshaled 
on the field. But the end has come. 
These great armies have returned cov- 
ered with honor and laureled with re- 
nown. They are merged again in the 
business and activities of life, they have 
disappeared from view like the snow in 
springtime, or the dew of the morning 
in the summer's sun; now and then the 
halting step upon the sidewalk, here and 
there an empty sleeve, remind us in our 
daily walks of the stern realities of war. 

After war, peace ! 

Peace to the dead. Peace through 
their labors to the living. These 
"have fought their last fight," the salvos 
of artillery which soon shall sound from 
the guns they loved so well, shall not 
awake them. The grass shall grow 
green in springtime, the birds of sum- 
mer shall sing their sweetest notes, the 
bright glories of autumn shall tint the 
foliage above them, and the white snow 
of winter shall lie unbroken on their 
graves, but these shall sleep on in peace. 

Peace, white-robed and olive-crowned, 
has come to us who linger. Peace, with 
its cares and toils, peace, with its plenty 
and prosperity, peace, with its duties for 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



229 



to-day, and its destinies for to-morrow. 
Let us welcome it and become worthy 
of it. Let there be in all our lives, 
thoughts, hopes, endeavors, such devo- 
tion to duty as called and sen^'iifiese 
brave men to the battle-field and sus- 
tained them there ; and then we may 
safely leave our future to the care of 



those who, coming after us, shall pause, 
amid the ruins time may make, to trace 
upon the marble in our cemeteries the 
names of the heroic dead. 

God gives us peace! Xot such as lulls to sleep, 
But sword on thigh and brows with purpose knit. 

And let our Ship of State to harbor sweep, 
Her ports all up! Her battle lanterns lit! 

And her leashed thunders gathered for their leap. 



im^m^ 



OUR COUNTRY TO-DAY. 



WM. M. EVARTS. 




E cannot then hesitate to de- 
clare that the original princi- 
ples of equal society and popu- 
lar government still inspire the 
laws, live in the habits of the peo- 
ple, and animate their purposes and 
their hopes. These principles have not 
lost their spring or elasticity. They 
have sufficed for all the methods of gov- 
ernment in the past; we feel no fear for 
their adequacy in the future. Released 
now from the tasks and burdens of the 
formative period, these principles and 
methods can be directed with undivided 
force to the everyday conduct of govern- 
ment, to the staple and steady virtues of 
administration. The feebleness of 
crowding the statute-books with unexe- 
cuted laws; the danger of power out- 
growing or evading responsibility ; the 
rashness and fickleness ot temporary ex- 
pedients ; the constant tendency by which 
parties decline into factions, and end in 
conspiracies ; all these mischiefs beset all 
governments, and are part of the life of 
each generation. To deal with these- 
evils — the tasks and burdens of the im- 



mediate future — the nation needs no other 
resources than the principles and the ex- 
amples which our past history supply. 
These principles, these examples of our 
fathers, are the strength and safety of 
our State to-day : "Moribus antiquis, 
stat res Romana, vii'isqueT 

Unity, liberty, power, prospei'ity — 
these are our possessions to-day. Our 
territory is safe against foreign dangers; 
its completeness dissuades from further 
ambition to extend it, and its rounded 
symmetry discourages ail attempts to 
dismember it. No division into greatly 
unequal parts would be tolerable to 
either. No imaginable union of inter- 
ests or passions, large enough to include 
one-half the country, but must embrace 
much more. The madness of partition 
into numerous and feeble fragments 
could proceed only from the hopeless 
degradation of the people, and would 
form but an incident in general ruin. 

The spirit of the nation is at the high- 
est — its triumph over the inborn, inbred 
perils of the Constitution, has chased 
away all fears, justified all hopes, and 



+ 



4& 



230 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



with universal joy we greet this day. We 
have not proved unworthy of a great an- 
cestry; we have had the virtue to up- 
hold what they so wisely, so firmly, es- 
tablished. With these proud possessions 
of the past, with powers matured, with 
principles settled, with habits formed, 
the nation passes as it were from prepar- 
atory growth to responsible development 
of character, and the steady performance 
of duty. What labors await it, what 



trials shall attend it, what triumphs for 
human nature, what glory for itself,, are 
prepared for this people in the coming 
century, we may not assume to foretell. 
"One generation passeth away, and an- 
other generation cometh, but the earth 
abideth forever," and we reverently hope 
that these our constituted liberties shall 
be maintained to the unending line of 
our posterity, and so long as the earth 
itself shall endure. 



THE LOYAL PULPIT AND THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 



THE RT. REV. SAML. FALLOWS, D. D. 



Meeting of the Society of the Army of the Tennessee, Cincinnati, April 7, 1881. General W. T. 

Sherman, President. 




HE Duke of Wellington, some 
of whose words, a far greater 
General than lie quoted in our 
hearing this morning, once said, 
"The worst men make the best 
soldiers." True, and yet untrue is 
the assertion. If you want hired human 
butchers — men who will fight just as 
well on one side as the other, who know 
not nor care to know for what they are 
fighting, who simply take their pay and 
rations as the price of slaughter, then the 
Iron Duke was right — the worst men 
do make the best soldiers. The more of 
the brute you can find in the man, and 
the more of the brute you can get out of 
the man, the better is he fitted for his 
brutal work. You can have discipline 
in the camp or on the march, by the 



and gag, the cannon-ball linked to 



buck 

the feet, and the cat-o'-nine tails. You 
will have fierce, dogged, determined 
fighting in action, for the tiger of the an- 
imal nature will follow out its instinctive 
thirst for blood, and the bulldog of the 
same nature will hold on with a death- 
like grip. 

Fighting with such soldiers is some- 
times terrible beyond expression. 

Let slip such "dogs of war" and no 
master can control their ravening and 
their rending. 

The Duke of Wellington himself, the 
foremost of all the stern military disci- 
plinarians of the ages, could not, by his 
own confession, read to us to-day, con- 
trol such men in his command. With 
such soldiers come the sacks and outrages 



•KB— 



-** 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



2X1 



at which the brain reels, and the heart 
grows sick. Then is held hell's high 
carnival of Inst and gore. For any pul- 
pit in any land to lend its solemn sanc- 
tion to the cause and character of such 
soldiers as these, would be a fearful prof- 
anation of sacred things. 

But let war be carried on to vindicate 
the majesty of outraged law, and save a 
nation's honor and life; let the immor- 
tal principles and ennobling ideas of one 
country, one flag, and one citizenship for 
black and white alike, fill and thrill and 
animate the warrior's soul ; then the con- 
queror of Waterloo was utterly at fault. 
Mr. President, you have condensed vol- 
umes of facts and arguments, and the 
prophecies of the centuries to come — 
prophecies sure to be fulfilled — in the 
closing lines of your address to-day. 

"We believe that history will adjudge 
this civil war to have been not only one 
of the greatest but one of the best wars 
that ever occurred on earth," and we 
may well add, with pardonable pride, 
"that the Army of the Tennessee accom- 
plished a large share in its beneficent 
results. " 

But why the best war, comrades ? Be- 
cause the best men that ever went out to 
fight in the best of all causes, were in the 
Union army. Woman's honor, whether 
of friend or foe, in its keeping was as sa- 
credly inviolate as though the passion- 
less squadrons of the skies themselves 
kept watch and ward. My comrades, 
Wellington was wrong; the best men 
make the best soldiers. For such a cause 
as ours and for such a war as ours, the 
most august sanctities could be invoked. 
With a sorrow that cannot be expressed 
in words, the loyal Christian Church 
in our country took up the gage of battle 
thrown down before it. It had to be 



taken up. Thirty thousand pulpits, ex- 
tending "from the snows of wild Neva- 
da to the sounding hills of Maine," re- 
sponded by their loyal sentiments and 
deeds to the nation's cry for help. They 
felt our war to be what General Sher- 
man declared to me to-night it was — a 
holy war. These swordless soldiers of 
the Prince of Peace knew that we were 
right, and that liberty and union were 
the surpassing interests of time second 
only to the transcendent interests of 
eternity. 

They enjoined upon those going from 
their firesides and altars to "nail the col- 
ors of your States just below the flag of 
the United States, and that best and 
most beauteous of all banners put just be- 
low the cross." 

They did not bring politics into reli- 
gion, but they took religion into politics. 
They did not bring war into the churches, 
but they acted in the spirit of that brave 
Revolutionary preacher who, when the 
wadding of the soldiers had given out, 
rushed into the meeting-house, and tak- 
ing up an armful of hymn books threw 
them down, saying: "There, boys, give 
them Watts' s hymns." 

To the God of battles our misguided 
friends in the South had made the ap- 
peal, and to that same God of battles the 
Christian ministry of the North helped 
carry the mighty controversy. 

Pulpits were the resounding fields and 
hills of conflict. 

Temples were walless space whose 
roofs were the heavens canopied with 
sulphurous smoke. 

Anthems and hymns were the jubi- 
lant song : 

"We are coming, we are coming, our Union to 
restore 



"$H 



232 



LIBERTY 



We are coming, Father Abraham, six hundred 
thousand more." 

Auditors were listening nations. 

Prayers were skyward rockets and 
whizzing bomb-shells. 

Sermons were Minie balls and solid 
shot. 

Benedictions were the bending of glis- 
tening steel and the dispersing charge of 
the bayonet. 

What grand army leaders of these 
awful services we had. I need not men- 
tion them all; you know them, the world 
knows them. But there were three, the 
immortal trio we always love to speak 
of, each unique and unexcelled in his own 
sphere, who will be held in grateful re- 
membrance by the American people 



AND UNION. 

while mountains stand ana rivers run to 
the sea. Sheridan, the chain-lightning 
of war; Sherman, the hurricane of war; 
and Grant, its Jupiter Tonaiis. 

When these war services were over, 
well did President Lincoln, "greatest of 
our mighty dead," say: "God bless all 
the Churches; without them we could 
not have succeeded." Thank God for 
the harmony and fraternity that now pre- 
• vail, and for the loyal Pulpit both North 
and South to proclaim peace on earth, 
and good will to men. 

Peaee, and no longer from her brazen portals, 
The blasts of war's great organ shakes the 
skies. 

But beautiful as songs of the immortals. 
Love's holv melodies arise. 



^SUB^*"" 



THE CONSECRATING INFLUENCE OF THE AVAR FOR FREEDOM. 



AMES A. GARFIELD, 




| LOVE to believe that no heroic 
% sacrifice is ever lost. That the 



characters of men are moulded 
and inspired by what their fathers 
have done — that treasured up in 
American souls, are all the uncon- 
scious influences of the great deeds of 
the Anglo-Saxon race, from Agincourt 
to Bunker Hill. It was such an influ- 
ence whieh led a young Greek, two 
thousand years ago, when he heard the 
news of Marathon, to exclaim, "The 
trophies of Miltiades will not let him 
sleep." Could these men he silent in 
1861 — these, whose ancestors had felt 
the inspiration of battle on every field 
where civilization had fought in the last 



thousand years? Read their answer in 
this green turf. Each for himself gath- 
ered up all the cherished purposes of life 
— its aims and ambitions, its dearest af- 
fections — and flung all with life itself, 
into the scale of battle. 

We began the war for the Union 
alone, but we had not gone far into its 
darkness before a new element was added 
to the conflict, which filled the army and 
the nation with cheerful but intense reli- 
gious enthusiasm. In lessons that could 
not be misunderstood, the nation was 
taught that God had linked to our own 
the destiny of an enslaved race — that 
their liberty and our Union were indeed 
"one and inseparable."" It was this thai 



*«* 



■€H 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



2 33 



made the soul of John Brown the march- 
ing companion of our soldiers, and made 
them sing- as they went down to battle — 

•'In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born 

across the sea. 
With a glorv in bis bosom that transfigures 

vou and me ; 
As he died to make them holy, let us die to 

make them tree — 

While God is marching on." 

With such inspirations, failure was 
impossible. The struggle consecrated, in 
some degree, every man who bore a 
worthy part. I can never forget an in- 
cident, illustrative of this thought, which 
it was my fortune to witness near sunset 
of the second day at Chickamauga, when 
the beleaguered but unbroken left wing 
of our army had again and again repelled 
the assaults of more than double their 
numbers, and when each soldier felt that 
to his individual hands were committed 
the life of the army ami the honor of his 
country. It was just after a division had 
fired its last cartridge, and" had repelled 



a charge at the point of the bayonet, that 
the great-hearted commander took the 
hand of an humble soldier and thanked 
him for his steadfast courage. The sol- 
dier stood silent for a moment, and then 
said, with deep emotion, " George H. 
Thomas has taken this hand in his. I'll 
knock down any mean man that offers to 
take it hereafter." This rough sentence 
was full of meaning. He felt that some- 
thing had happened to his hand which 
consecrated it. Could a hand bear our 
banner in battle and not be forever con- 
secrated to honor and virtue? But 
doubly consecrated were these who re- 
ceived into their own hearts the fatal 
shafts, aimed at the life of their country. 
Fortunate men! your country lives be- 
cause you died! Your fame is placed 
where the breath of calumny can never 
reach it; where the mistakes of a weary 
life can never dim its brightness! Com- 
ing generations will rise up to call vou 
blessed ! 



THE RESULTS OF OUR CONFLICT. 



THE REV. E. J. GOOD&PEED, D. D. 




N the possession of such a peace 
as God has made, we see that 
] &tv to have let secession run its 
-.u course would have been to prove 
j/S treacherous to our solemn trust as 
a nation, to stand stripped of dig- 
nity and power, disintegrated into war- 
ring sections, the derision and contempt 
of the world. A country preserved 
through ignominious peace would not 
have been worth the having, fit only as 



the home of cowards and slaves. Ac- 
cepting the fearful alternative of war, 
rather than submit to a foul shame and 
a fragrant crime, the American people, 
in every phase of our bloody contest, 
through all times of disaster and gloom, 
and under all burdens and privations, 
have been sustained by the ever-growing 
conviction that the war was inevitable, 
and that all its losses and sufferings were 
but the price which, in the providence of 



* 



2 34 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



God, we were obliged to pay for the 
great blessings we received, and were 
bound to preserve. 

Grasping ambition and the war spirit 
are to be deprecated, but it is the most 
laudable ambition and the most righteous 
essentials of the war power which have 
secured to us a free government, free 
not only in name, but in practical reality, 



free to every race and color, free to all 
men who live in allegiance to the Con- 
stitution and the laws, free in respect to 
all that man can practice without detri- 
ment to the natural rights of his neigh- 
bor. The Union lives and thrives, and 
opens its sheltering arms to the whole 
world, and welcomes them to its fra- 
grant, healthful, fertile bosom. 



PEACE AND RECONCILIATION. 



RT. REV. GEORGE DAVID CUMMINS, D. D. 



December, 1865 



:§j?Bl|s EACE at last closes along and 
51RSIII desolating civil war — a war 
tyEP^S between men of one blood, one 
m J ancestry, one religion, one heritage 



-y ivS- of blessings, between the citizens 
of one great republic whose fathers 
labored and fought together to secure to 
them a priceless inheritance. History 
will record it as among the most memo- 
rable conflicts ever waged upon the face 
of the earth, memorable for the vast 
number of men enlisted, the wide extent 
of territory over which it was fought, 
and for the valor and heroism displayed 
on either side. What were the wars of 
York and Lancaster, of Puritan and 
Royalist, of Huguenot and Romanist, by 
the side of this? That mighty struggle, 
whose issues at times were so dark and 
uncertain, has ended in a peace which 
secures the integrity of the nation as a 
unit, and restores the Union of the 
States, making us one undivided repub- 
lic. Who can doubt that the decision is 
of God, and that He who permitted the 



land to be scourged for four years bv His 
sore judgment, has ordained that we 
shall remain one people, with one coun- 
try, and one destiny? 

If so, and if our national Union is to 
be anything more than a hollow truce, 
leaving behind it hearts estranged and 
alienated, there is a work yet to be done 
by us more difficult than any triumph 
of arms upon the battle-field. That 
work is the work of restoring harmony 
among hearts, unity of soul, of over- 
coming enmity and prejudice, of healing 
the wounds which have been torn 
asunder; it is the work not only of 
making " peace on earth," but "good 
will among men." 

I speak for American hearts to-day, 
when I say that we do not desire a 
Union which is held together alone by 
force, and which must be perpetuated In- 
standing armies. We desire a Union 
which shall be cemented as of old — nay, 
better than of old; with stronger and 
more enduring bonds, by ties of brother- 



7?r-;* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



2 35 



hood, by bonds of religion, by fellow- 
ship in Christ, by common sympathies, 
common aims, common aspirations, and 
a common love to a common country. 

Can this ever be realized in this land? 
Many have thought it impossible after 
the experience of the last four years, and 
that it is vain to hope for such a result! 
But they who so contend have read his- 
tory to but little purpose. Not more 
surely does nature repair the desolation 
of a battlefield, covering the spot where 
the heavy cannon wheels and the hoofs 
of horses and the feet of ten thousand 
infuriated men made a wilderness, with 
a beautiful carpet of grass, than does 



time bv a thousand genial and kindly 
influences heal the feuds which a civil 
war has engendered. Nay, startling as 
the proposition may sound to some, his- 
tory proves that the passions and hates 
and feuds of international wars are those 
which are most permanent, most lasting; 
while the passions of civil war are ever 
most fugitive, most easily obliterated. 

Such is the teaching oi history, and 
such the cheering prospect before us. 
We need not refer the work of reconcili- 
ation to another generation. God gives 
tous the high privilege of accomplishing 
this work. Already has that good work 
begun with most auspicious tokens. 



«2- 



HWBXf* 



-9» 



THE PAST AND THE PRESENT. 



THE REV. RABBI FELSEXTHAL. 



December 7, 186$. 



-^ifi 




UT a short time since clouds, 
thick and black, lowered in 
the skies, and our hearts were 
?f|$) still depressed, and people doubted 
still whether the nation would live 
or die; whether it would hereafter 
exist in its integrity, or whether it would 
be obliterated from the nations. War 
raged furiously between section and sec- 
tion. The battlefields were strewn 
with thousands of the sons of the nation. 
Xow the clouds have fled. The skies 
are clear. The sun shines bright War 
has ceased. Peace is come. Peace 
reigns throughout all the land. The nation 
lives— lives a new, vigorous, healthy life, 
and the authority of the law is re-estab- 
lished. From the Egypt of war has God 



delivered the nation. Our nation has 
assumed a higher moral position than 
heretofore. What is territorial grandeur 
in comparison with moral grandeur? 
What is might in comparision with 
right? And even if the United States 
should have annexed Canada in the north 
and Mexico in the south, the West Indian 
Islands in the Atlantic, and the Sandwich 
Islands in the Pacific; and even if the 
frigates of our countrv should have 
hoisted up the Stars and Stripes on the 
most distant shores of the globe, still true 
glory and true honor would not have 
been deserved by this nation. But now 
the large stain of slavery has been blotted 
out from our midst; this dark spot among 
our national institutions, jDroclaiming, 



>*. 



236 

unceasingly, that the sentence in our 

glorious Declaration of Independence, 
"All men are born free and equal," was 
only a glittering generality, an untrue 
statement, in so far as regards the people 
of America. Four millions of men, 
children of the same heavenly Father, 
descendant^ of the same Adam, were 
held in — slavery ! And now they are 
freed, and now they will be free. God 
has brought them out from the land of 
Egypt, from the house of bondage. And 
should the nation net rejoice? Still, 
many more millions of white people 
languished in slaverv. They were fet- 
tered by the shackles of prejudice. 
AVere not those who spoke for universal 
freedom and acted for universal justice 
in a small, small minority? And were 
those noble philanthropists not insulted, 
abused, persecuted, killed? And was 
not the name Abolitionist a name of dis- 
grace? And now this name has become 
a name of honor; and three-fourths or 
seven-eighths of the nation glory in this 
name. The fetters of prejudices are 
broken. The white people have become 
emancipated just as well as the black 
people. The Abolitionists were the true 



LIBERT T AND UNION. 



statesmen of the nation. Those to whom 
the proud name of statesmen were 
usually applied, were only short-sighted 
politicians. What is a politician, and 
what is a statesman? A politician looks 
upon the present day, and wants to 
satisfy its demands. -V statesman looks 
beyond the present time into the future. 
A politician alleviates momentarily the 
sufferings of the sick body of a nation, 
but does not touch the root of the evil. 
A statesman removes the roots and 
germs of the sickness in the political 
organism. A politician is often guided 
by impure motives. A statesman's 
doings are always in accordance with the 
high principles of morality, of justice, of 
liberty. And now let them pass in re- 
view before your eves, your so-called 
statesmen of the last forty years! Poli- 
ticians they were, gifted ones, ingenious 
ones, some of them, I concede, even un- 
selfish ones, and even patriotic ones, but 
few of them deserve the name of states- 
men. True statesmen were those here- 
tofore abused Abolitionists. All honor 
to them. They were in the vanguard. 
They led the nation. And now the 
nation consists of abolitionists. 



CAN AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS REMAIN AMERICAN. 

THE REV. F. S. HUXTIXGTOX. 




torv. 



OD has chosen our country as 
the great theater for working 
out some of the magnificent 
problems of human society. The 
principle of self-government has 
stood the test of a century of his- 
Shall it continue to be as unshaken 



a principle during the ensuing century 1 
Can Americans remain Americans, car- 
American institutions remain American 
institutions, while our borders continue to 
fill with people of every tongue, com- 
plexion, shade of habit, social, political 
and moral? This question cannot be an- 



t 



■3r* 



LIBERTY AND UNIOA 



swered in haste by even the wisest proph- 
et of our future. That there are perils 
attending our opportunities as there are 
always perils with privileges, we must 
be aware. There are thoughtful, states- 
men-like minds that are sincerely con- 
sidering the question of suffrage, and 
every American citizen must be alive to 
the question whether we can continue as 
unrestricted a ballot, now with an ever 
increasing heterogeneous population as 
when our population was practically 
homeo^eneous as at the time of our na- 
tional birth. One sign of a revival of 
interest in these vital matters of national 
policy is apparent from the uprising of 
our best citizens against the schemes of 
political tricksters. One thing is certain 
that so soon as the average intelligence 
of a commonwealth or the nation as a 
whole, feels itself outraged by the ma- 
nipulators of governmental matters, and 
the people are made to feel themselves 
ruled instead of ruling, changes of ad- 
ministration will occur, something or 
somebody will be overturned. In 
America the people, and not the machines, 
are called to be sovereign and supreme 
in affairs of state. 

One fact, as hopeful as it is remarka- 



2 37 

ble, must not be lost sight of while we 
find ourselves almost startled at the tide 
of population coming from other lands. 
It is this: The readiness with which the 
foreigner accepts the American idea of 
self-government. Those severely taxed, 
hard-working peasants of Germany come 
to America to be kings, and it is 
royalty enough for them to be owners of 
farms on some of our Western jDrairies. 
To any one who has talked with the 
German in his own land, and has listened 
to the earnest inquiries about America, 
and heard the common and almost uni- 
versal wish among the husbandry of that 
country to get over the sea to this land, 
it is not a matter of great surprise that 
we hear so little of the thousands of emi- 
grants after they land here, for in a few 
weeks they are far West with some uncle, 
cousin, brother, nephew, who has at an 
earlier date followed the star of the em- 
pire, and is now busy making a home on 
the distant prairie or among the forest 
trees of the We>t. The men who will 
stand fast to our American principles 
in government, and who will balance the 
floating and unstable crowds of the great 
cities are the sober-minded and indus- 
trious home-makers of the country. 



->«**- 



»>» 



OUR CIVIL WAR AND PATRIOTISM 



THE REV. ][. X. BISHOP, D. D. 







#UR civil 
dormant 
masses, 
sacrifice for 



war developed the 
patriotism of the 
Self-denial and self- 
*V sacrifice for dear country became 
. living realities; and they who had 
\ devoted to this holy cause those near- 
est and dearest to them, and had seen- 



them go down, one by-one, upon the bat- 
tlefield, were taken out of their own 
narrow interests, and learned that the 
love of countrv was a vital principle, and 
patriotism something more than a mere 
name: and they who " periled their lives 
unto death in the high places of the 



-■■':-- 



238 

field," were actuated by higher impulses 
than those arising from the greed of gold 
and office. The whole tone of the na- 
tion had thus been elevated and ennobled 
by the fiery trial through which we had 
passed. The solemn sacrifice thus offered 
on the altar of patriotic duty had already 
brought down its blessing, and what was 
sown in tears, we now reaped in joy. 
The blow which fell upon us re- 
alized what the superstition of the ancients 
ascribed to lightning — improving what it 
scathed. We could not, therefore, ask 
in despondency, as we looked back 
on the thousands and hundreds of 
thousands who died on the bat- 
tle-field, or who starved and died 
of neglect and barbarous usage in rebel 
prisons, " Wherefore this waste?" We 
felt that not in vain was this blood 
poured forth in unstinted measure. It 
was ennobling millions, and winning for 
them a heritage which many coining 
generations might enjoy. It was thus, 
by private sorrow, that the public weal 
was always w r orked out. 

But beyond this elevation of national 
character there were tangible and evi- 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



dent benefits resulting from our late fear- 
ful strife. It swept away forever that 
foul blot upon oar nation's escutcheon, 
which had so long disgraced us in the 
eyes of the civilized world, retarded our 
moral and intellectual advancement, and 
called upon us in this fratricidal war more 
than from any other cause, the righteous 
judgment of Heaven. That terrible evil 
was the curse of slavery, which had, like 
a canker, been eating into the heart of 
the body politic, and had become so vast 
a source of dissension and ill-feelingf that 
the wisest saw not how to grapple with 
it. But in the progress of the war the 
remedy came. The President, as the 
executive head of the nation, issued as a 
military necessity his proclamation eman- 
cipating every slave in the rebellious 
States, and'by the onward march of our 
armies, carried his proclamation into 
practical execution. Had the war early 
closed, had we been victorious on the 
first battle-fields, this proclamation would 
not have been issued, it would not have 
been a military necessity, and therefore 
would have been neither justifiable or 
constitutional. 



JAMES A. GARFIELD AS DEBATER, ORATOR AND LEADER. 

JAMES G. BLAINE. 



^*fe*> 



S a preliminary orator, as a de- 

\ bater on an issue squarely joined, 

'^>~~va where the position had been 




chosen and the ground laid out, 
Garfield must be assigned a very 
high rank. More, perhaps, than 
any man with whom he was associated 
in public life, he gave careful and sys- 



tematic study to public questions, and he 
came to every discussion in which he 
took part, with elaborate and complete 
preparation. He was a steady and in- 
defatigable worker. Those who imagine 
that talent vind genius can supply the 
place or achieve the results of labor, will 
find no encouragement in Garfield's life. 



t 



■^H 



L1BERT1' AND UNION. 



2 39 



In preliminary work he was apt, rapid 
and skillful. He possessed in a high 
degree the power of readily absorbing 
ideas and facts, and like Dr. Johnson, 
had the art of g-ettimr from a book all 
that was of value in it by a reading ap- 
parently so quick and cursory that it 
seemed like a mere glance at the table of 
contents. He was a pre-eminently fair 
and candid man in debate, took no petty 
advantage, stooped to no unworthy 
methods, avoided personal allusions, 
rarely appealed to prejudice, did not seek 
to inflame passion. He had a quicker 
eye for the stronger point of his adver- 
sary than for his weak point, and on his 
own side he so marshaled his weighty 
arguments as to make his hearers forgfet 
any possible lack in the complete strength 
of his position. He had a habit of stat- 
ing his opponent's side with such a mul- 
titude of fairness and such liberality of 
concession that his followers often com- 
plained that he was giving the case 
away. But never in his prolonged par- 
ticipation in the proceedings of the House 
did he give his case away, or fail in the 
judgment of competent and impartial 
listeners to gain the mastery. 

These characteristics, which marked 
Garfield as a great debater, did not, how- 
ever, make him a great parliamentary 
leader, as that term is understood where- 
ever free representative government ex- 
ists, is necessarily and very strictly the 
organ of his party. An ardent Amer- 
ican defined the instinctive warmth of 
patriotism when he offered the toast, 
u Our country, always right, but right or 
wrong, our country." The parliamentary 
leader who has a body of followers that 
will do and dare and die for the cause, is 
one who believes his party always right, 
but right or wrong, is for his party. No 



more important or exacting duty de- 
volves upon him than the selection of the 
field and the time for contest. Fie must 
know not merely how to strike, but 
where to strike, and when to strike. He 
often skillfully avoids the strength of his 
opponent's position and scatters confusion 
in his ranks by attracting an exposed 
point when really the righteousness of 
the cause and the strength of logical en- 
trenchment are against him. He con- 
quers often both against the light and 
the heavy battalions; as when young 
Charles Fox, in the days of his Toryism, 
carried the House of Commons against 
justice, against its immemorial rights, 
against his own convictions, if, indeed, at 
that period Fox had convictions, and in 
the interest of a corrupt administration, 
in obedience to a tyrannical sovereign, 
drove Wilkes from the seat to which the 
electors of Middlesex had chosen him, 
and installed Lutterell in defiance not 
merely of law, but of public decency. 
For an achievement of that kind Gar- 
field was disqualified — disqualified by the 
texture of his mind, by the honesty of 
his heart, by his conscience, and by every 
instinct and aspiration of his nature. 

The three most distinguished parlia- 
mentary leaders hitherto developed in 
this country are Mr. Clay, Mr. Douglas 
and Mr. Thaddeus Stevens. Each was 
a man of consummate ability, of great 
earnestness, of intense personality, differ- 
ing widely, each from the others, and yet 
with a signal trait in common — the power 
to command. In the give and take of 
daily discussion, in the art of controlling 
and consolidating reluctant and refractory 
followers; in the skill to overcome all 
forms of opposition, and to meet with 
competency and courage in the vaiwing 
phases of unlooked for assault or unsus- 



240 



LIBERT I' AND UNION. 



pected defection, it would be difficult to 
rank with these a fourth name in all our 
Congressional history. But of these Mr. 
Clay was the greatest. It would, per- 
haps, be impossible to find in the parlia- 
mentary annals of the world a parallel 
to Mr. Clay, in 1841, when at sixty-four 
years of age he took the control of the 
Whig party from the President who had 
received their suffrages, against the power 
of Webster in the Cabinet, against the 
eloquence of Choate in the Senate, 
against the herculean efforts of Caleb 
dishing and Henry A. Wise in the 
House. In unshared leadership, in the 
pride and plenitude of power he hurled 
against John Tyler with deepest accord 
the mass of that conquering column 
which had swept over the land in 1S40, 
and drove his administration to seek 
shelter behind the lines of his political 
foes. Mr. Douglas achieved a victory 
scarcely less wonderful, when, in 1854, 
against the secret desires of a strong- 
administration, against the wise counsel 
of the older chiefs, against the conser- 
vative instincts and even the moral sense 
of the country, he forced a reluctant 
Congress into a repeal of the Missouri 



compromise. Mr. Thaddeus Stevens, in 
his contests from 1865 to 1868, actually 
advanced his parliamentary leadership 
until Congress tied, the hands of the Presi- 
dent and governed the country by its own 
will, leaving only perfunctory duties to 
be discharged by the Executive. With 
two hundred millions of patronage in 
his hand at the opening of the contest, 
aided by the active force of Seward in 
the Cabinet, and the moral power of 
Chase on the bench, Andrew Johnson 
could not command the support of one- 
third in either House against the Parlia- 
mentary uprising of which Thaddeus 
Stevens was the animating spirit and the 
unquestioned leader. 

From these three great men Garfield 
differed radically, differed in the quality 
of his mind, in temperament, in the form 
and phase of ambition. He could not do 
what they did, but he could do what they 
could not, and in the breadth of his Con- 
gressional work he left that which will 
longer exert a potential influence among 
men, and which, measured by the severe 
test of posthumous criticism, will secure 
a more enduring and a far more envi- 
able fame. 



^~§>g^€> 



YANKEE SHIPS. 



JAMES T. FIELDS. 



fc\ 



'A 



5io^ 



f UR Yankee ships ! in fleet career, 
I They linger not behind, 
§ Where gallant sails from other lands 
Court favoring tide and wind. 
With banners on the breeze, they leap 

As gaily o'er the foam 
As stately barks from prouder seas, 
That lon-z; have learned to roam. 



The Indian wave, with luring smiles, 

Swept round them bright to-day; 
And havens of Atlantic isles 

Are opening on their way ; 
Ere yet these evening shadows close, 

Or this frail song is o'er, 
Full many a straining mast will rise 

To greet a foreign shore. 









■63- 



— *-» 



u 



ifc 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



24: 



High up the lashing northern deep, 

Vhere glimmering watch-lights beam, 
Away in beauty where the stars 

In tropic brightness gleam, 
Where'er the sea-bird wets her beak, 

Or blows the stormy gale; 
On to the water's furthest verge 

Our ships majestic sail. 



They dip their keels in every stream 

That swells beneath the sky; 
And where old ocean's billows roll, 

Their lofty pennants fly : 
They furl their sheets in threatening clouds 

That float across the main, 
To link with love earth's distant bays, 

In many a golden chain 



A PLEA FOR JUSTICE. 

THE REV. JOHN F. SMITH, A. M. 
(At the close of the Civil War.) 



~M 




HE world had almost lost sight 
of justice, as an element either 
of Divine or of human govern- 
ment. An effeminate party and a 
one-sided philanthropy had sprung 
up, which iri their sympathy for 
the criminal had well-nigh forgotten the 
victims of his crime; which, in their 
willingness to shelter the guilty from the 
evils which they justly merit, would 
flood the innocent with far greater evils. 
Then did God bring our country into 
one of those straits which His wisdom 
has devised to teach the nations a truth 
by making them feel its necessity. Then 
were the demands of justice acted out 
before our eves, on the broad stage of a 
continent and with an audience, one of the 
grandest dramas of human history. Then 
was the leaven of justice kneaded into this 
nation with the iron knuckles of war. 
When an imperiled country cried out 
for help — when men, maddened with 
loss of power, and " with reversed ambi- 
tion " seeking to perpetrate a wicked 
and baleful institution, had well nigh 
rent in sunder the fairest heritage of 
earth, more than two millions of loyal 
16 



citizens came forth from mountain 
homes and prairie cabins, from town and 
city, from farm and workship, from 
humble cottages and from palatial 
homes, and offered to fill that rent with 
their bodies, and cement it with their 
blood. Did humanity disown the deed ? 
Nay, rather even did tender mothers and 
loving wives and sisters, with hearts all 
torn with anguish dam up the fountains 
of their feelings, and speed on the heroes 
with the words: This country is worth 
more than your lives. 

And now, when the end has been 
secured, when the rebellion has been 
quelled; and when the perpetuity of this 
beneficent government and the welfare 
of untold millions of coming ages 
demands the sacrifice of the authors of 
all these calamities, what arm shall stay 
the uplifted sword of justice? Think 
you that mothers who have offered their 
own sons on the altar of their country, 
will count rebel lives too dear? From 
ten thousand desolated homes comes 
forth the response: Let it be. From a 
hundred thousand stricken hearts, wan- 
dering in mournful dreams over hundreds 



f 



Hlr 



242 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



of battlefields seeking for buried loved 
ones, is heard the answer: Let it be. 
Yea, every lover of his country and 
every lover of his kind, — he who wishes 
to promote patriotism and virtue in the 
present, or to secure happiness to the 
future, responds: Amen. Yea, rather, 
the heart, the judgment, and the con- 
science of humanity cry out: 



" Is there not some hidden curse, 

Some secret thunder in the stoi-es of heaven 
Big with uncommon wrath, to blast the man 
That seeks his greatness in his country's ruin?" 

In circumstances like these the dictates 
of justice are the dictates of love. Then 
love herself bids mercy stand aside. For 
mercy to the guilty is cruelty to the 
innocent. 



tf-y^-o 



THE RIGHTEOUSNESS OF WAR FOR LIBERTY 



RT. REV. SAMUEL FALLOWS, D. D. 



ISO da\ 




more fitting than the holy 
Sabbath could be chosen on 
which to hold the tearful, 
grateful memorial services of our 
,(£ heroic dead. It is the greatest of 
earthly privileges, as it is among the 
highest of all human duties, to commem- 
orate, in every appropriate way, the 
lives, the examples, and the services of 
those who have offered themselves a 
willing sacrifice on the altar of national 
freedom and national unity. 

Our feelings struggle in adoring- 
prayer, in solemn music, in sublime 
anthems, in soaring song, in heartfelt 
eulogy, to express our thanks to the God 
of nations for the Sabbath of national 
rest and peace which that sacrifice has 
brought us, and our admiration for the 
men through whom the divine provi- 
dence has secured such benign and fruit- 
ful results. The more sacred the day, 
the more in harmony with holy purposes 
which have brought these thousands of 
comrades, of citizens, of fathers and 
mothers, and children together on this 
occasion. O that precious memory of 



our fallen brave ones! Love cherishes 
it; literature embalms it; liberty blesses it; 
humanity reveres it; religion glorifies it! 

We do not in these memorial services, 
on this dav, — the standing witness of the 
rising of the Prince of Peace from the 
dead, — either justify, sanctify, or glorify 
war — as war. No one more devoutly 
prays to be kept from its unspeakable 
horrors than these bravest of the brave 
who are about me at this hour. No one 
has spoken more burning words against 
its fearful miseries than that most dis- 
tinguished and deeply loved soldier, the 
general of the armies of the United 
States, W. T. Sherman. 

"War," said Byron, "is God's daugh- 
ter." "Then," said Wordsworth, "she 
is Christ's sister." God forbid! 

War, in itself, is evil — only evil, and 
that continually. It is His supreme 
prerogative who exalteth one nation and 
pulleth down another, to bring good out 
of that evil. In this world of passion 
and conflict it sometimes becomes the 
painful, the august, the imperative duty 
of men to help in bringing the good out 



£R- 



t 



LIBERT T AND UNION 



2 43 



of the evil. It is a remarkable fact that 
the only really authentic portrait of Wil- 
liam Penn, founder of the City of 
Brotherly Love, and foremost of the 
Society of Friends, whose austere lives 
and doctrines of peace we so much re- 
spect, is that which represents him "as 
a gallant youth, in complete armor, and 
with the motto : ' Peace is sought by 
war."' 

When war is forced upon a people- 



forced in the interest of wrong against 
right, forced against their very life and 
liberties — then the doctrine of passive 
resistance is as much out of place as it 
would have been in the case of Michael, 
the archangel, when he received the on- 
set of the devil. Nay, in such a contest, 
the patriot would, if it were possible, 
snatch the flaming two-edged sword 
from the very hands of the cherubim, and 
wield it against his foes. 



^43##H & h- 



PROPHECIES AND THEIR FULFILLMENT. 



RT. REV. SAMUEL FALLOWS, D. D. 




HAT great defender of the Con- 
stitution, Daniel Webster, said in 
9% * eighteen hundred and forty- 
nine : " The prophecies and the 
poets are with us." No wonder at 
the same time he further declared 
with regard to our country: "There is 
no poetry like the poetry of events, and 
all the prophecies lag behind the fulfill- 
ment." 

To make every prophecy true, our 
noble comrades, under the resistless im- 
pulse and at the joyfully obeyed call of 
duty, destiny, — Deity, went to victory 
and to death. 

The war of the Revolution was a 
"praise added to freedom." They made 
the war for the Union the everlasting 
security of freedom itself. 

Out of the one contest came a consti- 
tution, the most perfect the world had 
ever seen, marking a magnificent advance 
beyond the incoherent, inadequate Art- 
icles of Confederation, and yet a consti- 



tution not perfect enough for the nation's 
unfolding and urgent needs. 

Out of the other contest came a con- 
stitution with a millennium meaning in 
its thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth 
amendments. 

In the first constitution there was an 
uncertain, dubious, compromising clause 
respecting " persons held to service." In 
the second constitution it is written in 
lines of light, not as a compact which 
States may regulate between themselves, 
but as a foundation fact on which the 
Nation rests, that in every political par- 
ticular a black man has a white soul. 

They resolved that not a river, not a 
creek, not a stream in our whole broad 
land should run through two American 
nations to the sea. They determined 
that the course of empire should take its 
way under one flag and to the music of 
one unbroken Union. 

More than this, as the projDhecies de- 
clared, they were fighting the battles of 



w 



T 



44 



LIBERTT AXD UNION. 



the world's democracy against the 
world's aristocracy. They knew it, we 
knew it, the world knew it. 

It was this that made our cause so 
sacred, so solemn, so sacrificial. It was 
tin's that invested it with a grandeur that 
never gathered about a struggle of arms 
before. 

In our nation's beating, bleeding heart 
was throbbing the fullness of the univer- 
sal aspiration for freedom, as the fullness 
o( the tides throbs in the sea. 

If the hopes of mankind were buried 
in the tomb at the first Bull Run battle, 
they found a resurrection, with joy un- 
speakable, in the surrender at Appomat- 
tox. It was then that the jubilant apos- 
trophe made to our country, by old 
Samuel Sew ill in 1727 was more than 
justified: "Lift up your heads, O ye 



gates of Columbia, ami be lifted up ye 
everlasting doors, and the King of Glory 
shall come in." It was then the triumph- 
ant peal broke forth from humanity's 
lips: "Our God is marching on." For 
it was then we linked our country anew 
with the skies. Nay, more, it was then 
that the broad highway of preparation 
was made still wider between that world 
above and this world below, down which 
the Everlasting Righteousness might 
lead the armies of eternity to predestined 
victory and win the crown of all the earth. 
For the " whole abundant harvest of 
that supreme event is but so much seed 
wheat" with which the entire globe 
shall be sown. And the song of the 
"harvest home" from that sowing shall 
roll up full and grand from five con- 
tinents and over all the sea. 



HC* j§§S^ 



THE PAST AND THE FUTURE. 



RT. REV 



A.MUEL FALLOWS, D. D. 



^i==£f 




OT to raise dead issues, not to 
keep section from section, not 
„. % to raise a single barrier between 
'' $ our friends who foufifht against us 
j£ (our fellow-citizens now) and our 
own selves, do we perpetuate the memory 
o( our fallen comrades. None can do 
more, none are doing more than those 
who fought for the Union, 10 bring about 
a true union of hearts and a union of 
hands between the North and the South. 
But these heroes of the lost cause do 
not ask us to take back a single word of 
that infallibly true sentence, "Slavery is 
sectional, freedom is national." They 



know that a child's hand could sooner 
pluck up Lookout Mountain by its rocky 
roots or dry up the Mississippi with its 
infantile breath, than for us to change the 
irreversible verdict of mankind, "The 
war for the Union was forever right, and 
the rebellion forever wrong." It was 
the old Jewish legend that Nimrod, the 
mighty hunter, took the patriarch, Abra- 
ham, and cast him into a furnace of lire. 
But lo! its flames turned all to roses, and 
the father of the faithful lay down on a 
bed of tlowers. The tierce fires of our 
affliction have been already turned into 
tlowers of peace ami memory, and joy 



**- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



2 45 



and hope. The rain which descends 
upon the swelling turf above our dead is 
not the iron rain of death, falling amid 
the crash of destruction and the thunder 
of battle, but the rain that brings from 
the bosom of the earth her fairest floral 
gifts, with which we decorate their sacred 
graves. 

I found in one refined, Christian coun- 
try home the old blue overcoat forming 
the chief stripe in the carpet on the floor 
— a grand color for loyal people to stand 
on as well as to stand under, to have be- 
neath as well as around. But with no 
wearing away of the outer vesture of 
loyalty will the inner spirit decay. 

From the torn hem and jagged fiber 
of every tattered and smoke-begrimed 
flag, virtue drops. Every remembrance 
of these patriotic dead is an arsenal ; every 
cemetery is a fort. Like the chariots of 
fire and the horses of fire about that an- 
cient mount are these invisible, but living 
and resistless, defenders around the moun- 
tain of our liberties. The dear form of 
Liberty, with the wounds she may vet 
have to receive, when asked the question, 
"What are these wounds in thine hands?" 



shall never again among us reply : "These 
are they with which I was wounded in 
the house of my friends." Her hands, 
her head, her heart, may bleed again, but 
only when she leads a united people at 
the command of the God of Freedom to 
the immediate and univeisal emancipa- 
tion of the race. 

A most memorable day in the meteo- 
rology of the United States was recently 
noted by the signal bureau at Washing- 
ton. From all the New England coast 
— no cloud; from all the Pacific shore — 
no cloud; from Louisiana — no cloud; 
from Florida — no cloud; from South 
Carolina — no cloud; from all the lake 
coast — no cloud; from northernmost 
Dakota — no cloud. 

In all the vast expanse of the sky that 
bends in overarching splendor above our 
common country, not one single cloud 
was to be seen. God grant it may pre- 
sage the day when from the farthest East 
to the remotest West, from the sunniest 
South to the sternest North, there shall not 
gather one single cloud of national dis- 
cord or State dissension on the face of 
the Union skv. 



THE COMMON SOLDIER. 



REV. ROBERT COLLYER, D. D. 




T is true, and truest of all, that 
not purple grape, and golden 
apple, and brown seed, and 
ripened grain, and roses and asters, 
all noble and beautiful lives, over 
which men rejoice and are glad, 
and mention in their thanksgiving and 
memorialize by biography and monu- 



ment — not those alone are fruit, but the 
leaf faded ana forlorn, is fruit too; falling 
to the ground it fails honorably; dying, it 
dies well, its work well done, and the 
world made more and better by what 
one leaf can do for its living. 

All honor to the men who are so 
patiently and steadily breaking the triple 



*■$■ 



246 

armor that guards the heart of the rebel - 
lion entrenched in Richmond — the man 
rich in saving common sense, and, as the 
great ones only are, 

"In his simplicity sublime." 

All honor to the mighty heart that 
sprang over the mightiest fastnesses of 
Georgia, smote and paralyzed its right 
hand and then as quietly as if he were 
marching through our own Eastern, or 
Western land, went tramping out of 
sight, while the nation itself stood ready 
to shout "The sea! the sea!" whenever 
the boys in blue should reach the blue 
water. All honor to the dauntless sol- 
dier who swept barehanded along the 
broken ranks of our men, and shouted 
hi* battle-cry so mightily that they went 
back again like a whirlwind, and 
wrenched a victory out of the very teeth 
of defeat. These men are the fruit of this 
time, noble and sound to the core. We 
may well be proud, and glad with a 
solemn gladness, that the prayer of the 
nation for a man to command our armies 
—for at least one man in our sore need 
— has been answered by sending us 
these so strong and true, and by reveal- 
ing to us others rising all about us that 



LI BERT T AND UNION. 



bid fair to emulate their prowess and 
their fame. Let their praises be said 
and sung in every loyal home in the 
land. 

But I know of others still as brave 
and true — the leaves — "sword binders," 
where Grant and Sherman and Sheridan 
are the fruit. They fade and fall, they 
are swept down in the storm of battle, 
and lost. Common soldiers, we call 
them. All honor to the common sol- 
dier. Let him be remembered in our 
gratitude to the Great Commander. 
For, as every true leaf on every tree has 
inevitably — by the very tenure of its life 
— been a saviour in its degree, standing 
between the hard rock and the living 
man — a mediator, guarding the gulf be- 
tween life and death—so this single man, 
this common soldier, is fruit — being leaf 
— and fading and falling, scorched by 
battle fires, or chilled by watching. Not 
one such man, however obscure or easily 
forgotten, has lived and fought, and 
fallen in vain. There may be no monu- 
ment to mark where he died, but a 
nation— prosperous and free — will be 
his monument to mark where he lived. 
For "the leaves on the trees are for the 



saving of the nations." 



OUR NATIONAL DUTY. 



f 



GENERAL MARTIN BEEM. 




HE service of our country," says 
Lord Bolingbroke, "is not a 
chimerical, but a real duty. He 
who admits the proofs of any other 
moral duty growing out of the 
constitution of human nature, or 
drawn from the moral fitness or unfitness 



of things, must admit them in favor 
this duty, or be forced to a most absurd 
inconsistency." To these words I would 
like to call all those who declare patriot- 
ism a refuge for scoundrels, and who de- 
clare a love of country or its flag a " fool- 
ish sentiment." In a Republic like ours 



-*■ 



"T" 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



247 



the hand of government touches the citi- 
zen so lightly that he is not compelled to 
realize that there is such a thing in exist- 
ence. Prior to the war, the only remind- 
ers we ever had were the flag and the 
postage stamp. It is possible for mon- 
archies to exist without thought, but a 
Republic like ours cannot hope for more 
than an ephemeral existence unless its 
citizens are vigilant. The thoughts of 
our people must rise higher than the bare 
accumulation of private wealth regardless 
of public duty or political principles. As 
honor is the life of every one, as mercv 
is "the beaming smile of justice," so is 
this virtue equally essential to the longev- 
ity of our Republic. As no system of 
jurisprudence can exist that annihilates 
every distinction between equity and in- 
iquity ; as no moral community could 
hope for life that drew no distinction 
between morality and immorality; as no 
religious community could command 
respect that drew no line between good 
and evil — so no Republic like ours can 
hope to survive that draws no distinction 
between the virtue of patriotism on the 
one side and the vice of treason on the 
other. Jesus and Judas cannot rank 
alike. 

If this be true, then, see to it, my fel- 
low-citizens, that their spirits are not 
stifled by wilful neglect, or through a 
mistaken magnanimity to foreign or 



domestic foes. We ask no life, we ask 
the expatriation of no one; we do not 
clamor for the confiscation of a single 
dollar of property, or the surrender of 
any social or political privilege; but we 
do demand, now and forever, that the 
holiness of the cause for which these 
patriots died, may be forever conceded. 
We do demand that they have no uncer- 
tain place in the pages of our national 
history; that it shall not be left in doubt 
in the minds of future generations 
whether they were murderers or mar- 
tyrs, plunderers or patriots. We do 
demand that the freedom of life and 
speech, for which they poured out their 
warm blood freely as water, be conceded 
to every citizen, humble or high, white 
or black, native or foreign-born; and we 
do demand, and shall continue to demand, 
that this great republic of ours, thrice 
sacred by the sacrifices made for it by 
the fathers of the Revolution and the 
patriots of the rebellion, that this Union, 
cemented by the blood of so many of our 
heroic dead, is an indivisible, indissolv- 
able Nation, and not a mere confederacy 
lashed together by a rope of sand or a 
chain of smoke ! If this distinction is not 
drawn, if this principle is not conceded, 
if this virtue by which the life of the 
nation was so recently saved is not en- 
couraged, then if war comes again, God 
alone can save the Republic. 




4$+ 



HS- 



248 



LIBERT 7' AND UNION. 



GENERAL U. S. GRANT. 



COLONEL WM. F. VILAS. 



[At the Grant Banquet, Chicago, Nov. rj, iSyg^ 




^OUR call invites me, sir, I am 
conscious, to give expression to 
the profound feeling with which 
every heart of our assembled com- 
panions responds to the stirring 
sentiment. But how shall I attempt 
to choose, in the brief compass the occa- 
sion allows, from the multitudinous 
thoughts that crowd the mind ? Our first 
commander, the illustrious General whose 
fame has grown to fill the world ! Nay, 
more! Our old band of the Tennessee 
was his first army ! What honorable 
memories of old association, you, com- 
panions, may now recall ! 

How splendid was your entrance on 
the scene of arms! The anxious eve of 
the North had long been fixed intently 
on the Eastern theater, almost uncon- 
scious of the new-formed Army of the 
Tennessee, and its unknown General. 
Suddenly there fell on the startled ear the 
roar of your fight at Donelson, and your 
chieftain's victorious cry, — which waked 
the country's heart to ecstacv, and rung, 
like a prophetic knell, the doom our army 
of salvation bore to rebels — "Nothing 
but unconditional surrender." 

Then, but a few days later, there burst 
at Shiloh, on his Army of the Tennessee^ 
the flame and fury of the first great field 
fight of the war. In desperate doubt, 
the nightfall of the bloody day closed on 
the unequal struggle. Higher, then, rose 
the iron resolution of that great com- 
mander! Urged by cautious counsel to 



prepare a way for retreat, with trust in 
your valor, he gave the characteristic 
answer, "I have not despaired of whip- 
ping them yet." And loyally, on the 
morrow, was he vindicated in that reli- 
ance, as he rode before his soldiery, driv- 
ing the enemy over the victorious field. 
How darkly comes back in recollec- 
tion, the long and dismal toil in the pes- 
tilential swamps before impregnable 
Vicksburg! The sky was overhung in 
gloom, and the soaked earth sunk under 
the foot. Unlit by the flash of powder, 
unheralded by the noise of arms, in mis- 
erable darkness, the last enemy irresistibly 
plied his fatal work, changing the river 
levees — where only was solid ground for 
burial — into tombs for our trebly-deci- 
mated ranks. Then, again, new light 
broke from his troubled genius on the 
scene, and displayed the possible path for 
valor. Breaking past the rebel battle- 
ments, and across the great river, he 
flung our army into the midst of the 
hostile host, like a mighty gladiator sur- 
rounded by his foes, choosing no escape 
but in victory. There, with fiery zest, 
in fierce rapidity he smote the foe the 
crushing strokes of Port Gibson, Ray- 
mond, Jackson, Champion Hills and 
Black River, and seized the doomed city 
with the unrelenting grasp of his Arm} 
of the Tennessee. And when, on the 
new birthday of the republic, her flag 
shook out its beautiful folds above the 
ramparts of that boasted citadel, the ter- 



— &■* 



LIBERTY AND I TNION. 



249 



ritory of revolt was finally split in twain, 
the backbone of rebellion was broken. 

Such, in a glance, is your splendid 
story, companions, under our first com- 
mander! 

He and his Army of the Tennessee en- 
tered on the page of history together. 
Together they achieved the first great 
prophetic triumphs for the Union; to- 
gether they followed and fought her 
enemies from field to field, pushing our 
advancing arms in steady career toward 
the Gulf. Nor were their efforts for our 
country disunited, until, having dismem- 
bered the vast rebellion, the beginning of 
its utter downfall had been seen. 

Guided by his genius your army had 
learned to fight only to conquer. Parted 
from him, it forgot not the teaching. Its 
march and war struck every revolted 
State save two, but never General any- 
where lamented over its retreat from the 
field of arms. Joyfully may we point to 
that exalted fame, which, rising like a 
pinnacle of the Alps, breaks through the 
firmament above to carry up the name of 
the unconquered Grant; for it is our fe- 
licity, that on the solid base from which 
it lifts, history has written the proud 
legend of the Army of the Tennessee, 
which never shunned, and never lost, a 
battle with its foes. 

Joined to it bv such a story, and es- 
pecially when so assembled, his old as- 
sociates and soldiers in war, we may 
rightfully, without censure and without 
adulation, claim and speak the just 
measure of his merit and renown. Nor 
^hall his presence deny that satisfaction to 
us. His reputation is not his, not even 
his country's, alone; it is, in part, our 
peculiar possession. We, who fought to 
aid its rising, may well rejoice in its 
meridian splendor. 



The foundations of his title are deep 
laid and safe. There was reaction in the 
minds of our people after the intense 
strain of war, and main - distracting sub- 
jects for attention. But with regained 
composure and reflection, his reputation 
augments, and its foundations more and 
more plainly appear irremovably fixed 
for lasting duration. They spring not 
from merely having enjoyed possession 
of the honors of place and power, which 
his countrymen have bestowed; others 
have had them too. Thev lie not special- 
ly on his shining courage and personal 
conduct before the enemy, who was never 
outdone in calm intrepidity; nor in the 
splendid daring with which he ever urged 
the battle he immediately ordered ; though 
long these will live in song and story. 
Beyond the warrior's distinction— which 
was his early glory — his is the true ge- 
nius of the General. The strategic learn- 
ing of the military art was to him a 
simple implement, like colors and brush 
to a Raphael, not fetters to the mind. 
How like a weapon in a giant's hand, 
did he wield the vast aggregation of sol- 
dierv, whose immensity oppressed so 
many minds! How easily moved his 
divisions, yet how firm the place of all! 
How every soldier came to feel his partic- 
ipation a direct contribution to the gen- 
eral success! And when, at length, his 
merit won the government of the entire 
military power of the North, how per- 
fect became without noise or friction, the 
co-operation of every army, of every 
strength, throughout the wide territory 
of the war, toward the common end! 
Subordinate every will and jealous soul, 
the profound military wisdom of the 
capital, even, to the clear purpose and 
comprehensive grasp of the one com- 
manding mind! Then how rapidly 



■S3-* 



25° 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



crumbled on every side the crushed re- 
volt! Where shall we find, in past rec- 
ords, the tale of such a struggle, so 
enormous in extent, so nearly matched at 
the outset, so desperately contested, so 
effectively decided! Through what a 
course of interrupted victory did he pro- 
ceed from the earliest engagements to a 
complete dominion of the vast catas- 
trophe ! 

Spare, in pity, the poor brain which 
cannot see, in this career, more than a* 
dogged pertinacity ! Out upon the un- 
just prejudice which will consciously dis- 
parage the true meed of genius! Leave 
it where his reliant silence leaves it! 
Leave it to history! Leave it to the 
world ! 

But in the great cause, so well under- 
stood, and the great results to men, so 
well accomplished, the basis of his re- 
nown is justly broadened. For the sal- 
vation of this government of freedom for 
mankind, we took up arms. When lib- 
erty was safe, they were laid again down. 
Risen to the highest seat of power, he 
Las descended as a citizen, of equal rank 
with all. This goes to the soul of Amer- 
ican liberty, ennobling individual citizen- 
ship above all servants in office. His is 
indeed the noblest grandeur of manhood, 
who can rise from the grasp of over- 
topping power above the ambition of 
self, to exalt the ambition of humanity; 
denying the spoils of the brief time to 
the lasting guerdon of immortal honor. 

The judgment of immediate contem- 
poraries has been apt to rise too high or 
fall too low. But let not detraction or 
calumny mislead. They have ever been 
the temporal accompaniments of human 
greatness. That glory cannot rise be- 
yond the clouds which passes not through 
the clouds. We may confidently accept 



the judgment of the world. It has been 
unmistakably delivered. But lately, as 
he has pressed his wandering course about 
the round earth, mankind has every- 
where bowed in homage at his coming, 
as the ancient devotees of the East fell 
before the sun at his rising. These 
honors were not paid to his person, which 
was unknown ; they were not paid to his 
country, for which he went on no errand, 
and whose representative never had the 
like before; they were not paid to him 
as to some potentate of a people, for he 
journeyed not as a man in power. They 
have been the willing prostration of mor- 
tality before a glory imperishable! 

His memory shall, indeed, be in the 
line of the heroes of war, but distinctive, 
and apart from the greater number. Not 
with the kind of Alexander, who ravaged 
the earth to add to mere dominion; nor 
of Belisarius, who but fed the greedy 
craving of an Imperial beast of prey ; not 
with Marlborough, Eugene, Wellington, 
who played the parts set them by the 
craft of diplomacy ; not with the Napo- 
leons, who chose "to wade through 
slaughter to a throne, and shut the gates 
of mercy on mankind;" not with Caesar, 
who would have put the ambitious hand 
of arms on the delicate fabric of con- 
stitutional freedom; America holds a 
higher place in the congregation of glory 
for her heroes of liberty, where sits, in 
expectation, her majestic Washington. 
In nobler ambition than the gaining of 
empire, they have borne their puissant 
arms for the kingdom of man, where 
liberty reigneth forever. From the blood 
poured out in their warfare, sweet incense 
rose to heaven, and angels soothed, with 
honorable pride, the tears which sorrow 
started for the dead. 

Home again, now, our first com- 



■St* 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



25 1 



mander, after the journey of the world. 
Here again we greet him at our 
social board, where, with recurring years, 
we regale on the deeper-ripening memo- 
ries of our soldiership for freedom. Par- 
takers of the labors, the perils, the 
triumphs, which were the beginnings of 
his glory, we join now, with exultation, 
in the welcoming honors by which his 
grateful countrymen tell their foreknowl- 



edge of the immortality of his renown. 
Long and many be the years, illus- 
trious leader, before your hour of depart- 
ure comes! Green and vigorous be your 
age, undecayed every faculty of mind 
and sense, in full fruition of the well- 
earned joys of life; happy in the wel- 
fare of your native land, the love of 
your countrymen, the admiration of the 
world ! 



wm-- 



THE RESULT OF OUR CIVIL CONFLICT. 



SENATOR MATT. H. CARPENTER. 



(Address at Soldiers' Reunion.) 




ONSIDER what would have 
\f been the consequences, the far- 
Wf reaching disaster, had this Gov- 

@K> eminent, the last and best experi- 
r'ij ment of self-government, been de- 
stroyed; this Union broken into 
many fragments; this people divided in- 
to many nationalities, each compelled to 
keep a larger standing army than now 
suffices to preserve the peace in all. Con- 
sider the fatal blow that would thus have 
been given to the progress and advance- 
ment of our people, and the settlement of 
our country, the cultivation of the arts, 
and the general diffusion of blessings 
among the millions. Consider all the 
blessings of our system blighted, all its 
healthy action arrested, the hopes of 
liberty ruined; the triumph of tyranny, 
of wrong, of slavery; oppression, in all 
its forms, taking the place of our fair- 
faced liberty, regulated by law ; consider 
all these things, and you will see how 
much was at stake. Compare the end 
for which you struggled, with the end 
sought to be accomplished by the 



Crimean war, to the end Napoleon had 
in view in declaring the present war; 
and you may see the difference in digni- 
ty, in virtue, in goodness, between a ty- 
rant and a free people. So holy was 
our cause, so just the ends you aimed at, 
that you may hold up your blood-stained 
swords before the world, challenging the 
approbation of man; yea, at the altar, 
and expect God's blessing. 

Look also at the results you accom- 
plished. Your victories fastened no 
chains upon a conquered people; no 
slave lifts his fetters to rebuke you; no 
State can complain of oppression. On 
the contrary, you fought that all men 
might be fiee r.nd equal before the law; 
you fought that nobody should enjoy ad- 
vantages at the expense of others; you 
fought that those whom you conquered 
might participate with you in the bless- 
ings of liberty and rational self-govern- 
ment. 

Four millions of emancipated slaves 

. were redeemed by your arduous efforts 

and your precious blood. Free institu- 



-** 






4 



:;: LI BERT 1' A 

tions were established, liberty vindicated : 
ty of man for self-government 

demonstrated: and all the splendid 
dreams of our fathers reduced to a practi- 
cal re ft igs and your 
meat. The government you have 

rescued, honors you. The slaves you have 
emancipated, glorify you. The lovers 
of libertv. all the world oxer, hail von 



ND UNION. 

as their benefactors and their champions. 
Your toils and your sacrifices have not 
only established liberty for all time in 
your own country, but your example is 
shining over the ocean, lighting: up the 
prison houses of ancient despotisms; 
breaking the yokes and undoing the 
burthens of many peoples: and encour- 
aging pure patriotism everywhere. 



OUR NOBLE AMERICAN" ARMY 



BY GENERAL W 



BELKNAP. 



J < 

t 



:l(F?l>§t AXY of us enough to 

^'■SJifio, remember the depressing in- 
"HSg^fs fluence of that cloud of gloom 
and uncertaintv which hung 
over the country early in the 
Mexican war — when, in the e^ 
tation that there would soon be a colli- 
sion near the Rio Grande, between the 
opposing forces, there was undisguised 
as to the res;:'.:. The American 
army was small, and unequal in num- 
bers to the foe, and untried in ac 
From the Halls of Cong — and from 
the meetings of the people had come 
open expressions of apprehension. News 
came but slowly. Enterprise had not 
then, as now. laid road- of iron on which 
the steaming messengers could move in 
their swift cour>e from the borders of 
the land, and there were few wire- on 
which the lightnings could flash their in- 
stantaneous si . nit though the people 
doubted, there was no faltering hesitation 



in that little band, whose valor and dis- 
cipline and readiness for conflict were 
equal to the peril which was around 
them. Soon the glad tidings of battles 
fought and bravely won aroused the na- 
tion — the victories oi Palo Alto and 
Resaca. where Duncan fought and Ring- 
gold fell, gave spirit to the depressed, 
and were a full denial lose undefined 

charges of faithlessness and incompe: 
upon which the changes had so long 
been rung. " If the enemy oppose my 
march, whatever force. I shall fight him," 
were the defiant words of their rough 
and readv leader, and this armv pi 
another leaf in the ehaplet of Amei 
victories. All honor, then, to the Army 
of the United Stares — regular and vol- 
unteer — for when danger threatens and 
the country calls, the young men will 
gather at the drum's earliest beating, 
and unite like patriots in the common 
cause. 



-or* 



LI BERT 7' AND UNION. 



253 



THE RAILROAD IN PEACE AND WAR. 



GENERAL J. II. WILSON. 




HE railroad is indeed the great 
civilizer. Without it the very 
ground we stand on to-night 
risy would be almost a wilderness. I 
shall not detain you with a history 
of the genesis of railroads, nor a 
discussion of the manifold changes which 
railroad construction has undergone since 
the first germs of it were invented. I 
shall not undertake to discuss the many 
profound questions and problems which 
have presented themselves in connection 
with railroads throughout the civilized 
world. As you all know, perhaps, the 
first railroads were 
built to carry min- 
erals from the 
mines to furnaces 
near by, and were 
worked by horses. 
The invention of 
the steam engine 
made all things possible, and yet rail- 
roads were of slow growth till Stephen- 
son and Erricson perfected the locomo- 
tive engine. Thenceforth the progress of 
railroads surpassed the wildest dreams of 
the wildest enthusiast. To-day there are 
nearly 165,000 miles of railroad in oper- 
ation in Europe, America, and the colo- 
nies of European nations, and 80,000 
of which are situated in the United 
States. When you remember that the 
entire system is less than fifty years old, 
and that at a low average it cost $60,000 
per mile to build these roads, or a grand 
total of $9,650,000,000, or say ten bill- 




ions of dollars, or the work of 666,000 
men at a dollar per day for fifty years, 
working three hundred days per year, 
the amount of food, clothing and educa- 
tion, in short, of human progress and 
civilization which this enormous sum 
would buy, and has bought, is almost in- 
conceivable. But if you undertake to 
estimate the amount and value of freight 
transported by rail, or the number of 
passengers carried and the time saved 
thereby, you are lost in an unmeaning 
maze of figures. The fact is, no man can 
measure, by tangible means, or any effort 
of the understand- 
ing, the benefit 
railroads have 
conferred upon 
mankind. They 
have populated 
the wilderness, 
filled up our waste 
places, and made the desert to blossom as 
a rose. In the earlier days of our country 
its growth was slow, because the pio- 
neers had to use wagons, flat-boats, ca- 
noes, barges, and finally, steamboats. 
Settlements at first followed the course 
of the greater rivers, and clung close to 
the borders of the sea and the great 
lakes. Then came the railroads with 
their swift, rushing locomotives and their 
great trains of cars, pressing into the 
wilderness and across rivers and moun- 
tains, on courses drawn straight as science 
could make them, joining sea-coast and 
interior, and lo! the world was changed. 



4* 



4 



54 



LIBERT 1' AND UNION. 



Every one has his Aladdin's lamp for 
himself — Pullman's cars. Chicago, Cin- 
cinnati, St. Louis, Indianapolis, Co- 
lumbus, Louisville, Nashville, Evansville 
and a hundred other hamlets grew into 
great and beautiful cities like the crea- 
tions of magic. Rome, London, Paris and 
Athens are older than the Christian era, 
while the cities of China are older than 
the world itself, according to Mosa- 
ical chronology. And vet they are ri- 
valed, if not surpassed, in wealth, popu- 
lation and grandeur by American cities, 
the sites of which were in the howling 
wilderness when this century was born. 
The civilization of Asia is dead, and has 
been for thousands of years. Progress 
is unknown, only where the Europeans 
have gone with their steamships and rail- 
roads. America is instinct with life and 
progress; it abounds with a state of 
things everywhere the very opposite of 
what obtains in Asia. And why is this? 
Something is due to race, religion and 
form of government, but more is due to 
the newest and greatest adjunct of civil- 



ization, the railroad, which affords the 
means and stimulates all classes to travel. 
Prof. Draper, in his Thoughts on the 
Civil Policy of America, says that the 
unity of our country depends on two 
things: Education and intercommunica- 
tion ; and that it should be a settled prin- 
ciple of American legislation to en- 
courage, in every possible manner, facil- 
ities for intercommunication, and to 
repress all things which may act as a 
restraint. This lesson should sink deeply 
into our minds; indeed, it has already 
done so. Talleyrand, speaking to the 
Emperor Napoleon of the American 
Republic, said: "It is a great giant 
without bones." This was before the 
day of the railroad, and may have been 
true, but it is true no longer — the bones 
have grown, and they are bones of iron 
and steel, which extend into the re- 
motest members, strengthening them and 
binding them together in bands so strong 
that no convulsion, whether of politics 
or of nature, can ever break them 
asunder. 



GREAT BRITAIN AND AMERICA. 



HON. JOHN Z. DILLON. 



Iff^li HAT sha]1 1 say of that marvel 
pfi^^SJL °f nations — the sea-girt king- 
jBlp dom ofGreat Britain. Shall I 
) recall bitter memories and revive 
the contest of a hundred years 
ago, whose necessity arose not 
from the heart of the English people as 
its sentiments were interpreted by the 
great Chatham, but from the whims ami 



prejudices of a personal ruler? God for- 
bid it! I claim the renown and achieve- 
ments of the English nation as a part of 
our inheritance. They are a wonderful 
people. The names of the greatest poets, 
the greatest orators, the greatest states- 
men, the most learned judges of the 
world, are to be found in larger numbers 
on the pages of English history than in 



-g** 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



the history of any other single people. 
In no contemporary nation has the prog- 
ress of the people in the recovery of 
their rights from the grasp of hereditary 
rulers been more sure and steady than in 
conservative England during the last 
fifty years. Her people are prepared for 
Republican institutions whenever the 
clock of destiny shall strike the hour, for 
even now "all the institutions of England 
seek the genial sunshine of public opinion, 
and languish without it." 

And when that change comes, if not 
before, there is one beautiful land en- 
deared to us by a thousand associations, 
and connected with our country by the 
tenderest ties that we hope will share in 
the fruitions of the change, and realize 



255 

that independence so long deferred that 
has been the cherished dreams of her 
gallant people for so many generations. 
Oh! how many hearts will bound and 
burst with joy when Ireland, rising from 
her chains, shall take her place in the 
family of Republics, "redeemed, regen- 
erated, and disenthralled," by the spirit 
of universal liberty. 

Fellow Citizens: — Let us mould and 
trust the future, and hope that when our 
children's children, one hundred years 
hence, shall meet to commemorate the 
birthday of a still united nation, they 
will behold, in both hemispheres, a grand 
galaxy of Republics, of which ours will 
be the bright center around which they 
all cluster, but none outvie. 



• ' £ =■.. :*■ 



> 



GEN. GEO. H. THOMAS. 



K 



GENERAL JNO. M. PALMER. 



F George H. Thomas had been 
but a private citizen, he would 

rr have been only known as the 
kind neighbor, the steady friend, 
and as conscientiously devoted to 
the exactest discharge of every so- 
cial duty. 

He would have been trusted, for he 
was truth itself, if such an expression 
may be employed when speaking of any 
mortal man. You that knew him, re- 
call if you can, every word he ever ut- 
tered in your presence; and you that 
knew him not, go ransack his published 
productions, his letters, his reports, and 
then tell me if you remember or if you 
can rind one sentence, one word, of false- 
hood or exaggeration. 



In conversation he was not eloquent, 
but he was sincere. His official reports 
are models of terse brevity, and contain 
only that which is useful to be known, or 
that it was his duty to tell. 

He solicited no praise for himself, and 
was sparing of praise to others. 

He was disinterested in all things. He 
declined all the numerous gifts of houses 
and lands and money and bonds tendered 
him freely by his grateful countrymen. 
He was contented with the pay of his 
rank secured to him by law, and when 
he declined gifts offered to him, he urged 
his proposed benefactors to provide out 
of their abundance for the wants of the 
widows and orphans of those who died 
for their country. 



r 



HJr 



2^6 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



He felt that he had no claims upon 
public bounty, and that theie were thou- 
sands that had, and his memory of the 
gallant dead made him regardful of the 
happiness of the helpless ones they 
loved. 

And George H. Thomas was in all 
his intercourse with men essentially just. 
Ambition is said to be the vice of noble 
minds, and the successful commander 
finds it very pleasant to yield to the feel- 
ing that he won the great victory that 
fills the country with his name. Such a 
claim for the commander of an army is 
founded upon a measure of justice; but 
while the great event 
was glorious, each 
minor part in the 
great drama has prob- 
ably exhibited ex- 
amples of skill and 
conduct of the high- 
est merit. These 
lesser honors belong 
to those who won 
them, and the just 
commander will see 
that they are prop- 
erly distributed. He 
discharged this duty 
with signal justice and impartiality. He 
envied no man, and gave to every man 
all that he earned. 

I weary you with this attempt to enu- 
merate these mere points of character. 
Yet it must not be forgotten that such as 
these, when grouped together, make up 
the complete and perfect man. 

The personal traits of Gen. Thomas 
when combined, stamped him as one of 
nature's noblemen. No extreme quali- 
ties to excite men's astonishment, but his 
was a great, well-adjusted character, har- 
moniously arranged. 





Iff^W 










1 

I 


Hitf!iliw 




j£l!^fPiiP 


BBilBlSl 




Wm^ 


wHmSm 


If\ 


GEN 


GEO. H. THOMAS. 





And so of his military character. He 
possessed that indispensable, yet common 
soldierly virtue — courage in a sufficient 
degree; and perhaps I ought to say that 
there are but few men, in my opinion, 
who do not; but courage — the mere dis- 
position to encounter danger — is entirely 
distinct from that true and noble, yet kin- 
dred quality — resolution, and General 
Thomas was one of the most resolute 
men. He did not possess the passionate 
gallantry that we have so often seen dis- 
played where fields were contested; yet 
his plans once formed, he was immova- 
ble. Neither physical danger nor ap- 
prehensions of defeat, 
nor dread of official 
censure or of public 
clamor, could move 
him a hair's breadth. 
He was self-assured 
and self-poised, and 
he adhered to his pur- 
poses with inflexible 
will. 

Nor did he possess 
that electric genius 
that enabled him to 
take in all the points 
of a battlefield at a 
glance; that would enable him to recover 
from the consequences of a mistake, and 
restore the fortunes of a doubtful day. 
But his sure-footed, reliable judgment 
did not allow him to fall into the mis- 
take. 

Every citizen of the United States, in- 
deed, every soldier who engaged in the 
late civil war, was compelled to feel that 
the contest was not only dreadful, but in 
some degree unnatural; but men born in 
the Southern States felt in a more in- 
tense degree that it was a strife between 
brothers. We knew that kindred were 



•hS- 



■*+■ 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



257 



in fact arrayed against kindred, and that 
though the war was necessary, made so 
by the fatal folly of the South, and 'es- 
sential to the preservation of free govern- 
ment for all, yet we would have prayed 
that it might be averted. And now that 
the war is ended and the warrior who 



bore so conspicuous a part in the contest 
has passed away, I feel authorized to say 
that no man, no woman, no child in all 
the States the late theater of the rebel- 
lion, can or will say that they ever suf- 
fered at the hands of George H. Thomas 
one act of personal wrong. 



tSlA/l\ 



^•SUM 



THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC NOT UNGRATEFUL. 



GENERAL E. F. NOYES. 




ARDINAL RICHELIEU 
once commended De Mauprat 
IgP for always applauding in the 

p right place; a compliment which 
j^ the old duke intended as highest 
praise. It is doubtful whether the 
American people can truthfully be said 
to always merit like commendation. But 
when the intoxication of sudden enthus- 
iasm and the excitements of the hour 
have passed away, and there is given 
time for the sober second thought, I ven- 
ture the opinion that no people on earth 
are more just to the reputations of- their 
public men. And I think we may take 
it for granted that the prominent charac- 
ters of our war have already taken the 
places they are to occupy in history. 

And now it is my happy privilege, in 
concluding the duty assigned me, to con- 
gratulate you, not only upon peace re- 
stored, but upon a country united, happy 
and free, secured against internal convul- 
sions by common, interests and sympa- 
thies, protected against invasion or insult 
by the presence of a well-organized and 
efficient regular army, by as gallant a 
navy as rides the sea, by a million dis- 



banded volunteer soldiers, North and 
South, accustomed to the use of arms, 
inured to the hardships of campaign, and 
ready to come forth whenever the coun- 
try needs their services again, and by the 
patriotic impulses of all our citizens. So 
secured and protected, we may with as- 
surance pray that Providence shall 

" Feed us no more with the blood-red fruit 
Which draws its crimson from the heart of toil." 

Looking trustfully to the future, we 
see the bow of promise spanning the 
broad continent for us, and under its 
glory-tinted arch the millions of our de- 
scendants, augmented by the great 
crowds of emigration marching inland 
from the shores of either ocean, all scat- 
tering themselves over plantation and 
prairie, leveling the forests, tunneling 
the mountains, bridging the rivers, build- 
ing cities and towns, binding the States 
together with railroads and telegraphs, 
multiplying wealth and enhancing pros- 
perity, while every American citizen, on 
the land and on the sea, is secure in prop- 
erty and person, under equal laws and 
one flag, upheld and defended by the 
government of the people. 



-$"* 



H* 



-3H 



^5S 



LI BERT 2- AND UNION. 



THE SANITARY COMMISSION. 



MAJOR GEN. O. O. HOWARD. 




HAVE been trying philosoph- 
ically to account for the assign- 
ment of the sanitary theme to 
me. It looks a little like rear- 
work, as though that kind be. 
longed to me. 
After reflection, however, I have 
brought the philosophy into this shape: 
A little more than a year ago (1872) 
the President made a peace man of me 
by sending me to the Indians of Arizona 
and New Mexico on a peace mission; 
but to show that by right I am not of 
the extreme peace type, I will mention a 
circumstance that may have been partly 
the cause of my selection. We had in 
Washington a grand peace meeting, 
where Elihu Burritt, Mills, and other 
pronounced advocates of universal and 
all-time peace, were present. We had 
representatives there from Europe; there 
were there the Vice-President, Senators, 
and Representatives, and a house full of 
citizens. 

At the end of the meeting the leaders 
of the meeting urged me to speak — they 
must hear from the army. I said I had 
better not speak here; but still I was 
pressed. I rose and said I did love 
peace, and so much that, if necessary, I 
was willing to fight for it. With all 
mv heart, I believe in peace — in such a 
peace as we have procured, and I would 
embrace in it (would make every proper 
cfFort to do it) all the different kinds of 
people we have within our borders, be 
they Chinese, black men, or Indians; but 



these sentiments in no way throw dis- 
credit upon such work as we have been 
obliged to do. 

Permit me to vindicate myself still 
further. While in the Army of the Po- 
tomac — after the battle of Gettysburg, 
when Lee stood facing the Potomac, I 
attended a council of war at General 
Meade's headquarters. You know they 
never fight — these councils of war. 
Well, in that council, three of us, Gen. 
Pleasanton, Gen. Wadsworth (who is 
another of our noblest now lying low, 
a sacrifice to our country), with those 
two I voted to fight. I heard that Gen. 
Meade said, "How could I attack when 
my corps commanders voted nay ? for on 
them I depended. I did not give weight 
to Howard^s vote, for he always votes to 
fight." Will not the Army of the Ten- 
nessee witness that I stood in the front 
with ray comrades in many a battle, and 
that of right the rear work, however 
great and worthy, was not mine? 

Yet, when I stop to reflect, this Sani- 
tary Commission, and its coadjutor, the 
Christian Commission, are not simply 
representatives of the work of those 
who did not go to the war. Patriotism 
finds here its grand exponent. This ex- 
pression is defined "love of country.' 1 It 
is not simply the lo^e of the mountains 
and hills bristling with trees, now 
grouped and variegated like great bou- 
quets, with every tint of the rainbow 
coloring;. It is not simply the love of 
the broad and fertile fields that are seen 



"$r 



£ 



as we traversed this noble State of Ohio. 
It is not confined to almost innumerable 
valleys and beautiful rivers that furrow 
our continent between the Atlantic and 
the Pacific. It lies not in the love of our 
material grandeur and growth. No, it 
is more nearly expressed by the love of 
home — our homes that contain our fa- 
thers and mothers, our brothers and sis- 
ters, our wives and children. These link 
us to the school, and to the church, and 
to God. It is our Christian homes, and 
what is connected with them, that em- 
bodies the very gist of our patriotic love. 

The Sanitary and Christian Commis- 
sion connected us with these homes. 
Our women worked with busy fingers; 
they held fairs and festivals to raise 
money; they forwarded supplies that 
were not part of the regular allowance; 
pens, and paper, and envelopes; pins, 
needles, thread, shirts, socks, and gar- 
ments cf all kinds; potatoes, onions, 
pickles, and other articles to check and 
drive away incipient scurvy; bandages, 
scraped lint, and prepared other aids to 
the surgeon ; in brief, everything of bod- 
ily relief that love could suggest, was pro- 
cured, made, bundled up, and sent. 

Neither were our spiritual wants un- 
met; books, papers, tracts, Testaments, 
hymn-books, and living human lips, men 
and women, too, were chosen and sent to 
the front. They went to our hospitals 
and whispered kind words, and sent home 
messages of love from the wounded, the 
■sick, and the dying; they followed even 
to che bloody field after the battle, and to 
friend and foe, laid low, they pointed 
confidently to the Lamb of God that 
taketh away the sin of the world. 

All honor to that Christian patriot of 
St. Louis, Mr. Yeatman, who organized 
the work so as to remove the incum- 



LIBERTT AND UNION, 259 

brance that the wonderful profusion of 



generous law had occasioned. His sup- 
plies came to us at Chattanooga through 
the Commissary and Medical Depart- 
ments. We hardly knew how vessels 
appeared as soon as we had opened con- 
nection with the sea at Savannah, bear- 
ing every comfort that we needed in our 
half-starved condition. As here, so 
everywhere. All honor to Geo. H. Stu- 
art, of Philadelphia, that generous Chris- 
tian soul, President of the Christian 
Commission. He brought his large 
sympathy to us in the Potomac army, 
and went back to the people to raise mil- 
lions of money for our needs! All hon- 
or to these, and to their talk of patriotic 
sacrifice! Why, we knew what was oc- 
curring when the action was over. Not 
so the waiting wife and little ones at 
home. Here you will meet the truly he- 
roic spirits. In the large, unselfish, un- 
ceasing supply of everything that heart 
could wish, in the whole movement of 
our people, suggested by their Sanitary 



and Christian Commissi©] 



you 



have 



the embodiment of the lofty sentiment 
that carried us through all difficulties and 
dangers to our final triumph. Now, let 
us ever remember that we struggled, not 
the soldiers alone, but the men, the 
women, and the children, for the highest 
type of patriotism, for the principle of 
human rights, human liberty — the prin- 
ciple that our fathers epitomized in the 
"worship of God according to the dic- 
tates of their conscience" — and not be 
narrow or selfish, but let all nations, and 
colors, and descriptions of the human 
race come in, be thrown into the hopper 
of our civilization, to be moulded by this 
civilization, to be raised by it to a higher 
and higher intelligence, to Christianity, 
and to God. 



t 



H&- 



260 



LIBERT!' AND UNION. 



CHRISTIAN PATRIOTISM. 



THE RT. REV. CHAS. EDWARD CHENEY, D. D 




HE remarkable fact which the 

life of St. Paul brings out, is, 

that in the midst of a political 

4~ corruption, compared with which 

$ that of the United States is white- 
robed purity, the apostle claimed 
and exercised his rights and privileges as 
a free-born citizen of Rome. Servant to 
Christ, he was a servant of the emperor 
also. Citizen of Heaven, he was also a 
citizen of Rome. Rendering to God the 
things that were God's, he also rendered 
to Cassar the things which were Caesar's. 

Men and brethren, is not St. Paul, the 
citizen, a pattern for the Christian citizen 
of this republic? Can history afford us a 
better model for our patriotic imitation 
on this anniversary of our nation's birth? 

This nation owes its being to Christi- 
anity. The men who founded it, in tears, 
and blood, and sacrifice, were Christian 
men. By the sullen w.aters of the James 
River, and on the rock-bound coast of 
New England, the early settlers of this 
land were men whose first thought was 
that of loyalty to Christ. The education 
of this land has been a baptized educa- 
tion. Its great universities are the fruit of 
the prayers, and labor, and self-denial of 
heroic soldiers of the Cross. The civiliza- 
tion of the United States is Christian. 
The very fibre of our laws is woven in 
the loom of religion. Nay, I am patriotic 
enough to have hope even for our poli- 
tics. The men who control the crowd ; 
who wield the potent weapons of official 



patronage; who direct the machinery of 
the caucus, may be far enough from Chris- 
tian character; but they are not lost to 
Christian influence. Religious men in 
this land do not give up all interest in the 
country's destiny, and the politicians 
know it. Christian morality and Christian 
•patriotism are still too powerful elements 
in this country to be utterly ignored. Has 
it occurred to you that there is a host of 
bad men of both parties, ambitious for 
the presidential chair? Why are they not 
put in nomination? I thank God and 
take courage for my native land, when I 
behold such men passed by, and each side 
putting at the head of its column a man 
of spotless life, of noble character, and of 
outspoken Christian profession. 

John Knox, chained to his oar, had 
been a French galley-slave for two years. 
It was Scottish treachery that betrayed 
him to his doom. It was the time-servers 
and the politicians of his own land, who 
had made him old before his time. Well 
might he have stood aloof from all inter- 
est in his misgoverned country. But one 
day, with the scars of his bondage upon 
him, John Knox landed at Leith. Some 
one asked him why he had come back 
to his native land. " By God's help," he 
said, "to have Scotland for Christ." 

Christian brethren, let this birthday of 
your country register your prayer and 
your purpose, " By God's help," to have 
the United States for Christ. 



■Hi 3- 



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LIBERTY AND UNION. 



261 



THE AMERICAN BABIES. 



SAMUEL L. CLEMENS (MARK TWAIN.) 

(At the Grant Banquet, Chicago, 1879.) 




: 



■,\ffl|2 E haven't all had the good for- 

hWX tune to be ladies; we haven't 

dl been generals, or poets, or 



8SP 



ftSv state 



%V works down to babies, we stand 
^ on common ground, for we've all 
been babies. It is a shame that for a 
thousand years the world's banquets have 
utterly ignored the baby — as if he didn't 
a mount to any- 
thing! It you gen- 
tlemen, will stop 
and think a minute 
— if you will go 
back fifty or a hun- 
dred years, to your 
early married life, 
and recontemplate 
your first baby, you 
will remember that 
he amounted to a 
good deal, and even 
something over. 
You soldiers all 
know that when 
that little fellow 
arrived at family 
headquarters, you had to hand in your 
resignation. He took entire command. 
You became his lackey, his mere body ser- 
vant, and you had to stand around too. 
He was not a commander who made al- 
lowances for time, distance, weather, or 
anything else-you had to execute his or- 
ders, whether it was impossible or not. 
And there was only one form of marching- 




in his manual of tactics, and that was 
double quick. He treated you with every 
sort of insolence and disrespect, and the 
bravest of you didn't dare to say a word. 
You could face the death-storm of Donel- 
son and Vicksburg, and give back blow 
for blow, but when he clawed your whis- 
kers and pulled your hair and twisted your 
nose, you had to take it. When the 
thunders of w 7 a r 
were sounding in 
your ears, you set 
your faces toward 
the batteries and 
a d v a n c e d w i t h 
steady tread; but 
when he turned on 
the terrors of his 
war-whoop, you 
advanced in the 
o t he r direction — 
and mighty glad of 
the chance, too. 
When he called for 
soothing syrup, did 
y o u v enture to 
throw out any side 
remarks about certain services unbe- 
coming an officer and a gentleman ? No, 
you got up and got it. If he ordered 
his pap-bottle, and it wasn't warm, did 
you talk back? Not you, you went to 
work and warmed it. You even de- 
scended so far in your menial office as 
to take a suck at that warm, insipid stuff 
yourself, to see if it was right — three 



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Hi 



262 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



parts water to one of milk, a touch of 
sugar to modify the colic, and a drop of 
peppermint to kill those immortal hic- 
coughs. I can taste that stuffyet. And 
how many things you learned, as you 
went along; sentimental young folks still 
took stock in that beautiful old saying, that 
when the baby smiles in his sleep, it is 
because the angels are whispering to 
him. Very pretty, "but too thin" — 
simply wind on the stomach, my friends! 
If the baby proposed to take a walk at 
his usual hour — 2 :^o in the morning — 
didn't you rise up promptly and remark 
— with a mental addition which wouldn't 
improve a Sunday school book much — 
that that was the very thing you were 
about to propose yourself? Oh, you were 
under good discipline. And as you went 
fluttering up and down the room in your 
"undress uniform,"" you not only prattled 
undignified baby-talk, but you even 
tuned up your martial voices and tried 
to sing, " Rockaby baby in a tree top," 
for instance. What a spectacle for an 
Army of the Tennessee! And what an 
affliction for the neighbors, too- — for it 
isn't everybody within a mile around 
that likes military music at 3 in the morn- 
ing. And when you had been keeping 
this sort of thing up two or three hours, 
and your little velvet-head intimated that 
nothing suited him like exercise and 
noise — "Go on!" — what did voti do? 
You simply went on, until you disap- 
peared in the last ditch. 

The idea that a baby didn't amount to 
anything! Why, one baby is just a 
house and a front-yard full by itself. 

One baby can furnish more business 
than you and your whole interior depart- 
ment can attend to. lie is enterprising, 
irrepressible, brim-full of lawless activi- 
ties. Do what you please, you can't 



make him stay on the reservation. Suf- 
ficient unto the day is one baby — as long 
as you are in your mind don't you ever 
pray for twins. Twins amount to a per- 
manent riot; and there ain't any real 
difference between triplets and an insur- 
rection. 

Yes, it was high time for a toast-mas- 
ter to recognize the importance of the 
babies. Think what is in store for the 
present crop. Fifty years hence we shall 
all be dead — I trust — and then this flag, 
if it still'survives — and let us hope it may 
— will be floating over a Republic num- 
bering 200,000,000 souls, according to 
the settled laws of our increase; our pres- 
ent Schooner of State will have grown 
into a political leviathan — a Great East- 
ern — and the cradled babies of to-day 
will be on deck. Let them be well 
trained, for we are going to leave a big 
contract on their hands. Among the 
three or four million cradles now rock- 
ing in the land, are some which this na- 
tion would preserve for ages as sacred 
things, if we could know which ones 
they are. In one of these cradles the un- 
conscious Farragut of the future is at this 
moment teething. Think of it! and 
putting in a world of dead earnest, un- 
articulated, but perfectly justifiable pro- 
fanity over it, too. In another, the future 
renowned astronomer is blinking at the 
shining milky way, with but a languid 
interest, poor little chap, and wondering 
what has become of that other one they 
call the wet nurse; in another the future 
great historian is lying — and doubtless 
he will continue to lie till his earthly 
mission is ended ; in another the future 
President is busying himself with no pro- 
founder problem of State than what the 
mischief has become of his hair so early, 
and in a mighty array of other cradles 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



263 



there are now some 60,000 future office 
seekers, getting ready to furnish him oc- 
casion to grapple with that same old prob- 
lem a second time; and in still one more 
cradle, somewhere under the flag, the 
future illustrious commander-in-chief of 
the American armies is so little burdened 
with his approaching grandeur and re- 
sponsibilities as to be giving his whole 



strategic mind at this moment to trying to 
find out some way to get his own big toe 
into his mouth — an achievement which 
(meaning no disrespect) the illustrious 
guest of this evening, General Grant, 
turned his whole attention to some fifty- 
six years ago. And if the child is but 
the prophecy of the man, there are 
mighty few will doubt that he succeeded. 



tt/7/lCJ 






THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, 



GENERAL R. R. DAWES. 



Before the Society of The Army of the Tennessee, Cincinnati, 1881. 




ENTLEMEN OF THE ARMY OF 

the Tennessee : You soldiers 
&~ * °f tne West have your hard- 
s' « earned victories. On a hundred 
fields you scarcely knew defeat. 
Perhaps, more strictly speaking, 
on three hundred and sixty-five; for it 
has been said that you have a battle an- 
niversary for every day in the year. You 
have the forward sweep of your banners 
across the land, from the Mississippi to 
the ocean. You have given from your 
ranks leaders whose immortal deeds will 
forever mark historic epochs of the war. 
These are your distinctive honors. They 
were fairly won; they were well de- 
served, and, as I see in the badges all 
around me, they are, as they should be, 
proudly worn. 

In rising before you a representative 



of that body of soldiers called in history 
the Grand Army of the Potomac to 
stretch my hand across the historic chasm 
to the representatives of that Grand 
Army of the West, the Army of the 
Tennessee. I should do grave injustice 
to the survivors of that Army of the East, 
if I failed to express our profound 
admiration for the grand achievements 
of the famous Army of the West. But, 
fellow-soldiers, we representatives of the 
Army of the Potomac have a pardon- 
able pride in the distinctive honors of 
our army. Our honors do not trench 
upon yours. As far as the East is fiom 
the West, so far was our history in its 
beginning, in its course, and in its con- 
ditions, removed from yours. More 
men fell upon the field of battle action 
of the Army of the Potomac than from 



4- 



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■EiK 



264 LIBERTY 

the ranks ot any other army of the 
nation. Nevertheless, bloody repulse 
rather than glorious victory was the rule 
in our battle history. But defeat left no 
demoralization, no discouragement; and 
sublime fortitude and unflinching endur- 
ance glorified every field that was lost. 
It was this battle quality, broken by no 
disaster, discouraged by no defeat, that 
rose to the crisis of the war, and even- 
handed upon open field of battle, wrested 
victory from the strongest and best led 
army ever put into the field by our 
enemy, and that victory saved your 
nation. It was this unparalleled tenacity 
that applied the death hug to the rebel- 
lion, commencing at the Wilderness, and 
squeezing the life out at Appomattox. 
Marching through a sea of blood and 
across a wilderness of defeat, it was still 



AND UNION. 

the Army of the Potomac that brought 
the nation in sight of the Promised Land 
at Gettysburg, and carried it over Jordan 
at Appomattox. 

United in the glory of a restored na- 
tion, the two armies marched together 
in final review. They dispersed, and 
army lines were forever broken. They 
remain only upon the records of history, 
and graven upon the hearts of the men 
who followed their several banners. 
But soldiers of all armies remain a com- 
mon brotherhood, cemented by a com- 
mon devotion to a nation restored by 
their united achievements. For that 
nationality may they ever stand; to that 
may this occasion inspire them, and may 
their example so inspire their children 
and their children's children, that they 
may ever be one people, with but one aim. 



+ t>=* fr 



^ 



SONG OF 1S76. 



BAYARD TAYLOR. 



(Written for the New York Celebration, July 4, 1876.) 



^(2£3^£#< 



r. 



, AKEN, voice of the Land's Devotion! 
||] Spirit of freedom, awaken all ! 

s^yi^d? Ring, ye shores, to the Song of Ocean* 
O Rivers, answer, and mountains, call ! 
The golden day has come; 
Let every tongue be dumb [fears ; 
That sounded its malice or murmured its 
She hath won her story ; 
She wears her glory ; 
We crown her the Land of a Hundred Years! 

Out of darkness and toil and danger 

Into the light of Victory's day — 

Help to the weak, and home to the stranger, 
Freedom to all, she hath held her wav ! 
Now Europe's orphans rest 



Upon her mother's breast ; 
The voices of nations are heard in the cheers 

That shall cast upon her 

New love and honor, 
And cnown her the Queen of a Hundred Years. 

North and South, we are met as brothers; 

East and West, we are wedded as one ! 
Right of each shall secure our mother's — 
Child ot each is her faithful son ! 

We give thee heart and hand, 

Our glorious native land, 
For battle has tried thee, and time endears; 

We wili write thy story, 

And keep thy glory 
As pure as of old for a Thousand Years! 



H3- 



-f» 



4** 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 
IN PEACE PREPARE FOR WAR. 



26- 



COLONEL JOHN MASON. 



C±tf 




i ONE should more keenly than 
you, fellow-soldiers, appreciate 



% the fact, that security of peace 
is largely dependent on readiness 
j£ for war; that the quiet of the law- 
abiding citizens is largely dependent on 
the prompt ability to repress the lawless; 
and that nothing more tends to keep in 
proper subjection the passions of the tur- 
bulent and reckless than a conviction that 
the citizens of the land have the power 
to repress crime, and an intelligent knowl- 
edge of the use of that end. 

"It was the theory of the great Fred- 
erick, who sought peace through years 
of bloody war, that it was the 'potential 
battle' of a nation that constituted its 
safest guarantee against interference by 
hostile powers, and to the development 
of that element of Prussian greatness he 
bent all the powers of his genius; and it 
was not merely by levies of recruits, fill- 
ing the thinned ranks of his scarred reg-i- 
ments, nor by his system of enforced 
military service, keeping a fund of mater- 



ial always available, that the military 
prowess of his kingdom was achieved. 
The improved fabrication of arms and 
missiles, simplified drill and evolutions of 
troops, and a new order of tactics suited 
to the changes that these necessitated, 
were the firm bulwarks of a military 
system in which mere numbers formed 
but a secondary factor. 

"That day is indeed much to be desired 
when the counsels of peace shall reign 
supreme, when the sword shall be beaten 
into the plowshare, and men shall learn 
war no more; but we can scarce expect 
its advent in these stirring times, nor 
hope, even in our favored land, for per- 
petual immunity from the strife of war. 
We have earned rest through labor, and 
have achie-ed peace through war. It is 
not the part of prudent men to forget the 
skill which from the plowshare can forge 
a sword to defend the right. It is not 
wisdom to commit to oblivion the hard- 
bought knowledge which lends intelli- 
gence to the sword in the patriot's hands," 



"THE PICKET GUARD." 



COYLE. 



I' LL quiet along the Potomac they say, 
f Except now and then a stray picket 
^ Is shot on his beat as he walks to and 

fro, 
By a rifleman hid in a thicket. 
'Tis nothing, a private or two now and then, 
Will not count in the news of the battle- 
Not an officer lost, only one of the men 
Moaning out all alone the death rattle. 




All quiet along the Potomac to-night, 

Where the soldiers lay peacefully dreaming, 
Their tents in the rays of the clear autumn 
moon, 

Or the light of the watch-fires are gleamin- 
A tremulous sigh, as the gentle right wind, 

Through the forest leaves softly is creeping ; 
While stars up above, with their glittering eyes, 

Keep guard, for the army is sleeping. 



■8H 



Hjr 



;66 



LI BERT 7' AND UNION. 



There's only the sound of the lone sentry's tread, 

As he tramps from the rock to the fountain. 
And thinks of the two in the low trundle-bed, 

Far away in the cot on the mountain. 
His musket falls slack, and his face dark and 
grim, 

Grows gentle with memories tender. 
As he mutter i a prayer for the children asleep — 

For their mother — may Heaven defend her. 

The moon seems to shine iust as brightly as then, 
That night when the love yet unspoken 

Leaped up to her lips — when low murmured 
vows 
Were pledged, to be ever unbroken. 

Then drawing his sleeve roughly over his eyes. 
He dashes off tears that are welling, 



And gathers his gun closer to its place, 
As if to keep down the heart-swelling. 

He passes the fountain, the blasted pine tree. 

The footstep is lagging and Weary ; 
Yet onward he goes thro' the broad belt of light. 

Toward the shade of the forest so drear v. 
Hark! was it the night- wind that rustl'd the 
leaves? 

Was it moonlight so wondrously flashing? 
It looked like a rifle — Ha! Mary, good-by ! 

And the life-blood is ebbing and plashing. 

All quiet along the Potomac to-night, 
No sound save the rush of the river; 

While soft falls the dew on the face of the dead — 
The picket's off duty forever! 



^<^{|>^^- 



A SECOND REVIEW OF THE GRAND ARMY 



BRET HARTE. 




' READ last night of the Grand Re- 
view 
In Washington's chiefest avenue, — 
Two hundred thousand men iu blue, 
I think they said was the number, — 
Till I seemed to hear their trampling feet. 
The bugle blast and the drum's quick beat, 
The clatter of hoofs in the stony street, 
The cheers of the people who came to greet, 
And a thousand details that to repeat 

Would only my verses encumber, — 
Till I fell in a reverie, sad and sweet, 
And then to a fitful slumber. 

When, lo! in a vision I seemed to stand 
In the lonely Capitol. On each hand 
Far stretched the portico; dim and grand 
Its columns ranged, like a martial band 
Of sheeted specters whom some command 

Had called to a last reviewing. 
And the streets of the city were white and bare; 
No footfall echoed across the square: 
But out of the misty midnight air 
I heard in the distance a trumpet blare. 
And the wandering night-winds seemed to bear 

The sound of a far tattooing. 



Then I held my breath with fear and dread ; 
For into the square, with a brazen tread, 
There rode a figure whose stately head 

O'erlooked the review that morning, 
That never bowed from its firm-set seat 
When the living column passed its feet, 
Yet now rode steadily up the street 

To the phantom bugle's warning. 

Till it reached the Capitol square, and wheeled, 
And there in the moonlight stood revealed 
A well-known form t lat in State and field 

Had led our patriot sires; 
Whose face was turned to the sleeping camp, 
Afar through the river's fog and damp, 
That showed no flicker, nor waning lamp, 

Nor wasted bivouac fires. 

And I saw a phantom army come, 
With never a sound of file or drum, 
But keeping time to a throbbing hum 

Of wailing and lamentation : 
The martyred heroes of Malvern Hill, 
Of Gettysburg and Chancellorsville, 
The men whose wasted figures fill 

The patriot graves of the nation. 



** 



■Sr* 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



267 



And there came the nameless dead, — the men 
Who perished in fever swamp and fen, 
The slowly-starved of the prison-pen. 

And, marching beside the others, 
Came the dusky martyrs of Pillow's fight 
With limbs enfranchised, and bearing bright; 
I thought — perhaps 'twas the pale moonlight — 

They looked as white as their brothers! 

And so all night marched the Nation's dead, 
With never a banner above them spread, 
Nor a badge, nor a motto brandished ; 
No mark — save the bare uncovered head 
Of the silent bronze Reviewer; 



With never an arch save the vaulted sky ; 
; With never a flower save those that lie 
On the distant graves— for love could buy 
No gift that was purer or truer. 

J So all night long swept the strange array; 
j So all night long, till the morning gray, 
I watched for one who had passed away, 
With reverent awe and wonder, — 
I Till a blue cap waved in the length'ning line, 
And I knew that one who was kin of mine 
Had come; and I spake — and lo! that sign 
Awakened me from my slumber. 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



BISHOP MATTHEW SIMPSON, D. D 



*$£ 




HE convictions of men that 
Abraham Lincoln was an hon- 
est man, led them to yield to his 
guidance. As has been said of 
Cobden, whom he greatly resem- 
bled, he made all men feel a sense 
of himself — a recognition of individuality 
• — a self-relying power. They saw in 
him a man whom they believed would 
do what is right, regardless of all con- 
sequences. It was this moral feeling 
which gave him the greatest hold on the 
people, and made his utterances almost 
oracular. When the nation was angered 
by the rjerridy of foreign nations in al- 
lowing privateers to be fitted out, he 
uttered the significant expression, " One 
war at a time," and it stilled the national 
heart. When his own friends were divid- 
ed as to what steps should be taken as 
to slavery, that simple utterance, "I will 
save the Union, if I can, with slavery ; if 
not, slavery must jDerish, for the Union 
must be preserved," became the rallying 



word. Men felt the struggle was for the 
Union, and all other questions must be 
subsidiary. 

But, after all, by the acts of a man shall 
his fame be perpetuated. What are his 
acts? Much praise is due to the men 
who aided him. He called able coun- 
cillors around him — some of whom have 
displayed the highest order of talent 
united with the purest and most devoted 
patriotism. He summoned able generals 
into the field — men who have borne the 
sword as bravely as ever any human arm 
has borne it. He had the aid of prayer- 
ful and thoughtful men everywhere. But, 
under his own guiding hands, wise coun- 
sels were combined, and great movements 
conducted. 

Turn toward the different departments. 
We had an unorganized militia, a mere 
skeleton army, yet, under his care, that 
army has been enlarged into a force 
which, for skill, intelligence, efficiency 
and bravery, surpasses any which the 



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26S 



LI BERT 7' AND UNION. 



world had ever seen. Before its veterans 
the fame of even the renowned veterans 
of Napoleon shall pale with envy, and 
the mothers and sisters on these hillsides, 
and all over the land, shall take to their 
arms again braver sons and brothers than 
ev r fought in European wars. The 
reason is obvious. Money, or a desire 
fo fame, collected those armies, or they 
were rallied to sustain favorite thrones or 
dynasties; but the armies he called into 
being fought for liberty, for the Union, 
and for the right of self-government ; and 
many of them felt that the battles they 
won were for humanity everywhere, and 
for all time; for I believe that God has 
not suffered this terrible rebellion to 
come upon our land merely for a chas- 
tisement to us, or as a lesson to our age. 



There are moments which involve in 
themselves eternities. There are instants 
which seem to contain germs which shall 
develop and bloom forever. Such a mo- 
ment came in the tide of time to our land, 
when a question must be settled which 
affected all the earth. The contest was 
for human freedom, not for this republic 
merely; not for the Union simply, but to 
decide whether the people, as a people, 
in their entire majesty, were destined to 
be the government, or whether they were 
to be subject to tyrants or aristocrats, or 
to class-rule of any kind. This is the 
great question for which we have been 
fighting, and its decision is at hand, and the 
result of the contest will affect the a£fes to 
come. If successful, republics will spread 
in spite of monarchs, all over the earth. 



THE MEANING OF THE WAR. 



THE REV. J. F. COVERING. 




HE war for the Union con- 
firms our faith in the law of 
liberty which respects the man- 
hood in every man, despite all dif- 
ferences of race or color, and in 
that honest dealing which upholds 
human rights, even at the sacrifice of 
blood. It should set a red seal to our 
conviction that principle is always better 
than policy ; that, aside from every other 



consideration, the muscular force of vir- 
tue in political enterprise and national 
life is superior to the gymnastic agility 
of vice. A virtue, stalwart, persistent, 
and heroic, will never hesitate at any 
sacrifice to perform any duty, however 
desperate, but in the spirit of that illus- 
trious captain who conquered the rebel- 
lion, will light it out though it takes all 
summer — and winter, too, 



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LIBERTY AND UNION, 



269 




1 -ws^iseyne^ 





Close of an Address before the Society of the Army of the Tennessee. 




ITH such a spirit pervading all our country once more, -with 
tion increasing thirty-three per cent, every ten years, with 



our popula- 
our national 



wealth developing in even a greater ratio, with our frofttiers pushing 
back in every direction, with farms and villages and cities rapidly cover- 
ing our vast domain, with mines of gold and silver and iron and coal pouring out 
wealth faster than ever did the cotton fields of the South; with forty thousand 
miles of finished railroads, and other thousands in rapid progress, can any one 
doubt our present strength, or calculate ozir future destiny? If our friends at the 
South will heartily and cheerfully join with us in this future career, I, for one, 
would welcome them back, our equals, but not our superiors, and leizd them a help- 
ing hand. But if, like spoiled children, they will cling to the dead past, and shut 
their eyes to the coming future, I would only call their attention to that wave of 
emigration that has swept over our land from the Atlantic to the Pacifc, and 
must soon ttirn back and flow South. They ?nay oppose, but their opposition will 
be as vain as it was for thou to try and stop the Army of the Tennessee, which 
swept the length and breadth of their land. The next wave of Northern invasion 
will not desolate their land, but will fructify and regenerate it. 



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270 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



THE HIGH TONE OF AMERICAN LEGISLATION. 



GOVERNOR GEO. B. LORING. 




HE corner-stone of our civil 
structure is the Legislature. 
if^l The dream of the earliest advo- 
cates of civil freedom in the old 
country, the great object of every 
popular protest, from the days of 
Magna Charta down to our own, the 
special prerogative claimed by our ances- 
tors both at home and in exile, the right 
of the people to make their own laws, 
through their own immediate represent- 
atives, has become the object most dear 
to every freeman, — and so dear to all 
nations struggling to be free, that its 
semblance has become necessary for the 
existence and safety of even despotism 
itself. Whenever it shall be demonstrat- 
ed that popular legislation is a failure, 
the hopes of popular government must 
be abandoned. But is it a failure? Let 
the history of our own country answer. 
The record of the United States from the 
earliest provincial and colonial days, 
down to this very hour, is the record of 
popular legislation. And what a record 
it is! Always jealous for the rights of 
the people, the legislative assemblies of 
this country have preserved and passed 
down from age to age those great princi- 
ples upon which our independence was 
established, and our constitution erected. 
It is the colonial Legislatures, the Con- 
tinental Congress, the popular assem- 
blies of embryo States, the Congress of 
our Union, which in peace and in war 
have given our political history its true 
greatness. It is in these bodies that 



American statemanship has won most of 
its renown, and has accomplished its 
highest purpose. So long as the Amer- 
ican people shall cherish the memory of 
Patrick Henry, and his burning elo- 
quence for freedom; so long as the his- 
tory of that old Congress, where Adams, 
and Jefferson, and Franklin, and Lee, 
and Ranaolph, and Gerry, sat and guided 
a struggling people, and where the 
Declaration of Independence was con- 
ceived and proclaimed, shall be remem- 
bered; so long as that assembly shall 
endure, where Pinckney, and Mason, 
and Wirt, where Webster and Clay, 
engaged in their masterly forensic elo- 
quence, where " the old man eloquent" 
carried from this very Congressional 
district where we are now assembled, his 
profound learning, his fearless spirit, and 
the unconquerable sentiment of a free- 
dom-loving constituency, where in later 
days an honorable body of Senators and 
Representatives from your own State 
have for years pursued the high-toned 
course, " unawed by influence and un- 
bribed by gain," so long, my friends, will 
the American Legislature command the 
admiration of the civilized world, and vin- 
dicate itself against all charges of intel- 
lectual weakness and moral degradation. 
Does any man doubt still the power and 
dignity and importance of our popular 
branch of government? Let him turn 
to the fearless and patriotic and compre- 
hensive career of Congress during our 
civil war — faithful always to the army, 



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LIBERT1 ' A ND UNION. 



2 7 I 



OUR CIVIL WAR. 



ADMIRAL DAVID D. PORTER. 




i IR 

1 to respond to the toast 



Having been called upon 
The 
" at the meeting of the 
Army of the Tennessee, on the 
30th inst. as I am unable to be 
present, I beg leave to send my 
greetings and to wish the members of that 
gallant army all health and happiness. 

Long may they continue to hold their 
reunions as a reminder to our people of 
the exertions of their soldiers and sailors 
to maintain the union of the States and 
our republican government, which has 
conferred so many blessings on the citi- 
zens of this country. 

Although many people seem to have 
forgotten the events which occurred be- 
tween the years 1861 and 1865, it is 
pleasant to see that the same spirit which 
animated our soldiers in those days still 
exists, and that they are ready at their 
country's call again to fly to arms to up- 
hold that for which they fought during 
four years of frightful carnage. 

History furnishes no parallel to the 
spectacle presented at the close of our 
civil war, when, after one of the bloodi- 
est strifes the world ever witnessed, over 
a million of soldiers and sixty thousand 
sailors laid aside their arms and quietly 
resumed the industries which they had 
left to save the best government on earth. 

The swords have been converted into 
plowshares to turn over the sod wet 
with the blood of contending armies, 
and peace reigns over scenes lately made 



hideous by the havoc of war. Bitter 
passions are giving way to the noble 
generosity which has animated the 
hearts of those who, at the first sign of 
distress from the South, hasten to succor 
the people whom they love as brethren, 
notwithstanding the strife which so long 
divided us. 

While so generous to those with 
whom we so fiercely contended, the peo- 
ple should not forget the exertions and 
sacrifices made by their defenders. Mil- 
lions yet unborn will, in the ages to 
come, read the history of their civil war 
with grateful hearts when they realize 
how much they owe to our citizen sol- 
diers, whose names and deeds will be em- 
blazoned in enduring monuments in even 
the remotest corners of the Union. 

Our present army and navy are insig- 
nificant in point of numbers, but the 
united service will in the future as here- 
tofore, constitute a nucleus around which 
the citizen soldiers and sailors will fear- 
lessly assemble. 

Our motto is "Pro j) atria pro lege" 
and both branches will always be found 
on the side of the law and in support of 
the Constitution. Armies in despotic 
countries may well be feared by the in- 
habitants, but in our land where the army 
is formed from an enlightened people, it 
will always be cherished by those who 
have the love of country in their hearts, 
and only feared and hated by disorgan- 
izes and traitors. 



4- 



i. 



272 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



OUR NOBLE, HEROIC AND SELF-SACRIFICING WOMEN. 



EMORY A. STORRS. 




pRIGHT and shining on our re- 
p splendent annals shall appear 
^ the names of. those thousands 
of noble, heroic and self-sacrificing 
women, who organized and car- 
ried forward to triumphant success 
a colossal sanitary and charitable scheme, 
the like of which, in nobility .of concep- 
tion and perfectness of execution, the 
world had never before witnessed, and 
which carried all around the globe the 
fame and the name of the women of 
America. 

From camp to camp, from battlefield 
to battlefield, through the long and toil- 
some march, by day and by night, these 
sacred charities followed, and the prayers 
of the devoted and the true were cease- 



lessly with you through all dangers. 

Leagues and leagues separated you 
from home, but the blessings there in- 
voked upon you hovered over and around 
you, and sweetened your sleep like an- 
gels' visits. 

While the boy soldier slept by his 
camp fire at night and dreaming of home, 
and what his valor would achieve for his 
country, uttered even in his dreams prayers 
for the loved ones who had made that 
home so dear to him, the mother dream- 
ing of her son breathed at the same time 
prayers for his safety, and for the triumph 
of his cause. The prayers and blessings 
of mother and son, borne heavenward, 
met in the bosom of their common God 
and Father. 



A SOLDIERLY GREETING. 



GENERAL JULIUS WHITE. 




OMRADES:— We meet to- 
day as citizens, formerly sol- 
diers of the Union armies, 
representing the several States of 
this broad land. While we affirm 
our loyalty to its best interests, we 
do not claim that all the patriotism of 
the country is embodied in the men .who 
fought to save it from the clutch of trea- 
son, but we may without arrogance claim 



that we fairly represent that element of 
the people whose sentiment and action 
have given proof in the past, and prom- 
ise for the future, that liberty shall live 
and oppression shall not live, in this land 
dedicated by our fathers as the world's 
citadel of freedom. We meet to renew 
the expression of our fealty to the party 
whose achievements have secured free- 
dom to the slave, integrity and prosper- 



*-*!*■ 



4H- 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



2 73 



ity to the union of the States, and nation- 
ality instead of a dissolvable league as 
the status and character of that Union. 
It has been intimated that ex-soldiers 
should abstain from active participation 
In politics, lest it should tend toward 
something like military government; but 
who has a higher or better right to think 
and speak upon the measures he may 
deem most conducive to the welfare of 
the country, and the men to execute 
them, than the man who fought to save 
it, and who retired from his duty as a 
soldier as soon as the work was accom- 
plished ? The men of the Union armies, 
when their last battle was fought, stacked 
their arms for the last time, and hung 
upon them the cartridge-boxes for which 
they no longer had use — joining their 
hands in a farewell grasp, with a loving, 
lingering look upon the old regimental 
flag, under whose folds they had so often 
fought, and under which so many of 
their comrades had fallen, regretful at the 



parting, yet rejoicing that the successful 
strife was over — they departed for their 
homes, and resumed the avocations of 
civil life. Thus this grand army of pa- 
triots was resolved into its constituent el- 
ements, and disappeared among the body 
of the people as quietly and peacefully as 
the numberless waves of yonder lake, 
when impelled by the gentle breeze, 
kneel softly down upon the shore, and are 
unbosomed in its sands. With a title to 
the rights and immunities of citizenship, 
with an abiding interest in the welfare of 
the ' country thus nobly acquired, you 
meet for consultation in this metropolis 
of the West, where the citizen-soldier 
may ever expect, and will always find, 
the outstretched hand and the warmly- 
beating heart of our people greeting him 
as he enters within her gates. 

Such a greeting, on behalf of your 
comrades residing here, and on behalf of 
all Chicago, I now extend to you, friends 
and comrades. 



THE SOLDIERS KEPT IN REMEMBRANCE. 



HENRY WARD BEECHER. 



&E that mourn, let gladness min- 
;|§§j||r gl e with your tears. It was 
your son : but now he is the na- 
tion's. He made your household 
bright; now his example inspires 
a thousand households. Dear to 
his brothers and sisters, he is now brother 
to every generous youth in the land. 
Before, he was narrowed, appropriated, 
shut up, to you. Now, he is augmented, 
set free, given to all. Before, he was 



yours : he is ours. He has died from the 
family, that he might live to the nation. 
Not one name shall be forgotten or ne^- 
lected; and it shall by and by be con- 
fessed of our modern heroes, as it is of an 
ancient hero, that he did more for his 
country by his death than by his whole 
life. 

Neither are they less honored who 
shall bear through life the marks of 
wounds and sufferings. Neither epau- 



-£U 



*-*■ 



274 

lette nor badge is so honorable as wounds 
received in a good cause. Many a man 
shall envy him who henceforth limps. 
So strange is the transforming power of 
patriotic ardor, that men shall almost 
covet disfigurement. Crowds will give 
way to hobbling cripples, and uncover in 
the presence of feebleness and helpless- 
ness. And buoyant children shall pause 
in their noisy games, and with loving 
reverence honor those whose hands can 
work no more, and whose feet are no 
longer able to march except upon that 
journey which brings good men to honor 
and immortality. Oh, mother of lost 
children ! Sit not in darkness, nor sorrow 
whom a nation honors. Oh, mourners 
of the early dead! They shall live again, 
and live forever. Your sorrows are our 
gladness. The nation lives because you 
gave it men that loved it better than 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

their own lives. And when a few more 
days shall have cleared the perils from 
around the Nation's brow, and she shall 
sit in unsullied garments of liberty, with 
justice upon her forehead, love in her 
eyes, and truth upon her lips, she shall 
not forget those whose blood gave vital 
currents to her heart, and whose life, giv- 
en to her, shall live with her life till time 
shall be no more. 

Every mountain and hill shall have its 
treasured name, every river shall keep 
some solemn title, every valley and every 
lake shall cherish its honored register ; 
and till the mountains are worn out and 
the rivers forget to flow, till the clouds 
are weary of replenishing springs, and the 
springs forget to gush, and the rills to sing, 
shall their names be kept fresh with reve- 
rent honors which are inscribed upon the 
book of National Remembrance. 



OUR FLAG. 



GEN. FERDINAND C. LATROBE. 




(LURING seven long years of 
} trial and suffering the Ameri- 
^ can patriots under the leader- 
ship of the immortal Washington, 
struggled for a free existence. At 
times the fortunes of the colonies 
were at so low an ebb, that the great 
leader himself almost despaired of final 
triumph, and contemplating a possibility 
of failure, had determined to rally round 
him those who preferred death to sub- 



mission, retreat to the fastnesses of 
the mountains in the interior, and 
there maintain a desperate struggle 
for liberty until the end. But the God 
of battles had willed it otherwise; the 
darkness of the storm was followed by 
the bursting light of the day of freedom, 
and the nation nursed in a cradle of blood 
and war for seven years after its birth, 
sprung into manhood in the triumph of 
victory in 1773. 



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LIBERTY AND UNION. 



2 75 



AN ODE ON THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD. 



[A prize offered by a London weekly for the best poem on the attempted assassination of President Garfield, was 
awarded to the author of the following-:] 




fEIL now, O Liberty, thy blushing 
face, 
At the fell deed that thrills a startled 
world, 
While fair Columbia weeps in dire dis- 
grace, 
And bows in sorrow o'er the banner 
furled. 

No graceless tyrant falls by vengeance here, 
'Neath the wild justice of a secret knife; 

No red ambition ends its grim career, 
And expiates its horrors with its life. 

Not here does rash revenge misguided burn, 
To free a nation with the assassin's dart, 



Or roused despair in angry madness turn, 
And tear its freedom from a despot's heart. 

But where blest liberty so widely reigns, 

And peace and plenty mark a smiling land ; 

Here the mad wretch its fair white record stains, 
And blurs its beauties with a "bloody hand." 

Here the elect of millions, and the pride 

Of those who own his mild and peaceful rule ; 

Here virtue sinks, and yields the crimson tide, 
Beneath the vile unreason of a fool ! 

But Heaven's hand hath stayed the erring ball, 
And saved a life as virtuous as rare ; 

Yet that such deeds a whispering world appall 
Is heaven's mystery, and man's despair. 



THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 



GENERAL STEWART L. WOODFORD. 



(Grant Banquet, Chicago, 1S79.) 




LL great armies, like strong men, 
have characters peculiarly their 
own. Character is a growth, 
from traits inherited at birth. It is 
inspired by will; it is developed by 
circumstances; it is ripened by ex- 
perience. 

Your Army of the Tennessee was 
born of the necessity to hold the Missis- 
sippi as your great water highway to the 
sea. 

Our Army of the Potomac sprang 
from the necessity of holding the Capital, 
and guarding the heirlooms and the 
heritage of the Nation. 

With great adventuresomeness and 
daring, with mighty marches, with great 
combinations of will and force, you swept 
over thousands of miles, until you had 



made the Mississippi the imperial path- 
way of the nation's progress in the future. 

With wearv watching, with painful- 
ness of discipline, we guarded the halls 
where gathered the Conscript Fathers 
of the Republic, and we kept from un- 
hallowed touch the ashes that sleep at 
Mount Vernon. 

Yours was the inspiration of the na- 
tion's future. Our was the inspiration of 
the nation's past. 

Yet, in common source both had their 
rise. On the sunset slopes of the Alle- 
o-hany hills, sprang into light and kissed 
the sun, that stream which, by many 
windings, at last emptied into the Gulf. 
On the sunrise slopes of the same Alle- 
ghany hills, was born the river whose 
deathless name our army bore. 



•&-* 



■*. 



276 

So, from the same mountain heights 
of loyalty to liberty and law, your army 
and ours had to rise. 

By many miles the waters of the Ten- 
nessee empty into the Gulf. By shorter 
course the waters of the Potomac empty 
into the Atlantic. But, with the inter- 
mingling tides, Gulf and Atlantic are 
one, washing the shores of the ocean- 
bound Republic. 

And so your effort and ours alike 
flowed into the one great deep of the 
nation's unity, and the nation's power. 

We are one — one by deatlhless mem- 
ories of the past — one by common needs 
of the present — one by the glorious 
hopes of the future. 

In your heart, the Army of the West, 
beats the same blood as in ours, the Army 
of the East. In the fair faces that fringe 
these crowded aisles there are the same 
sweet beauty and pure devotion that gave 
fragrance to the Mayflower on the Mas- 
sachusetts coast. 

Some of you are only transplants from 
the Eastern States, with larger growth, 
perchance, on the broad prairies, than 
you might have had at home, but all 
with loving hearts turn back to where 
the old father and mother are watching 
and waiting, or to where the ashes of 
your dead and mine are sleeping in New 
England churchyards, and by the re- 
quiem of the Atlantic waves. 

God bless your great and growing 
West. God bless my own dear ancestral 
New England. God's richest blessing be 
upon that Nation which stands buttressed 
by Plymouth Rock, and by the Golden 
Gate, the arch of whose rainbow promise 
spans a continent. God bless the free 
Nation of the future. 

Pardon one more thought, and I have 
done. We took more marches, but 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



never so long as you, and you have 
learned the lesson of the Potomac Army, 
and that was undying patience. 

As we meet here, I comprehend that 
journey around the world which pauses 
to-night in Illinois, as I have never un- 
derstood its meaning before. 

Roman eagles flew and the Roman 
Imperator went no further than the flash 
of his eagle's pinion. 

France fought for glory, but the 
Emperor of France went no further than 
the Pyramids, that tell the story of his 
army's valor, or the cold snows of Russia 
that froze the valor of that army into the 
stillness of death. 

English valor has gone where English 

<D <S O 

commerce made it profitable that it 
should go. 

On the fields of Palestine the mis- 
guided soldiers of Peter the Hermit died, 
and on the plains of Bulgaria, Russia 
fought for a creed that was only a ore- 
text for the rapine of the sword. 

But when our war had closed, far as 
had gone the story of this struggle that 
the government by the people for the 
people, should not perish — far as had 
gone that story, the meaning of our 
story was read and known of all men. 

Kings knew it, and the lowly knew it; 
they knew that the unity of this Re- 
public meant eventually the rule of the 
common people in all the girdle around 
the earth. 

And so, when your first commander 
and my last, went without the panoply 
of power, the simple American citizen^ 
the world bent to do homage to Amer- 
ican citizenship. 

Very grateful are we all that the 
world bent to him who, by our own free 
choice, we had twice named first citizen 
of the Republic. 



** 



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LI BERT T AND UNION. 



277 




^THE BLUE ftNH THE ERftY.^ 



— n — zf: — D~ vjs; o — zfz — -ij! — ?fz !js ^r jp ?fz !p ^ tp ^^""^ ^ <j> 'p 

MEETING OF UNION AND EX-CONFEDERATE OFFICERS. 

(Cincinnati, Nov. 4, 1881.) 




5I|URING the meeting of the 
IT recently formed ex-confederate 



Jjlf^S^ organization, on Nov. 4, 1SS1, 
fev a remarkable scene occurred. 
■fc While the association was still 
occupied with business, a visit from 
Gens. Dickinson and Stanhope and Capt. 
Fitzpatrick, of the Union army, was an- 
nounced. They had come to pay their 
respects and cultivate a friendly feeling 
between the associations representing the 
two contending armies in the late war. 
No sooner was their arrival announced 
than all business on the part of the con- 
federate body was dropped, and a scene 
of the wildest enthusiasm occurred. The 
whole body rushed toward the represen- 
tatives of the Union army, and fairly 
bore them upon their arms to the speak- 
ers' stand. Shouts of welcome filled the 
hall, and the visitors were nearly torn to 
pieces by the precipitate efforts to shake 
hands with them. Speeches were required 
of them as soon as order could be restored, 
and happy responses were made by con- 



federates. Theodore Hallam, an ex- 
confederate officer, arose to say that for 
once the Yankees were outnumbered, 
and would submit to their captors uncon- 
ditionally. This was the signal for the 
bring-in <t in of refreshments, and the g-iv- 
ing of the greeting; in a still more cordial 
manner. Previous to the entrance of 
the Union officers the Confederates had 
under consideration the presenting of a 
memorial to Mrs. Garfield. It was de- 
cided that the resolutions which were 
adopted by the association at the time of 
the late President's death, and really led 
to the formation of a permanent organi- 
zation, should be previously framed and 
conveyed to Mrs. Garfield by a commit- 
tee in person. These resolutions were 
widely published at the time of their 
adoption, and their spirit drew out most 
favorable comments in all parts of the 
country. The association is largely 
made up of ex-confederate officers, who 
are now prominently connected with the 
industries of Cincinnati. 



THE UNION FOREVER. 



THE REV. HOWARD HENDERSON, D. D. 




WAS a soicuer of the South. I 
was with her fortunes until 
her last banner went down, 
once thought my heart was in 
the tomb of her heroic dead. I 
now feel that I best serve the pur- 
pose for which they fought and fell by 



being true to the issues that survive them. 
I could inurn, in the Pantheon of fame, 
the ashes of every immolated Southron; 
I would blazon an epitaph of eulogv 
upon every moldering grave; I would 
not by word or deed, have them dis- 
honored. This would be to put a brand 



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2J8 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



on the brow of my own children, for I 
might too have been in the charnel 
where they rest. The dead past buried 
its dead, and their graves are not dis- 
honored. Flowers are twined alike for 
the blue and the gray. History w r ill em- 
balm them with the same perfume of 
praise. They fought in a " war of the 
Roses." They were two knights met at 
the crossing of the highways where our 



fathers had set up a shield with golden 
and silvern side. Now, we have the tri- 
colored escutcheon of America— red, 
white and blue — held in the hand of the 
goddess of liberty, whose index finger 
points to a glorious future along a colon- 
nade of patriotic light. 

Whatever can cement America in 
bonds of civic and Christian interest in- 
terprets " the duty of the hour." 



RESOLUTIONS OF EX-CONFEDERATES' RE-UNION. 



{Raleigh, N C, Oct. 13, 1861.) 




HILE we are proud of the de- 
votion exhibited in the cause 
Ig^ * of the confederacy, we accept 
f> the result as the will of Divine 
Providence and will stand by the 
flag of the Union with the same 
devotion with which we sustained the 
colors of the lost cause. 

Whereas, We are proud of our citi- 
zenship, and it is meet and proper that 



we should put ourselves on record as 
denouncing the last assassination of a 
President; therefore 

Resolved, That we abhor the crime of 
assassination under all circumstances, and, 
when the object of the felon's blow is a 
President of the United States, we find 
no words adequate to express our abhor- 
rence and detestation of an act so calami- 
tous, a deed so deplorable, and a crime 
so repugnant to every feeling of patriot- 
ism and humanity. 



BURYING THE PAST. 



REV. O. HICKS. 




HE entire land between the 
Lakes and Gulf, the Atlantic 
and Pacific, from Maine to 
Oregon, from Rainy Lake to Cape 
Sable, is the home of the American 
citizen, and safety of person and 
protection of property, should be ex- 
tended alike to all, and when we cease to 
abuse liberty, and award her legitimate 



domain, no cloud will darken our national 
sky. We urge an examination of points 
of agreement, that a firm friendship and 
brotherly understanding be effected or 
brought about between us; then points 
of difference can be weighed more justly, 
and handled with regard for each other's 
feelings, and each have an eye to his 

then no 



brother's honor and interest; 



4h- 



LIBERTT AND UMON. 



279 



clashing will follow. Let not the Blue 
despise the Gray, nor the Gray treat with 
contempt the Blue. Were we brave and 
willing in the day of battle? So was the 
wearer of the Gray. Did we cheerfully 
endure hardships as good soldiers, per- 
forming long marches, enduring the 
sufferings incident to a soldier's life, in 
time of war, without a murmur, but with 
commendable patience and perseverance? 
So did the wearer of the Gray. At Cold 
Harbor, Winchester, Antietam, Fred- 
ericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, 
from Bridgeport to Atlanta, Spottsylvania 
to Appomattox, were we not faced by foe- 
men worthy of our steel? Net in the 
person of foreigners. No; but in the 



brothers of our own household. Was it 
not Greek meeting Greek? And com- 
rades, do we not in heart to-day, grasp 
with true brotherly affection the hand of 
him who so honestly and so bravely op- 
posed, what you and a with honesty and 
courage defended? And furthermore, do 
we not give them a hearty welcome to all 
the sunshine of liberty, burying beneath 
the sod of the past whatever may have 
come between us, and seek to talk and 
live as brothers, each a blessing to the 
other. To talk and write less about 
points of difference, and more about 
points of agreement, would soon knit us 
together as one people, as we never have 
been knit together before. 



A EULOGY UPON NEW ENGLAND. 



HON. GEO. D. TILLMAN, OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1S82. 




N the House of Representatives 
Congressman Geo. D. Tillman, 
^ of South Carolina, spoke in favor 
of largely increasing the member- 
ship of the House, holding that 
large representative bodies are less 
likely to be swayed by corrupt influences 
than smaller ones. He eulogized John 
Adams and New England as follows: 

These New England States reduced 
their several legislatures somewhat, too, 
after the adoption of the Constitution of 
the United States, on account of the latter 
dividing the power to make laws, but 
they never forgot John Adams' advice, 
that to keep the legislatures from corrup- 
tion it must be a little mass-meeting. 
Why, Mr. Speaker, the Massachusetts 



legislature, when it made laws for the 
State of Maine as well as for her present 
territory, contained over seven hundred 
members, and we have the authority of 
Judge Woodbury, former United States 
senator and associate-justice of the United 
States Supreme court, that the body was 
not unwieldy nor disorderly. 

Now, who ever heard of one of these 
monster New England legislatures being 
bribed or intimidated for anything, either 
to elect a senator, or grant a monopoly? 
There must be some very strong reason, 
some overpowering influence, to make 
the New Englander endure the heavy 
tax necessary to pay these multitudinous 
legislatures. Then why is it, what is it, 
that induces a New Enodander to cheer- 



T£r 



280 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



fully submit to this heavy pecuniary 
burden, when the god of his idolatry is 
said to be the almighty dollar? It is the 
teaching of John Adams. 

Among all the great men who took 
part in the construction and organization 
of our splendid system of national and 
state orovernments, three names stand out 
in bold and perpetual relief. These are 
John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and 
Alexander Hamilton. These three «men 
impressed themselves upon American 
polity in a way that no time can efface as 
long as the Republic shall last, and of the 
three I must say, in all sincerity, I think 
John Adams did most for his country and 
the cause of human liberty by conceiving 
the idea of a little mass-meeting of 
representatives for a legislative assembly, 
and choosing them by a myriad of small 
election districts called townships. Yes, 
sir, the petty township of New England 
as a legislative, administrative, and judi- 
cial subdivision of the State — a sort of 
sovereignty of its own — is the greatest 
contribution to civil liberty that has ever 
been made by mortal man. Adams taught 
his people to keep their political affairs 
in their own hands, and to distrust every 
public officer clothed with legislative 
authority, or even with judicial or ex- 
ecutive authority. He likewise taught 
them there is safety as well as wisdom in 
a multitude of councillors. He indelibly 
impressed upon them the danger of a few 
influential and wealthy men or families 
corruptly using the law-making power 
for private ends, and that the best way 



to prevent it was to hive a host of legis- 
lators chosen by small election districts. 

In other words, John Adams instructed 
the New England people to look upon 
the township as the citadel of their liber- 
ties, while Thomas Jefferson advised the 
Southern people to regard the States 
only, no matter how organized, as the 
palladium of freedom. Hamilton, on the 
other hand, told his people to lean on the 
one-man power, or at the most to rely 
on an aristocracy of a few voters, as the 
wisest course to have a good govern- 
ment. His political opinions still dominate 
New York, Pennsylvania, and the 
Middle States generally. Especially do 
they pervade New York, where the one- 
man power is worshiped as much as the 
"many-man" theory is in New Eng- 
land, or State sovereignty at the South. 

To-day Hamilton's spirit presides at 
the national capital, Jefferson's at the 
state capitals, and Adams' at the town- 
ship halls, and of the three men I do not 
hesitate here and now in this presence, as 
a South Carolinian, to say, I believe 
John Adams did more for civil liberty in 
New England than, any other man who 
ever drew breath upon its soil, and if you 
will pardon me for indulging in the spirit 
of prophecy, I predict that when the 
future historian shall come to write the 
epic of the decline and fall of the great 
American Republic, he will have to re- 
cord that the last and most desperate 
struggle for liberty in this Union oc- 
curred in the town halls of sturdy New 
England. 




4-csh 



•ZM 



4* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



28l 



EULOGY ON SUMNER. 



HON. L. Q. C. LAMAR, OF GEORGIA, 1 874. 




T was certainly a gracious act 
W on the part of Charles Sumner 
toward the South, though un- 
happily it jarred upon the sensibil- 
ities of the people at the other ex- 
treme of the Union, to propose to 
erase from the banners of the national 
army the mementoes of the bloody in- 
ternal struggle which might be regarded 
as assailing the pride or wounding the 
sensibilities of the Southern people. 
That proposal will never be forgotten by 
that people so long as the name of 
Charles Sumner lives in the memory of 
man. But while it touched the heart 
and elicited her profound gratitude, her 
people would not have asked of the 
North such an act of self-renunciation. 
Conscious that they themselves were an- 
imated by devotion to constitutional lib- 
erty, and that the brightest pages of his- 
tory are replete with evidences of the 
depth and sincerity of that devotion, 
they can but cherish the recollections of 
the battles fought and the victories won 
in defense of their hopeless cause; and 
respecting, as all true and brave men 
must respect, the martial spirit with which 
the men of the North vindicated the in- 
tegrity of the Union, and their devotion 
to the principles of human freedom, they 
do not ask, they do not wish the North to 
strike the mementoes of heroism and vic- 
tory from either records or monuments, 
or battle-flags. They would rather that 
botii sections should gather up the glories 
won by each section, not envious, but 



I proud of each other, and regard them as 
a common heritage of American valor. 
Let us hope that future generations, when 
they remember the deeds of heroism and 
devotion done on both sides, will speak, 
not of Northern prowess or Southern 
courage, but of the heroism, fortitude, 
and courage of Americans in a war of 
ideas; a war in which each section sis - - 
nalized its consecration to the principles, 
as each understood them, of American 
liberty, and of the Constitution received 
from their fathers. 

Charles Sumner in life believed that all 
occasion for strife and distrust between 
the North and South had passed away, 
and there no longer remained any cause 
for continued estrangement between these 
two sections of our common country. 
Are there not many of us who believe 
the same thing? Is not that the common 
sentiment, or, if not, ought it not to be, 
of the great mass of our people, North 
and South? Bound to each other by a 
common Constitution, destined to live to- 
gether under a common Government, 
forming unitedly but a single member of 
the great family of nations, shall we not 
now at last endeavor to grow toward 
each other once more in heart, as we are 
already, indissolubly linked to each other 
in fortunes? Shall we not, while honor- 
ing the memory of this great champion 
of human liberty, this feeling sympa- 
thizer with human sorrow, this earnest 
pleader for the exercise of human ten- 
derness and heavenly charity, lay aside 



H§- 



282 LI BERT 2' 

the concealments which serve only to 
perpetuate misunderstandings and dis- 
trust, and frankly confess that on both 
sides we most earnestly desire to be one 
— one not merely in political organiza- 
tion; one not merely in identity of insti- 
tutions; one not merely in community of 
language, and literature, and traditions, 



AND UNION. 

and country ; but more, and better than 
all that, one also 111 feeling and in heart! 
Am I mistaken in this? Do the conceal- 
ments of which I speak still cover ani- 
mosities which neither time, nor reflec- 
tion, nor the march of events have yet 
sufficed to subdue? I cannot believe it. 
I will not for a moment believe it, 



'■-&< 



£3-°— 



ONE UNDIVIDED COUNTRY. 



DR. FRED. A. PALMER OF MONTMORENCI, S. C, 



Delivered at the Centennial Celebration, Aiken, S. C, July •/, jSj6. 



^HSWl NOBLE band of patriots with faces 

rf 1 ^"!^ Stood in the Malls of Congress one 
hundred years ago; 
Stood side by side, as they had stood upon 

the battlefield, 
When they compelled the troops of Eng- 
land's King to vield. 



I 



The enemies of Liberty sat silent, pale and still, 
While these brave men prayed God to know 

and do his will ; 
It was an hour when Justice was trembling in 

the scales. 
When God from man the future in tender mercy 

veils. 

These brave men knew that they must act for 

children yet unborn, 
The\ sealed the Nation's destiny upon that 

glorious morn. 
When each man pledged his all for Right, for 

Liberty ami Peace, 
Forever sacred to our hearts shall be such men 

as these. 

'Tis true, they left a stain upon our banner fold, 
But we have \\ 'iped it out with blood, and paid 

for it in gold ; 
These patriots fought for Liberty, and pledged 

themselves to stand 



For Freedom, Right, and Justice, a firm, un- 
broken band 

But while they threw their own chains off, they 

bound in bonds more strong 
The bands that held the colored man in misery 

and wrong; 
But soon or late all wrong comes right, for such 

is God's decree, 
And in His own good time He set the black 

man free. 

It was not some one favored State, North, South, 
East or West, 

That gave the true brave signers oi~ that Decla- 
ration blest ; 

No; each State gave her patriots who bore their 
noble share, 

And when the Nation's work was done, each 
State had proud names there. 

Let us clasp hands, to work as one, for all the 

Nation's good, 
And stand together as one man, as once our 

fathers stood; 
Behold, how short the time has been, but one 

brief hundred years, 
To plant the tree of Liberty, and water it with 

tears. 

Brave men have fallen on the field ; to guard 
that sacred tree. 



LIBERT T AND UNION. 



283 



To save it from all vandal hands our aim shall 

ever be ; 
Altho' we still have many faults, our Nation 

yet is young ; 
And we will carry out the work which these 

brave men begun. 



We live in freedom ; let us clasp each other by 

the hand ; 
In love and unity abide, a firm, unbroken band; 
We cannot live divided; the Union is secure, 
God grant that while men live and love, this 

Nation may endure. 



-=^- 



•-»$3~*~£3*" 



"HOME, SWEET HOME/' 



FRANCES WILLARD. 






B|jN the spring of 1S63 two g reat 
|^|? armies were encamped on 

rf either side of the Rappahannock 
River, one dressed in blue, and the 
other dressed in gray. As twilight 
fell, the bands of music on the Union 
side began to play the martial music, 
"The Star Spangled Banner," and "Rally 
Round the Flag;" and that challenge of 
music was taken up by those upon the 
other side, and they responded with "The 
Bonnie Blue Flag," and "Away Down 
South in Dixie." It was borne in upon 
the soul of a single soldier in one of those 
bands of music to begin a sweeter and 
a more tender air, and slowly as he 
played it they joined in a sort of chorus 



of all the instruments upon the Union 
side, until finally a great and mighty 
chorus swelled up and down our army — 
"Home, Sweet Home." When they had 
finished there was no challenge yonder, 
for every band upon that further shore 
had taken up the lovely air so attuned to 
all that is holiest and dearest, and one 
great chorus of the two great hosts w r ent 
up to God; and when they had finished 
the sweet and holy melody, from the 
boys in gray there came a challenge, 
"Three cheers for home!" and as they 
went resounding through the skies from 
both sides of the river, "something upon 
the soldier's cheeks washed off the stains 
of powder." 



BURYING THE DEAD. 




OME, boys, let us bury our dead ! 
V together, 

Let us bury our dead together ; 
The battlefield's clear, and the battles are | 
over, 
\.nd it's beautiful sunshiny weather. 



Together they lie, like brothers asleep, 

Together like brothers asleep ; 
You can hardly distinguish the blue from the 

In this bloody, immovable heap. 



Look! here is a "Yankee," and here is a "reb," 
With their hands close clasped in each other's! 

Though as foemen they fought, it is certain in 
death, 
They thought of each other as brothers. 

And here is a "Yankee," and here is a "reb," 
And between them a glass of stale water, 

As if one had been giving the other a drink, 
In the midst of the terrible slaughter. 

Ah ! war is a wonderful leveler, boys, 

No matter who's who. death outflanked him, 



t 



■f 



284 

And 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



poor fellow who's dead in the 



now, yon 
ditch 
Is as good as the man that outranked him. 

And war is a wonderful thing, any way, 
And a curious method of righting 

A wrong — to make peaceable fellows like us 
Settle questions of State by hard fighting. 

But that's the way all the world over, my boys, 
Yes, that's the way all the world over , 

So let us be lambs — now the wolf is well-gorged — 
And go back to the fields and the clover. 



Ah! never mind now, if you fought right or 
wrong ; 

Thank God we are once more together; 
The country between us, and one flag above, 

Floating free in the sunshiny weather ! 

So, boys, let us bury our dead together — 

Let us bury our dead together ; 
And with them we'll bury unkindness and 
strife, 
And be friends now in this sunshiny 
weather. 



THE BLUE AND THE GRAY. 



F. M. FINCH. 



^g^JgY the flow of the inland river, 

f§ Whence the fleets of iron have fled, 
,^7jy ^i |j Where the blades of the grave-grass 
j^ quiver, 

* Asleep are the ranks of the dead ; 

Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the judgment day — 
Under the one the blue ; 
Under the other the gray. 

These in the robings of glory, 
Those in the gloom of defeat, 
All with the battle-blood gory 
In the dusk of eternity meet; 
Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the judgment-day — 
Under the laurel the blue; 
Under the willow the gray. 

From the silence of sorrowful hours 

Let the desolate mourners go, 
Lovingly laden with flowers 

Alike for the friend and the foe ; 
Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the judgment day — 
Under the roses the blue; 
Under the lilies the gray. 

So with an equai splendor 

The morning sun-rays fall, 
With a touch impartially tender, 

On the blossoms blooming for all ; 



Under the sod and the dew, 
Waiting the judgment day — 

'Broidered with gold the blue , 
Mellowed with gold the gray. 

So when the summer calleth 

On forest and field of grain, 
With an equal murmur falleth 
The cooling drip of the rain ; 
Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the judgment-day — 
Wet with the rain the blue; 
Wet with the rain the gray. 

Sadly, but not with upbraiding, 
The generous deed was done ; 
In the storm of the years that are fading 
No braver battle was won ; 
Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the judgment-day — 
Under the blossoms the blue, 
Under the garlands the gray. 

No more shall the war-cry sever, 

Or the winding rivers be red ; 
They banish our anger forever 

When they laurel the graves of our dead ! 
Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the judgment-day — 
Love and tears for the blue, 
Tears and love for the gray. 



•K3- 



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<31t 



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e^>^3E^«>-<^>_o^>. 




4- 



-4- 



286 



LIBERTY AND UNION 




RE A T were the hearts, and strong 
the minds, 
Of those who framed in high de- 
bate, 

The immortal league of love that binds 
Our fair broad empire, State with 
State. 

And deep the gladness of the hour, 

When, as the auspicious task was done, 

In solemn trust, the sword of power 
Was given to Ghrv^s Unspoiled Sou. 



That noble race has gone / the suns 
Of fifty years have risen and set; 

But the bright links those chosen ones 
So strongly forged, are b7'ighter 
yet. 

Wide — as our own free race increase — 

Wide shall extend the elastic chain 
And bind, in everlasting peace, 
State after State, a mighty train. 



4- 



■SH 



■gH 






AMERICA FOR FREEDOM. 



JULIA WARD HOWE. 




MERICA for freedom! 

That was the old-time cry ; 
fpfllnii The word for which our fathers stood 
To battle and to die. 
From throned oppression fleeing, 

They felt the galling chain 

A tyrant held within his hand, 

To pluck them back again. 

The word with which they started 

The globe has girdled round; 
Across its seas and deserts 

The wild man knows its sound; 
And something of the story 

That lifts our hearts to-day, 
How one heroic handful barred 

The old wrong from its way. 

When ours it was to struggle, 
All good men wished us well ; 

To them our crowned conquest 
A prophecy did tell : 



"That beauteous land doth promise 
Joy to the troubled earth, 

With welcome wide and peaceful 
For all of human worth." 

O friends, we owe this promise 

To all the world to-day ; 
The children of the fathers 

Who for our weal did pray ; 
The tawny-hued Mongolian, 

The dusky slave of Ind, 
Have had of us an earnest 

God's hostel here to find. 

Woe worth the day we conquered 

If we this pledge forsake, ' 
For greed or wild ambition 

A devious record make ! 
Against the world's injustice 

Rings still our battle cry, 
America for freedom, 

By this we live and die ! 



ON THE SHORES OF THE TENNESSEE. 



E. L. BEERS. 




OVE,my arm chair, faithful Pompey, 
In the sunshine bi-ight and strong, 
For this world is fading, Pompey — 
* ' Massa won't be with you long ; 
)V\VV And I fain would hear the south wind 
Bring once more the sound to me 
Of the wavelets softly breaking 
On the shores of Tennessee. 



"Mournful though the ripples murmur, 

As they still the story tell, 
How no vessels float the banner 

That I've loved so long and well, 
I shall listen to their music, 

Dreaming that again I see 
Stars and Stripes on sloop and shallop, 

Sailing up the Tennessee. 



4- 



2SS 



L IBER TV A ND UNION. 



" Ami Pompey, while old Massa's waiting 

For death's last dispatch to come, 
[f that exiled starry banner 

Should come proudly sailing home, 
You shall greet it, slave no longer — 

Voice and hand shall both be free 
That shouts and points to Union colors, 

On the waves of Tennessee." 

"Massa's berry kind to Pompey; 

I hit ole darkey's happy here, 
Where he's tended corn and cotton 

For 'ese many a long-gone year. 
( )ver yonder Missis' sleeping — 

No one tends her grave like me; 
Mebbe she would miss the flowers 

She used to love in Tennessee. 

" 'Pears like she was watching, Massa, 

If Pompey should beside him stay, 
Mebbe she'd remember better 

How for him she used to pray; 
Telling him that way upyonder 

White as snow his soul would be, 
ll lu- served the Lord of heaven 

While he lived in Tennessee." 

Silently the tears were rolling 

Down the poor old dusky face, 
As he stepped behind his master, 

In his long-accustomed place. 
Then a silence fell around them, 

As they gazed on rock and tree 
Pictured in the placid waters 

Of the rolling Tennessee; 

Master, dreaming of the battle 
Where he fought by Marion's side, 

When he bid the haughty Tarleton 
Stoop his lordly crest of pride ; 



Man, remembering how yon sleeper 
Once he held upon his knee, 

Ere she loved the gallant soldier, 
Ralph Vervair, of Tennessee. 

Still the south wind fondly lingers 

'Mid the veteran's silvery hair,' 
Still the bondman, close beside him, 

Stands behind the old arm-chair, 
With hisdark-hued hand uplifted, 

Shading eyes, he bends to see 
Where the woodland, boldly jutting, 

Turns aside the Tennessee. 

Thus he watches cloud-born shadows 

Glide from tree to mountain crest, 
Softly creeping, aye and ever, 

To the river's yielding breast. 
Ha ! above the foliage yonder 

Something flutters wild and free! 
"Massa! Massa! Hallelujah! 

The flag's come back to Tennessee!" 

"Pompey, hold me on your shoulder, 

Help me stand on foot once more, 
That I may salute the colors 

As they pass my cabin door. 
Here's the paper signed that frees you; 

Give a freeman's shout with me — 
'God and Union !' be our watchword 

Evermore in Tennessee." 

Then the trembling voice grew fainter, 

And the limbs refused to stand; 
One prayer to Jesus — and the soldier 

Glided to that better land. 
When the flag went down the river, 

Man and master both were free, 
While the ring-dove's note was mingled 

With the rippling Tennessee. 



THE DEAD WARRIOR. 



BY PARK B1CNJAMIN. 




1ND the <>ak leaves round his head; 
lie has shown himself a man; 
fft Hravelv charging, he fell dead, 
Fighting foremost in the van. 

Cheering with a mighty cheer, 
On he led the serried band; 

Now he lies upon his bier, 

Cold and stately, still and grand. 



Calmly gather round him now, 
All ye soldiers, and be dumb; 

Cast one look upon his brow 
As you hear the muffled drum. 

Then, with solemn feet, and slow, 
Mourning for his early doom, 

With your folded banners go, 
Lay the hero in his tomb. 



V 



isr* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



289 



GOD EVER GLORIOUS, 



SMITH. 



v& 




ij» OD ever glorious! 
>'<*$ Sovereign of nations, [land; 

gpjjs. Waving the banner of peace o'er our 
Thine is the' victory, 

Thine the salvation, 

Strong to deliver, 

Own we Thy hand. 



Still may Thy blessing rest, 

Father most Holy, 

Over each mountain, rock, river and shore; 

Sing Hallelujah ! 

Shout in hosannas! 

God keep our country 

Free evermore. 






OUR FATHERLAND. 




OD save our Fatherland ! from shore 
to shore ; [more. 

JH^K God save our Fatherland, one ever- 
No hand shall peril it, 
No strife shall sever it, 
East, West, and North and South ! 



O 



ne evermore 



Chorus — God save our Fatherland ! true home 
of Freedom ! 

God save our Fatherland, one ever- 
more ! 
One in her hills and streams, 
One in her glorious dreams, 
One in Love's noblest themes — 
One evermore! 



Strong in the hearts of men, love is thy throne, 
Union and Liberty crown thee alone; 

Nations have sighed for thee; 

Our sires have died for thee: 

We'll all be true to thee— 
All are thine own. 
Chorus — God save our Fatherland, etc. 

Ride on, proud Ship of State, though tempests 

lower ; 
Ride on in majesty, glorious in power, 

Though fierce the blast may be, 
No wreck shall shatter thee, 
Storms shall but bring to thee 
Sunshine once more. 
Chorus— Go<\ save our Fatherland, etc. 




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290 



LI BERT 7' AND UNION. 




^WELEHME TH THE 



NflTIENS & 




OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 



Sung at Philadelphia July 4, i8*j6. 




s RIGHT on the banners of lily and rose 

% Lo, the last sun of our century sets! 

3 Wreath the black cannon that 

scowled on our foes, 

All but her friendships the Nation forgets! 

All but her friends and their welcome 

forgets ! 

These are around her : But where are her foes ? 
Lo, while the sun of her century sets 
Peace with her garlands of lily and rose! 

Welcome ! a shout like the war trumpet's swell 
Wakes the wild echoes that slumber around ! 
Welcome ! it quivers from Liberty's bell ; 



Welcome! the walls of her temple resound! 
Hark! the gray walls of her temple resound! 
Fade the far voices o'er hill-side and dell; 
Welcome! still whisper the echoes around; 
Welcome ! still trembles on Liberty's bell ! 

Thrones of the Continents ! Isles of the sea ! 

Yours are the garlands of peace we entwine ; 
Welcome, once more, to the land of the free, 

Shadowed alike by the palm and the pine ; 

Softly they murmur, the palm and the pine; 
"Hushed is our strife in the land of the free; 

Over your children their branches entwine, 

Thrones of the Continents ! Isles of the Sea !" 



**H8 



BATTLE-HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC. 



JULIA WARD HOWE. 




INE eyes have seen the glory of the 

coming of the Lord: 

He is trampling out the vintage 

where the grapes of wrath are stored: 

He hath loosed the fateful lightning 

of his terrible swift sword : 

His truth is marching on. 

I have seen him in the watch-fires of a hun- 
dred circling camps ; 

They have builded him an altar in the evening 
dews and damps ; 

I can read his righteous sentence by the dim 
and flaring lamps, 

His day is marching on. 

I have read a riery gospel, writ in burnished 

rows of steel : 
"As ye deal with my contemners, so with you 

mv grace shall deal ; 



Let the Hero, born of woman, crush the ser- 
pent with his heel, 

Since God is marching on." 

He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall 

never call retreat; 
He is sifting out the hearts of men before his 

judgment seat. 
Oh! be swift my soul, to answer him! Be jubi- 
lant, my feet! 
Our God is marching on. 

In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born 

across the sea, 
With a glory in his bosom that transfigures 

you and me : 
As he died to make men holy, let us die to 

make men free, 

While God is marching on. 



•e-fifr 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



291 




*\ly •\ly nU 1 "\L^ . *>!•* M^- ' nL^ *sU* ■x^ ■nJx' *\|x* 'six' 'six* 



■Sjx* NJ^* NU* *SI^* 'Sl-^' *sU» 



^SENE EF THE NEEHE BEATMEN^ 

iSTm «^]N* i^T^ ^jNt •Ts* .•IM •js. •IS- •Tnj. I7F3 ^T\I iTF^ 7T^ 3^ ^sl •T^ •Tsi ZTFZ 3^3 •Tn* 

JOHN G. WHITHER. 




5ievk 




£ H, praise an' tanks! De Lord he come 
To set de people free ; 
m§ An' massa tink it day ob doom, 

An' we ob jubilee. 
De Lord, dat heap de Red Sea waves, 

He jus' as 'trong as den ; 
He say de word — we las' night slaves, 
To-day de Lord's freemen. 

De yam will grow, de cotton blow, 

We'll hab de rice an' corn ; 
Oh, nebber you fear, if nebber you hear 

De driver blow his horn ! 

Ole massa, on ne trabbles gone; 

He leab de land behind; 
De Lord's breff blow him harder on, 

Like corn-shuck in de wind. 
We own de hoe, we own de plow, 

We own de hands dat hold ; 
We sell de pig, we sell de cow, 

But nebber chile be sold. 

De yam will grow, de cotton blow 

We'll hab de rice an' corn; 
Oh, nebber you fear, if nebber you hear 

De driver blow his horn ! 



We pray de Lord ; he gib us signs 

Dat some day we be free ; 
De Norf-wind tell it to de pines, 

De wild duck to de sea ; 
We tink it when de church bell ring, 

We dream it in de dream ; 
De rice-bird mean it when he sing, 

De eagle when he scream. 

De yam will grow, de cotton blow 

We'll hab de rice an' corn; 
Oh, nebber you fear, if nebber you hear 

De driver blow his horn ! 

We know de promise nebber fail, 

An' nebber lie de word; 
So, like de 'postles in de jail, 

We waited for de Lord ; 
An' now He open ebery door, 

An' throw away de key; 
He tink we lub Him so before, 

We lub Him better free. 

De yam will grow, de cotton blow 

He'll gib de rice an' corn ; 
So, nebber you fear, if nebber you hear 

De driver blow his horn! 



THE BRAVE AT HOME. 



BY T u BUCHANAN READ. 




HE maid who binds her warrior's sash 
With smile that well her pain dis- 
sembles, 
\The while, beneath her drooping lash, 

One starry tear-drop hangs and trembles 
Though Heaven alone records the tear, 
And fame shall never know her story. 
Her heart has shed a drop as dear 
As ever 'dewed the field of glory. 

The wife who girds her husband's sword, 
'Mid little ones who weep or wonder, 

And bravely speaks the cheering word — 
What though her heart be rent^sunder? 



Doomed, nightly, in her dreams, to hear 
The bolts of war around him rattle, 

Hath shed as sacred blood as e'er 
Was poured upon the plain of battle. 

The mother who conceals her grief, 

While to her breast her son she presses, 
Then breathes a few brave words and brief, 

Kissing the patriot brow she blesses ; 
With no one but her secret God 

To know the pain that weighs upon her, 
Sheds holy blood as e'er the sod 

Received on Freedom's field of honor. 



4- 



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292 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



ARMY HYMN. 



BY OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 



Old Hundred" 



m^k 




LORD of Hosts! Almighty King! 
Behold the sacrifice we bring ! 
To every arm Thy strength impart, 
Thy spirit shed through every heart! 



Wake in our breasts the living fires, 
The holy faith that warmed our sires ; 
Thy hand hath made our Nation free ; 
To die for her is serving Thee. 

Be Thou a pillared flame, to show 
The midnight snare, the silent foe • 



And when the battle thunders loud, 
Still guide us in its moving cloud. 

God of all Nations! Sovereign Lord! 
In Thy dread name we draw the sword ; 
We lift the starry flag on high, 
That fills with light our stormy sky. 

From treason's rent, from murder's stain, 
Guard Thou its folds, till peace shall reign; 
Till fort and field, till shore and sea, 
Join our loud anthem, Praise to Thee! 



^o£G##||§#l^- 



T/vv 



YANKEE DOODLE, 



BREEN, 




ATHER and I went down to camp, 
Along with Captain Gooding, 
'"9- And there we saw the men and boys, 
As thick as hasty pudding. 

Chorus. 

Yankee Doodle keep it up, 
Yankee Doodle dandy, 
Mind the music and the step, 
And with the girls be handy. 

Chorus. 

And there Avas Captain Washington 

Upon a slapping stallion, 
A giving orders to his men, 

I guess there was a million. 

Chorus. 

And then the feathers on his hat, 

They looked so tarnal finey, 
I wanted peskily to get, 

To give to my Jemima. 

Chorus. 



And there they had a swamping gun, 

As big as a log of maple, 
On a deuced little cart — 

A load for father's cattle. 

Chorus. 

And every time they fired it off, 

It took a horn of powder; 
It made a noise like father's gun, 

Only a 'nation louder. 

Chorus. 

I went as near to it myself, 

As Jacob's underpinning 
And father Avent as near again — 

I thought the deuce Avas in him. 

Chorus, 

(It scared me so I ran the streets, 
Nor stopped, as I remember, 

Till I got home, and safely locked 
In granny's little chamber.) 

Chorus. 



-r 



&4 



£, lBt:i< IT A ND c7AY<9 A \ 



2 93 



And there I see a little keg, 
Its heads were made of leather, 

They knocked upon with little sticks, 
To call the folks together. 

Chorus 

And there they'd fife away like fun, 
And play on cornstalk fiddles, 

And some had ribbons re. I as blood, 
All bound nround their middles. 

Chorus. 

The troopers, too, would gallop up, 
And fire right in our faces; 



It scared me almost half to death, 
To see them run such races. 

• Chorus 

Uncle Sam came there to change 
Some pancakes and some onions, 

For Masses cakes to carry home 
To give his wife and young ones. 

Chorus. 

But I can't tell j'ou half I see, 
They kept up such a smother; 

So I took my hat off, made a bow, 
And scampered home to mother. 

Chorus, 



s^^fp®"^^-**- 



UNITED STATES NATIONAL ANTHEM. 



W. R. WALLACE. 




[, 01) of the Free! upon Thy breath 

Our Flag is for the Right unrolled, 
Dgspuj^ As broad and brave as when its stars, 
jS First lit the hallowed time of old. 

For Duty still its folds shall fly; 
For Honor still its glories burn, 
Where Truth, Religion, Valor, guard 
The patriot's sword and martyr's urn. 

No tyrant's impious step is ours ; 

No lust of power on nations rolled: 
Our Flag — for friends, a starry sky, 

For traitors, storm in every fold. 



O thus we'll keep our Nation's life, 
Nor fear the bolt by despots hurled; 

The blood of all the world is here, 

And they who strike us, strike the world I 

God of the Free ! our Nation bless 
In its strong manhood as its birth; 

And make its life a star of hope, 
For all the struggling of the Earth. 

Then shout beside thine Oak, O North ! 

O South ! wave answer with thy Palm ; 
And in our Union's heritage 

Together sing the Nation's Psalm! . 



SWORD OF BUNKER HILL. 



CLARK. 



|? E lay upon his dying bed, 

His eye was growing dim, 
glflir* 8 * When with a feeble voice he called 

His weeping son to him : 
"Weep not, my boy," the veteran said, 

" I bow to Heaven's high will, 
But quickly from yon antlers bring 

The Sword of Bunker Hill : 
ut quickly from yon antlers bring 

The Sword of Bunker Hill." 



The sword was brought: the soldier's eye 

Lit with a sudden flame; 
And, as he grasped the ancient blade, 

He murmured Warren's name. 
Then said: " Mv boy, I leave you gold, 

But, what is richer still, 
T leave you, mark me, mark me now, 

The Sword of Bunker Hill ! 
I leave you, mark me, mark me now, 

The Sword of Bunker Hill. 



4- 



*■* 



■8*"* 



2 9 4 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



" 'Twas on that dread, immortal day, 

I dared the Briton's band: 
A captain raised his blade on me, 

I tore it from his hand : 
And while the glorious battle raged, 

It lightened Freedom's will ! 
For, boy, the God of Freedom blessed 

The Sword of Bunker Hill ! 
For, boy, the God of Freedom blessed 

The Sword of Bunker Hill ! 



" Oh ! keep the sword " — his accents broke, 

A smile, and he was dead — 
But his wrinkled hand still grasped the blade 

Upon that dying bed. 
The son remains, the sword remains, 

Its glory growing still, 
And twenty millions bless the sire 

And Sword of Bunker Hill ! 
And twenty millions bless the sire 

And Sword of Bunker Hill! 



-^Hf^^ 



CENTENNIAL ODE. 



BY WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. 




HROUGH storm and calm the years 
have led 
Our nation on from stage to stage, 
A century's space, until we tread 
The threshold of another age. 

We see there, o'er our pathway swept, 
A torrent stream of blood and fire, 
And thank the Ruling Power who kept 
Our sacred league of States entire. 



Oh, checkered train of years, farewell! 

With all thy strifes and hopes and fears: 
But with us let thy memories dwell, 

To warn and lead the coming years. 

And thou, the new-beginning Age, 
Warned by the past, and not in vain, 

Write on a fairer, whiter page, 
The record of thy happier reign. 



MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 



#JAtJ„ 



w 



FIRING the good old bugle, boys! 
we'll sing another song — 
E^^J C Sing it with a spirit that will start 
the v/orlj along — 
jS£k Sing it as we used to sing it, fifty thou- 
sand strong, 
While we were marching through 
Georgia. 

Chorus. 

Hurrah ! hurrah ! we bring the Jubilee ! 
Hurrah! hurrah! the flag that makes you 

free! 
So we sang the chorus from Atlanta to the 
sea, 
While we were marching through Georgia. 



How the darkeys shouted when they heard the 

joyful sound! 
How the turkeys gobbled which our Commis- 
sary found ! 
How the sweel potatoes even started from the 
ground ! 
While we were marching through Georgia. 

Chorus. 

Yes, and there were Union men who wept with 

joyful tears, 
When they saw the honored Flag they had not 

seen for years ; 
Hardly could they be restrained from breaking 
forth in cheers, 
While we were marching through Georgi? 

Chorus. 



4x 



— <t* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



2 95 



Sherman's dashing Yankee boys will never 

reach the coast! 
So the saucy Rebels said; and 'twas a handsome 

boast — 
Had they not forgot, alas! to reckon with the 
host, 
While we were marching through Georgia. 

Chorus. 



So we made a thoroughfare for Freedom and 

her train, 
Sixty miles in latitude — three hundred to the 

main ; 
Treason fled before ns — for resistance was in 
vain, 
While we were marching through Georgia. 

Chorus. 



THE CHILD OF THE REGIMENT. 



JEFFRIES. 



^tfte 




[ SK me not wh/j 



my heart with fond 
f" emotion 
9~c& Beats for the brave companions of 
my youth? [votion 

Had they not tended me with love's de- 
I had not lived, alas, to prove my truth; 
the helpless babe upon the field I lay, 
And but for them my life had pass'd away, 

My life had passed a war : 
Ere I forget them, all their loving kindness, 
Bring o'er my heart oblivion of the past : 
But when you win for me that fatal blindness, 
In mercy let that moment that moment be 
my last. 



Chide me no more, were I devoid of feeling 

Would my ingratitude not awake thy fears? 
Worthless would be this moment's fond reveal- 
ing, 
If I could cast aside the ties of long, long 
years. 
Thou hast my love ; thine is a mother's claim, 
To them forget not that thou ow'st the name, 
t My mother, my mother dear : 

Ere I can cease to think of all their kindness 
Bring o'er my heart oblivion of the past: 
But when you win for me that fatal blindness, 
In mercy let that moment, that moment be 
my last. 



CENTENNIAL HYMN. 



m 



BY JOHN G. WHITTIER. 




°UR Fathers' 



[Sung at the Opening of the Centennial Exhibition, May 10, i8j6^ 
God, from out whose 



hand 
The centuries fall like grains of sand, 
We meet to-day, united, free, 
\nd loyal to our land and Thee, 
To thank Thee for the era done, 
And trust Thee for the opening one. 

Here, where of old, by Thy design 
The fathers spake that word of Thine, 
Whose echo is the glad refrain 
Of rended bolt and falling chain, 
To grace our festal time, from all 
The zones of earth our guests we call. 



Be with vis while the New World greets 
The Old World thronging all its streets, 
Unveiling all the triumphs won 
By art or toil beneath the sun ; 
And unto common good ordain 
This rivalship of hand and brain. 

Thou who hast here in concord furled 
The war-flags of a gathered world, 
Beneath our Western skies fulfill 
The Oriental's mission of good will, 
And, freighted with love's Golden Fleece, 
Send back the Argonauts of peace. 



JU. 



•5-aar 



t 



296 



LIBERT 7" AND UNION. 



For art and labor met in truce, 
For beauty made the bride of use, 
We thank Thee ; while withal, we crave 
The austere virtues strong to save, 
The honor proof to place or gold, 
The manhood never bought nor sold ! 



O ! make thou us, through centuries long, 
In peace secure, injustice strong: 
Around our gift of Freedom draw 
The pageants of thy righteous law; 
And, cast in some diviner mould, 
Let the new cycle shame the old ! 



•^^^^^^4^ 



TO THEE, O COUNTRY. 



EICHBERG. 




O thee, O country, great and free, 
|jjj| j With trusting hearts we cling, 
^Our voices tuned by joyous love, 
Thy pow'r, thy pow'r and praises sing, 
Thy pow'r and praises sing. 
Upon thy mighty faithful heart, 
We lay, we lay our burden down ; 
Thou art the only friend who feels their 
weight without a frown. 

Chorus. 
Upon thy mighty faithful heart, 
We lay, we lay, our burden down; 
Thou art the only friend who feels their 

weight without a frown. 
From sea! From north to southmost sea. 



To thee, we daily work and strive, 
To thee we give our love ; 
For thee with fervor deep we pray, 
To Him who dwells above, 
To Him who dwel s aboA e. 
O God, preserve our father-land, 
Let peace, let peace its ruler be, 
And let her happy kingdom stretch from 
north, to southmost sea. 

Chorus. 
O God, preserve our father-land, 
Let peace, let peace its ruler be, 
And let her happy kingdom stretch from 

north, to southmost sea. 
From sea! From north Lo southmost sea. 



SOLDIER'S FAREWELL. 




,OW can I bear to leave thee: 
One parting kiss I give thee, 
H^ And then, whate'er befalls me, 
I go where honor calls me. 
Farewell, farewell, my own true love ! 
Farewell, farewell, my own true love! 

Ne'er more may I behold thee, 
Nor to this heart enfold thee — 
With spear and pennon glancing, 



I see the foe advancing. 

Farewell, farewell, my own true4ove ! 

Farewell, farewell, my own true love ! 

I'll think of thee with longing — 
Think thou when tears are thronging— 
And with my last faint sighing 
I'll whisper soft, while dying, 
Farewell, farewell, ray own true love ! 
Farewell, farewell, my own true love ! 



T 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



GRAFTED INTO THE ARMY. 



297 




UR Jimmy has gone to live in a tent, 
They have grafted him into the 
army ; 
He finallv puckered up courage and 

went, 
When they grafted him into the 
army. 

I told them the child was too young, alas! 
At the captain's forequarters they said he would 

pass — 
They'd train him up well in the infantry class — 
So they grafted him into the army. 

Chorus. 

Oh Jimmy, farewell ! Your brothers fell 

Way down in Alabarmy ; 
I thought they would spare a lone widder's 
heir, 

But they grafted him into the army. 



Drest up in his unicorn — dear little chap ; 

They have grafted him into the army ; 
It seems but a day since he sot in my lap, 

But they have grafted him into the army. 
And these are the trousies he used to wear — 
Them very same buttons — the patch and the 

tear — 
But Uncle Sam gave him a bran new pair 

When they grafted him into the army. 

Chorus. 

Now in my provisions I see him revealed — 
They have grafted him into the army ; 
A picket beside the contented field, 

They have grafted him into the army. 
He looks kinder sickish — begins to cry — 
A big volunteer standing right in his eye) 
Oh ! what if the duckie should up and die, 
Now they've grafted him into the army ! 

Chorus. 



BATTLE CRY OF FREEDOM. 



ROOT. 




fc ES, we'll rally round the flag, boys, we'll 
rally once again, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom ; 
We'll rally from the hillside, we'll rally 
from the plain, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom. . 

Chorus. 
The Union forever, hurrah, boys, hurrah! 
Down with the traitor, up with the star! 
While we rally round the flag, boys, rally 
once again, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom 

We are springing to the call of our brothers 
gone before, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom ; 



And we'll fill the vacant ranks with a million 
freemen more, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom. — Chorus. 

We will welcome to our numbers the loyal, true 
and brave, 
Shouting the battle-crv of freedom; 
And altho' he may be poor, he shall never be a 
slave, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom. — Chorus. 

So we're springiug to the call from the East and 
from the West, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom ; 
And we'll hurl the rebel crew from the land we 
loved the best, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom. — Chorus. 



£H 



2 9 8 



LIBERT7~ AND UNION. 



^niSTINEUISHEH LITERARY MEN EF flMEHIEfl^ 



' * h \ j ^x»jo. , rn k y,. , 




N. P. WILLIS. 




EDGAR ALLAN POE. 




J. G. HOLLAND 




FITZ-GREENE HALLECK. 



3it4 



T5 



Words by Francis S. Key. 



LIBERT V AXD UNION. 

The Star Spangled Banner. 



299 




1. Oh! say can 

2. On the shore dim 

3. And where is 

4. O thus be 



von 

- ly 

that 
it 



see by the dawn's ear 

seen through the mists of 
band who so vaunt - ing 
when free - men 



oi- 



ly light, What so 
the deep, Where the 
]y swore, That the 
shall stand, Be - tween 



Afarcaio. 




proud - ly we 

foe's haught-y 

hav - oc ot 

their lov - ed 



hail'd 
host 
war 

home, 



at 

in 
and 
and 



the 

dread 

the 

the 



twi 
si ■ 
bat 

war's 



light's last gleam - ing! Whose broad 
lence re - pos - es, What is 
tie's con - fu - sion. A home 
des - o - la - tion ; Blest with 






:— =j: 



m 



Stripes and bright Stars thro' 
that which the breeze, o'er 
and a coun - try shall 



the per 
the tow 

leave 



-*- 

il 

er 
us 






ous fight, O'er the ramparts we watch'd were so 

ing steep. As it fit - ful-ly blows. half con- 



no more 



! Their blood has wash'd out their foul 



vict - 'ry and peace, may the heav'n rescued land, Praise the pow'r that hath made, and pi 




gal-lant-ly stream-ing ? And the rockets red glare, the shells bursting in air! Gave 
ceals, half dis - clos - es? Now it catch-es the gleam o( the morning's first beam. In 

foot-steps, pol - lu - tion ! No ref-uge could save the lure ling and slave, From 

serve > us a Na - tion Then con - quer we must, when our cause it is just, And 







ni«ht that our Flag still was there: 
re - fleeted, now shines in the stream ; 
of flight, or the gloom of the grave : 
mot - to; In God is our trust: 



Oh ! 
And 
And 

And 



*si- 



m 

Ban - ner yet wave. O'er the land 

Oh ! long may it wave. O'er the land 

in triumph doth wave. O'er the land 

in triumph do: h wave, O'er the land 



ESE=S^E±3E 



of 
of 
of 
of 



the 
the 
the 
the 



free, and 
free, and 
free, an<! 
free, and 



say does the Star - spangled 
the Star-spangled Ban-ner 
the Star - spangled Ban-ner 
the Star - spangled Ban-ner 



the home of the brave! 

the home o{ the brave ! 

the home o( the brave! 

the home of the brave ! 




wave. 



t 



^-^^3E3^f=^^E| 



O'er the land of the 



free, and the home of 



the 



bravi 



-t* 



3°° 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

Hail to the Chief. 



Written by Sir Walter Scott 

n /r\ rz\ 




James Sanderson. 



Mail ! Hail ! 
Hail! Hail! 
Hail! Hail! 



■-K--1 — Ft — » - ' IT? — *— c 



Hail ! to the Chief Who in tri-umph ad-van - ces, Honor'd and bless'd be the 
Ours is no sapling, chance sown by the fountain, Blooming at Bel-tane in 
Row, Vassal: 



apiui^,i-ii.iin.c ^uv\n uv liic n'uiii.un, jjiuvuiiiii:^ ill JJC1-IU11C 111 

row, for the pride of the Highlands ! Stretch to your oars for the 




ev - er - green pine. ■ Long may the tree 
win-ter to fade; When the whirlwind 
ev - er - ereen Pine ! O that the rose 



#- 

in his ban - ner that glanc - es 
has stripp'd ev'ry leaf on the mountain, 
bud that grac-es your Is - lands, 




Flour - ish, the shel - ter and grace 
The more shall Clan-Al-pine ex - ult in 
Were wreath'd in a gar-land a - round him 



our line, 
her shade. 
to twine. 



Hail! 
Ours 
Row. 



to 

is 

Vas 



the Chief who in 
no sap - ling chance 
sals, row, for the 




*— 



tri - umph ad - van - ces, Hon - or'd and blessed be the ev - er-green pine, 
sown by the foun - tain, Bloom - ing at Bel-tane in win - ter to fade: 
pride of the High - lands, Stretch to your oars for the ev - er-green pine, 




±=t 



=m 



r= zagfSz^v 



•g — rr 



*-.-•-* 



Long may the tree in his ban-ner that glan-ces Flour-ish the shel - ter and 

When the whirlwind has stripp'd ev'ry leaf on the mountain The more shall Clan-Alpine ex- 

O that the rose - bud that grac-es your Is-lands, Were wreath'd in a garland 




grace 
ult 

around 



hap - py dew, 
rift - ed rock, 
seedling sent 



Earth lend it sap 
Proof to the tempest's shock, 
Worth-y such no - ble stem. 




liiip 



Gai - ly to bourge 
Firm-er he roots 
Honour'd and bless'd 



on an 

him the 
in their 



Broad -ly to grow 

ru-der it blows; 

shad-ow might grow! 



While ev - ry high-land glen. 
Mon - teith and Bread-albane then 

Loud should Clan Al - pine then, 




|+— . — #_zi^*ipcz=: # _z===: 



-P*,-K N- 



^m^m^mm^MW^mm^ 



0- 

Sends our shont back again. Ro - de-rick Vich Al-pine dhu ho! 
Ec - ho his praises again "Ro - de-rick Vich Al-pine dhu ho! 
Ring from her deepmost glen, Ro - de-rick Vich Al-pine dhu, ho! 

* Black Roderick, the descendant of Alpine. 



e - roe: 
e - roe! 



X& 



&* 



Words by Longfellow. 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 

The Ship of Union. 

Used by permission of O. Ditson is: Co. 



to I 



Geo. F. Root. 



^tZSZlE*: •?_#_# SHI 



t=£ 



>_L # *f-0—0 « y * » ?Z*=^ 



Sail on, sail on, thou ship of State, Sail on, O U-nion strong and great, Hu- 



gSi=:«-_«— ? -Z^g=^=g=^= 



# * 



P 



:f-7-- 



eeee; 



fc±=K= 



man - i - ty, with all its fears, Is hanging breathless on thy fate ! We 



& 



'^^^s^mm^m^^m 



know what Mas ter laid thy keel, What workman wrought thy ribs of steel, Who 



m 



?-<?—»■ 



-*-*— -K-r* 



— ^^-* — ^-tr F — : * ^~* — * — •— a — ^— -^3 



made each mast, each sail, each rope ; What an - vils rang, what hammers beat; In 



SSeeeS 



t-t-jt=M^rXf— ' 



SELESES 



:t— p-t: 



# - 

1=1= 






what a forge, and what a heat, Were shaped the anchors of thy hope! Fearnot each sud-den 



fefe 






sound and shock, 'Tis of the wave, and not the rock; 'Tis but the flap-ping of the sail, And 
not a rentmadeby the gale ! In spite of rock, and tempest's roar, In spite of false lights 






on the shore, Sail on nor fear to breast the sea, Our hearts, our hopes, our pray'rs, our tears Our 






faith tri-umph - ant o'er our fears, Are all with thee, are all with thee 



4 



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302 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

We've Drunk from the Same Canteen. 



By permission of Wm. A. Pond & Co. 



Poetry by Miles O'Reilly. 



Composed by James G. Clark. 






1. There are bonds of all sorts in this world of ours *j Fetters of friend-ship, and 

2. It was some - times wa-ter. and some-times milk, *7 Some - times ap - pie -jack, 

3. The rich and the great sit down to dine, And quaff to each oth - er in 

4. We've shared our blankets, and tent together, And marched, 'and fought in all 



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ties of flow'rs, And true lover's knots I ween, The boy, and the girl are 

fine as silk, But what-ev - er the tip - pie has been, We shar'd it to - geth-er, in 
sparkling wine, From glass-es of cyrs-tal and green. But I guess in their golden po- 
kinds of weather, And hun - gry, and full, we've been, Had days of bat-tie, and 



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bound by a kiss, 

bane or bliss, 

ta - tions they miss 

days of rest, 



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But there's nev - er a bond old 

And I warm to you friend, when I 

The warmth of re - gard, to be 

But this mem - 'ry I cling to, and 



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friend, like this, We have 

think of this, We have 

found in this. We have 

love the best, We have 



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drunk from the same 

drunk from the same 

drunk from the same 

drunk from the same 



can - teen, 

can - teen, 

can - teen, 

can - teen. 



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5. For when wound - ed I lay on the 



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out - er slcpe, With my blood flow - ing fast, And but lit - tie hope, On 



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diich my faint spir- it might lean, O! then I re-mem-ber, you crawl 'd to my side, 






And bleed-ing so fast 



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It seem'd both must have died.We drunk from the same canteen. 



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The same can - teen, my sol - dier - friend, The same 



can . teen, 



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LIBERTY AND UNION, 



3°3 






■g-v-fa — u;— b» — . h-F^-t-^— rqq 



There's nev-er a bond, old friend, like this, We have drunkfrom the same can - teen. 



Bruce's Address to his Army. 



Written by Robert Burns. 



ffi&=3E3=^$=£ 



i. Scots wha hae wi' Wall-ace bled, Scots wham Bruce has af - ten led, 

2. Wha would be a trait - or knave, Wha would fill a coward's grave, 

3. By op - press-ions, woes and pains, By your sons in ser - vile chains, 



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Wei - come to 
Wha sae base 

We will drain 



your go - ry bed, Or to vie - to - ry. 

as to be a slave, Let him turn and flee. 

our dear - est veins, But they shall be free. 



-» — j- » 0- 



Now's the day, and now's the hour; See the front of 
Wha for Scotland's King and Law, Free - dom's sword will 
Lay the proud usur - per low, Tyr - ants fall in 



. ^_ 

t^EEEE 

bat - tie lour, 

strong - ly draw, 

ev - ery foe, 




See 

Free 

Li 



ap- 
man 



proach 
stand 



proud 
01- 



ber - ty's 



Edward's pow'r, 
free - man fa', 



Chains 
Let 



ev - ery blow, Let 



and 
him 



sla 
on 
do 



- ve 
wi' 



ry. 
me. 
die. 



Our Whole Country. 

Air— Bruce's Address to his Army. 

1. Who would sever freedom's shrine? 
Who would draw the invidious line? 
Though by birth one spot be mine, 

Dear is all the rest: 
Dear to me the South's fair land, 
Dear the central mountain band, 
Dear New England's rocky strand, 

Dear the prairied West. 

2. By our altars, pure and free ; 
By our laws' deep-rooted tree; 
By the past's dread memory ; 

By our Washington; 



By our common parent tongue; 
By our hopes, bright, buoyant, young; 
By the tie of country strong, — 
We will still be one. 

3. Fathers ! have ye bled in vain ? 
Ages ! must ye droop again ? 
Maker! shall we rushly stain 

Blessings sent by thee ? 
No ! — receive our solemn vow, 
While before thy shrine we bow, 
Ever to maintain, as now, 

Union — Liberty ! 



4 



3°4 



LIBERT!' AND UNION. 

Our Fatherland. 



Franz Abt. 



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v- 

dm-ple 



The sim-ple songs to thee we 

May God be-stow His ho - ly 

To see thee crowned by stain-less 



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ifts of pur 

Fa - ther-land, 

what thy chil 



est love, 
on thee 
dren ask, 



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And may the ear 
It will re-turn 
To live a life 



nest tones, as - cend - ing, 
to heaven's own keep - ing 
of truth and hon - or 



Re-souud 
Should thou 
Will be 



in Heav'n a - bove, 

un-wor - thy be. 

thy chil-dren's task. 
cres. 



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That song is fit, O 
May Truth, and Faith, and 
Oh, go thy way tri • 

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coun-try, That heart 
Jus-tice, Each guide 
um-phant, So grand 

_f 



felt 
thy 
and free 



song, 
way 



To show our deep 
In - to the gold 
That we shall glo 

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de- 
en 
ry 



vo - tion, So true and 

splen-dors Of end - less 

ev - er Thy sons to 

f cres. 



strong, That song is fit, O coun-try, That heart felt 

day; May Truth, and Faith, and Jus - tice. Each guide thy 

be; Oh, go thy way tri - um-phant, So grand and 

ff 



Ehr:. 






way 
free, 



To show our 

In - to the 

That we shall 




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John 

2. He's gone to 

3. Tohn 

4. His 

5. They'll hang 



deep de - vo - tion, So true 

gold - en splen - dors Of end 

glo - ry ev - er Thy sons 

Glory Hallelujah ! 




a mold'ring in 

the ar - my of 

is strapp'd up - on 

meet him on 

a sour ap 



and strong, 
less day. 
to be. 



the grave, 
the Lord! 

his back, 
the way, 

pie tree. They'll 



He's 







ring 



mold' 
ar - my 
strapp'd up 
meet him 
sour 



in 
of 
on 
on 
ap 



the 
the 
his 

the 
pie 



I 



He's 



grave. 
Lord! 

back, 

way, 

tree, They'll 



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m 

John Biown's bod-y lies a mold'ring in 
gone to be a soldier in the ar - my of 
John Brown's knap - sack is strapp'd up-on 
His pet lambs will meet him on 

hang Jeff Da - vis to a sour ap 



the grave, 
the Lord 
his back, 
the way, 
pie tree, 



-?— H " 

His soul 
His soul 
His soul 
And they'll 
As they 



:;=: 



is marching on ! 
is marching on ! 
is marching on ! 
go marching on. 
go marching on. 



Chorus 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



3°5 




Glo - ry! Glo - ry Hal - le - lu-jah 



Glo - ry! Glo - ry Hal-le - lu - jah! 



WM 



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Glo - ry! Glo - ry Hal-le - lu - jah! His soul is march-ing on. 



Hail Columbia, 



With Energy. 



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1. Hail Co - lum - bia, hap - py land! 

2. Immor-tal pa - triots, rise once more, 

3. Behold the chief who now commands, 



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F. HOPKINSON, 1798. 



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Hail, ye he - roes,heav ; n-born band, 
De - fend your rights, defend your shore! 
Once more to serve his country stands 




Who fought and bled in freedom's cause, 
Let no rude foe, with im-pious hand, 
The rock on which the storm will beat, 



Who fought and bled in freedom's cause, 
Let no rude foe, with im-pious hand, 
The rock on which the storm will beat, 



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And when the storm of war was gone En-joy'd the peace your val - or won. 
In - vade the shrine where sac - red lies Of toil and blood, the well earn'd prize. 
But armed in vir - tue, firm and true, His hopes are fixed on Heav'n and you. 




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Let in - de - pendence be our boast, Ev - er mind - ful what it cost; 

While off - 'ring peace, sin - cere and just. In Heav'n we place a man - ly trust, 
When hope was sink- ing in dismay, when glooms obscur'd Co - lum - bia's day, 



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Ev - er grate-ful 
That truth and jus - tice 
His stead - y mind, from 






for the prize, Let 

will pre-vail, And ev' 
chan-ges free. Resolved 



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its al - tar 
ry scheme of 
on death or 



i 



reach the skies. 
bond - age fail, 
li - ber - ty. 




Chorus. 

* - — i-.. +. 1 






Firr 



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ted, let 



be, Ral - ly - ing round our lib - 



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g^ ^ggg ^^jg^ ^ ^H^ 



As 



a band of broth-ers join"d, Peace and safe - ty we shs 



find. 



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3° 6 



LIBERT 7' AND UNION. 

Our Flag Is There. 









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D. C. i. Our flag is there, our flag 
2. That flag with-stood the bat 



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is there ! We'll greet it with three loud huzzas, 
tie's roar, With foe - men stout, with foe - men brave; 

Fine. 



m^^^^m^^^^M 



Our flag is there, our flag 
Strong hands have sought that flag 



is there ! Be - hold the glo-rious stripes and stars! 
to lower, And found a speed - y, wa-t'ry grave. 



tU, Full Chorus, 



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Stout hearts have fought for that bright flag, Stout hands sustained it mast-head high, 
That flag is known on ev - 'ry shore; The stan - dard of a gal - lant band, 

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And oh, 
A - like 



to see how proud it waves, Brings tears of joy to ev - 
un-stain'd in peace or war, It floats o'er freedom's hap - 



ry eye. 
py land. 



E. R. Sill. 

March movement. 
IV 



Our Flag. 



H. Kingsbury. 



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1. How it gleams on the night of the world! 'Tis the flag of the dawn, star- ry bright; 

2. From the sword,and the scourge, and the chain, Come the mil-lions that long to be free, 

3. Step' by step, all to - geth - er we march, And a - bove us the flag is unfurled; 

4. Tho' the tern - pest of war low-ered low, Where it waved o'er the smoke of the plain, 



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And the land where this flag is a - float. Is the for • 
From the ends of the earth streaming in, Like the riv 
Step by step, tramp-ing on to the end, Till our free 
Yet the storm on - ly cleared all the air, And the sun 






(2-i~ — i 



tress of free - dom and right; 

- ers that run to the sea; 

- dom shall conquer the world; 
now is stream-ing, a - gain; 



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From its moun-tains it rides on the breeze, From its shores it streams out to the sea, 

Let them come ! there is room for them all, Let them come! to each val - ley and plain, 

Then the ty - rant shall fall from the throne And the slave shall leap up from his chain, 

Bloom for aye, ye fair lil - ies of peace! All the dark clouds are scattered in flight, 




And the wind and the wave sing in joy For the flag 

Let them come! till from far western shores... We will peo 

And one flag, and one right, und one law Shall be rul 

For the sWord to a ploughshare is beat And the har 



of the fair and the free, 
pie old A - sia a - gain, 
er on moun-tain and main, 
vest is gar - nered in light. 



*■*- 



Chorus. 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

Our Flag — Concluded. 



307 



Then 



up 



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with the fla°\ 



the tried and the true, 



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rah! 



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Andhur-rah! and hur-rah for the rule of the red, white and blue, and hur-rah! 



James Mortimer. 



The Old Flag. 




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1. God bless our brave old Un - ion Flag, 'Tisthe sym - bol of the free; 

2. That Flag, in '-'the days that tried men's souls," Was borne thro' storm and flood; 

3. All hon - or to our gal - lant tars, Col - um - bia's fear - less sons; 

4. Then fling the Old Flag to the breeze, Loved, hon - ored, let it be! 



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From riv - er, vale, and moun • 

Our fa - thers fought be - neath 
Whose watch-word is "the Stripes 
In for - eign lands, in dis - 



tain crag, It 
its folds, 'Tis 
and Stars," Their 
tant seas, It 



lights to vie - to - ry ; 

hal-lowed by their blood; 

war - cry "man the guns!" 

still pro - tectsthe free! 




3=3 

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No new flag can the old re - place, No mor - tal shall its stars e - rase, 

The mem-'ries of the sto - ried dead, Im - mor - tal ha - lo round it shed, 

Their no - ble deeds the voice of Fame, To end - less a - ges shall pro-claim; 

That stand-ard ev - er must re - main \* Purged of trea-son's blight - ing stain, 



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Nor ruth-less foe its stripes de - face, Brave arms will shield it from dis - grace. 
And ev - er shall its lus - ter spread, Where Free-dom's mar-tyrs fought and bled. 
And ev - er more pure glo - ry's flame, Will gild the Un - ion sol - dier's name. 
The sa - cred blood of Pa - triots slain, ^ Now be- dews its folds a - gain. 




Proud 









land 



floats 



bove our he - ro band, 







And pledg'd is ev - 'ry heart and hand, To the Old Flag of the 



Un 



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30S 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

The Minstrel Boy. 



Lively. 



From "The Cantata," Moore, Arr. by Balfe. 







The min - strel boy to the war is gone, In the ranks of death you'll find him; 
The min - strel fell , but the foeman's chain Could not bring that proud soul un - der; 







Mis fa - ther's sword he hath girded on, And his wild harp slung be-hind him. 
The harp beloved ne'er spoke a - gain, For he tore its chords a - sun - der, And 



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Land of song 
said, "No chain 



said the war 
shall sul - ly 



nor 
the< 



bard, "Tho' 
Thou soul 



all the world be-trays thee, 
of love and bra - ver - y ! 







zi: 



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One sword at least thy rights shall guard, One faith 
Thy songs were made for the pure and free, They 



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pill 



ful harp shall praise thee." 
lall never sound in sla-very." 



Arr. from "La Grande Duchessh.' 



The Sabre Song, 



1. Be-hold the sa - bre of my fa - ther, Gird it, I pray thee, at thy side; 

2. Our Hag is floating gai ly o'er us, Our bu - gles sound the on-set now; 

3. lie - 10 - ic spir-its round thee gath - er, Strong arms, bright blades, we greet them all; 




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Unsheathed for war. for free-dom ra - ther, 
Our bat - tie hymn loud swells in cho - rus 
Their hearts' best blood will stain the heather, 



This sa - bre, ev - er - more thy pride. 

That rolls from plain to mountain brow; 

For ma - ny tried and true must fall. 



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EB=:z=^-r-r-r *z • ^ESz=3=Z±EE 



No - bly my fa - ther ev er wore it 
Thus,while the bat - tie clouds now low - ci 
And if thy dirge shall wail to-mor - row 






=* 

*- 










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Proudly my mother gave it him, 
Hopeful we gird thee for the fray, 
Still proud-ly do we bid thee on, 



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fe^^i^gE^=gi£E^ 



Un - tar-nished thou wilt e'en re-store it, 
And strong in more than mor-tal pow - er, 
Our break - ing heart will hide its sor - row 



Its glo - ry thou wilt never dim. 
We send thee forth this glorious day. 
In mem - 'ry of thy vic-t'ry won. 



•>^r 



LIBERTY AND UNION, 



*<*) 



Full Chorus. 



■ &■ 



lake, then, the sa-bre,the sa-bre,the sa-bre; Take,then,the sabre, 'mid rout and carnage dire 



mt s^sm^ & rrm 



Sfeill 



Wield, then, the sa - bre, the sa - bre, the sa - bre; liravely wield the sa-bre of my sire 



Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean, 




Spirited, 



D. T. Shaw. 



g^g^sg3=^g^±fqp>i . i ngn^n 



i. Oh, Co - lum-bia, the gem of the ocean, 

2. When war wing'd its wide des-o - la- tion, 

3. The star-spangled banner bring hither, 



The home of the brave and the free, 

And threaten'd the land to de - form, 

O'er Co-lum-bia's true sons let it wave, 



The shrine of each pa-triot's de - vo - tion, A 
The ark then of freedom's foun-da-tion, Co - 
May the wreaths they have won nev-er wither, Nor 



fv 



hom-age 



SI 



world of-fers horn-age "to thee, 
lum - bia, rode safe thro' the Storm 
it; stars cease to shine on the brave. 







_ 0- 

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Thy mandates make he-roes as-sem-ble, 
With the garlands of vic-t'ry around her, 
May the ser-vice u - ni - ted ne'er sev-er, 



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wzl 



im 



When Lib-er - ty's form stands in view; 

When so proudly she bore her brave crew, 

But hold to their colors so true; 



i^g^ s^^ ^^ip 



Thy banners make tyr-an-ny tremble, 
With her flag proudly float-ing be - fore her, 
The ar - my and navy for - ev - er, 



When borne by the red, white and blue, 
The boast of the red, white and blue, 
Three cheers for the red, white and blue, 



V - 



L I y y - 



zEEfczEz: 



When borne by the red, white and blue, 

The boast of the red, white and blue, 

Three cheers for the red, white and blue, 



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When borne by the red, white and blue, 
The boast of the red, white and blue, 
Three cheers for the red, white and blue, 



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E^F 77 !^ * *— ~* Z m~- 



H 



Thy banners make tyr - an - ny tiemble, 
With her flag proud-ly floating be-fore her, 
The ar - my and na - vy for - ev - er, 



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When borne by the red. white and blue. 
The boast of the red, white and blue. 
Three cheers for the red, white and blue. 



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IO 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



Gilead, 



Mehul. 







1. O God, beneath thy guid-ing hand, Our exiled fa - thers crossed the sea; 

2. Thou heard'st, well pleased, the song, the prayer Thy bless-ing came and still its pow'r 

3. Law, freedom, truth, and faith in God Came with those ex - iles o'er the waves; 

4. And here thy name, O God of love Their children's chil - dren shall a - dore, 




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tp: 



1 



And when they trod " the wint - 'ry strand, With prayer and psalm they wor-shiped thee. 

Shall onward through all a - -ges bear '1 he mem-ory of that ho - ly hour. 

And where their pil - grim feet have trod, The God they trust - ed guards their graves. 

Till these e - ter - nal hills re-move, And spring a-dorns the earth no more. 



BEOWNE, (New England Hymn.) 




Poetry by Mrs. Hemans — Music by Miss Browne. 



ZCZ 



=5=d==3=E^i= : 



1. The break-ing waves dash'd high On a stern 

2. Not as the con-quercr comes, They, the 

3. Pro-claim the lof - ty praise Of Him 



and rock-bound 

true - hearted, 

who once was 



>-G> - 

coast 

came ; 
slain, 



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m 



^ 



And the woods a ■ 
Not with the roll 
But now is risen, through en 



gainst a stormy sky Their giant branches 

o' the stir-ring drums, And the trumpet that sings of 



less days To 



live, to live and 



toss'd; 
fame; 
reign; 




And the heav - y night hung dark, The hills 

Not as the fly - ing come, In si 

He lives and reigns on high, Who bou° 



ht 



and wa 
lence and 
us with 



ters 
in 
his 



oer, 
fear; 
blood 



fl t-n— *- R_ B =d 



j Ps— 



When a band of ex - iles moored their barque On the wild New En-gland shore. 
They shook th : depths of the des - ert gloom With their hymns of lof - ty cheer. 
En - throned a-bove the farth - est sky, Our Sav - iour and our God. 



Amidst the storm they sang, 

And the stars heard, and the sea, 
And the sounding aisles of the dim woods rang 

To the anthem of the free ! 
The ocean eagle soared 

From his nest by the white waves' foam, 
And the rocking pines of the forest roared — 

This was their welcome home! 



5. What sought they thus afar? 

Bright jewels of the mine ? 
The wealth of seas, the spoils of war ? — 

They sought a faith's pure shrine! 
Aye, call it holy ground, 

The soil where first they trod ! 
Thev have left unstained what there theyfoi nd, 

Freedom to worship God ! 



**3- 



** 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 

Song of the Union. 

[Rev. Dr. Cummings, a Catholic clergyman, is pastor of St. Stephen's Church, New York.] 



3" 



T. Martin Tovvne. 




^fEg^Ei 



1. Ere 

2. A - 

3. That 

4. The 

5. From 

6. The 



peace and free-dom, 
mer - i - cans up 
word since then hath 
spir - its of the 
vast Nia- gara's 
God of nat-ions, 



hand in hand, Went forth to bless this happy land, 
- rose in might, And triumph-ed in the un - equal fight, 
shone on high, In star - ry letters to the sky — 
hero - ic dead, Who for Columbia fought and bled, 
gurg - ling roar To Sacramento's gold - en shore, 
in whose name The sa - cred laws obed-ience claim, 




-#-1 






__# 

And make it their a - bode, 

For un - ion made them strong; 

It is our coun - try's name! 



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It 

Un 



was the foot 
ion ! the majj 






: mm 



stool 
ic 



Would curse the das 
From east to west 
Will bless our fond 



tard son 
era wave, 
en - deavor 



What im-pious hand shall 
Who should be - tray their 
The blend - ed vows of 
To dwell as breth - ren 



of a throne; 
bat - tie - cry, 
rash - ly dare 
no - ble trust, 
mill-ions rise, 
here be-low ; 




But , now no 

That hurled the 

Down from iis 

And mad - ly 
Their voice 
The Un 



mas - ter here is known — No king is feared but God. 

ty - rant from on high, And crushed, his hire - ling throng! 

lof - ty peak to tear The ban - ner of her fame ? 

tram - pie in the dust, The char - ter which they won. 

Un - ion we must save!" 
will pre-serve for - ever ! 



reechoes to the skies — " The 

ion, then, come weal, come woe, We 



National Hymn, 



Rev. S. F. Smith. 



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:zo 



■G-n — 



1. My country, 'tis of thee, Sweet land of lib - er-ty, Of thee I sing; Land where my 

2. My na-tive coun-try, thee, Land of the no - ble free, Thy name I love; I love thy 

3. Let mu-sic swell the breeze, And ring from all the trees, Sweet freedom's song;Let mor-tal 

4. Our fa-thers' God, to thee,Au-thor of lib - er - ty, To thee we sing; Long may our 



-*— 0- 



MmwimtmMmmm^ 



fa-thers died, Land of the pil-grim'spride,From ev-'ry mountain side Let freedom ring ! 
rocks and rills, Thy woods and templed*hills;My heart with mp-ture ihiills Like that a-bove. 
tongues awake:Let all that breathe partake;Let rocks their silence break. The sound pro-long, 
land be bright With freedom's ho - ly light; Pro-tect us by thy might,Grer.t God, our King! 



(Air)- 

God bless our native land ! 
Firm may she ever stand, 

Through storm and night; 
When the wild tempests rave, 
Ruler of winds and wave, 
Do thou our country save 

By thy great might. 



Our National Hymn. 



For her our prayers shall ri: 
To God above the skies; 

On him we wait; 
Thou who art ever nigh, 
Guarding with wr.tchiul eye, 
To thee aloud we cry, 
God save the State! 



J-®~ 



3l2 



-&K 1 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



T. Martin Towne. 



Our Boys are Coming Home. 



1. Thank God, the sky is clear 

2. The va - cant fire - side plac 

3. O moth - er, calm - ly wait 

4. And yet — O keen - est sor 



ing ! The clouds are hurry - ing past; 
es Have wait - ed for them long; 
ing For that be - lov - ed son, 
row ! They're com - ing, but not all; 



5- 



sad heart, hush thy griev - ing, Wait but a lit - tie while, 



Thank 
The 

O 
Full 

With 



m^ ^^^ ^M^^^^m 



God, the day is near - ing! The dawn is com - ing fast, 

love-light lacks their fac - es, The cho-rus wait their song; 

sis - ter, proud-ly dat - ing The vict'ries he has won ! 

many a dark to - mor - row Shall wear its sa - ble -pall : 

hop - ing and be - liev - ing, Thy woe and fear be -guile, 



-*_ 



*-£-- 



P^E^B 



And when glad her-ald 

A shad - owy fear has 

O maid - en, soft- ly 

For thous - ands who are 

Wait for the joy-ous 




voi - ces Shall tell us peace shall come, This thought shall most re-joice us: "Our 

haunt -ed The long de - sert -ed room; But now our prayers are grant - ed, "Our 
humm-ingThe love - song while you roam--Joy, joy, the boys are com - ing, <( The 
sleep-ing Be - neath the empurpled loam; Woe ! woe! for those we're weep - ing "Who 
meet -ing Be - yond the star - ry dome, For there our boys are wait - ing To 



Chorus. 




boys 
boys 
boys 
nev ■ 
bid 



are com-ing home!" Our boys are com - ing home, 
are coming home!" Our, etc. 
are com ing home !" Our, etc. 
er will come home !" Our, etc. 
us welcome home !" Our, etc. 



Our boys are com-ing 




mm=s^^mm=i^%=$ 



home: This thought shall most re-joice us, Our boys are com-ing 



home. 



Rev. Joel Swartz, D. D 



The Christian Citizen, 



C. E. Pollock. 




1. A two - fold loy - al - ty 

2. Thy king- dom come, thy will 



we own, 
be done, 



And two 
By sub 



fold ban - ners 
ject and by 




w^^m^^m 



One Lord of kings and lords, Whose throne and hon - ors we 
May ev - 'ry tribe be - neath the sun To thee their trib 



may 

ute 



share; 
bring, 



4- 



*-&- 



■€> 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

The Christian Citizen — Concluded. 



313 



^^^^ ^^ ^^ 



And Cae - sar, who may bear the sword, At once our ser - vant and our Lord. 

And may the ban-ners of the world Around the glo - rioua cross be furled. 



Chorus, 




the cross 



flag we twine, While both to us 



dear. 



-?*■ 



^+ « 1 — • h— Ed — - — • 



The one we love from love di-vii 




re - vere. 



Mrs. Electa S. Kellogg. 



That Missing Voice. 



T. Martin Towne. 



* — 



mm 



1. A mer - ry peal up - on the bells, 

2. Once more the deep-toned Sabbath bell 

3. The ves - per bell at twi-light dim, 



Pro - claims the na-tion's ju - bi - lee: 
Rings out up - on the stil - ly air, 
Bids us u - nite in praise and prayer, 



I L| y j yt U 1__ 









-?-±—0— 



=t 



In joy - ous tones tri-umph-ant swells, Th' ex - ul - 
And with the last, slow, measured knell, I seat 
How can I join that eve-ning hymn, Or kneel 



— w p- 

tant song of Vic - to - ry : 
me in the house of prayer: 
be -side that va - cant chair. 



jSggg=gS ggg g=; 3= 



^i 



The crowd 
Sweet voic 
My lips 



take up the glad re - frain, 
• es blend in sa-cred song, 
are sealed, my heart is chill, 



I lis - ten with sus -pend-ed breath 

While bit - ter tears my eyes o'er - flow, 

At home, a-broad, by night or day, 









15D 



;g.^ii] 



Ah me! my heart, 'tis all in vain, That miss 
Ah me! my God, for-give the wrong, Their mus 
That miss - ing voice, it haunts me still, I can 



ing 



voice is hushed in death. 
ic on - ly mocks my woe. 
not praise, I can - not pray. 



Chorus. 



m 



— 0- 

EE: 






gu 



That miss - ing voice, that missing voice, No more I hear its thrill-rng tone; 



fcfe 



kB=i~ 



t=t==— 



E 



What though all earth and heav'n rejoice, 



turn 



a - side, and weep 



1 



lone. 



H* 



*4 



€H 



3H 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



When This Cruel War is Over. 



Words by Chas. C. Sawyer. 



Music by Hbnry Tucker. 












:t: 



S 



1. Dear 

2. When 

3- ^ 
4. But 



est love, do you re 

the sum-mer breeze is 

a - mid the din of 

our coun-try called you, 



mem 
sigh 
bat - 
dar - 



ber, 
ing 
tie 

ling, 



When we 

Mourn -ful 
No - bly 



last did meet, 
ly a - long; 

you should fall, 



An - gels cheer your way; 



f?— £= 

How 


* r 5 

you told me 


that you loved me, Kneel-ing 


— 

.-=£- 

at 


my feet? 


Or 


when au - tumn 


leaves are fall - ing, Sad - ly 


breathes the song. 


Far 


a - way from 


those who love you, None to 


hear 


you 


call- 


While 


our na - tion's 


sons are fight - ing, 


We can 


on 


■ iy 


pray. 



m?m^^mm 






Oh! 
Oft 



how proud you stood be - fore me In your suit of blue, 

in dreams I see thee ly - ing On the Dat - tie plain, 



Who would whis-per words of com - fort, Who would soothe your pain ? 
No - bly strike for God and lib - er - ty, Let all na - tions sec 



:±=i 



r:iprtz_ # _ i _zzs=iZ== 

F£p- — P + V h- 



f 






m 



^^m 



When 

Lone 

Ah! 

How 



Chorus. 



you vow'd to me and coun - try Ev - er to be true. 

ly, wound-ed, ev - en dy ing, Call - ing, but in vain. 

the man - y cru - el fan - cies Ev - er in my brain. 

we love the star - ry ban - ner, Em - blem of the free. 






==5 



i 



£ 



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Weep - ing, sad and lone - ly, Hopes 



and fears how vain 



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=53 



afc* 



d* 



m 



T^C- 



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When this cru - el wa 



ver, Pray - ing that we meet a - gain! 



■St* 



EMINENT LITEHflHY Mil SCIENTIFIC MEN EF AMERICA, 





JOHN LOTHROP MOTLEY. 



JAMES FENNIMORE COOPER. 




NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 





DH. J„ W. DRAPER. 



LOUIS AGASSIZ. 



"** 



4- 



LI BERT 1' AXD I NIC - 



Yankee's Return from Camp, 



m 



-G-S^ 



~a>- 



m 



I. Fa - ther and 
: Audi ere we 
;. And ev - 
4. I wen: 
: " d ? - in 
6 C " : - ! a a 
• 

B I see 
o. A" 

10. He got hiai 

11. I set 

1 a Nor stopped as 



ry 

a - 

Da 

I 

•- 



I went down to camp, A - long with Cap - tain Good - ing. 
see 1 swamping gun Large as - log of ma -pie 

time the shoot it ;d~ Z: ".i: ; i both pow - der, 

: • ie f - self A 5 Si - " . - • & t - pii - 

mongrew sc [thought he would ha re ;:;ked 

- Tis had ". gun, He kind I dappe I his hand 

see a pump-kin shell. As big as moth - er'~ - ?:n, 

it -tie ba -re'. ::; The heads were made 

Captain Wash-ing - toi And gen - tie folks a-boul 
on fa s meet-ing clothes, Up - :n a slap - ping stal 

oth -er snarl ::' men A iig - ging graves, the me. 

I 7r - men - her, It ?:ired me so I scam-pere . 



si 



-* 0~-, 



there we see the 
Up : • \ leuc-ed 
It makes a noise like 
And m • th er area : ;. ; 

It scared me 
And stuck ■ 

And :■•■ - ry 

] hey - :ted u;-;n 

say he's grc am so 

He set the world a - 

3 - tar - nal long, so 

Nor tamed . - ': _: till 



.: - :le 

fa . [hex 5 

nigh -. - 

s : I streaked it 
crook - e :'. stal - bing 
time : ted it 

it with fit- Le 



tar - nal 



'.: - z 
I 



sot 



boys As thick :. ; has - rj 

A load for 
gun Ex - cept a r - :. an 

gaia ighl the deuce w is 

:~. Ai Huang to fa - ther's 
iron, Df - ;r. the lit - tie 
: -'. 7 fa - 1 v sea m pered I kk e the 
: bs And ea ed the folks to - 
proud, He will 1 :: ridev 
- »ws I hun-dreds and in 

They tend-ed 

up in moth - e . s 



m 



pud - 


. 


:.-.: - 


tie 




er. 


in 


him. 


t ; k 


- et. 


end 


on't. 


na - 






- Ef 


-out 


em. 


mill - 




hold 


me. 


cham 


- .er. 



;«:srs 



[# 






Vai 



: : - 1 - r r : 



iee .:;-... e 



m 



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E g tree and 



Sing Yan 



- 
■41 — 



7 - 



The Grave of Washington, 

- - 



Mas rLV.B 



l^^S-EE^^^^^^l~l^=^EE^^t^E^EE^, 



l E is - t his s ■ - . ■ " - - - I - 

: .- -;..<r n :: d.5 s'.u:n- - : . : 1 ■ - r _ s 



fifcT* 






- ■ 



• - ■ 
:::>—;: - :a'. :.: :-ee lorn vet won, Brave 



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4* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



3 1 / 



The Grave of Washington — Concluded. 



► — 1 1 



X=^=A 



0-™-'i-?. 



i 



stars in the dark 
sire cf Col -urn 



vault-ed 
bia, our 



hea - ven at night, 
own Wash-ing-ton. 



Oh ! wake 
Oh ! wake 




g=g= ^ I ,. =^=^,-= ^- g ^ _^. r, fi 



not 
not 



■ V Li— 3 



the he 
the he 

-# 0. 



V- 
ro, his 
ro, his 



bat-ties 
bat-ties 



are o'er, let him rest un - disturb'd on Po - tomac's 
are o'er, let him rest calm - ly rest on his dear na ■ 



fair shore ; On the 
tive shore; While the 



w= 



*• — *- 



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Mm 






=E=lJ 



riv - er's green bor-der so 
stars and the stripes of our 



flow - ery drest, With the hearts he lov'd fond-ly, 
country shall wave, O'er the land that can boast of 




*— is- 



f^HHii 



With 
O'er 



the hearts he lov'd fond-ly, let Wash -ing - ton rest. 
the land that can boast of Wash - ing - ton's grave. 



The Land of Washington. 



[=8= 



^-^ 



-I— j— w • — r 



love the 
love the 



=E : 



-fr 



3** 



g \- 0~T— * 1 ~ \ 



pa-tn 
loft - 



sa 
spir 



ges, 
it, 



Who in 
Im - pelled 



the 
our 



days of 
sires to 



yore, 
rise, 






£*SE 



In com -bat 
And found a 



met the 
might -y 



foe 



. f-^- Hfe -P- -Pl -fi— 



men 
tion, 



And 
Be 



drove them from our 
neath ihe west-ern 



shore; 
skies; 



1 



wm 



;ss 



*— # 



SEE 



Who in the 
Im - pelled our 



days 
sires 



yore, 
rise, 



In com - bat 
And formed a 



met the 
might-y 



foe 
na 



men, 
tion, 






And drove them 
Be - neath the 



from our 
west - ern 



shore, 
skies. 



m= 



2=ft 



#-*- 



X±_ 



Who flung our ban - nei's star - ry field, 
No clime so bright and beau - ti - ful, 



£EEESEEESE£E!E^E*=»: 



In tri-umph to the breeze, And spread broad maps of cit-ies, Where once wav'd the for-est trees; 
As that where sets the sun, No land so fer-tile, fair, and free, As that of Wash - ing - ton; 

And spread broad maps of cit-ies, Where once wav'd the for-est trees. Hnr-rah ! hur-rah ! hur-rah ! hur-rah ! 
No land so fer-tile, fair, and free,As that of Washing - ton ; Hur-rah ! hurrah ! hur-rah ! hurrah I 



-b- 



4- 



L1BERTT AND UNION, 



■*"H 



We will Love this Nation. 



Words by Prof. J. J. Anderson. 




=«^F? 



3: 



Music by R. Nordraak. 



ii-n=rj f 3-= m 



We will love this glo - rious na - tion 
Conscience' shrine with creed-less porch - es 
Peo - pies see its dome which tow - ers 
Brav - est he - roes, 
Free - men in tbeir 
Scan their deeds, ye 
We will love this 



With its mil - lion homes 

Is our coun - try grand; 

O - ver con - ti - nents; 

wis - est sa - ges, Free - dom s fane here wrought, 

coun - cils plead - ed "Lib - er - ty or death," 

fa - thers, broth - ers, As your votes ye cast; 

glo - rious na - tion, Free - dom's par - a - dise; 




9~ 

As it tikes its lof - ty sta - tion Out of o-cean's foam! Hills and valleys,sno\v-capped 
By their doors stand freedom's torches Shin-ing o'er the land; Free to serve thy God and 

Tyrants know its strength, each cowers, From his wrath relents; Pil - grims cross the o-ceans 
From the stones of ru-ined a - ges, Fearless pilgrims brought ; Laid our lib - er-ty's foun- 
And the North and South it heed-ed With sus-pend-ed breath. Boys and wo-men e'en did 
Teach them to your children, mothers, Freedom's names must last! Star - ry flag. proclaim these 
It on lib - er - ty's foun-da-tion Builds with laws most wise. Yes, we love, we love the 




moun-tains, Prai-ries broad and green,Grandest riv-ers, falh and foun-tains, On its face ai 
neigh-bor! Lib - er - ty of mind ! Lib - er - ty of hon - est la - bor, And its fruits to 
drear - y, And their hopes grow bold. As they land tho' care-worn,weary,Safe with • in its 
da - tion With the pen and sword, Reared the bulwarks of this nation While the Li - on 
ral - ly With a man - ly will; Mark the camp at Forge of Valley! Think of Bun - ker 
sto - ries With your folds unfurle I; Can-nons, thunder forth their glories O - ver all the 
U - nion, Love its ev - 'ry star; 'Tis to us a sweet com-mu-nion Both in peace and 




seen, 

find; 

fold, 
roared. 

Hill! 



Grandest riv-ers, falls and foun - tains. On its face 



Lib - er - ty to hon-est la - 
As they land tho' care- worn, wear 
Reared the bulwarks of this na 
Mark the camp at Forge of Val 



bor, And its fruits 
- y, Safe with-in 

tion Wnile the Li 
ley! Think oh think 
ries O - ver all 



world. Can - nons, thunder forth tbeir glo^ 
war. 'Tis to us a sweet com-mu-nion, Both in peace 



are seen, are seen. 

to find, to find. 

its fold, its fold. 
• on, Li - on roared. 

of Bun-ker - Hill, 
the world, the world ! 
and war, and war. 



Origin of Yankee Doodle, 



* 






1. Once on a 

2. John sent the 

3. A long war 

4. I've told you 



time old John 

tea from o'er 

then they had, 

now the or 



ny 

the 

in 

i 



Bull Flew in 

sea With heav 

which John was 

sin Of this 



_ # *.. 



?E^= 



a 

- y 

at 

most 



rag - ing 
du - ties 
last de 
live - ly 



m 



fu - ry, 

ra - ted; 

feat - ed — 

dit - ty, 



•~£ 



+ 



4 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



3*9 



■83-+ 



Origin of Yankee Doodle — Concluded. 




-=x 



i 



And swore that Jon - a - than should have No tri - als, sir, by ju - ry : 

But wheth - er hy - son or bo - hea, I nev - er heard it stat - ed. 

And "Yan - kee Doo - die" was the match To which his troops re -treat - ed. 

Which John-ny Bull dis - likes, as ''dull And stu - pid !''-what a pit - y! 




That no e - lee - tions should be held, A- cross the bri - ny wa - ter; 

Then Jon - a - than to pout be - gan — He laid a strongem - bar - go — 

Cute Jon - a - than, to see them fly, Could not re - strnin his laugh -ter: 

With "Hail Colum-bia!" it is sung, In chor - us full and heart - y — 




^= m =s^m$=m= 



-r — frt 



And now," said he, "I'll tax the tea Of all his sons and daugh-ters.' 

"I'll drink no tea, by Jove!" so he Threw o - ver- board the car - go. 

"That tune," said he. "suits to a T, I'll sing it ev - er af - ter." 

On land and main, we breath the strain, John made for his tea - par - ty. 




mm ^ ^ ^ m 



Then down he sate in bur - ly state, And blus-tered like a gran - dee, 

Then John - ny sent a reg - i - ment, Bi g words and looks to ban - dy, 

Old John - ny's face, to his dis -grace, Was flushed with beer and bran - dy, 

No mat - ter how we rhyme the words, The mu - sic speaks them han - dy, 




mmm-mm 



And in de - ris - ion made a tune Call'd "Yan -kee doo - die dan - dy." 

Whose mar - tial band, when near the land, Pray'd "Yan - kee doo - die dan - dy." 

E'en while he swore, to sing no more, This "Yan -kee doo - die dan - dy." 

And where's the fair can't sing the air, Of "Yan - kee doo - die dan - dy." 



~3'=E*=r— v ' — t=^.-^=3t==£=i ±2-= iz= 



"Yan - kee doo - die — these are facts- 

"Yan - kee doo - die — keep it up! 

"Yan - kee doo - die — ho ! ha ! he ! 

" Yan -kee doo - die — firm and true- 



Yan - kee doo - die 
Yan - kee doo - die 
Yan - kee doo - die 
Yan - kee doo - die 



dan - dy, 
dan - dy! 
dan - dy — 
dan - dy, 




EE& 



'3=3^ 



■iz=i±=bL 



My 
I'll 
We 



of 



wax, your tea I'll tax 
poi - son with a tax youf cup, 
kept the tune, but not the tea — 
Yan -kee doo - die, doo - die doo! 



§11 



iHP! 



Yan - kee doo - die dan - dy." 

Yan - kee doo - die dan - dy." 

Yan - kee doo • die dan - dy." 

Yan -kee doo -die dan - dy." 



Hi 



-*♦ 



3 20 



Hr 



L1BERTT AND UNION. 



Sherman's March to the Sea, 



Words by Lieut. S. H. M. Btebs. By Permission of O. Ditson & Co. Music by Lieot. J. O. Rockwell. 
Written and Composed in Prison, at Columbia, South Carolina, and Dedicated to the Army of the Union. 




SSEE^E^ 



1. Our camp-fireshone bright onthe mountains 

2. Then cheer up-on cheer, for bold Sherman 

3. Then forward, boys,forward to bat-tie 

4. Still on -ward we pressed, till our banner 

5. O, proud was our ar - my that moin-ing, 



That frown'd on the riv - er be - low, 
Went up from each val-ley and glen. 
We marched on our wear-i - some way, 
Swept out from At - lan-ta's grim walls, 

fhat stood where the pine proudly towers, 




While we stood by our guns in the morn-ing 
And the bu - gles re-ech-oed the mu - sic 
And we storm'dthe wild hillsof Re-sac - ca 
And the blood of the pa - tri - ot dampened 
When Sherman said"Boys, you are wea - ry; 




And ea - ger-ly watch'd for the foe, 
That came from the lips of the men; 
God bless those who fell on that day: 
The soil where the trait-or flag falls; 
This day fair Sa-van-nah is ours! 



£g=EJf— p ^t llf f f M^ 




When a rid - er came out from the darkness, 

For we knew that the stars on our ban - ner 

Then Ken-ne - saw, dark in its glo - ry, 

But we paused not to weep for the fal - len, 

Then sang we a song for our chief - tain, 



That hung o - ver mountain and tree, 

More bright in theirsplendor would be, 

Frowned down on the flag of the free; 

Who slept by each riv - er and tree, 

That ech - oed o'er riv - er and lea, 



*=* 



m&=£^^^^^^^^^^ 



And shouted "Boys,up and be read-y, 
And that blessings from Northland would greet us 
But the East and the West boreour standards, 
Yet we twined them a wreath of the lau-rel 
And the stars in our ban-ner shone bright-er, 



For Sher-man will march to the sea,' 

When .Sherman marched down to the sea. 

And Sherman marched on to the sea. 

As Sherman marched down to thesea. 

When Sherman marched down to the sea. 







£-^-?-#3- 



^3^^^ 



And shout-ed ''Boys, up and be read-y, 
And that blessing from Northland would greet us 
But the East and the West bore our standards, 
Yet we twined them a wreath of the lau - rel 
And the stars in our ban-ner shone bright-er, 



For Sher-man will march to the sea.'- 
When Sher-man marched down to the sea. 
And Sher-man marched on to the sea. 

As Sherman marched down to the sea. 
When Sherman marched down to the sea. 



•m 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



■8r 



3 21 



Huzza for Columbia! 



By permission of O. Ditson &. Co. 



i%m 



r^jij ^j p^e^ 



—si «—«- 



1. Tri-um-phant,vic-to - rious, Co - lum - bia, be! Her arms still suc-cess, still suc- 

2. How need-less to talk of her pro - wess in war, Or pro-claim, or pro-claim what the 



. J_J ^ 



:#_ # 



=rt 



E^ 






-f-i- 



cess will com-mand: Each tar on the o - cean his con - quest en-joys, While 
u - ni- verse knows,While they shrink from her ven-geance let ty - rants de-clare, What it 



»r^^^^i^^gi^l^^r=^j 



lau - rels, while lau-rels shall co - ver the land. When in va - ded by foes, that like 
is to havefree-men, to have free-men for foes! When in va - - ded by foes, that like 



, PP- 



r~fl~$J~1 1 — 



I^gfe-l^^ir=s^ 



lo - custs a - rise, And cry for her ru - in, her ru - in a - loud, Thy 



Iflir— =ft: 



ge - nius, Co - lum-bia! their fu - ry de - fies, And burst, and burst like the 



f-r^— 



^i ^^ ^^^^^^^^^E^^^ 



sun, like the sun thro' a cloud. Huz-za! Huz-za ! Huz-za ! Here's Co- 



-aJ 



lum-bia, for ev-er! The glo - ry, the glo - ry, and pride of the world! 



IX 



^rpr 



322 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 




"Old Abe," the Battle Eagle. 



T. Martin Towne 



.1 — •—* —0 \-0-± — P-,— 1 N — Pt-\-A 0- 

-^*^ — y — L y ^— e — ^— 1 ^ — L *- t — 



-0~2 

: y- 



The ranks were full when they hur-ried a- way, 

They come, but tha ranks are shrunk-en and thin; 

His nos-trils have scent-ed the sul-phur-ous breath 

In ev - ery guise he has look- ed up -on death, 

Oh, thus be it ev - er when trait-ors as - sail ! While the land owns a home, or the 



The drums roll-ing gai - ly, the 
Oh, large be the wel-come that 
Of the boil - ing caul-dron of 
In the bat -tie's rude shock, in the 



I 







!=&ffeis=siEi 



bu 



- play, 



'— y- 

A cloud that was dark with the 

gath - ers themin! They come with their flags in the 
bat - tie and death ; His broad wings spread in the 
pest - i -lent breath, On the long hot march, when the 
sea keeps a sail, Our West, like her ea - gle, shall 



y — 

an - 
glad 
wav - 
souls 
lift 



$=* 



■0. 



ger of God, 
sun - light, 

er- ing fight, 
set free 

to the sun 



1 



When the 
A 

And his 
Saw 
Her 




S-0 



m 



m 



«_.. — # — l 



-y — y 



— — 0- 

g— y — y- 



-# — 0- 



v—v— 

ver its front in the 



west -ern winds blew, and the storm was a -broad; And o 

cloud of peace that is fearh - er - y white; And still o'er the stand - ards they 

screams rang out with a fierce de - light. When the ranks of the trai - tors were 

Sher-man go con - quer-ing down to the sea; But he nev - er has seen the 

swords that are le-gion,her soul that is one; And swear by the God that 




£EE£ 



threat - 'ning sky, 
bear on high, 

turned to fly, 
stand - ards fly 
reign-eth on high, 



fr=%=g=S^=g 






&-y- 



There hov - 
There hov - 
Like the fa 
Of the migh 



In 



lib 



>r'd the 


ea - gle of 


vie - to - 


ry. And 


ers the 


ea - gle of 


vie - to - 


ly. And 


bled 


trum - pet of 


vie - to - 


ry. When the 


- ty 


West save in 


vie - to - 


ry. And he 


;r- ty's 


quar - rel to 


con-quer or 


die ! And 



A*H_ 



o - ver its front in the threat-'ning sky, There hov-er'd the ea - gle of vie - to - ry. 
still o'er the stand-ards they bear on high, There hovers the ea - gle of vie - to - ry. 

ranks of the trai-tors were turned to fly, Like the fa - bledtrum-pet of vic-to-ry. 
nev - er has seen the stand - ards fly Of the might - y West, save in vie - to -ry. 

swear by the God that reign - eth on high, In lib - er - ty's quar-rel to con-quer or die! 



Chorus. 



Hia£s3E=S^E3=g=6EE 



M * „ , 



Hur - rah 



for 



ea - gle ! 



our bold bat - tie ea - gle ! 



The 



LIBERTY AND UNION, 



3 2 3 



"Old Abe," the Battle Eagle— Concluded. 



:p: 



: 2 -V— 5 — ^y b u> '~ a: 



ter - ror of trait - ors 



V ti- 
ling of the sky. 



v p — e-i^ — 



Hur-rah for our ea-gle! 



fe^ife^ 



-N— 



-■v -B— — 



4= 



i 



bold bat-tie ea-gle ! The ter - ror of trait - ors, and King of the sky. 



Tenting on the Old Camp Ground, 



By permission of O. Ditson &."Co. 



u 



Arranged by M. F. H. Smith. 









— 9 



1. We're tent - ing to - night on the old Camp ground, Give us a song to cheer Our 

2. We've beententingto - night on the old Camp ground, Thinking of days gone by, Of the 

3. We are ti - red of war on the old Camp ground, Ma-ny are dead and gone, Of the 

4. We've been fighting to -day on the old Camp ground, Ma-ny are ly - ing near; 



iisii^ig 



wea - ry 
lov'd ones 
brave and 
Some are 






hearts, a song of home, And friends we love so dear. 

at home that gave us the hand, And the tear that said"Good bye!" 

true who've left theirhomes, Others been wound-ed long. 

dead, and some are dy-ing, Ma - ny are in tears. 



M 



*t 



Chorus. 






-PS— N- 



liil 



Ma-ny are the hearts that are wea-ry to-night, Wish-ingforthe war to cease, 



u 






Ma-ny are the hearts look-ing for the right To see the dawn of peace. Tent-ing to-night, 

Last verse. Dy-ing to-night, 






0—0 — * -I L #- T 0-i #— '-^ ' ,J 



Tent-ing to-night, Tent-ing on the old Camp ground, Dy-ing on the old Campground, 
{Omit.) 



f— 



•J™C T 



324 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



D. BETHUNE DUFF1ELD. 



Anvil Chorus. 



Verdi. 




-Ps- 



-i— . * 



1. Trum - pet, and en - sign, and drum - beat are csll 

2. " Un - ion and Free - dom!" our war - cry is roll 

3. Ban - ner tri - umph - ant! tho' grand is thy sto 

4. Wise were our Fa - ther's, and brave in the bat 



ing, From hill 
ing, Now o 
ry, We'll stamp 
tie, But Treas 



side 
ver 
on 
on 



and 
the 
thy 
up- 






-ft — 



val - ley, from moun-tain 
prai - rie, now wide o'er 
folds in this strug - gle 
ris - es their U - nion 



and riv - er, "For-ward the 
the bil - low, Hark 'tis the 

to-day 'Deeds of our 

to sev - er, Rouse for the 






—-ft 



flag!" e'en tho' He - roes are 
bat - tie, and soon will be 
ar - mies, trans-cend-ing in 

fight! Shout a-loud 'mid War's 

Chorus 



— 3- ft- 



:^g 






Si 



m 



fall - ing,Our God will His own chos - en stan - dard de - liv-er. 
toll - ing, The knell of the sol - dier,who rests 'neath the willow. 
glo - ry, The brav - est yet chaunt - ed in Po - e - sy's lay. 
rat - tie, The Un - ion must tri - umph, must tri - umph for • ev-er! 



Star 


Span 


• gled 


Star 


Span 


- gled 


Star 


Span 


■ gled 


Star 


Span 


- gled 







— \g0=r^= r— — 



Efc 



£=EEE£EEE 



Ban 




! our hopes to thee 



cli 



ig, Lead 



to 



Vic - to 



m 



ry 






T-T-^E 



wrap us 



death, To thee, staunch are we, while yet 



9 

breath 



Re-mains to sing thee; Or arm to fling thee, O'er this fair land wide and free. 

The Battle of Stonington. 




■-P ft— R3 -^ 



A gal - lant 
A Yan - kee 
The Rami - lies 
Their old ra - 
To have a 
The Rami - lies 



-* ft ft 

ship from Eng - land came, Freighted deep with fire 

then popped up his head, Par-son Jones a ser 

first be - gan th' at - tack, Nim-rod.made a might - y 

zee with red -hotball, Made a far - mer's bar - rack 

turn we thought but fair, So we brought two guns to 

gave up th' af-fray, With her com - rades sneaked a 



V- 
and flame, 
- mon read, 



crack; 
fall, 
bear, 
way, 




*— —, 



=jv—-- 



F^- 
w 



And oth ■ 
To which 
And none 
And did 
And, sir, 
Such was 



er 

our 

can 

a 
it 
the 



things we need net name, 

Rev - 'rend Doc - tor said, 

tell what kept them back, 

cow-house sad - ly maul, 

would have made you stare, 

val - or on that day, 



* ~ 9— «-# -^ ^— #"- LB 



To have a dash at 
That they must fight for 
From set - ting fire to 
That stood a mile from 

To see the smoke at 
Of Brit - ish tars at 



Ston-ing - ton; 
Ston-ing - ton; 
Ston-ing - ton; 
Ston-ing - ton ; 
Ston-ing - ton; 
Ston-ing - ton; 



+r 



& 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

The Battle of Stonington — Concluded 



325 




Now safe ar - riv'dthey work be 
Their ships ad - vane -ing sev - 'ral 
Their bombs were thrown, and rock-ets 
We Yan - kees to our fort re - 
We bored the Nim - rod thro' and 






gun, 
ways, 

flew, 
p.iir'd 
thro'. 



They tho't to 
The Brit - ons 
And not a 
And made as 
And killed and 



Now some as - sert on sar - tain grounds, Be - side their 



make 
soon 
man 
how 
man- 
dam - 



Yan 
gan 
all 
lit 

gled half 
age and 



the 

be 

of 

we 



- kees run, 

to blaze, 

their crew, 

■ tie cared, 

her crew, 

their wounds, 




And have 
Which put 
Tho' ev - 
A - bout 
When rid - 
It cost 



a 
old 



might - y 
Will -iams 
'ry man stood 
their shot, tho' 



deal 

in 
fuH 

ver 



died, crip - pled, she 



w 

of fun, In steal - ing sheep 

a - maze, Who feared the boys 

in view, Could kill a man 

- y hard They blazed a - way 

with - drew, And cuss'd the boys 






the king ten thous-and pounds, To have a dash 



~W 
at 
of 
of 

on 

of 

at 



Ston-ing- ton. 
Ston-ing-ton. 
Ston-ing-ton. 
Ston-ing -ton. 
Ston-ing-ton. 
Ston-ing -ton. 



Words by Maria Straub. 




H= 



Hail ! Beautiful Banner, 



1. The war 

2. Tho' dark 

3. Like the star 



cloud 
ness 
light 



is rift - ed, 
and gloom 
a - bove us, 



all hushed 
may gath 
in heav 



on 
er 
en 



Music by S. W. Straub. 



the plain, The 

a - round, A- 

ly blue, Are 




tbun - ders 
wak - 'nirg 
clus - ter'd 



that nev -er may wak - en a - gain — And its ling' - ring shad-ows are 
in fan - cy the dread bat - tie's sound, The flag of the Un - ion in 
the stars of our coun - try so true, None des - tined by heav'n to 




fad - ing a-way, In the light which the stars of our 
tri - umph shall wave, The glo - rious ban-ner of the 
fade or to fall. While our ban - ner shall wave at 



ban 
No 
Lib 



- ner dis-play. 

- ble and Brave. 

- er - ty's call. 



Chorus. 



!=*=£ 



•J 9 

Then hail, hail, hail, beau-ti 






ful ban-ner, Float, float, 



float thou for-ev - er, Co- 



ft 



CEJZ ? f_i — f_C JEZtpZp — V — 6 J— E 

lum - bia will rise, the ter-ror of Mars, And bask 



-N-t 



¥ — f^t: — 1 f* ~ 



^1 



the light of thy beau - te-ous stars. 



K3- 



■$■ 



326 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



Words by James Oxenford, Esq. 



Garibaldi's Hymn. 



Now arm thee; 



ta - lia! i. The sep - ul-chres o - pen, the 

2. The homes of I - ta - lia we'll 

3. Of speak-ing * be cha - ry, in 




mm^M^m 



3= 

dead have a - ris - en, The Mar - tyrs of free-dom have burst from their pris - on; 

guard as our treas -ure, The stran - ger may dwell on the Dan - ube at pleas - ure, 
ac - tion be read - y, The en - e - my meet with an eye ev - er stead - y, 




11 



Their sworJs they are flash - ing, the green 
Our plains he has rav - ag'd by right 
Be - yond our tall moun - tains he'll hur • 



ISi 



lau 
of 
ry 



rel sh< 



w 

ow - ing, 
the strong - er, 
af - fright - ed. 



« — -fc- 

14* 



Their bo 
We bear 
To find 



~N— 



soms are 
it no 

us u- 




Then has - ten 
The Seas and 
The spoils of 



young 
the 
the 



- # — — 1 9 — 

he - roes foul 
Alps for our 
ty - rants shall 




^S^=fe^5=i=l 



ty - ran - ny 
bound'ries were 



-1 — — #— Ht 



brav - ing, While lib - er - ty's ban 
giv - en, The Ap - pe-nine fet 
nev - er con - tent us; One I - ta - ly, ONE 



-0-j 

v- 






ner a - bove you is 
ters with force we have 
for our dwell - ing was 



^ m^^m ^ ^^^^ ^^^^^M 



wav 
riv - 
sent 



ing; To bat - tie haste on - ward, all 

en, The ram-parts that sev - erM our 

us, U - ni - ted in soul, though our 



ob - sta 
hearts are 
cit - ies 



■ cles 

de 

are 



spurn - ing, With 
mol - ish'd, Dis- 
man - y, Un- 



pi^^^^g^^se^Edgeggg 



hearts ev - er burn - ing with love for your land. 
u - nion's a - bol - ish'd in T - ta - ly's name, 
by a - ny, we nev - er 



daunt-ed 



shall fall. 



Now, now is 
Now, now, etc. 
Now, now, etc. 



ta 



rous'd from her slum - ber, Now, now from I - ta - lia the stran - ger must flee. 



<*& 



!-$■ 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



3 2 7 



Not too fast. 



Brave Boys are They! 

By permission of O.Ditso:; &. Co 



H C. Work. 




* 






Heav-i-ly falls the rain, 

2. Un - der the home-stead roof, 

3. Thihk-ingno less of them, 

4. May thebright wings of love 



Wild arethebreez-esto-night; But 'neath the roof, the 
Nest - led so co - sy and warm, While sol-diers sleep, with 
Lov - ing onr coun-try the more, We sendthem forth to 
Guard themwher-ev-er they roam; Thetimehascome when 



n — l , _ ^r\ = — r — 0— ^=rr\ — -, — 1 ■ rw - 



hours as they fly, Are hap-py, and calm, 
lit - tie or naught, To shel-ter them from 
fight for the flag, Their fath-ers be - fore 
broth - ers must fight, And sis-ters must pray 



and 
the 
them 
at 



bright, 
storm, 
bore, 
home. 



Gath - er-ing round our 

Rest - ing on gras - sy 

Though the great tear-drops 

Oh! the dread field of 




fire- side, Tho' it be summertime, We sit and talk of broth-ers a-broad, For- 

couch-es, Pil-low'don hil-lock damp; Of mar - tialfare how lit-tle we know, Till 

start - ed, This was our part-ing trust : "God bless you boys ! we'll wel-come you home,When 

bat -tie! Soon to be strewnwith graves ! If broth-ers fall, then bu-ry them where Our 



'k\tt 



Chorus. 



mmm^mi^mwmmmm^ 



Mz 



get-ting the mid-night chime, 

brothers are in the camp, 

reb-els are in the dust." 

ban-ner in tri-umph waves. 



Brave boys are they ! 
Brave boys, etc. 
Brave boys, etc. 
Brave boys, etc. 



Gone at their country's call ; And 




^ ^^ ^ ^^^ ^m^0^m 



yet, and yet, 



V — P — * 

can-not for-sret 



That many brave boys must fall. 



Ole Abe has gone an' did it, Boys, 



Words by S. Fillmorb Bennett. 



Ify Permission of O. Ditson & Co. 




4— N — FJE? — N ^=h 

-A- — 1 1 — i- 1 w a 




O, ye 
Now I 
Mas - sa 
But Mc 

Mas - sa 



nig - gers come 
tell you, by 
Burn -side take 
Clel - Ian tho't 
Hun - ter did 



a 

de 

de 

de 

con 



long, 
way, 



way, 
tend 



For I's gwine to sing a song, 

Mas - sa Fre-mont first did say, 

Dat de nig -gers am as true 

Was to hab de niggers stay, 

Dat de Gob - er'-ment de-pend 



Music by J. P. Webster. 



I 

Mis- 
de 

de 



An' 

In 
As 
Dig 

On 



H3- 



A 



4k 



328 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



* 



Ole Abe has gene an' did it, Beys — Concluded. 



v — h 



V — V — V- 



f=^=t 



,-^^l=: 



warn you dat you keep it might-y 

sou - ri, where de bel-lion was so 

white folks, or as a - ny od - er 

trench-es for de reb-els, in de 

nig - ger with his pick-axe an' his 



still ; 


But 


dis 


strong, 


Dat 


de 


man; 


So 


he 


sun, 


While de 


spade; 


But 


de 



-y — *- 



dar-key heard dem say, His own 
nig-gers mus' be free, But Abe 
neb-ber dribe us back, When de 
Yan-kee so-jers vork, With de 
Yankee boys could fight, But dey 



_ff — ^ — t 



^m 



, — #—-3 — h— pj-y — 9— & 



self dis ber - ry day, 
didn't jes a - gree, 
hound was 01 our track, 
shob - el and de dirt, 
neb - ber tink it right, 



Dat Ole Abe had went, an' gone and sign'd de bill. 
So he "mod -i - fy," an' dat we tink was wrong. 
An' de Lord stan' by him eb - ry time he plan. 
When dey ought to use de sa - ber an' de gun. 
For to take up dig-gin' ditch-es as a trade, 



Chorus. 







:. Yes, Ole Abe has gone an' did 
2 But now he's gone, etc. 
3-4 5 6.7.8. But Ole Abe has gone, etc. 
9. For Ole Abe has gone, etc. 



boys, 



ry, hal - le - lu - jer - um ! Ole 



EEffiizrjjs — e, — s — s — fs — fs— q — R— «— pgfr- 
c£3Z — — J — J — — — — t — p_^j_: 



-- N — N — N — fr— 

'-0 — — — ~ 



-N 



-N- 



Abe has gone an' did it, boys, Oh!... Glo - ry ! Ole Abe has gone an' did it, boys, he's 



VW - — * — * — a — j — t — * — * 1 



-^-$zr 



'm^m^m 



Signed de con - fis - ca-tion laws, Lib - er - ty an' free-dom's ours, Oh! Glo - ry! 



6. I spose de white folks know 
Dat ole massa Colyer go, 

For to teach de niggers how to write an' read ; 

But dat Stanley, Linkum send, 

To de people did contend, 
Dat ob such a ting we niggers hab no need, 

But Ole Abe, etc. 

7. O. de niggers like to tell, 
Massa Halleck, mighty well, 

When de rebels dere at Corinth run away, 
But ob course dat couldn't be, 
When his "order number tree," 

Dribe de niggers outbeyon' de lines to stay. 
But Ole Abe, etc. 



f 



8. O, ye niggers, let us sing 
Hallelujah to the King, 

Dat de Lord may bress de Yankee sogers brave t 

O, I tink I hear dey're song, 

As dey proudly march along, 
To redeem de poor an' broken-hearted slave. 

But Ole Abe, ete. 

9. Bress de Lord forebermore, 
For we almos' see de shore, 

Oh,de happy land ob Canaan in sight ! 
An' our eyes, dat look in tears 
Through de long an' bitter years, 

Catch de glearnin' ob de comin' ob de light! 
For Ole Abe, etc. 



4-! 



LIBERT!' AND UNION. 

Fling Out the Nation's Starry Flag. 



3 2 9 



From the "Canzonetta 



mm 



m. 



I- 



S= 






1. Fling out 

2. The dove 

3. Then fling 



the na - tions btar- ry 
of Peace is brood-ing 
the na-tion's ban - ner 



flag, 

o'er 
out 



In 
The 
In 



glo 

des 
glo 



on 
lat 
on 



the 
ed 
the 



air, 

earth, 

air, 



The 
And 
The 



fc: 



^msiimmmm- 



V 

ancient flag of free-dom still, 
flowers are springing in the light 
spotless Flag of Freedom now, 



iii-i^rii 



No star is miss-ing there; The" Lord of Hosts! has 
Of Freedom's se :-ond birth, Then from the field of 
No star is miss-ing there, While jus - tice and e- 






giv'n the word, 
bat 1 tie, call 
ter - nal truth, 



The peo 
Our no 
Man - kind 



- pie 

■ ble 

ex 



-Ml 

all are 

vet'rans 

- nit - ing 



free, 

home; 

see. 



F 
The 
Ring 
We'll 



V- 
ju - bi 
out the 
;hout the 



V- 

lee hath 
joy - ous 
coun - try's 







sound-ed forth. The Nation's Lib 
bells, and greet The he-roes as 
joy - ous song, The na-tion's ju 



er - ty!" Shout! our redemption's come, Our 
they come. Shout, etc. 
bi - lee. Shout, etc. 




EEEEEEEB 



tion now is 



Ech - o the cho 



a U Steady time. 
I 3_ # _ C L # 



Flag of the Free. 



March from "Lohengeen. 






1 Flag of the free, 
2. Flag of the brave, 




s. 



fair-est to see! Borne thro' the strife and the thun-der of war; 
long may it wave, Chos-en ot God while His might we a-dore, In 



Fine. 



g^s£^B=£^^^pgg=i^^ 



Ban-ner so bright with star-ry light, 
Lib - er -ty's van for manhood of man, 
S. While thro' the sky loud rings the cry, 



.p. 

Float ev-er proud-ly from mountain to shore. 
Syn-bol of Right tho' the years passing o'er. 
U - nion and Lib-er-ty! one ev-er more! 







Em-blem of free-dom, hope to the slave, Spread thy fair folds but to shield and to save, 
Pride of our coun-try, hon-ored a - far, Scat-ter each cloud that would darken a star, 



4 



33° 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

The Marseilles Hymn. 



m 



M±z^ 



Fieramente assai. 



4 



A— N- 



-frb — * — •'- 






Rouget DeLisle. 



1. Ye sons of France, awake to glo - ry, Hark, hark! what myriads bid you rise ! 

2. O Lib - er - ty ! can man re-sign thee, Once having felt thy gen-erous flame? 



4** 



tf 



Eii^ 



m 



SEE 



e— e 



Your children, wives and grandsires hoar - y ; 
Can dungeons, bolts and bars con - fine thee 



Be - hold their tears and hear their cries, 
Or whips thy no - ble spir - it tame? 




f ^ '~ N 

-N-- < N- : ±4=^9- 



Be-hold their tears 
Or whips thy no 



and hear their cries ! Shall hate-ful ty - rants mis - chief 
ble spir - it . tame? Too long the world has wept be- 



tmmm^^mmg^^mmM 



breeding With hireling hosts, a ruf-fian band, 
wail-ing That falsehood's dagger ty - rants wield, 



Affright and des - o - late the land, 
And free-dom is our sword and shield 




While peace and lib - er - ty 
And all their arts are un 



lie bleeding ! To arms, to arms, ye braves! Th' a 

a - vail - ing. To arms, to arms, ye braves ! Th' a 




-of' 



*=£ 



veng - ing sword unsheath ! March on, march on, all hearts re 

veng - ing sword unsheath ! March on, march on, all hearts re 



solved 
solved 



On 

On 




£3^fea±g 



to-ry 
to-ry 



v- 

or death, 
or death. 



V tp — 






1 P Z 



To arms, to arms, ye brave ! Th' a-veng - ing sword un- 



m^m^^m^^M 



3 «_ 



srjmm 



U=±±3fi=&=% 



sheath! March on, march on, 



all hearts re-solved On vie - to-ry or death. 



•H&- 



^ 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

Auld Lang Syne. 



33 * 



Slow 



Robert Burns. 




'9 

Should auld 
We twa 
We twa 
And here's 



ac-quaiti-tance 
ha'e run a - 
ha'e sported 

a hand, my 



be 
boot 

v 

trus 



for -got, And 
the braes, And 
the burn Frae 

ty friend, And 



nev - er brought to 
pu'd the go - wans 
mornin' sun till 
gie's a hand o' 



mind ? 

fine; 

dine, 
thine; 




i 






-0- 

Should auld ac-quain-tance be 

But we've wonder'd mony a wear 

But seas be - tween us braid 

We'll tak' a cup o' kind 

„ p Chorus 






* 



~K- 



for -got, And 

- y foot Sin' 

ha'e roared Sin' 

ness yet, For 







A p 



For 



auld 



lang 



syne, 



my 



dear, 




For 




»-7- 



We'll tak' 



g 



Words by L. F. Lewis, 

Maestoso. 



cup 



[876. 



kind 



* 






syne; 
Repeat Chorus.ff 



t 1 — 

— #— 



I 



ness yet For 



auld 



lang 



;yne. 



Centennial Hymn. 



Music by E. C. Phelps. 




C. j 



Co - 

We 

Our 

And 



V- 
lum - bi - a, dear Fath - er-land, Where e 'er thy 
love New England's rock - y strength, The West in 
fath - ers' God, whose migh - ty arm, Firm through a 
trust - ing still a - lone in Thee, The con - flict 



rhil-dren 


rove, 


her young 
hun - died 


prime, 
years, 


we en 


- dure, 




Rin 



wm^ 



;=t 



yt. 



£= 



m 



mi 



To - day with toy - al heart 
The sun - ny South, redeemed 
In bat - tie's shock, in war's 
Till man o'er all the earth 



and hand, They pledge a - 
at length, In God's ap 
a - larm, Through dan - gers 
is free, And eve - ry 



fiew their love 
■ point - ed time, 
and through fears, 
right se - cure; 




Ft 






The land where rests our fa - thers' dust, That holds our he - roes' graves, 

For- ev - er - more the South - ern Palm Shall kiss the Noith-ern Pine, 

Has been the stay of he - ro souls When strugg - ling for the right, 

O then, from all the hap - py lands, Shall throng - ing mill - ions come; 



D. 






Shall ev - er be a 

And a - ges hence, in 

Its strength un-wast - ed, 

And one in heart, with 



sa - cred trust, While o - cean rolls his waves, 

storm or calm, Their branches in - ter - twine, 

still con - trols, And guides us in the fight, 

clasped hands, We'll shout the vie - tory won. 






** 



«-*. 



33 2 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



Words by Seba Smith. 

-I 



E£3!= 



Revolutionary Tea. 



!=•=* 



-PS— M 






Music by H. D. MuNSON. 



LJ/. 






^M 



1. There was an old La - dy lived o- ver the sea, And she was an Is-land Qaeen 

2. Now moth - er, dear moth-er, the daugh-ter replied, I shan't do the thing you ax, 

3. And so the old la - dy her ser - vant called up, And packed off a budget of tea; 

4. The lea was con - veyed to the daught-er's door,All down by the o - cean's side 




Her daush-ter lived off in a new coun trie, With an O - cean of Wa - ter 
I'm will - ing to pay a fair price for the tea, But... nev - er the three pen 
And ea - ger for three pence a pound she put in E - nough for a large f am 
And the bounc-ing girl poured out ev - 'ry pound In the dark and boil 



■-#- 

be- 

ny 

i- 

ing 



— #-— » — — c — * — * — — 9 — L * c v — * — y — * — y— 3 



-y — V — y — - — y- 

tween; The old la - dy's pock-ets were full of gold, But nev - er content - ed was 
tax; "You shall, "quoth the mother, andreddened with rage, For you're my own (laughter you 
or-dered her ser - vants to bring home the tax,De-clar ing her child should o- 



lie 



tide; 



She 
And 



then she called out to the Is-land Queen, Oh moth-er, dear mother, quoth 




EjgEEgEgjg 



N K- 



she,... 
see,... 
bey,... 
she,... 



So she called on her daugh - ter to 

And sure 'tis quite prop - er the 

Or old as she was, and half 

Your tea you may have when 'tis 



3S 
dS=± 



=1= 



m 



pay her a tax Of 

daugh-ter should pay Her 

wo - man grown, Sne'd 

steeped e - nough, But 




:4£ 



v — y- 



wm 



three pence a pound on her tea, Of three pence a pound on her tea 

moth - er a tax on her tea, Her moth - er a tax on her tea 

half- whip her life a - way, She'd half- whip her life a - way.... 

nev - er a tax from me, No, nev - er a tax from me.... 



Benny Havens, Oh ! 






•- * N Pv 

* "--0- 



«- — * — 9 — * — R— — J 



1. Come tune your voic - es, com - rades, and stand up in a row, 

2. Let us toast our fos - ter fa - ther, (the Re-pub - lie as you know) 

3. To the la - dies of the Empire State, whose hearts and al - bums too, 







For to 

Who 

Bear 



sing - ing sen - t: - men - tal - ly, we are a - bout to go, 
in the paths of sci - ence taught us up - ward for to go; 
sad ex - am - pies of the wrongs, that strip-ling sol - diers do, 



^3- 



4- 



4* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



Benny Havens, Oh — Concluded. 



333 




— ^ » h * « « • F« •- 



£=l 



In the Ar - my there's st) - bri - ety, pro - mo - tion ver 
And then the maid - ens of our land, whose cheeks with ros 
We bid a sad a - dieu, our hearts with sor - row o 



y slow, 
es glow, 
ver - flow, 







So we'll sigh our rem - i - nis - cen - ces 
Whose smiles and tears were sung 'mid cheers, 
Our loves and rhym - ings had their source 



of Ben - ny Ha - vens, Oh ! 
at Ben - ny Ha -vens, Oh! 
at Ben - ny Ha - vens, Oh ! 



Chorus 



Oh! Ben - ny Ha - vens, Oh! 



1 



Oh! Ben - ny Ha - vens, Oh! 







We'll sigh our rem 



Ben - ny Ha - vens, Oh 



"0, Wrap the Flag Around Me, Boys." 



With expression. 



H . i, 
-=s-*— ? — I 



*£=« 



£=E 



Music by R. Stewart Taylor. 

Zt=r 



:zpzziTppg 1— 3 






m-l- 



1. O, wrap the flag a - round me, boys, To die were far more sweet, With 

2. O, I had thought to greet you, boys, On man - y a well won field, When 

3. But, tho' my bod - y moul-ders, boys, My spir - it will be free, And 




£Eg=fe=£2!=£j 



Free-dom'sstar-ry em-blem, boys, To be my wind - ing sheet; In life I loved to 
to our star-ry ban-ner, boys, The trait' rous foe should yield; But now, a - las! I 
ev - 'ry comrades, hon - or, boys, Will still be dear to me. There, in the thick and 

see it wave, And fol - low where it led, And now my eyes grow dim, my hands Would 
am de-nied My dear - est earth-ly prayer, Yon'll fol- low and you'll meet the foe, But 
blcod-y fight, Ne'er let your ar - dor lag, For I'll be there, still hov-'ring near, 



A- 




Chorus. 



S^S^zz 



— p — 0-,—0~tit 



clasp its last bright shred. Then wrap the flag a - round me, boys, To die were far more 

I shall not be there. Yet wrap, etc. 
bove the dear old flag. So wrap, etc. 




IHi 



-ry 



sheet. 



H$ 



*■ 



334 



LIBERT)' AND UNION, 



HISTINEUISHEn LITERARY MEN HF AMEHIEft, 





JOSEPH K. WORCESTER. 



NOAH WEBSTER. 





BRET HARTE. 



CHARLES F. BROWNE. (ARTEMUS WARD.) 



■*■ 



-S3-* 




_^ii^lj 



1 1 W/SP^xiTjl 



o o o o ;q| o o o ,0 e,io o o ,o, o, o ,pi o ■p ,o ; 0:@ - aeooeo;eeeeoooc 



O fel 



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» — ; ; — ■ -— ; _ — - -^ — ■ — - i i — ; --feEs: 



© i^BI^. © ' ^IB . \Atb. © ., N >aik. © 



* 






-P 



w 



33$ 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



ALPHABETICAL LIST OF BATTLES (WITH DATES) OF THE WAR OF THE 

REBELLION. 



Abbeville, Bliss., Aug. 12, 23, and 25, 1864; Abb's Val- 
ley, Va., May 8, 1864; Aberdeen, Ala., Nov. 17, 1864; 
Aberdeen, Ark., July 9, 1862; Abingdon, Va., Dec. 15, 
1864; Abo Pass, N. Mex., July 3, 1865; Ackworth, Ga., 
June 3 and 4, 1864; Acton, Minn., Sept. 2 and 3, 1S62; 
Adairsville, Ga., May 17 and iS, 1864; Adamsville, 
Tenn., April 4, 1862; Aetna, Mo., July 22, 1S61; Aiken, 
S. C, Feb. 11, 1S65; Albuquerque, N. Mex., April 9, 1S62; 
Aldie, Va., Oct. and 31, 1862; Aldie, Va., June 17, 1S63; 
Alexandria, La., April 26, 1864; Alexandria, La., May 
2 to 8, 1864; Alimosa, N. Mex., Oct. 4, 1861 ; Allatoona, 
Ga., Oct. 5, 1864; Allen's Farm, Va., June 20, 1862; Al- 
liance Steamer, Fla., March 8, iSn5; Alpine Gap, Ga., 
Sept. 11, 1S63; Alpine Station, Va., Jan. 4, 1862; Al- 
toona Hills, Ga., May 25 to June 4, 1864; Amelia Springs, 
also known as Jettersville.Va., April 5, 1865 ; Amite Riv- 
er, La., March 2S, 1863 and March 18, 1865; Anandale, 
Va., Dec. 4, 1861 ; Anderson's Crossroads, Tenn., Oct. 2, 
1S63; Anderson's Gap, Tenn., Oct. 1, 1S63; Anthony's 
Hill, Tenn., Dec. 25, 1864; Antietam, also known as 
Sharpsburg, Md., Sept. 16 and 17. 1S62; Antioch Sta- 
tion, Tenn., April 1^, 1863; Antoine, Ark., April 2, 1S&4; 
Auxvoix River, Tenn., Oct. 20, 1862; Apache Canyon, 
also known as Glorietta, N. M., March 26 to 28, 1S62; 
Apache Pass, Ariz., July 15, 18 2; Appomattox Court- 
House, also known as Clover Hill, Va., (Lee surren- 
dered) April 9, 1S65; Arivapa Canyon, June S, 1864; 
Arkadelphia, Ark., Feb. 15, "863 and March 28, 1S64; 
Arkansas Post, Ark., Jan. 11, 1863; Arkansas River, 
Ark., Dec. iS, 1864; Armstrong Ferry,T£nn., Jan. 22, 1864; 
Arrowfield Church, Va., May 9 and 10, 1864; Arrow 
Rock, Mo., July 29, iS52; Arthur's Swamp, Va., Aug-. 
29 and 30, 1864, Sept. 30 and Oct. 1, 1804; Ash Bayou, La., 
Nov. 19, 1864; Ashby's Gap, Va., Sept. 22, 1S62, Julv 12, 
1S63, July iS, 1864 and Feb. 18, 1865; Ashepoo River, 
S. C, May [6, 1864; Ashland, La., June 6 to S, 1863; 
Ashland, Va., May 11 and 30, 1S64 and March 15, 1865; 
Ashley's Mills, Ark., Sept. 7, 1863; Ashley's Station, 
Ark., Aug-. 24, 1864; Ashton, La., May i, iS' 4; Ash- 
wood, Miss., June 25, 1864; Ashwood Landing, La., 
May 1 104, 1864; Assault on Fort "Wagner, S. C, July 
10 and 11, 1863; Atchafalaya, La., Sept. p and 10, 1865; 
Atchafalaya River, La., Sept. 7, 1863 and July 28, 1864; 
Athens, Ala., Jan. 25, Sept. 23, Oct. 1 and 2, 1864; Ath- 
ens, Ky., Feb. 23/1863; Athens, Mo., Aug. 5, 1861 ; 
Athens Ranch, Col., Aug. 22,1864; Atlantaj Ga., (See 
also siege of) July 21 to Aug. 25, 1864 and Nov. 9, 1864; 
Atlee's, Va., March 1, 1804; Attack on transport Cres- 
cent City, May 18, 1863; Attempt on rebel ram Ar- 
kansas, July 15, 1S02; Auburn, Ga., July 18, 1864; Au- 
burn, Va., 'Oct. 14, 1863; Augusta, Ark., April 1 and 
Sept. 2, 1864; Augusta, Ky., Sept. 27, 1862; Austin, 
Ark., Aug. 31, 1S63; Austin, Miss., Aug. 2, 1S62; Av- 
erill's raid in "West Virginia, Aug. 25, to 30, 1863; Av- 
erill's raid in Southwest Virginia, Dec. S to 21, 1863; 
Averysboro, also known as Smith's Farm, N. C, March 
15 and r6, 1865; Avoyelle's Prairie, La., May 14 to 16, 
'864. 



Bachelor's Creek, N. C.,!jNov. u, 1S62, May 23, 1S65, and 
Feb. 1 to 3, 1S64 ; Bacon Creek, Ky., Dec. 26, 1S62; Bad 
Lands, D. T., Aug. 8, 1S64; Bagdad, Ky., Dec. 12, 1861; 
Baker's Creek, Miss., May 16, 1863 and Feb. 5, 1S64 ; 
Baker's Springs, Ark., Jan. 24 and' 2$, 1S64; Baldwin, 
Miss., June 9 and Oct. 2, 1862; Baldwin's Ferry, Miss., 
May 13, 1863; Ball's Bluff, also known as Edwards' 
Ferry, Harrison's Island and Leesburg, Va., Oct. 21, 
1861; Ball's Crossroads, Va., Aug. 27, 1861; Ball's 
Ferry, Ga., Nov. 2| and 25, 1864; Ball's Mills, Mo., 
Aug. 28 and 29, 1861 ; Baltimore, streets of, Md., April 
tcj, 1861 ; Baltimore Crossroads, Va., June 26, 1S63 and 
July 2, 1863; Barber's Crossroads, Va., Nov. 5, 1862 and 
Sept. 1, 1S63; Barber's Place, Fla., Feb. 9 and 10, 1864; 
Barboursville, also Redhouse, "W. Va., July 12 and Sept. 
18,1861; Bardstown, Ky., Oct. 4, 1862; Barnett's Ford, 



Va., Feb. 7, 1864; Barnwell's Island, S. C, Nov. 24, 1863. 
Barrancas, Fla., July 22, 1S64; Barren Fork, I. T., Dec. 
19, 1863; Bartlett's Mills, Va., Nov. 27, 1S63; Barton 
Station, Miss., April 16 and Oct. 20, 1803; Bastin Moun- 
tain, Mo., Nov. 9, 1862; Batesville, Ark., July 14, 1S62 
and Feb. 4, 1863 ; Bath, Va., Jan. 4, 1862 and Sept. 8, 1863 ; 
Baton Rouge, La., Aug. 5, 1S62, Sept. 8, 1863, March S, 
May 3, and June 16, 1S64; Battery Huger," Va., April 

18, 1863; Battle Creek, Tenn., June 21, 18(2; Baxter's 
Springs, Ark., Oct. 6, 1S63; Bayle's Crossroads, La., 
Oct. 12, 18^1; Baylor's Farm, Va., June 15, 1S64; Bayou 
Barnard, I. T., July 28, 1S62; Bayou Beddell, £La., Oct. 
15, 1S64; Bayou Boeuff, La., Dec. 13, 1S63 and May 7, 
1864; Bayou Bontecom, La., Nov. 2>, 1862; Bayou Bor- 
deaux, La., Nov. 3, 1S63; Bayou Cache, also known as 
Cotton Plant, Round Hill, Bayou de Vieu and Hill's 
Plantation, Ark., July 7, 1862; Bayou de Glaize, also 
known as Old Oaks, Simmsport, Yellow Bayou and 
Calhoun Station, La., Mav iS, 1S64; Bayou de Mora. 
La., May 12, 1864; Bayou de View, Ark., July 7, 1862; 
Bayou La Fourche, also known as Ash Bayou, La., 
Nov. 19, 1S64; Bayou La Mourie, La., Mav 7, 1864: 
Bayou Macon, La., May 10, 1863 ; Bayou Mason, Miss., 
July—, 1864; Bayou Metoe, Ark., Aug. 27 and Sept. 1. 

1863 ; Bayou Pierre, Miss., May 2, 1863 ; Bayou Rapids, 
La., March 21, 1864; Bayou Roberts, La., May 8, 1864; 
Bayou Sara, Miss., Nov. 9, 1S63 ; Bayou Saint Louis, 
Miss., Nov. 17, 1S63; Bayou Teche, La., Nov. 3, 1S62, 
and Jan. 14, 1863; Bayou Tensas, La., June 30, Aug. 10, 
1863, July 30 and Aug. 26, 1864; Bayou Tunica, La., 
Nov. 9, 1803; Bay Springs, Miss., Oct. 26, 186 ?; Beach- 
town, Ga., Julv 22, 1S64 ; Bealington, W. Va., Julv S, 
1861; Bealton; Va., Oct. 24, 1863 and Jan. 14, 1S64: 
Bean's Station, Tenn., Dec 9, 1862, Dec. 10 and 14, 1863; 
Bear Creek, Ala., April 17 and Oct. 26, 1863; Bear 
Creek, Mo., Feb. 5, 1863 \ Bear Creek, Miss., Oct. 27. 
1863; Bear Creek Station, Ga., Nov. 16, 1S64; Bear 
River, "W. T., Jan. 29, 1863; Bear-Skin Lake, Mo., Sept. 
7, 1863; Bear Wallow, Ky., Dec 25, 1S62; Beaver 
Creek, Ky., June 27, 1S63; Beaver Creek, Mo., Nov. 24, 
1862; Beaver-Dam Lake, Miss., May 24, 1863; Beaver- 
Dam Station, Va., Mav 0, 1864 ; Beckwith Farm, Mo., 
Oct. 13, 1S61; Beech Creek, W. Va., Aug. 6, 1862; 
Beech Grove, Ky., Jan. 19 and 20, 1S62: Beech Grove, 
Tenn., June 25, 1S63; Beersheba Springs, Tenn., Nov. 

26, 186?, and March 20, 1864; Beher's Mills, Va., Sept. 
2, 1861 ; Belcher's Mills, Va., Mav 16 and Sept. 17, 1S64; 
Bellefield, Va., Dec 9, 1864; Belmont, Mo., Nov. 7, 1S61 : 
Bennett's Mills, Mo., Sept. 1,1861; Benton, Miss., May 
7, 1S64; Bentonville, Ark., March 6, 1862; Bentonville, 
Ark., Feb. 20 and Aug. 15, 1S63; Bentonville, Mo., Feb 

19, 1S62, and Mav 22, 1863; Bentonsville, N. C, March 
18 to 21, 1865; Bent's Old Fort, Tex., Nov. 24, 1864; 
Bermuda Hundred, Va., May 4 and 16 to 3 , June 2, Aug. 
24 and 2$, Nov. 30 to Dec. 4, and Dec. 13, 1S64; Berry's 
Ferry, Va., Mav 16, 1863; Berryville, Va., Dec. 1, 1S62, 
June 6, 12, Oct. iS, i86>, Aug. 21, Sept. 3 and 4, 1864, and 
April 17, 1865; Berryville Pike, Va„ Aug ro, 1864: 
Bertrand, Mo., Dec. 11,1861; Berwick, La., April 26, 
1864; Berwick City, La., March 13, 1S63; Bethesda 
Church, Va., May 30 to June 6, 1S64; Bettys Farm, Mo.. 
July 24, 1S62; Beverly, W. Va., July 12, 1S61, April 24, 
July 2, 1863, Oct. 29, 1S64, and Jan. 11, iS6$; Beverly 
Ford, Va., June 9 and Oct. 22, 1863 ; Bidnella Crossroads, 
Va., March 1, 1S64; Big Beaver Creek, Mo., Nov. 7. 
1862; Big Bethel, Va., April 4,1862; Big Black River. 
Miss., May 3 and 17, July 4 and 5,, Oct. 13, 1S63, and Feb. 
4, 1864; Big Black River Bridge, Miss.', Aug. 12, Sept. 
11, 1863, and Nov. 27, 1S64; Big Blue, Mo., Oct. 23 and 
31, 1864; Big Creek, Ark., Julv 10, 1863, and July 26, 1864; 
Big Creek, Mo., Sept. o, 1862; Big Creek Gap, Tenn.. 
Sept 4, 1862; Big Hatchie River, also known as Meta- 
mora, Miss., Oct. 5, 1S62; Big Hill, Ky., Aug. 23, 1862 
Big Hill Road, Ky., Oct. 23, 1862; Big Hurricane 
Creek, Mo., Oct. 19, 1S6: ; Big Indian Creek, Ark., May 

27, 1862; Big Indian Creek, Mo., May 26, 1862; Big 
Mound, D. T., July 24, 1863; Big North Fork Creek, 



*■©» 



■fc-K- 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



337 



Mo.. June 16, TS64; Big Pigeon River, Term., Nov. 5 and 
6,1864; Big Pine Creek, Cal., April jo, 1863.; Big Pi- 
ney, Mo„ July 25 and 26, 1S62; Big River Bridge, Mo., 
Oct. 15, 1861; "Big Sandy, Col., Nov. 29, 1864; Big Sew- 
ell, W. Va., Dec. 12. 1S63 ; Big Shanty, Ga.. June 6, Sept. 

2, Oct. 3, 1,64; Big Springs, Ky., Jan. — , 1865; Binni- 
ker's Bridge, S. C, Feb. 9, 1S65; Birch Coolie, also 
known as Acton, Minn., Sept. 2 and 3, 1S62; Bird Song 
Ferry, Miss., June iS, and July 4 and 5, 1S63; Bird's 
Point, Mo., Aug-. 19, 1S61 ; Birmingham, Miss,, April 24, 
1863; Bisland, La., April 12 to 14, 1S63; Black Bayou, 
Miss., April 10, 1S63, and March 19, 1S64; Blackburn's 
Ford, Va. July iS, 1861, Sept. 19, 1S62, and Oct. 15, 1863; 
Black Canyon,' A. T., May 6, 1865; Black Creek, Fla., 
July 27, 1864; Blackford's Ford, Va., Sept. 20, 1S6?; 
Black-Jack Forest, Tenn., March 16, 1S62; Blackland, 
Miss., June 4, 1S62; Black River, La., Nov. 1, 1S64; 
Black River, Miss., July 1 and 2, 1863; Black River, 
Black River, Mo., Sept. 12, 1861, July 8, 1862, and Sept. 17 
to 20, 1S64; Black Run, Mo., July'S, 1862; Blackville, 
S. C, Feb. 11, 1S65; Black Walnut Creek, Mo., Nov. 29, 
1S61 ; Black "Warrior Creek, Ala., May 1,1863; Black 
Water, Mo., Dec. 19, 1S61, Oct. 12, 1S63, and Sept. 23, 1864; 
Blackwater, Va., Sept. 2S, Oct. 24, 1S62, and March 17, 
1S63; Blain's Crossroads, Term., Dec. 16, 1S63; Block 
House, No. 4, Tenn., Aug. — ,1864; Block House, No. 
5, Tenn., Aug. 31, 1S64; Block House, No. 2, Tenn., 
Dec. 2 and 3, 1S64; Block House, No. 7, Tenn., Dec. 4, 
1S64; Bloomfield., Mo., May 11, July 29, Aug. 25 and 29, 
Sept. 11 to 13, 1S62, March 1," April 29 and 30, and May 

12, 1S63; Bloomfield, Va., Nov. 2, 1S02; Blooming Gap, 
Va., Feb. 13, 1862; Blount's Farm, Ala., May 2, 1S63; 
Blount's Mills, N. C, April 9, 1S63; Blountsviile, Tenn., 
Sept. 22 and Oct. 13, 1S63; Blue Gap, Va., Jan. 7, 1S62; 
Blue Island, Ind., June 19, 1S63: Blue Mills, Mo., July 
24, 1861 ; Blue Mills Landing, Mo., Sept. 17, 1S61 ; Blue 
River, Mo., June 18, 1S63; Blue Springs, Mo., March 22, 

1863; Blue Springs, Tenn., Oct. 10, 1S63; Bluff Springs, 
Ala., March 25, 1865; Bluffton. S. C, June 4, 1S63; 
Bob's Creek, Mo., March 7, 1862; Bogg's Mills, Ark., 
Jan. 24, 1S65; Bogler's Creek, also known as Ebene- 
zer Church and Maplesville, Ala., April 1, 1S65; Bole's 
Farm, Mo., July 23, 1S62; Bollinger County, Mo., Jan. 
14, 1S64; Bolivar, Miss., Aug. 25, Sept. 19, 1862, and 
May 3, 1864; Bolivar, Tenn., Aug! 30, Sept. 21, 1862, Feb. 

13, March 9, Dec. 24 and 25, 1S63, Feb. 6, March 29, and 
May 3, 1S64; Bolivar, Va., July 4 to 7, 1S64; Bolivar 
Heights, Va., Oct. 16, 1S61; Bollinger's Mills, Mo., July 
29, 1S62; Bolton, Miss., July 4 and 5, 1863; Bolton's De- 
pot.July 16, 1863, and Feb. 4, 1S64; .Bone Yard, Term., 
Feb. 10, 1S63; Bonfonca, La., Nov. 26, 1863; Boone, N. 
C, April 1, 1865; Boone Court House, W. Va., Sept. 1, 
1S61 ; Booneville, Mo., June 17, Sept. 13, 1861, Oct. 12 
and 13, 1S63, and Oct. 9 and 11, 1864; Boonsboro, Ark., 
Nov. 7 and 2S, 1S62; Boonsboro, Md., Sept, 15, 1862, and 
July7 to 9, 1S63; Boonville, Miss., May 30 and July 1, 
1S62; Boston Mountain, Ark., Nov. 28 and Dec. 4 to 6, 
1862; Bottom's Bridge, Va., July 2 and Aug. 28, 1S63; 
Bowling Green, Ky., Feb. 1 and 15, 1862; Boyd's Sta- 
tion, Ala., March 18, 1865; Boyd's Station, Nev., June 

3, 1S65; Boydton Road, Va., Oct. 27 and 28, 1S64, and 
March 31, 1865; Boyken's Mills, S. C, April 18, 1864, and 
April 18, 1865; Bradford's Springs, S. C, April iS, 1865; 
Bradyville, Tenn., March 1 and May 16, 1S63 ; Branch- 
ville, also known as Joy Ford, Ark., Jan. 17 and 19, 1864; 
Brandenburg, Ky, July 8, 1863; Brandon, Miss., July 
13 to 20, 1S63: Brandon Station, Miss., July 19, 1S63; 
Brandy Station, Va., Aug. 20, 1S62, June 9, Aug. 1 to 3, 
Sept. 6, and Nov. S, 1S63; Brashear City, La., "March 18 
and June 21, 1S63; Brawley Fork, Tenn., March 25, 1865; 
Brazil Creek, I. T., Oct. 11, 1863; Brazos de Santiago, 
Texas, Nov. 2, 1S63; Brentsville, Va.. Feb. 14, 1863, and 
Feb. 14, 1S64; Brentville, Tenn., Dec. 9, 1S62; Brent- 
wood, Tenn., March 25, 1S63, an ^ Dec. 15 and 16, 1S64; 
Brewer's Lane, Ark., Sept. 11, 1S64; Briar, Mo., March 
26, 1862; Brice's Crossroads, Miss., June 10, 1S64; 
Bridgeport, Ala., April 29, 1S62; Bridgeport Ferry, 
Miss., July 1 and 2, 1863; Brier Creek, Ga., Dec. 4, 1864; 
Briggen Creek, S. C, Feb. 25, 1865; Brimstone Creek, 
Term., Sept. 10, 1863; Bristoe Station, Va., Oct. 14, 1S63, 
and April 15, 1864; Bristol, Tenn., Sept. 21, 1863, and 
Dec. 14, 1S63; Britton's Lane, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1S62; 
Broad River, S. C, April 8, 1S63 ; Broad Run, Va., April 
I, 1863; Brooklyn, Kan., Aug. 21, 1S63; Brook's Turn- 
pike, Va., March i, 1S64 ; Browne's Crossroads, Ga., 
Nov. 27 to 29, 1664; Brown's Ferry, Tenn., Oct. 27, 
1863; Brown's Gap, Va., Sept. 26, 1S64; Brown's 
Springs, Mo., July 27, 1S62; Brownsville, Ark., July 25, 



Aug. 25, Sept. 14 and 16, 1S63, and Aug. 25 and Oct. 30, 
1S64; Brownsville, Miss., June iS, Oct. 15 to 23, 1863, and 
Sept. 2S, 1S64; Brownsville, Tenn., July 25 and 29, 1862; 
Brunswick, Mo., Aug, 17, 1861 ; Bryant's Plantation, 
Fla., Oct 2T, 1S64; Buchanan, Va., June 14, 1864; Buck- 
hannon, W. Va., July 6, 1861, and July 26, 1S62; Buck- 
head Creek, Ga., Nov. 27 and 29, 1864; " Buckland Mills, 
Va., Oct. 19, iS6$; Buckstone Station, Va., May 23, 
1S62; Buffalo, W. Va., Sept. 27, 1S62; Buffalo Creek, 
Ga., Nov. 26, 1S64, Buffalo Gap, W. Va., June 6, 1864; 
Buffalo Hill, Ky., Oci. 4, 1S61 ; Buffalo Mills, Mo., Oct. 
22, rS6i ; Buffalo Mountain, Va., Dec. 13, 1861 ; Buf- 
fington Island, also known as Saint George's Creek, 
Ohio, July 19, 1S63; Buford's Gap, Va., June 21, 1864; 
Buford's Station, Tenn., Dec. 23, 1S64; Bull Bayou, 
Ark., Aug. 26, iS64; Bull Creek, Ark., Aug. 6 and 27, 
1864; Bull Pasture Mountain, Va., May 8/1862; Bull 
Run, first, Va., July 21, 1S61 ; Bull Run, second, Va.; 
Aug. 30, 1S62; Bull Run Bridge, Va., Aug. 27, 1862, 
Bull's Gap, Tenn., Sept. 24 and Nov. 13, 1S64; Bulltown, 
Va., Oct. 13, 1S63; Bunker Hill, Va., July 17, 1861; 
Burkesville, Ky., July 2, 1S63; Burke's Station, Va., 
March 10, 862; Burned Church, Ga., May 26, 1864; 
Burnt Hickory, Ga., May 24 to June 4, and July 4 and 5, 
1S64; Burnt Ordinary, Va., Jan. 19, 1S63; "Burton's 
Ford, Va., March 1, 1864; Bushy Creek, Ark.. Dec. 9, 
1861; Bushy Creek, Mo., May 28, 1863; Butler, Mo., 
Oct. — , Nov. 20, 1S61, May 15, 26, and Oct. 29, 1S62; But- 
ler's Bridge, N. C, D<=>c. "12, 1S64; Butler Creek, Ala., 
Nov. 17, 1S64; Butler Creek, Tenn., Nov. 22, 1864; 
Buzzard Roost, Ga , Feb. 25 to 27, 1S64 ; Buzzard Roost 
Block House, Ga., Oct. 13, 1864; Buzzard Roost Gap, 
Ga., May 8, 1864; Byhalia, Miss., Oct. 12, 1S63. 

c. 

Cabin Creek, I. T., July 1, 2, 5 and 20, 1S63, Sept. 19, 
and Nov. 4, 1864; Cabin Point, Va., Aug. 5, 1864; Ca* 
bletown, Va., March 10, 1864; Cacapon Bridge, Va., 
Sept. 6, 1862; Cache River, Ark., April 22, 1864; Cache 
River Bridge, Ark., May 28, 1862; Caddo Gap, Ark., 
Dec. 4, 1863, Jan. 26 and Feb. 12 and 16, 1S64; Caddo 
Mountains, Ark., Feb. 12, 1864; Cahawba River, Ga., 
AprilS, 1S65; Cainsville, Tenn., Feb, 15, 1863; Cojou 
De Arivaypo, N. M., May 7, 1863; Calf Killer Creek, 
Tenn., Feb. 23, 1864; Calf Killer River, Tenn., March 
18, 1S64; Calhoun, Mo,, Jan. 4, 1862; Calhcun, also 
known as Haguewood Prairie, Tenn., Sept. 26, 1863; 
Calhoun Station, La., May 18, 1864; California. Mo., 
Oct. 9 and 10, 1864; California House, Mo., Oct. iS, 1862; 
Cambridge, Mo., Sept. 26, 1S02; Camden, Ark., Apr. 2, 
15, 16, 18, 24, '64; Camden, also known as South Mills, 
N. C, April 19, 1S62; Camden Point, Mo., July 13, 1864 
Cameron, Mo., Oct. 12, 1861; Cameron, Va., Jan. 27, 
1864; Campaign in Northern, Ga., May 5 to Sept. 8, 
1864; Camp Alleghany, Buffalo Mt., W.Va., Dec. 13, 
1861; Camp Babcock, Ark., Nov. 25, 1862; Campbell's 
Station, Tenn., Nov. 16, 1863; Campbellton, Ga., July 
28, 1864; Campbellville, Tenn., Sept. 5, Nov. 24, Dec. 

24, 1864; Camp Cole, Mo., June 18, 1861; Camp Crit- 
tenden, Mo., Sept. 22, 1861; Camp Jackson, Mo., May 
10, 1861; Camp Marengo., La., Sept. 14, 1864; Camp 
Moore, La., May 15, 1S63; Campti, La., Mar. 26 and 
Apr. 4, 1S64; Camp Verdigris, I. T., Sept. 2, 1S63; Can- 
adian River, I. T., Aug. 21, 1S64; Cane Creek, Ala, 
Oct. 26, 1863, and June 10, 1S64; Cane Hill, Ark., Nov. 

25, Dec. 20, 1862, and Jan. 2, 1863; Cane River, La., 
April 24, 1864; Cane River Crossing, La , April 23, 
iS64; Canyon De Ohelly, Jan. — , 1864; Canton, Ky., 
Aug. 22, 1864; Canton, Miss., July 11 to iS, Sept. 2S, 
Oct. 15, 1863, and Feb. 24 to Mar. 2/1S64; Cape Girar- 
deau, Mo., Apr. 26, 1863, and Feb. 5, 1S64; Capture of 
Fort Hell, Va., Sept. 10, 1864; Capture of Rebel Ram, 
Fair Piay, La., Aug. iS, 1S62; Capture of tug Colum- 
bia, Fla., May 23, 1864; Carnifax Ferry, Va., Sept. 10, 
1S61; Carrick's Ford, W. Va., July 14, 1S61 ; Carrion 
Crow Bayou, La., Nov. 3 and 18, 1S63; Carroll County, 
Ark., April 4, 1S63; Carrollton, Ark., March — , 1S63; 
Carrollton Store, Va., March 13, 1S64; Carsville, Va., 
Oct. 15, 1862, Jan. 30, and May 15 to 18, 1S63; Carter's 
Creek," Tenn., April 27, 1863; "Carter's Farm, Va., July 
20, 1S64; Carter's Station, Ark., Sept. 27, 1S64 ; Car- 
ter's Station, Tenn., Dec. 30, 1862, Sept. 22, 1863, and 
April 25 and 26, 1S64; Carthage, Ark., Nov. 27, 1S62; 
Carthage, La., Jan. 23, 1S63; Carthage, Mo., July 5, 1S61, 
March 23, 1862, Jan. 13, May 16, 24, June 27, 28", Oct. 2, 

1S63, Sept. 22 and Oct. 26, 1864; Cass County, Mo., Nov. 
3, 1862; Cassville, Ga., May 19 to 22, 1S64; Cassville, 



~3K 



H3- 



33* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



Mo , Sept, 21, 1S62; Cassville Station, Ga., May 25, 1S64; 
Castor River, Mo., April 29, 1S63; Catawba River, N. 
C, April 19, 1S65; Catlett's Station, Va., Aug-. 21 and 
22, Oct. 24, 1S62, and Jan. 10, 1S63; Cedar Bluffs, Colo., 
May 3, 1S64; Cedar Creek, also known as Middletown, 
Va., "Oct. 19, 1S64; Cedar Fork. U. T., April 2, 1S63; 
Cedar Keys, Fla., Feb. 16, 1S65; Cedar Mountain, also 
known as Slaughter Mountain, Southwest Mountain, 
Cedar Run and Mitchell Station, Va , Aug-. 9, 1862; 
Cedar Run, Va., Aug. 9, 1S62; Cedar Run Church, Va , 
Oct. 17, 1S64; Cedar Springs, Va., Nov. 12, 1S64; Ce- 
lina, Ky., April 20, 1S63; Celina, Tenn., Dec. 7, 18(13; 
Centralia, Mo., Sept 27, 1S64; Center Creek, Mo., Feb. 
20, 1S65; Centreville,Ala., April 1, 1865; Centreville, 
La., April 13, 1863; Centreville, Tenn., Nov. 3, 1863, and 
Sept. 29, 1S64; Chackahoola Station, La. June 24, 1S63; 
Chalk Bluffs, Ark., May 15, 1S62, March 19 and 15, 
A pril 1 and 30, and May 1 , 1S63 ! Chambersburg, Pa ; 
Julv 30, 1S64; Champion Hill, Miss , May 16. 1863, and 
Feb.' 4, 1864; Chancellorsville, Va , May" 1 to 5, 1863; 
Chantilly, also known as Ox Hill, Va., Sept. 1, 1S62; 
Chapel Hill, Tenn., March 2 and 4, 1863; Chapin's 
Farm, Va., Sept. 29 and 30, and Nov. 4, 1804; Chaplin 
Hills, Ky., Oct. S, 1832; Chapmansville, W. Va., Sept. 
25, 1S61 ; Chariton Bridge, Mo., Aug. 3, 1S62; Chariton 
River, Mo., Aug. 9, 1S62; Charles City Crossroads, Va., 
June 30, 1862, Nov. in, 1S65, and Oct. 1, 1S64; Charles- 
ton, 111., March 2S, 1S64; Charleston, Mo., Jan. 8, 1S62; 
Charleston, B.C., Feb. iS, 1863; Charleston.Tenn., Dec.2S, 
1S63; Charleston, Va., Oct. 6 and 16, and Dec. 1, 1S62; 
Charlestown, also known as Bird's Point, Mo., Aug. 19, 
1861; Charlestown, W. Va., May 28, Sept. 12, 1862, Oct. 
8 and 18, 1863, and June 27, 1S64; Chattahoochie River, 
Ga., July 3 to 12, 1864; Chattanooga, Tenn , Aug. 21, 
Nov. 23 to 25, 1S63, and Feb. — , 1S65; Cheat Mountain, 
W. Va., Sept. 12 and 13, 1861 ; Cheek's Crossroads, 
Tenn., March 14, 1S64; Cheese Cake Church, Va., May 
4,1862; Cheraw, B.C., March 2 and 3, 1865; Cherokee 
Nation, I. T., Jan. iS, 1S63; Cherokee Station, Ala., 
April 17, and Oct. 21 and 29, 1S63; Cherry Creek, Miss. 
Julv 10, 1864; Cherry Grove, Mo., June 26, 1862; Cherry 
Grove, Va., April 14, 1S64; Chesterfield, S. C, March 2, 
1S65; Choster Gap, Va., Nov. 5, 1S62, and July 21 and 22, 
1863; Chester Station, Va., Nov. 17, 1864; Chewa Sta- 
tion, Ga., July 18, 1S64 ; Chickahominy, Va., May 24, and 
June 27, 1862; Chickamicomico, N. C, Oct. 5, 1S61 ; 
Chickamauga, Ga., Sept. 19 to 23, 1S63; Chicamauga 
Station, Ga., Nov. 26, 1S63; Chickasaw Bayou, Miss., 
Dec. 28 and 29, 1S62; Chickasaw Bluffs, Miss., Dec. 26, 
1862; Childsburg, Va„ May 9, 1S64 ; Chippewa Steam- 
er, 'Ark., Feb. 17, 1S65; Choctaw Nation, I. T., Oct. 7, 
and Nov. 9, 1S63; Christmas Prairie, Cal., D<h\ 26, 1863; 
Chulahoma, Miss., Nov. 30, 1S62; Chunky Station, 
Miss., Feb. 12, 1S64; Church-in-the-Woods, Va., Aug. 
6, 1S62; City Belle Steamer, La., May 3, 1864; City 
Point, Va., May 6, and June — , 1S64; Civiques Ferry, 
La., May 10, 1863; Clarendon, Ark., Aug. 13, 1S62, 
March 15, June 25 to 30, and Julv 14, 1S64; Clarendon 
Road, Ark., Jan. 15/1S63; Clarke's Hollow, W. Va,, 
May 1, 1S62; Clarke's Neck, Ky., Aug. 27, 1S63; Clark- 
son, Mo., Oct. 28, 1S62; Clarksville, Ark., Oct. 2S, Nov. 
8 and 24, 1S63, May iS, Sept. 2S, 1864, and Jan. iS, 1S65; 
Clarksville, Tenn., Aug. 19, and Sept. 7, 1S62; Clay 
County, Mo., July 4,1864; Claysville, Ala., M^rch 14, 
1S64; Clayton, Ala., March 14. 1894; Clear Creek, Ark., 
Aug. 19, 1S62, and Feb. 11, 1S65; Clear Creek, Mo., Aug. 
2,1862, and May 16, 1864; Clear Fork, Nev., Aug. 29, 
.1S65;; Clear Lake, Ark., March 11, 1S65; Clear Springs, 
Md., July 29, i"6.) ; Clendenin's Raid, Va., May 20 to 28, 
1863; Cleveland, Tenn,, Nov. 27, Dec. 22, 1S63", April 2 
and 13, and Aug. 17, JS64; Clinch Mountain, Tenn., 
Dec. 6, 1893; Clinton, Ga. Nov. 22,1864; Clinton, La., 
Dec. 2S, 1S02, June 4, 1S63, May 1, Aug. 25,, Nov. 15, 1864, 
and March — , 1865; Clinton.Miss., July 8 and i5, Oci. 7, 
1S63, Feb. 5, and July 4 and 7, 1864; Clinton, Mo., July 9, 
1S62; Clinton, N. C., May 19, 1862; Cloutersville, La., 
April 23 and 24, 1864 ; Clover Hill, Va., April 8 and 9, 
1S65; Cloyd's Mountain, Va., May 9 and 10, 1S64; Coa- 
homa County, Miss., Aug. 2, 1862; Cochran's Cross- 
roads, Miss., Sept. i<"\ 1S62; Coffeeville, Miss., Dec. 5, 
1S62; Cold Harbor, Va., June 27, 1862, and May 31 to 
June 12, I864; Cold Knob Mountain, known as Frank- 
fort and Sinking Creek. Va., Nov. 26, 1S62, Coldwa- 
ter, Miss., May 1 1, July 24, Sept. 10,, Nov. S aod 9, 1862, 
Feb. 19, April 19, July 28, and Aug. 21, 1S63; Coldwater 
Creek, Miss., Sept. 8 and 11, 1S62; Coldwater Grove, 
Mo., Oct. 24, 1S64; Coldwater, Tenn., April 19, 1S63; 
Coldwater Station, Miss., Nov. 29, 1S62; Coldwater 
Station, Tenn., Ma;ch 17, 1S63; Cole Camp, Mo., Oct. 5, 



1862, and June S; 1S63; Cole County, Mo., Oct. 6, 1864; 
Cole Creek, Miss., Oct. 4, 1S64; Coleman's, Miss., Mar. 
5, 1S64; Coleman's Plantation, Miss., July 4 and 5, 1S64; 
College Hill, also known as Oxford Hill, and Hurri- 
cane Creek, Miss., Aug-. 21 and 22, 1S64; Colliersville, 
Miss., June 23, 1S64; Colliersville, Tenn., Oct. 11 and 25, 
Nov. 3, and Dec. 27 and 2S, 1863; Columbia, Ark., June 
2, 1S64; Columbia, Ky., July 3, 1863; Columbia, La., 
Feb. 4, and June 6, 1S64; Columbia, S. O, Feb. 15 to iS, 
1S65; Columbia, Tenn.. Sept. 9, 1S62, Nov. 24 to 29, and 
Dec. 19, 1S64; Columbus, Ga., April 16, 1S65; Colum- 
bus, Mo., Jan. 9, and July 23, 1862; Combahee River, 
S. C, Jan. 25 1865; Comfort, N. C, July 6, 1S63; Como, 
Miss., Oct. 7, 1S63; Como, Tenn., Sept. 19, 1863; Con- 
cha's 3prings, N. M., Jul} ^2, 1863; Concordia Bayou, 
La., Aug. 5, 1S64; Conee Creek, La., Aug. 25, 1S64; 
Congaree Creek, B.C., Feb. 15, iS6^; Construction 
Train, Tenn., Jan. 25, 1S63; Convalescent Correll, Miss., 
July 7, 1S63; Conyersville, Tenn., Sept. 5, 1863; Cook's 
Canyon, Nev., July 24. 1863; Coon Creek, also known 
as Lamar, Mo., Aug. 24, 1S62; Coosa Creek, Ala., April 
1, 1865; Coosa River, Ala., July 13, 1S64; Coosa River, 
Ga., Oct. 25, 1S64; Coosaw River, S. C, Dec. 4,1864; 
Corinth, Miss., April 30 to May 30, Oct. 3 and 4, 1862, 
Aug. 16, 1863, and June 10, 1S64;" Corydon, Ind., July 9, 
1S65; Cottage Grove, Tenn., Majtch 21, 1863; Cotton 
Gap, Ark., Sept. 1, 1S63; Cotton Hill, W. Va., Sept. 11, 
1S62; Cotton Plant, Ark., July 7, 1862, and April 21, 1S64; 
Courtland, Ala., July 25 and 27, 1864; Courtland, Tenn., 
Aug. 22, 1862; Courtland Bridge, Ala., July 25, 1862; 
Courtney's Plantation, Miss., April i>, 1863; Cove 
Creek, Ark., Nov. iS, 1S62; Cove Mountain, also known 
as Grassy Lick. Va., May 9 and 10, 1S64; Covington, 
Tenn., March 10, 1S63; CowCreek, Kan., Nov. 14 to 2S, 
1S64, and June 12, 1865; Cowskin Creek, Mo., Aug. 5 and 
7, 1864; Coxe's Bridge, N. C, March 24, 1865; Coyle 
Tavern, Va., Aug. 24,1863; Crab Orchard, Ky., Aug. 
22, 1862; Craig's Maeting House, Va., May 5, 1S64; 
Crampton's Ferry, Mo., Aug. 11, 1S62; Crampton's Gap, 
Md., Sept. 14, 1S62; Crane Creek, Mo., Oct. 29 and 30, 
1864; Crawford County, Ark., Aug. 1 1,1864; Craw- 
ford County, Mo., Nov. 25, 1862; Creek Agency, I. T., 
Oct. 15 and 25, 1S63; Creelsborough, Ky., Dec. 7, 1S63; 
Crew's Farm, Va., July 1, 1S62; Cripple Creek, also 
known as Bradyville, Tenn., May 16, 1863; Crooked 
Creek, Mo., Aug. 24, 1S62; Crooked River, Ore., May 
iS, 1S64; Crooked Run, Va., Aug. 16, 1S64; Cross 
Bayou, La., Sept. 14, 1S63; Cross Hollow, also known 
as Oxford Bend, Ark., Oct. iS and 2S, :S62; Cross Keys, 
also known as Union Church, Va., June S, 1S62; Cross 
Lanes, also known as Summerville, W. Va., Aug. 26, 
1861; Cross Timbers, Mo., July 2S, 1S62, and Oct. 16, 1S63; 
Croton Springs, A. T., July 14", 1S65; Crump's Hill, also 
known as Piney Woods, La., April 2, 1S64; Crump's 
Landing, also known as Adamsville, Tenn., April 4; 
1S62; Culpepper, Va., Sept. 13, and Oct. 12 and 13, 1863, 
Culp's House, Ga., June 22, 1S64; Cumberland, Flock's 
Mills, Md., Aug. 1, 1S64; Cumberland Gap. Tenn., June 
iS, 1S62, Sept. 9, 1863, Jan. 29, and Feb. 22, 1S64; Cum- 
berland Ironworks, Tenn., Aug. 26, 1S62, and Feb. 3, 
1S03; Cumberland Mountain, Tenn., April 28, )S62; 
Cuyler's Plantation, Ga., Dec 9, 1S64; Cynthiana, Ky., 
July 17, 1S62, and June 10 and 11, 1S64; Cypress Bridge, 
Ky., Nov. 17, 1861. 



Dabney's Mills, also known as Rowanty Creek and 
Vaughn Road, Va., Feb 5 to 7, 1S65; Dallas, Ark., Jan. 
2S, ii>64; Dallas, also known as Burnt Hickory, Al- 
toona Hills, New Hope Church and Pumpkin Vine 
Creek, Ga., May 25 to June 5, 1S64; Dallas, Mo., Sept. ->, 
iS6i,and Aug. "24, 1S62; Dallas County, Mo., Sept. 19, 
1S64; Dallas', N. C, Apr.l 19, 1S65; Dalton, Ga., May & 
Aug. 14 to 16, and Oct. 13, 1S64; Dam No. 4, Potomac, 
Va., Dec. 11, 1S61; Dandridge, Tenn., Jan. 16 and 17, 
1864; Danville, Ark., March 2S, 1S64; Danville, Ky , 
Aug. 26, 1S62, and March 24, 1863; Danville, Miss., June 
6, 1S64; Darbytown Road, Va., Oct. 7 and 13, 1864; 
Dardanelle, Ark., Sept. 9 and 12, 1S63, May 1", and Nov. 
29, iS64, and Jan. 14, 1865; Darksville, Va"., July 19, and 
Sept. 3, 1S64; Darnestown, Va., Sept. 15, 1S61; Davis 
Bend, La., June 2 and 29, 1S64; Davis' Crossroads, Ga., 
Sept. 11, 1863; Davis' Mills, Miss., Dec. 21, 1862, and 
March 14, 1S63; Day's Gap, Ala., April 30, 1863; Day- 
ton, Ark., Dec. 2^, 1S61 ; Dayton, Mo., April 27, 1S64; 
Dead Buffalo Lake, D. T., Julv 26, 1S63; Deatonsville, 
Va., April 6, 1865; Decatur, 'Ala., March 7, April 17, 
May 26 and 27, Aug. iS, Oct. 26 to 29, and Dec. 27 and 2b, 



4-P8- 



■SfH 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



339 



-iS6\; Decatur, Ga., July 22, and Aug-. 5, 1S64; Decatur, 
Miss., Feb. 12, 1S64 ; * Decatur, Term., Aug-, is, 1864; 
Deep Bottom, Va., July 21, 27 and 2S, Aug - . 14. to iq, Sept. 
2 and 6, and Oct. 1 and 31, 1864; Deep Creek, N. C, Feb. 
5, 1S64; Deep River Bridge, N C, April 4, 1865; Deep 
Water Creek, Mo., Oct. 15, 1S63; Deer Creek, Miss., 
Feb. 23. March 21, and April Sand 12, 'S63; Deer Creek, 
D. T., May 21, 1865; Denver, Kan., Sept. 7, 1S64; Des 
Allemands, La., Sept. o, 1S62; Des Arcs, Ark., Jan 16, 
1863, July 26, and Dec. 6, 186).; Deserted House, also 
known as Carsville and Kelly's Ford, Va., Jan 30, 1S63; 
Destruction Rebel Ram Albemarle, Oct. 28, 1S64; Dev- 
aux Neck, also known as Tillafinny River, Mason's 
Bridge, and Gregory's Farm, S. C, Dec. 6 to 9, 1S64; 
Devil's Backbone, also known as Fort Smith, and Cot- 
ton Gap, Ark., Sept 1, 1S63; Diamond Grove, Mo., 
April 14, 1S62, June 3, and Aug. 21, 1S04; Dickson Sta- 
tion, Ala.. April 19 and 2 }, and Oct. 20, iS6^; Dinwid- 
die Courthouse, Va., March 31, 1865 ; Ditch Bayou, La., 
June 6, 1S64; Dobbin's Ferry, also known as La 
Vergne, Tenn., Dec. 9, 1S62; Donaldsonville, La., June 
2S. July 13, 1S63, Feb-S, and Aug-. 5, 1S64; Doniphan, 
Mo., Sept. 17 to 20, 1S64 ; Doubtful Canyon, A. T., May 
4, 1S64; Douglas Landing, Ark., Feb. 22, 1S65; Dover, 
Mo., Oct. 20, 1S64: Dover, Tenn., Feb. 14 to 16, 1S62; 
Dover Road, N. C, April 2S, 1S63 ; Downer's Bridge, 
Va., Mav 20, 1S64; Drainesville,Va.,Nov. 26, and Dec. 20, 
1S61, and Feb. 22, 1S64: Draft Riots, N. Y. City, July 13 
to 15, iS^3; Dresden, Ky., Mays, 1802; Dresden, Tenn., 
May 5, 1S62; Dripping Springs, Ark., Dec. 28 and 29, 
1S62; Droop Mountain, Va., Nov. 6, 186$; Drury's Bluff, 
Va., May 10, 16 and 20, 1864; Dry Creek, Va., Aug. 
29, 1S63; " Dry Fork Creek, Mo., Julv 5, 1S61 ; Dry Forks, 
Mo., July 5, 1S61; Dry Forks, "W. Va., Jan. 8, 1S61; Dry 
"Wood, also known as Fort Scott, Mo., Sept. 2, 1S61, and 
Nov. 9, 1S62, and Oct. 29, 1S64; Duck Creek, S. C, Feb. 
— , 1S65; Duck River Island, Tenn., April 26, 1S63; 
Dug Gap, Ga., Sept. 11, 1S63, and May 7, i^; Dug 
Springs, Mo., Aug. 2, 1S61 ; Dukedom, Ky., Feb. 2S. 
1S64; Dumfries, Va., Dec 27, 1S62; Dunbar's Planta- 
tion, La., April 15, 1S63; Dunksburg, Mo., Dec. 4, 1861 ; 
Dunn's Bayou, La., May 5, 1S64; Dunn's Lake, Fla., 
Feb. 5, 1865; Durhamville, Tenn., Sept. 17, iS'2; Dutch 
Gap, Va., Aug. 5, 1S63, Aug. 24, Sept. 7, and Nov. 17, 
1S64; Dutch Mills, Ark., April 14, 1S64; Dutton's Hill, 
also known as Somerset, Ky., March 30, 1S63; Duvall's 
Bluff, Ark., Jan. 16, Dec. 12, 1S63, Aug. 21, and Sept. 6, 
1864; Duvall's Mills, Va., Dec. 1, 1864; Dyersburg, 
Tenn., Jan. 30, 1S63. 

E. 

Eagleville, Tenn., March 2, 1863 ; East Pascagoula. 
Miss., April 9, iS6^; East Point, Ga., Sept 5, 1864; East 
Point, Miss., Oct. 10, 1S64; Eastport, Miss., Oct. 10, 
tod Nov. 11, 1864; Ebenezer Creek, Ga., Dec. 7, 1864; 
Ebenezer Church, Ala., April 1, 1S65; Eden Station, 
Ga., Dec. 7 to 9, '864; Edgefield Junction, Tenn., Aug. 
20, 1S62; Edisto Island, S. C, April 18, 1S62; Edward's 
Ferry, Md., July— ,1861; Edward's Ferry, Va„ June 
17, and Oct. 21, 1S61; Edward's Station, Miss., Mav 16, 
1S63; Eel River, Cal., Mav 3,1863; Egypt Station, 
Miss., Dec. 28, 1864; Elizabeth City, N. 0., Feb. 10, 
1S62; Elizabethtown, Ark., Oct. 1, 1863; Elizabeth- 
town, Ky, Dec, 27, 1862, and Dec. 16 and' 24, 1S64; Eli- 
ott's Mills, also known as Camp Crittenden, Mo., Sept. 
22,1861; Elk Creek, Nev., Aug. 15, 1S64; Elk Fork, 
Ky., Dec. 28, 1862; Elkhorn Tavern, Ark., March S, and 
Oct. 16, 1S62; Elkin's Ford, Ark., April 4, to 6, 1064; 
Elk River, Tenn., Julv 2 and 14, 1S63; Elk Shute, Mo., 
Aug. 3 and 4, 1S64; Elkton, Ky., Dec. 12, 1S64; Elkton 
Station, Ala , May 9, 1862; Elkwater, "W. Va., Sept. 11, 
1S61 ; Ellison's Mills, Va., June 26, 1S62, Ellistown, 
Miss., July 16 and 21, 1864; Eminence, Mo., June 17, 
1S62; Enterprise, Mo., Aug. 7, 1S64; Endoro Church, 
Ark., May 9, 1864; Evacuation Battery Gregg and 
Fort "Wagner, B.C., Sept. 7, 1863; Evacuation of Cor- 
inth, Miss., Mav 30, 1S62; Evlington Heights, Va., July 
>, i^'>2; Expedition from Vicksburg to Jackson, Miss^, 
July 3 to 9, 1S64 ; Expedition from Vicksburg to Merid- 
ian, Miss., Feb. 3 to Ma;ch ^, 1S64; Expedition into 
"Western North Carolina, Dec. 9, 1864, to Jan. 14, 1S65, 
and Jan. 29 to Feb. 11, 1S65; Expedition to Black 
Bayou, Miss., April 5 to 10, 1S63; Expedition, to Ham- 
ilton, N. C, Dec. 9 to 12, 1864: Expedition to Jackson- 
ville, Fla., March 29, 1S63; Expedition to Steele's 
Bayou, Miss., March 16 to 22, 1S6}; Expedition ujd Ya- 
zoo River, Miss., Feb. 1 to March S, 1S64; Explosion of 
Ammunition, City Point, Va., Aug. 9, 1S64; Explosion 



of Magazine, Fort' Fisher, N. C„ Jan. 16, 1S65; Ezra 
Chapel. Ga , July 2S, 1S64. 

F. 

Fairburn, Ga., Aug. iS, 1S64; Fairfax, Va., July 13, 
1S62, and June 27. 1803; Fairfax Court House, Va., June 
1,1861, and March S, 1S63; Fairfax Station, Va., Sept. 
17,1864; Fairfield, Pa., July 3 and 5, 1863 ! Fairfield, 
Tenn., June 29, 1863; Fair Gardens, also known as 
French Broad and Keliey's Ford, Tenn., Jan. 27 and 2$, 
1864; Fairmount, "W. Va., April 29, 1803; Fair Oaks, 
Va , May }i and June 1, 1S62, and Oct. 27 and 2^, 1S64; 
Falling "Waters, also known as Haynesvill and Martin- 
burg, Md ; ,July2,V-M A:Julyi4,'63; Fall of Petersburgh.Va., 
April 2, 1S65; Falmouth, Va., April iS, 1802; Farming- 
ton, Miss., May 3, 9, 26 and 28, 1862; Farmville, Va., 
April 7,1865; Farr's Mills, Ark., July 14, 1S64; Fay- 
ette, Miss., Nov. 22, Dec. 22, 1S63, and Oct. 3, 1S64; Fay- 
ette, Mo., Oct. 1S62, July 1, Sept. 24, and Nov. iS, 1S64; 
Fayetteville, Ark., July i?, Oct, 24, 27 and 28, Dec. 7, 
1S12 April 18, iS6^, May 19, June 24, Aug. 28, and Oct. 2S, 
1S64; Fayetteville, N. C, March 13', 1S05; Fayette- 
ville, Tenn., Nov. 1, 1S63; Fayetteville, "W. Va., Sept. 
10, Nov. 15, 1S62, and May 17 to 20, 1863; Federal Point, 
N C, Feb. 11, 1865.; Ferry's Landing, Ark., Sept. 7, 
1S63; Fiker's Ferry, Ala., April S, 1S65: Fillmore, Va., 
Oct. 4, 1S64; Fish Bayou, La., June 5, 1S64; Fish 
Creek, Nev., Jan. 22, 1S66; Fisher : s Hill, Va., Aug. 15, 
Sept. 22, and Oct. 9, 1S64; "Fishing Creek, Ky., Jan. 19 
and 20, 1S62, and May 25, 1863, Fish Springs, Tenn., 
Jan. 23, 1S53; Fitzhugh's Crossing. Va., April 29 and 30, 
1S63; Fitzhugh's "Woods, Ark., April 1, 1S64; Five 
Forks, Va., April 1, iS 5; Five-Mile Creek, Ala., Mar. 
3:, 1S6;;; Five Points, Va., Jan. 1, 1S64; Flat-Lick 
Fords, Ky., Feb. 14, 1S62; Flat Shoals, Ga., Julv 2S, 
1S64; Flint Creek, Ark., March 6, [^64; Flint River, 
Ga., Sept. 1, 1S64; Flock's Mills, Md., Aug. 1, 1864; 
Florence, Ala., May 27, 1863, Jan. 26, April 13, and Oct. 
6, 1S64; Florence, Ky , Sept. 17, 1S62; Florence, Mo., 
July 10, 1S65; Florence, B.C., March 3, 1S05 ; Florida, 
Mo., May 22, and July 22, 1S62; Flowing Springs, Va., 
Aug. 21, 1S64; Floyd, La., Julv — , 1S64; Floyd's Fork, 
Fork, Ky., Oct. 1, 1S62; Forsyth, Mo.. Julv 22, 1S61. 
and Aug. 2, 1S62; Fort Abercrombie, D. T., "Sept. 3, 6, 
23 and ^5, 1S62; Fort Adams, La., Oct. 7, 1S64; Fort 
Anderson, Ky., March 25, 1S64; Fort Anderson, N. C, 
Feb. 18, 1S65; Fort Bisland, La., April 12, 1863; Fort 
Blair, Ark., Oct. 6, iS6x; Fort Blakely, Ala,, March 31. 
to April 9, 1S65; Fort Blunt, I. T., March 27 to June 19, 
1863; Fort Brady, Va., Jan. 24, 1S65; Fort Brown 
Road, Texas, Dec. 14, 1S62; Fort Burnham, Va., Dec. 
10, 1S64, and Jan. 24, 1S65; Fort Cobb; I. T., Oci. 21, 1S62; 
Fort Cottonwood, N. T., Aug. 28, and Sept. 18, 1S64; 
Fort Craig, N. M., Aug. 23, Sept. 6, 1S61, Feb. 20, and 
May 23, 1862; Fort Darling, Va., May 12 to 16, 1S64; 
Fort Davidson, also known as Ironton, Mo., Sept. 26 
and 27, 1804; Fort De Russy, La., March i4, iS64; Fort 
Donelson, Tenn., Feb. it, to >6, Aug-. 25, iS62, Feb. 3, 1S63, 
and Oct. 1 1, 1S64; Fort Esperanza, Texas, Nov. 30, 1S62, 
and Nov. 27 to 29, 1S63; Fort Fillmore, N. M., July 27, 
and Aug. 7, 1S62; Fort Fisher, N. C, Dec. 25, 1864, "and 
Jan. 13 to 15, 1S65; Fort Gaines, Ala., Aug 2 to 22,, 1S64; 
Fort Gibson, I. T., Oct. 15, 1S62, Feb. 2S, Mav 20 and 25, 
Dec. 26, 18^3, Sept. 16 and iS, 1S64, and Sept. — , 1S65; 
Fort Grant, A. T., Jan. 21, 1806; Fort Halleck, D. T., 
Feb. 20, 1S63, and Julv 4, 1S65; Fort Hatteras, N. C, 
Aug. 2S and 29, 1S61 ; " Fort Hell, Va., Sept. 28, and Nov. 
5, 1S64; Fort Henry, Tenn., Feb. 6, 1S62; Fort Hill, 
Miss., June 25 and 2S, 1S63; Fort Hindman, Ark., Jan. 
ir, 1S63; Fort Johnson, S. C, June 16, 1S62, andju,v2, 
TS64; 'Fort Jones, Ky., Feb. 18, 1865; Fort Kelly, JW. 
Va., Nov. 28, 18^4; Fort Lamed, Kan., May 22, 1865; 
Fort Leavenworth, Kan., Oct. 20 to 26, 1S64;" Fort Ly- 
ons, also known as Sand Creek, I. T., Dec. 9, 1S64; 
Fort Lyons, Va., June q. iS~>}; FortMacon, N. C, April 
25, 1S6/; Fort McAllister, Ga., Dec. 13, 1S61; Fort Mc- 
Cook, Ala., Aug-. 27 1^62; Fort Morgan, Ala., Aug. 5 to 
23, 1864; Fort Myers. Fla., Feb. 20, 186-,; Fort Pem- 
berton, Miss., March 13 to April 5, 1803; Fort Pillow, 
Tenn., March 16, and April 12, 1S04; Fort Pocahontas, 
Va., Aug.—, 1S64; Fort Pulaski, Ga., April 10, 1S62; 
Fort Rice, D. T., Sept. 27, 1S64, and July 2S and 30, 1S65; 
Fort Ridgely, Minn., Aug. 20 and 22 2862; Fort San- 
ders, Tenn., Nov. 29, 1S63; Fort Scott, Kan., Sept. 1 
and 3, iS->i, and Oct 22 and 2S. 1864; Fort Scott, Mo., Sept. 
2, 1861 ; Fort Sedgwick, also known as Fort Hell, Va , 
Sept. 28, and Nov. 5, 1^64; Fort Smith, Ark., May 15, 
Aug. 31, Sept. 1, 1S03, July 29 and 31, Aug. 14 and 27, Sept. 



T* 



•H$- 



34° 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



i and i r, and Dec. 24, 1S64 ; Fort Steadman, Va., March 
25, 1865; Fort Stevens, D. C, July i<z, i86| ; Fort Sum- 
ner, N. M., Jan. 4, 1SA4; Fort Sumter, S. C, April 12 
and 13, 1861; Fort Taylor, Fla., Aug. 2', 1S64; Fort 
Taylor, Ga., Aprii 16, 1865; Fort "Wagner, S. C, July 10 
to Sept. 6, 1S03; Forty Hills, also known as Hankin- 
son's Ferry, Miss., May 3, iScm ; Foster's Bridge, N. C, 
Dec. 10, 1S64; Foster's Expedition to Goldsborough, 
N, C, Dec. 12 to 18, 1862; Foych La Faix Mountain, 
Ark., Nov. ii, 1863; Fourteen-Mile Creek, I. T., Oct. 30, 
1813; Fourteen-Mile Creek, Miss., May 12, 1863; Fox 
Creek, Mo., March 7, 1S62; Frankfort, Ky., June 10, 1S64; 
Frankfort, Va., Nov. 26, 1862; Franklin, La., May 25, 
1S63; Franklin, Miss , Jan. 2, 1865! Franklin. Mo., 
Oct. 13, 1S62, and Oct. 1, 1S64; Franklin, Tenn., Dec. 12, 
1S62, Feb. 1, March 9 and 25, April 10 and 27. June 4, 1S63, 
Sept. 2, Nov. 30, and Dec. 17, iS64; Franklin, Va., Oct. 
31, and Dec. 2, 1S02; Franklin Creek, Miss., Dec. iS, 
1S64; Franklin's Crossing-, Va , June z, 1863; Frazier's 
Farm, Va., June 30, 1S62; Frederick, Md., Sept. 12, 1S62; 
Fredericksburgh, Mo.,Jiily 17, 1S64; Fredericksburgh, 
Va., Nov. 9, and Dec. 1 f to 16, 1862; Fredericksburg 
Road, Va., May 16 to 2 , IS64; Fredericktown, Mo., 
Oct. 17 to 21, 1S61 ; Freeman's Ford, Va., Aug-. 24, 1S62; 
Fremont's Orchard, Col., April 12, 1864; French Broad, 
Tenn., Jan. 27, 1864; French Point, Mo., May 15, 1S63; 
Frog Bayou, Ark., July 1, 1S64; Front Royal, Va., May 
23 and 30, 1S62; Front Royal Pike, Va , Sept. 21, 1S64"; 
Frying Pan, Va., June 4,1863; Fulton, Ga., Oct. i3, 
18^4; Fulton, Mo., July it, iS5i; Funkstown, Md., 
July 12 and i3, 1863. 

o. 

Gainesville, Fla., Feb. 14, and Aug. 17, 1S64; ■ Gaines- 
ville, Va., Aug' 28, 1S62; Gaines' Mill, Va., June 27, 

1862, and June 2, 1864; Gallatin, Tenn., Aug. 12, and 
Oct. 1, 1862; Galveston, Texas, Jan. 1, 1863; Garretts- 
burgh, Ky., Nov. 6, 1S62; Gaucha Mountain, Cal., 
July 22, 1865; Gauley's Bridge, W. Va , Nov. 10, 1S61; 
Geiger Lake, Ky., Sept. 3, 1862; Georgia Landing, La., 
Oct. 27, 1S62; Germantown, Tenn., June 25, iS62,Jan.27, 
and April 1, 1S63; Gettysburgh, Pa., July t, 2 and 3, 1S63; 
Ghent. Ky., Aug. 29, 1S04; Gila River, N. M., Nov. 5, 
1863; Glade Springs, Va., Dec. 15, 1864; Gladesville, 
Va., Oct. 2, 1S64; Glasgow, Ky., Oct. 5, Dec. 24, 1862, 
Oct. 5, 1S63, Oct. 15, 1S64, and March 2^, 1865; Glasgow, 
Mo., Oct. 15, 1864; Glass Bridge, Tenn., Sept. 2, 1864; 
Glendale, Ala., Feb. 22, 1S63; Glendale, Miss., May 8, 
1S62, and April 14, 1S63; Glendale, Va., June 30, 1S62; 
Glorietta, N. M., March 26 to 2S, 1S62; Gloucester, Va., 
Nov, 17, 1S62; Gloucester Point, Va., Feb. 10, 1S63; 
Golding's Farm, Va., June 27, 1S62; Goldsborough, N. 
C, Dec. 17, 1862, and March 21 to 24, 1S65; Golgotha, 
Ga , June 16, 1S64; Goodrich's Landing, La., June 30, 

1863, March 24, and July 16, 1S64; Good's Landing, Miss., 
Dec. 16 to 2$, 1S64; Goose Creek, Va., Oct. 22, 1861, and 
Sept. 17, 1862; Gov. Moore's Plantation, La., May 2, 
1S64; Grafton, "W. Va , Aug. 13, 1S61; Grahamsville, 
S. C, Nov. 30, 1864; °-ranby, Mo.. Sept. 24, 1S62; 
Grand Coteau, also know::, as Bayou Bordeau and Car- 
rion Crow Bayou, La., Nov. , 1S62; Grand Ecore, La., 
April 3, 1S64; Grand Gulf, Miss., April 29, iS63,Jao. 16 
to 18, and July 16 and 17, 1864; Grand Haze, Ark., July 
4, 1862; Grand Lake, Ark., June 16, 1S63; Grand Pass, 
I. T., July 7, 1S63; Grand Prairie, Ark., July 6, 1S62; 
Grand Prairie, Mo , Oct. 24, 1862; Grand River, Mo., 
Nov. 30, 1861, and Aug. 10 to 13, 1S62; Grant's Creek, 
N. C., April 12, 1-565; Grass Lick, W. Va., April 23, 
1862; Grassy Lick, Va., May 9 and 10, 1S64; Gravel 
Hill, Va., Aug. 14, 1S64; Gravelly Run, Va., March 31, 
1S05; Graysville, Ga., Sept, 10, 1863; Greasy Creek, 
Ky., May 11, 1863; Great Bear Creek, Ala., April 17, 
1863; Great Bethel. Va., June 10, 1S61, and April 4, 1S62; 
Great Cacapon Bridge, Va., Jan. 4, 1862; Great Falls, 
Va., July 7, 1861; Greenbrier, W. Va., Oct. 3, 1861; 
Greencastle, Pa., June 20, 1863; Greenleaf Prairie, I. T., 
June 16, and Nov. 12, 1863; Greenland Gap, W. Va., 
April 25, 1S63; Greenland Gap Road, W. Va., June 6, 
1864; Green River Bridge, also known as Tebb'sBend, 
Ky., July 4, 1863; Green's Chapel, Ky., Dec. 2$, 1S62; 
Green Springs Depot, W. Va., Aug. 2, 1864; Green- 
ville, Miss , May 20 and 27, 1S64; Greenville, Mo., July 
2*3, 1S62; Greenville, N. C, Nov. 25, and Dec. 30, 1863"; 
Greenville, Tenn , Sept. 4, and Oct. 12, 1^64; Greenville 
Road, Ky, Nov. 5, 1S62; Greenville Road, N. C. t May 
31, 1S62; Greenville Springs Road, La., Sept. 19, and 
Oct. 5, 1S63; Greenwich, Va., May 30, 1863; Gregory's 



Farm, S. C, Dec. 5 and 9, 1S64: Grenada, Miss., Aug. 
13, 1S63; Greysville, Ga , Nov. 27, 1063; Grierson's 
Expedition from La Grange, Tenn , to Baton Rouge, 
La , April 17 to May 2, 1S63; Griswoldville, Ga , Nov. 
22, 1S64; Grosse Tete Bayou, La., Feb, 19, and March 
30, 1864; Ground Squirrel Church and Bridge, Va., 
May 10, 1S64; Grouse Creek, Cal., May 23, 23, 1S64; 
Groveton, Va.. Aug. 29, 1S62; Guerilla Warfare in 
Missouri, July 20 to Sept. 20, 1S62; Gum Slough, Ark., 
March 16, 186} ; Gum Swamp, N. C, May 22, 1863; 
Gunboats on James Biver, Va., Oct. 22, 1864; Gunter's 
Bridge, S. C, Feb 14, 1S6; ; Guntown, Miss., May 4, 
186 •, and June 10, 1S04; Guyandotte, "W. Va., Nov." 10, 
1S61 ; Guy's Gap, Tenn., June 37, 1S63. 



Hagar's Mountain, Md,, July 7, 1864; Hagerstown, 
Md., July 6 and 11, 1863, and July 5, 1S64; Haguewood 
Prairie, Tenn , Sept. 26, 1S63; "Half-Moon Battery, N". 
C.,Jan. 19, 1S65; Half Mount, Ky, April 14, 1S64; Hall 
Island, S. C, Nov. 24, 1S63; Hall's Ferry, Miss., May 
13, 1S63; Halltown, Va., July 15, IS°3, and Aug. 2\. to 27", 
1S64; Hampurg, Tenn., May 30, 1863; Hamburg Land- 
ing, Ala., May 29, 1863; Hamilton. N. C, July 9, 1S62; 
Hamilton, Va., March 21, 1865; Hammock's Mills, W. 
Va , July 3, 1864; Hampton, Va., Aug. 7, 1861; Hamp- 
ton Roads, Va., March 0, 1S62; Hancock, Va., Jan. 4, 
1S62; Hanging Rock, "W. Va., Sept. 23, 1861 ; Hankin- 
son's Ferry, Miss,, May 3, 1S63 ; Hanover, Pa., June 30, 
1S63; Hanover C. H„Va., May 27, 1S62, and May 29 to 
31, 1S64; Hanoverton, Va., May 27 to 31, 1S64; Hardy 
County, W. Va., Jan. 5, 1S63; Harney Lake Valley, 
Ore., April 7, 1864, and Sept. 2^?, iS6^; Harper's Farm, 
Va., April 6, 1S65; Harper's Ferry, Va., April iS, Oct. 
11,1861, May 28, Sept. 12 to 15, 1S62, and Oct. 5, 1S63; 
Harper's Ferry Bridge, Va., July 7, 1863; Harpeth 
River, Tenn, March 2 and 4, and April 10, 1S63; Harri- 
son, Mo., Sept. 27 and 30, 1864; Harrisonburg, Va., 
Tune 6, 1S62; Harrison's Field, Ga., Dec. 9, 1S64; Har- 
rison's Island, Va., Oct. 21, 1S61; Harrisonville, Mo., 
July 18, 25 and 26, 1S61, Nov. 3, 1862, and Oct. 24, 1S63 ; 
Harrodsburg, Ky., Oot. 10, 1862, and Oct. 21, 1S64; 
Hartsville, Mo., Jan. 11, and May 23, 1S63; Hartsville, 
Tenn., Dec. 7, 1S62; Hartwood Church, Va., Nov. 28, 
1S62, and Feb. 25, 1S63; Hatcher's Run, Va., Oct. 27 
and 28, 1S64, and Feb. 5 to 7, 1865; Hatchie, Miss., Oct. 
5, 1S62, Hatchie River, Miss., Aug. 10, 1S64; Hawes' 
Shop, Va., May 2S, and June 2, 1S.4; Hawk's Nest, W. 
Va., Aug. 20, 1S61; Haxal's, also known as Evlington 
Heights, Va., July 3, 1S62; Haymarket, Va,, Oct. iS, 
1S62, and Oct, 19, 1S63; Hayne's Bluff, Miss., April 29 
to May 2, 1863, Feb. 3. and April — , 1S64; Haynesville, 
Md., July 2, 1S61; Hazel Bottom, Mo., Oct. 14, 1S62; 
Hedgesville, Va., Oct. 22, 1862, and Oct. 15, 1S62; Hel- 
ena, Ark., Aug. 11 to 14, Sept. 20, Oct. 11 and 18, Dec. 5, 

1562, Jan. 15, May 25, July 4, 1S63, and Aug. 2, 1S64; Hen- 
derson, Ky., July 21, and Sept. 25, 1S64; Henderson's 
Hills, also known as Bayou Rapids, La., March 21, 1664; 
Henderson's Mill, Tenn., Oct. 11, 1S63; Hendriok's, 
Miss., Sept. 15, 1S63; Henrytown, Mo., Oct. 13, 1S61 ; 
Hermitage, Mo., Nov. 2, 1804; Hernando, Miss., April 

18, May 28, and June 20, 1863; Hiampom Valley, Cal., 
Oct. 10, 1S63; Hickory Grove, Mo., Aug. 2', and Sept. 

19, 1S62; Hickory Hills, S. C, Feb. 1, 1S65; Hicksford, 
Va., Dec. 9, 1S64; High Bridge, Va., April 6, 1865; 
Hillsborough, Ala., Apr.l 17, 1863; Hillsboro', Ga., July 
31, 1S64; Hillsboro', Ky, Oct. 8, 1S61 ; Hillsborough, 
Miss., Feb. 10, 1S64; Hill's Plantation, Ark., July 7, 1802: 
Hill's Plantation, Miss , June 22, 1S63; Hodgeville, 
Ky.,Oct. 23, 1861; Holland * House, Va.', May 15 and i<\ 
1S63; Hollow Tree Gap, Tenn., Dec. 17, 1S64; Holly 
River, W. Va., April 17, 1S62; Holly Springs, Miss., 
Nov. 12 and 2S, Dec. 20, 1S62, April 17, 1S63, May 24, Aug 1 . 
1, 8, 27, and 28, 1S64; Holston River, Tenn., Nov. ij, 

1563, and Feb. 20, 1S64; Honey Hill, also known as 
Grahamsville, S. C, Nov. 30, 1S64; Honey Springs, 
Kan., July 17, and Aug. 22, 1863; Hoover's Gap, Tenn v 
'unc 24, 1^63; Hopkinsville, Ky., Nov. 6, 1862, and Dec. 
12 and 16, 1S64; Hornersville, Mo, Sept. 20, 1S63; 
Hornsboro', S. O, March 3, 1S65; Horse Creek, D. T., 
June 14, 1865; Horse Creek, Mo., Sept. 17,1863; Horse- 
Head Creek, Ark., Feb. 17, 1864; Horse-Shoe Bend, al- 
so known as Greasy Creek, Ky., May 11, 1S63; Hor- 
ton's Mills, N. C, April 27, 1862; Hot Springs, Ark., 
Feb. 4, 1804; Howard County, Mo., Aug. 28, 1S62, and 
Aug. 28, 1S64: Howell's Ferry, Ga., July 1, 1864; 
Howe's Ford, also known as Weaver's Stores, Ky.,, 



■Hfr 



&« 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



a+i 



April 2S, 1S63; Hudnot's Plantation, La., May 1,1804; 
Hudson, Mo., Dec. 21, 1S61; Hudsonville, also known 
as Cold "Water, Miss., Nov. S. 1S62 ; Huff's Perry, Tenn., 
Nov. 14, 1S63; Humansville, Mo., March 26, Aug. 12, 
1S62, and Oct. 16 and 17, 1863; Humboldt, Tenn., "Dec. 
20, 1S62; Hunnewell, Mo., Jan. 3, 1862; Hunter's Mills, 
Va,, Nov. 26, 1S01; Huntersville, Va., Jan. 4, 1S62; 
Huntsville, Ala., April 11, 1S62, and Oct. 1, 1S64; 
Huntsville, Mo., Nov. 9, 1S62; Huntsville, Tenn., Nov. 
11,1862; Hurricane Bridge, W. Va., March 2S, 1S63; 
Hurricane Creek, Ark., Oct. 23, 1S64; Hurricane 
Creek, Miss., Aug. 14, 16 and 22, and Oct 2^, 1S64; 
Hutchinson, Minn., Sept. 3 and 4, 1S62. 

I. 

Illinois Creek, Ark., Dec. 7, 1S62; Independence, Mo., 
Tunc 17, Nov. 26, 1S6:, "Feb. iS, March 22, Aug. 11, 1S62, 
Feb. 3 and S, March 23, April 23 and 24, 1S63, Feb. 19, and 
Oct. 22 and 26, 1S64; Indian Bay, Ark., Feb. 16, and 
April 13, 1S64; Indian City Village, La., Aug. 6, 1S64; 
Tndiantown, also known as Sandy Swamp, N. C, Dec. 
iS, 1S63; Indian Village, D. T., March 27, 1863; Indian 
Village, La., Jan 27,1863; Ingham's Mills, Miss., Oct. 
12, 1803; Ingraham's Plantation, Miss., Oct. 10,1863; 
Irish Bend, La., April 12 10 14, 1803; Iron Bridge, I. T., 
June 19, 1S54; Iron County, Mo., Sept. 11, 1S62; Ironton, 
Mo., t>ept. 26 and 27, 1S64; Irvine, Ky., July 30, 1863; 
Irwinsville, Ga , May 10, 1865 ; Island Mound, Mo., Oct. 
27 and 29, 1S62; Island No. 76, Miss., Jan. 20, 1864: Is- 
land No. 10, Tenn.. April S, Oct. 17, 1862, and Oct. 16, 
1S63; Isle of "Wight C. H., Va., Dec. 22, 1S62; Isseque- 
na County, Miss., July 10, and Aug. 17, 1S64; luka, 
Miss., Sept. 13 to 20, 1S62, and Julv 7, 9 and 14, 1S63; Ivy 
Pord, Ark., Jan 19, 1864, and Jan. 8, 1S65; Ivy Hills, 
Miss., Feb. 22, 1S64. 



Jacinto, Miss., Aug. 13. 1S63; Jackson, Ark., Aug. 3, 
1S62, and April 26, 1S63 ; Jackson, La., Aug. 3, 1S63, Oct, 
5, and Nov. 21, 1864; Jackson, Miss., May 14, July 10 to 
17 and 29, 1S63, Feb. 5, and July $ to S, 1S64; Jackson, 
Mo., April 9, 1S62, and April 27, 1S63; Jackson, Tenn., 
Dec. iS, 1S62, and July 13, 1S63; Jacksonboro', Tenn., 
March 10, 1S62; Jackson County, Mo., June 2, 1S62, and 
April 5, 1863; Jackson Crossroads, La , June 20, 1S63; 
Jacksonport, Ark., Dec. 23, 1S63, April 24, and Aug. 26, 
1864; Jackson's Ford, Ala , July 14, 1S64; Jackson- 
ville, Fla., March 29, 1S63, May 1 and 2S, 1S64, and April 
4, 1S65; Jack's Shop, Tenn., Sept. 22, 1S63; Jack's 
Shop, Va., Dec. 23, 1S64; James City, also known as 
Robertson's Run, Va., Oct. 10, 1S63 ; James Island, S.C., 
June 10 and 13, 1862, July 16, 1S53, May 21, July 1, 2, 5 and 
7, 1S64, an d Feb. 10, 1S65; Jarrett's Station, Va., May 9, 
1S64; Jasper, Tenn., June 4, 1S62; Jasper County, Mo., 
June 10, and Oct. 5, 1S63 ; Jenken's Ferry, Ark., April 
15 and 30, and May 4, 1S63 ; Jenk's Bridge, Ga., Dec. 7 to 
9, 1S64; Jennie's Creek, also known as Paintsville, Ky., 
Jan. 7, 1S62; Jefferson, Tenn., Dec. 30. 1S62; Jefferson 
City, Mo., Oct. 7, and Nov. 3, 1S64; Jeffersonton, Va., 
Oct. 12. 1S63; Jeffersonville, also known as Abb's Val- 
ley. Va., Mav S, 1S64; Jeff. Thompson Surrendered, 
Ark., May if, 1S65; Jericho Fork, Va., May 23 to 27, 
1S64; Jerusalem Plank Road, Va., June 22 and 23, 1S64; 
Jettersville, Va., April 5, 1S65 ; John Day's River, Ore., 
July 12, 1S64, and April 16. 1S05; John's Island, S. C, 
July 5 to 9, iS64; Johnson County, Mo., July 16, 1S64; 
Johnson Depot, Tenn., Sept. 22, 1S63: Johnson's Mills. 
Tenn., Feb. 22, 1S64; Johnsonville, Tenn , Sept. 25, and 
Nov. 4 and 5, 1S64; Johnston Surrendered, N. C, April 
26, 1S65, Johnstown, Mo., Nov. 24, )S6i; Jonesboro', 
Ark., Aug. 3, 1S62; Jonesboro', Ga., Aug. 19, 20 and 31, 
and Sept. 1 and 7, 1864; Jonesboro', Mo., Aug. 21 and 22, 
iS6i,and Oct. 12 and 14, 1S63; Jones' Bridge, Va., June 23, 
1S64; Jones' Crossroads, Miss., May 3,1863; Jones' 
Ford, Miss., July 6, 1S63; Jones' Ford, Tenn., July 2, 
1863; Jones' Hay Station, Ark., Aug. 24, 2S64; Jones' 
Plantation, Ga., Nov. 27 to 29, 1864; Jonesville, Va., 
Jan. 3, 1S64: Jornado del Muerto, N. M., June 16, 1S63; 
Joy's Ford, Ark., Jan. 8, 1S65; Julesburg, I. T., Jan. 7, 
1S65; Jumpertown, Miss., Nov. 5, 1862. 

K. 

Kansas City, Mo., Nov. 22, 1864; Kautz's Raid in 
Virginia, May 4 to 13, 1S64; Kautz's Raid on R. R.,Va.. 
May 12 to 17, 1S64; Kearneysville, Va., Aug. 25, 1S64; 



Kearnstown, Va., March 23, 1S62; Keller's Bridge, 
Ky., June 10,1864; Kelly's Ford, Tenn., Jab. 27, 1S64; 
Kelly's Ford, Va., Aug. 21, 1S62, March 17, Aug. 1 to 3, 
and Nov. 7, 1S63; Kelly's Island, Va., June 26, 1861; 
Kelly's Store, Va., Jan. 30, 1S63; Kenesaw Mountain, 
also known as Lost Mountain, Big Shanty, Marietta, 
and Nose's Creek, Ga., June 10 to July 2, 1864: Kerns- 
town, Va., July 23, 1S64: Kettle Run, Va., Auy. 27, 1S62; 
Keysville, Cal., April 19, 18 3; Keytesville, Mo., Feb. 
17 and 26, 1S62; Kilpatrick's Raid in Va., Feb. 28 to 
March 4, i?64; Kilpatrick's Raid on R. R., Ga., Aug. 18 
to 23, 1864; Kincaels, Tenn., Nov. o, 1S63; Kinderhook, 
Tenn., Aug. 11, 1862: King George County, Va., Aug. 
2 4> J 863; King George Court House, Va., Dec. 2, 1S62; 
King's Creek, Miss.. Julv 9,18:4; Kingsport, Tenn., 
Dec. 13, 1S64; King's River, Ark., April 16, 1864; 
King's School-House, Va ,June 25, 1S62; Kingston, Ga., 
May iS and 24, and Oct. 12, 1S64; Kingston, N. C, Dec. 
14, 1862, and March 14, 1S65: Kingston, Tenn., Nov. 26, 
1863, and Aug. 26, 1S64; Kingsville, Mo., June 12, 1S64 ; 
Kirby Smith surrendered May 26, S63; Kirksville, 
Mo., Aug. c, 6, and 26, 1S-2; Knob Gap, Tenn., Dec. 26, 
1S62; Knob Noster, Mo.. Jan. 22, 1862 ; Knoxville (see 
also Siege of), Tenn,, Sept 10, 1863; Kock's Planta- 
tion, La., July 13, 1^63; Kossuth, Miss., Aug. 27, 1862. 



Labadieville, also known as Thibodeauxville and 
Georgia Landing, La., Oct. 27, iS6^; Lacey's Springs, 
Va.,Dec. 20, 1804; Ladija, Ala., Oct. 30, 1S64; La Fay- 
ette, Ga., June — , 1S64; La Fayette, Tenn., Dec. 25, 
1S63 and June 9 and 24, '864; La Fayette County, Mo., 
June 14, 1S64; La Fourche Crossing, La., June 20 and 21, 
1863; La Grange, Ark., Sept. 6, Oct. 11, Nov. 7, and 
Dec 30, 1862, and Jan. 3 and May 1, 1S63; La Grange, 
Tenn., Nov. 11, 1862, and July 16, 1S63; Lake Chicot, 
also known as Ditch and Fish Bayous, Columbia and 
Old River Lake, La., June 6, 1S64, and July 6 and 7, 1S64; 
Lake City, Fla., Feb. 12, 1S64; Lake Providence. La., 
Feb. 10, May 27, and June 10 and 29, 1S63; Lake Village, 
Ark., Feb 10, 1S64; Lamar, Miss., Nov. 12, 1S62; La- 
mar, Mo., Aug. 24, and Nov. 5, 1S62; Lamb's Ferry, 
Tenn., Dec. 25, 1S64; Lamonica Springs, N. Mex., 
Sept. 4, 1S65; Lancaster, Ky., Oct. 14,1862; Lancas- 
ter, Mo., Nov. 24, 1S61; Lane's Prairie, Mo., July 26, 
1S61, and May 26, 1S64; Languelle Ferry, Ark., Aug. 3, 
1862; Lattamore's Mills, Ga.,June 20,1864; Lauder- 
dale Springs, Miss , Feb. 16,1864; Laurel Hill, also 
known as Bealington, "W. Va., July S, 1S61 : La Vergne, 
Tenn., Oct. 7, Nov. 27, and Dec. 9/1S62, and Jan. 1, 1863, 
and Sept. 1, 1S64; Lawrence, Kan, July 27, and Aug. 
21, 1S63; Lawrenceburg, Ky., Oct. 9, 1S62; Lawrence- 
burg, Ohio, July 14, 1S63; Lawrenceburg, Tenn., Nov. 

4, 1S6:, and Nov. U2 and 27, and Dec. 22, 1S64; Lay's 
Ferry, Ga., May 15, 1864; Leasburg, Mo., Sept. 29 and 
30, and Oct. 1 and 28, 1S64; Leatherwood, Ky., Nov. 
6, iS(2; Lebanon, Ala,, Feb. 3 and 6, 1664; Lebanon, 
Ky„Julv 12, 1862, Julys, ^^Til and July 30, 1S64; Leb- 
anon, Tenn., Mav 5, Nov. 11, and Dec. 6, 1S62, and Feb. 

5, 1S63; Leesburg, Va., Oct. 21, 1S61 ; Leesbiirg Road, 
Va.,Sept. 17,1862; Lee's Creek, Ark., Aug. 1,1864.; 
Lee's Mills, Va., April 16, 1862, July 12 and 30, 1864; Lee 
Springs, Va., Aug. 23, 1S62 ; Lee surrendered, Va., 
April 9, 1S65; Leesville, Mo., March 9, 1S62; Leetown, 
Va., March 7, 1S02, Julv 3, 1864; Legare's Point, S. C, 
June 3, 1S62; Leighton! Ala., April 24,1863; Leiper's 
Ferry, Tenn., Oct. 2S, 1863; Leland's Point, Ark., May 
27,1864; Lenoirs, Tenn., Nov. 15, 1863; Lett's Tan- 
yard, Ga., Sept. 13, 1863; Lewinsville, Va., Sept. 11, 
1861; Lewisburgh, Ark., Jan. 17, 1864; Lewisbiirg, Va., 
Mav 23, 1S62; Lexington, Ky., Oct. :-j, 1S62, July 2S, 
1S63, and June 10, 1864; Lexington, Mo., Aug. 29 and 
Sept. 12 to 20, 1S61, March 12 and Oct. 17, 1S62, Feb. 22, 
June 14, and Oct. 19 and 21, 1864; Lexington, Tenn., 
Dec. iS, 1S62, and June 29,1863; Lexington, W. Va., 
June 10 and 11, 1S64; Liberty, La., Nov. 21, 1864; Lib- 
erty, Mo., Oct. 6, 1862; Liberty, Va., June 20, 1S64; 
Liberty Creek, La., Nov. 15,1864; Liberty Gap. also 
known as Beech Grove, Tenn,, June 25, 1S63; Liberty 
Landing, Mo., Oct. 6, 1S62; Liberty Mills, Va., Oct. 
15, 1863; Liberty Post-Office, Ark.. April 15, 1864: 
Lick Creek, Ark., Jan. 12. 1863; Lick Creek, Tenn., 
April 24, 1S62; Licking, Mo., Mav 4, 1S62; Limestone 
Station. Tenn., Sept. 5. 1S63; Linden, Tenn , May 12, 
18^3; Linden, Va., Mav 1.5, 1S62; Linn Creek, Mo., 
O t. 15, 1861; Linn Creek, Va., Feb. S, 1862; Lis- 
comb's" Hill, Cal., June 6, 1S62; Little Bear 



-?--?• 



*-&■ 



34 2 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



Creek, Ala., Nov. 2S and Dec. 12, 1S62; Little Blue, 
D. T., Aug. 12, 1S64; Little Blue, Mo., Nov. 11, 1S61, 
April 12, 1S62, July 6 and Oct. 21, 1864; Little Cacapon, 
Va., April 10, 1S64; Little Creek, N. C., Nov. 3,18^2; 
Little Harpeth, Tenn., March 25, 1S63; Little Lermio, 
Col., Aug. 5, 1005; Little Missouri River, Ark., Jan. 

25 and April 4 and 6, 1S64; Little Osage River, Kan., 
Oci. 25, 1864; Little Pond, Tenn., Aug. 30, 1862; Lit- 
tle Red River, Ark., June 5 and 25, 1S62; Little River, 
Term., Oct. 20, 1S64; Little Rock, Ark., Sept. 10, 1863, 
April 20 and May 2S, 1S64; Little Rock Landing, Tenn., 
April 26, 1S63 ; Little Rock Road, Ark., April 2, 1S6?; 
Little Salkahatchie, S. C.,Feb. 5, 1S65; Little Santa Fe, 
Mo., Nov. 6 and 20, 1S61, March 23, 1862; Little "Wash- 
ington, Va., Nov. 1^, 1S62; Liverpool Heights, Miss., 
Feb. 3, 1864; Livingston, Miss., March 27, 1S64; Lock- 
bridge's Mills, also known as Dresden Ky., May 5, 
1862; Lock's Ford, Va., Sept. 13, 1864; Locust Grove, 
I. T., July 3. 1802; Locust Grove, Va., Nov. 26 to 28, 
1S63; Logan's Crossroads, Ky., Jan. 19 and 20, 1862; 
London Lane, Ala., April 25, 1S63; Lone Jack, Mo., 
Aug. 14, 15, and 16, 1862, Nov. 1, 1864; Lpngview, Ark., 
March 26 and 30, 1864; Lookout Mountain, Tenn., Nov. 
24,1863; Lookout Station, Mo., Aug. 20, 1S61 ; Lost 
Creek, Mo., April 1;, 1S62; Lost Mountain, Ga., June 9 
to 30, 1S64; Lotspeach Farm,* Mo., July S, 1S62; Lotus 
Steamer, Ark., Jan. 17, 1S05; Loudon Creek, Tenn., 
Nov. 15, 1863; Loudon Heights, Va., Jan. 10, 1S64; 
Louisa C. H., Va., May 1, 1863; Louisville, Tenn., 
Nov. 28, 1S53; Lovejoy's Station, Ga., July 29 and 30, 
Aug. 20, Sept. 2 to 6, and Nov. 16, 1S64; Lovettsville, 
Va.', Aug. 8 1861 and Oct. 2r, 1862; Low Creek, "W. Va., 
June 21, iS'S^; Lowndesborough, Ala., April 10, 1S65; 
Lowtonville, S. C, Feb. — . 1S65; Lucas Bend, Ky., 
Sept. 26, 1S61 ; Lumkin's Mills, Miss., Nov. 29 and 30, 
1S62; Luna Landing, Ark., Feb 22, 1S64; Lundy's 
Lane, Ala., April 17, 1S63; Luray, Va., June 30 and July 
12, 1862, and Sept. 24, 1S64; Lynchburg, Va., June 17 
and iS, 1S64; Lynch's Creek, S. C, Feb. 26, 1865, Lynn- 
ville, Tenn., Nov. 24 and Dec. 23, 1S64. 

M. 

Macon, Ga., July 30, Nov. 20 and 24, 1S64, April 20, 
1S65; Macon, Mo., Feb. 12, iS6-,; Madeline Plains, 
Cal., Nov. 17, 1SC-2; Madison, Ark., April 4, 1S63, Madi- 
ison C. H., Va., Dec. 20, 1S64; Madison Station, Ala., 
May 17 and Nov. 26, 1804; Madisonville, Ky., Aug. 26, 
and' Oct. 5, 1S62; Madisonville, La., Jan. 7, 1864; "Mad 
River, Cal., July 11, 1863; Magnolia, Tenn., Jan. 7, 1S65; 
Malhuer River", Ore., July 9, 1S65; Malvern Hill, Va., 
July 1 and Aug. 5, 1S62, July 27 and 28, 1S64; Manassas, 
Va!, Aug. 30, "1S62; Manassas Gap, Va., Nov. g, 1862, and 
July 21, 1S63; Manassas Junction, Va., Oct. 24, 1S62; 
Manchester, Tenn., Aug. 29, 1S62, and March 
17, 1S64; Mansfield, La., April S, 1864; Mansura, 
also known as Avoyells Prairie, Marks ville, and 
Moreausville, La., May 13 to 17, 1S65; Maplesville, 
Ala., April i, 1S65; Maria des Cygnes, Kan., Aug. 3 , 
1S63, and Oct. 25, 1S64; Marianna, Fla., Sept. 27, 1S64 ; 
Mariana, Ark, Nov. 7, 1S62; Marie's County, Mo , 
May 21, 1S64; Marietta, Ga., July 3 and 4, 1S64; Mari- 
etta, Miss., Aug. 31, 1S62; Marion, Miss., Feb. 17, 1S64; 
Marion, Va., Dec. 16 and iS, 1864; Marion County, Fla., 
March 10, 1865; Markham, Va., Nov. 5, 1S62; Mark's 
Mills, Ark , April 5 and 25, 1804; Marksville, La., May 
14 to 16, 1S64; Marrowbone, also known as Burkesville, 
Ky., July, 2, 1803; Marshall, Mo., July 23 and Oct. 12 
and 13, 1803; Marshfleld, Mo., Feb. 14 and Oct. 20, 1S62; 
Martinsburg, Ml, July 2, 1861; Martinsburg, Mo., 
July 17 and iS, 1S01; Martinsburg, Va., Sept. — , 1862, 
June 14, lS53, Aug:. 10 and Sept. iS, 1864 ; Martin's Creek, 
Ark, , Jan. 7, i864: Maryland Heights, Va , July 4 lo 
7, [S64; Marysville, Tenn, Nov. 14, 1S03; Mason's 
Bridge, S. C, Dec. 6 to 9, 18 >4 ; Mason's Neck, Va., Feb. 
24, 1S62; Massacre at Centralia, Mo., Sept. 27,1864; 
Massacre on Railroad, Mo., Sept. 27, 1864; Massacre on 
Gam Gs.ty.IIo., March 30, iS6?; Matagorda Bay, Tex., 
Dec. 29 and 30, 1S63; Matapony also known as Thorn- 
burg, Va , Aug. 6, 1862 ; Mathias Point, Va., June 27, 
iS6i ; Matote, Cal., May 26, 1864.; Mayfleld, Ky., Jan. 
12, 1864; Mayre's Heights, Va., May 3, 18 \3; Mays- 
ville, Ala., Aug. 28 and Oct. 13, 1863; Maysville, Ark., 
Oct. 22, 1S62; Mazzard Prairie, Ark., July 27, 1864; Mc- 
Afee's Crossroads, Ga.,June 12, 1864; McConnellsburg, 
Pa., June 24 and 2\ 1863; McCook's Raid in, Ga., July 

26 to 31, 1S64; McCullough's Store, Mo., July 26 and 
Aug. 3, i85i; McDonald County, Mo., Aug. 5,1864; 



McDowell, also known as Bull Pasture Mountain, Va. ? 
May S, 1862; McGuire's Ferry, Ark., Sept. 23, 1862; 
McKay's Point, S. C , Dec. 22, 1S64; McLean's Ford, 
also known as Liberty Mills, Va., Oct. 15, 1863; Mc- 
Minn ville, Tenn., Aug. 30, 1S62, April 20, Sept. 28, and 
Oct. 3, 1S6?; Meadow Bluff, W. Va., Dec. 12, 1S63;, 
Meadow Bridge, Va., May 12, 1864; Mechanicsburg, 
Miss., May 29 and June 4 and 7, 1S63; Mechanicsville, 
Miss., May 24 and 29, 1S63 ; Mechanicsville, also known 
as Ellison's Mills, Va., June 26, 1S62; Medalia, Minn., 
April 16, 1833; Medley, "W. Va., Jan. 29, 1S64; Medoc, 
Mo., Aug. 23, 1861; Meflfleton Lodge, Ark., July 29, 
1S64; Memphis, Mo., July iS, 1S62; Memphis, Tenn, 
June 6, 1S62, May 2, Aug. 21, and Dec. 11, 1S64; Mendon 
Station, Tenn., Aug. 31 and Oct. 10, 1S62; Meridian, 
Miss.. Fe . 9 to 19, 1S64; Merrill's Crossing, Mo., Oct. 
12 and 13, 1S63; Merriweathers Ferry, Tenn., Aug. 15, 
1S62; Mesilla, N. Mex., Aug. 3, iSni ; Messenger's 
Bridge, Miss., Oct. 5, 1S63; Messenger's Ferry, Miss., 
July 1 and 2, 1S63; Metamora, Miss., Oct. 5, 1S62; Met- 
ley's Ford, Tenn., Nov. 4. 1S63; Mexico, Mo., July 15, 
1S61; Mezcal River, Cal., May 29, 1S64; Michel r s 
Creek, Miss., Mav 5, 1863; Middleburg, Miss., Dec. 24, 
1S62; Middleburg, Term., Sept. 21, 1S62; Middleburg, 
Va., March -28, 1862, and June 19, 1S63; Middle Creek, 
Ky., Jan. 10, 1S62; Middle Creek Fork, also known as 
Buckhannon, Va., Julv 6, 1S61 ; Middleton, Md., July 7, 
1S64 ; Middleton, Tenn., Jan. 5 and 3 1 , May 2 1 , and June 
24, 1863, Jan. 14, 1864; Middletown, Va., "May 24, 1S62, 
June 11,1863, ancl Oct. 19, 1864; Middle Yager, Cal., 
June 28, 1S63; Milford also known as Shawnee Mound 
and Blackwater, Mo , Dec. iS, 1861 ; Milford, Va., July 
2, 1S62; Milford Station, Va., May 20, 1864; Mill Creek, 
Ga., May 7, 1864; Mill Creek, Mo' , April 24, 1S63; Mill 
Creek, Tenn , Nov. 27, 1862; Mill Creek Valley, W. 
Va. Nov. 13, 1863; Millen Grove, Ga, Dec. 1, 1S54; 
Milliken's Bend, also known as Ashland, La., June 5 to 
7, 1863; Mill Point, W. Va , Nov. 5, 1863; Mill 
Springs, also known as Beech Grove, Fishing Creek, 
and Logan's Crossroads, Ky., Jan 19 and 20, 1862; Mills- 
ville, also known as "Wentzville, Mo., July 16, 1S61; 
Milltown Bluff, S.C., July 10, 18&3 ; Millwood, Va., Dec. 17,. 
3S64; Milton, Fla., Oct. 26, 1864;' Milton, Tenn., Feb. iS, 
1S63 ; Mine Creek, Kan., Oct. 25, 1864 ; Mineral Point, Mo., 
Sept. 27, 1864; Mine Run, Va., Nov. 2'5 and Dec. 2, 1863; 
Mine Explosion, Petersburg, Va., July 30. 1864; Mingo 
Swamp, Mo., Feb. 3, 1863; Missionary Ridge, Tenn., 
Nov. 25, 1S63; Mississippi City, Miss., March 8, 1S62; 
Mississippi Springs, Miss., May 13, 1S63; Missouri 
River, D. T., July 30, IS63; Mitchell's Creek. Fla., Dec. 
17,1864; Mitchell's Station, Va., Aug. 9, 1862; Mobile 
(See also Siege of), Ala, Dec. 22, 1864; Moccasin Gap, 
Va. , Dec. 14, 1864; Moffat's Station, Ark., Sept. 27, 
1S63; Monaqua Springs, Mo., March 25, 1S62, Monday 
Hollow, Mo., Oct. 13, 1801 ; Monetis Bluff, La., April 23, 
1 S64 ; Monocacy, Md , July 9, 1864; Monroe County, 
Mo., Sept. 16 and Oct. 4, 1862; Monroe's Crossroads, 
N. C, March 10, 1S65; Monroe Station, Mo., July 9 and 
jo, 1S61; Monterey, Ky., June 11, 1S02; Monterey, 
Tenn., April 2S and May 13, 1S62; Monterey, Va , April 

12, i8' ; 2; Monterey Gap., Md., July 4, 1S63; Montevallo, 
Ala., March 13, 30 and 31, 1S65; Montevallo, Mo., April 
14 and Aug. 6, iS62; Montgomery, Ala., April 12 and 

13, 1S65; Montgomery, Ga.,July iS, i8 ,; 4; Monticello, 
Ky., May 1 and June o, 1S63; Monticello, Ark., Jan. 16 
and March iS, 1S64; Moorefleld, W. Va., Nov. 9, 1S62, 
Jan. 3 and Sept. 5 and 1 1, 1S63, Feb. 4 and Aug. 7, 1S64; 
Moore's Bluff, Miss., Sept. 29, iS 4 ; Moore's Mills. Mo., 
July 24, 2S and 29, 1862; Moreau Bottom, Mo., Oct. 7, 

1S64; Moresburg, Tenn., Dec. 10, 1S63; Morgan 
County, Tenn., Feb. 2, 1S62; Morgan's Mills, Ark., 
Feb. 9, 1S64; Morgan's Raid from Kentucky into In- 
diana and Ohio, July 1 to 26, jS6j: Morgansville, Ky., 
Sept. 2, 1S62; Morgantown, Ky., Oct. 29, 1S61 and Oct. 
24, 1862; Morganzia, La., Sept. 20, 1863, May 18 and 30, 
and Nov. 23, 1564; Morning Sun, Tenn, July 1, i s 'v; 
Moro Bottom, Ark., April 25, 1864 ; Moro (>eek. Ark., 
April 26, 1S64; Moreausville, La., May n to 16, 1S64; 
Morristown, Mo., Sept. 17, 1S61; Morristown, Tenia.., 
Dec. 1, 1861, Dec. 10, 1S63, and Oct. 28, 1864; Morton, 
Miss , Feb. 7 and 8, 1804; Morton's Ford, Va., Feb. 6, 
iS>4; Moscow, Ark., April 13,1864; Moscow, Tenn., 
Feb. 18, Nov. 4, and Dec. 2 and 3, 186?, and June 1$, 1S64; 
Moscow Station, also known as "Wolf River Bridge, 
Miss., Dec. 4, 1863; Moses Creek, Ga„ Oct. 3, 1S64; 
Mossy Creek, Tenn., Dec. 29, 1863, and Jan. 13, i s "4: 
Mossy Creek Station, Tenn., Dec. 24, 1S63; Moulton,. 
Ala., Mav 2S and 29, 1S64; Mound Plantation, La., June 



*■£*■ 



-*« 



"V* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



343 



29, 1S63; Mountain Fork, Ark., Feb. 4, 1S64; Moun- 
tain Grove, Mo. . March 9, 1S62; Mountain Home, Mo., 
Oct. 17, 1S62; Mountain Store, Mo., July 25 and 2 \ 1S62, 
and May 26, 1S63; Mount Carmel, Term., Nov. 29, 1864; 
Mount Clio, S. C, Feb. 2ft, 1S65; Mount Crawford, Va., 
June 5, 1S64, and Feb. 29, 1S65; Mount Elba., Ark., 
March 30, 1S64; Mount Elba Ferry, Ark., April 26, 
1S64; Mount Ivy, also known as Ivy Hills, Miss., Feb. 

22, 1S64; Mount Jackson, Va., Nov. 17,1863; Mount 
Pleasant, Ala., April 1, 1S65; Mount Pleasant,. Miss., 
May 21, 1864; Mount Pleasant Landing, La., May 15, 
1S64; Mount Sterling, Ky., July 29, 1862, March 22, 
1S63, and June 9, 1S64; Mount Tabor Church, N. C., 

July 20, 1S63; Mount Vernon, Ark., May 11,1863; 
Mount Vernon, Mo., Sept. 30, 18^4 ; Mount Washing- 
ton, Ky , Oct. 2, 1862; Mount Zion, Mo., Dec. 2S, 1861 ; 
Mount Zion Church, Va., July 6, 18(14; Mouth of Mo- 
nocacy, Md., Oct. si, 1:562; Mud Creek, Ala., Jan 5, 
1S65; Muddy Bun, Va., Nov. 8,1863; Mud Springs, 
I. T., Feb. 8, 1865; Mulberry Gap, also known as 
Wyerman's Mills, Tenn., Feb 22, 1864 ; Muldraugh's 
Hill, Ky., Dec. 28, 1S62; Mumford's Station, Ala., April 

23, 1S65; Munfordsville, Ky., Dec. 17, iS u, and Sept. 14, 
i6and 21, 1S62; H nson's Hill, Va., Aug. 31 and Sept. 
29, 1S61; Murfreesboro', Tenn., July 13 and Dec. 31, 1S62, 
to Jan. 3 and June 6, 1S63, Sept 3, and Dec. 5; 6, 7, 15 and 

24, 1S64; Murfreesboro' Road, Tenn., Oct. 4, 1S63; 
Muscle Shoals, Ala , Oct. 30, 1 S64 ; Mustang Island, 
Tex., Nov. 17, 1S53; Myerstown, Va., Nov. iS, 1S64. 

]\ T . 

Nashville and Northwestern Railroad, Tenn., Sept. 

4, 1S64; Narnozin Church, Va., April 3, 1S65: Nanse- 
mond, Va., April 14, 1S03; Nanseniond River, Va., May 
3, 1S63; Narrows, Ga., Oct. 11, 1S&4; Nashville, Tenn., 
March 9, July 21, and Nov. 5, 1S62, and May 24 and Dec. 
2 to 22, iS6 + ; Natchez, Miss., Nov. 1 1 and Dec. 7 and 10, 
1S63, and April 25, 1S64; Natchitoches, La., March 31, 
April 19, and May 5, 1S64; Natural Bridge, Fla., March 
6, 1S65; Nauvoo, Ala., Jan. 2, 1865; Near Alexandria, 
La., May 1 to S, 1S64; Near Blue Springs, Tenn., Oct. 

5, 1863: "Near Bolivar Heights, Va., July 14, 1S63; Near 
Brownsville, Ark., Oct. 30, 1S64; Near Canton, Miss., 
Feb. 27 and 28, 1S04; Near Culpepper, Va.,July 11, iS6,s; 
Near Dalton, Ga., Jan. 21, 1S64; Near Decatur, Tenn., 
July 15, 1802; Near Lebanon, Mo., March 12, 1S62; 
Near Memphis, Tenn , Oct. 4, 1S64; Near Nashville, 
Tenn.. March S and Oct. 20, 1S62; Near New Berne, N. 
C, Feb. 27, 1S63; Near Pine Bluff, Ark., Sept. — , 1S64; 
Near Point Washington, Fla., Feb. 9, 1S64; Near 
Romney, Va., Feb. 16, 1S63; Near Snicker's Gap, Va., 
Aug. 13, 1804; Near the Rappahannock, Va., April 1, 
1S64; Near Tunica Bend, La., April 22, 1S64; Near 
Walkertown, Va., March 2, 1S64; Near Yazoo City, 
Miss., Feb. 2S, 1S64; Nelson's Farm, Va., June 30, 1862; 
Neosho, Mo., April 26, May 3r, Sept. 1 to 4, and Dec. 15, 
1S62, and March 2, Oct. 4, and Nov. 5, 1S03, and June 3 
and Nov. 10, 1S64; Neuse River, N. C, April 10, 1S65; 
New Albany, Miss., April 19 and Oct. 5, 1S63, and July 
io, 1S64; Newark, Mo., Auu. i, 1S62; New Baltimore, 
Va., Nov. 5, 1S62; New Berne, N. C, March 14, May 22, 
and Nov. 11, 1S62, March 14, 1S63, and Feb. 1 to 4, and 
29, 1S64; New Bridge, Va., May 24, 1S62; New Cider 
Mills, Tenn., Nov. 29, 1S64; New Creek, W. Va., June 
17, 1861, and Aug. 4, 1S64; New Creek Valley, W. Va., 
Feb. 1, 1S64; New Hope, Ky., July 11, iSn2; New 
Hope, Va , Nov. 28, 1803; New Hope Church, Ga., May 
25 to June 5, 1S64; New Kent Court House, Va., May o, 
1862, and March 2, 1864 ; New Lisbon, Ohio, July 26, 
1863; New Madrid, Mo., March 3 to 6, and 14, 1S62, and 
Aug. 7, 1863; New Madrid Bend, Tenn., Oct. 22, 1S63; 
New Market, Va., May 15, July 27 arid 2S, and Oct. 7, 
1S64; New Market Bridge, Va., Dec. 22, 1S61; New 
Market Crossroads, Va., June 30, 1862; New Market 
Heights, Va., June 24, Sept. 28 to 30, 1S64; Newnan, 
Ga., July 30 and 31. 1S64; Newport Barracks, N. C, 
Feb. 1 to 3, 1864; Newport News, Va., July 5, iS6r ; 
New Providence, Tenn , Sept. 6, 1862; New River, La., 
Feb. 9, 18114; New River Bridge, Va., May 9 and 10, 
1S64; Newtonia, Mo., Aug. 5, Sept. n and 30, and Oct. 
4- 5, and 7, 1812, Sept. 27, 1S63, and Oct. 2S to 30, 1S64; 
Newton, La., Oct. 4, 1S63; Newtown, Va., Mav 24, 
1S62, and Nov. 12, 1S64; Newton County, Mo , Feb. 10, 
1S63; New TJlm, Minn., Aug. 25 and 26, 1S62, Nicka- 
jack Creek, also known as Smyrna and Vining Sta- 
tion, Ga., July 1 to 10, 1864; Nickajack Trace, Ga., April 
23, 1S64; Nineveh, Va., Nov. 12, 1S64; Niobrara, Neb., 
Dec. 4, 1S63; Nolansville, Md., Sept. 9, 1S62; Nolens- 



ville, Tenn., Dec. 26, 1S62, and Feb. 15, 1S63; Norfolk, 
Va., May 10, 1S62; North Anna Viver, Va., July 23, 
1S62; North Anna River, also known as Taylor's 
Bridge and Jericho Ford, Va., May 23 to 27, 1S64; 
Northeast River, N. C, Jan. 17, 1863; North Fork, Va., 
March 6, iS6q; North Mountain, Va., July 3, 1864; 
Northport, Ala., April 3, 1865; North Shenandoah, 
Va,, Oct. — , 1S64; Nose's Creek, Ga., June 17 and Oct. 

1 to 3, 1S64; Nottaway Court House, Va., June 23, 1S64; 
Nueces River, Tex., Aug. 10, 1862. 

o. 

Oak Grove, also known as King's School-House and 
The Orchards, Va., June 25, 1S62; Oak Hills, Mo., Aug. 
10, 1S&1; Oakland, Miss?, Dec. 3 and S, 1S62; Ocean 
Pond, Fla., Feb. 20, 1864; Occoquan, Va., March 5, Dec. 
19 and 28, 1S62; Occoquan Bridge, Va., Jan. 29, 1S62; 
Occoquan Creek, Va., Nov. 12,1861; Occupation of At- 
lanta, Ga., Sept, 2, 1864; Occupation of Camden, Ark., 
April 15 and 10, 1S64; Offett's Knob, Mo., April 28, 1S64; 
Oeeeche River, also known as Jenks' Bridge, and 
Eden and Poole's Stations, Ga., Dec. 7 to q, 1S64; 
Okalona, Ark., April 3, 1S64; Okalona, Miss., Feb. 22, 
1864; Old Church, Va., June 13, 1862, and May 30, and 
June 10 and 11, :S64; Old Fort Wayne, also known as 
Maysville, Ark., Aug. 22, 1862; Old Oaks, La., May 18, 
1S64; Old Randolph, Mo., Sept. 14, 1861; Old River, 
La., Feb. 10, 1863, and May 22, 1864; Old River Lake, 
Ark., June 5 and 6, 1S64; Olive Branch, La., March 6, 
1865; Olive Hill, Ky., Oct, 2, 1S62; Olustee, also known 
as Ocean Pond and Silver Lake, Fla., Feb. 20, 1S64; 
Oostenaula, Ga.,May 13 to 16,1864 ; Opelousas, La., Oct. 21, 
1S63; Opequan, Va , Sep. 19, 1864; Operations at Mine 
Run, Va., Nov. 26 to 28, 1S63; Orangeburgh, S. C, P'eb. 12, 
1S65; Orange Court House, Va., July 2% and Aug. 2, 
1S62; Orange Grove, Va., Nov. 2Tto 2S, 1863; Orchard 
Knob, Tenn., Nov. 23, 1S63; Oregon County, Mo., Oct. 
23, iS5'„ and March 19, 1S64; Oregon Mountains, Ore., 
Jan. iS, 1S64; Orleans, Ind , June 17, 1S63; Osage, also 
known as Island Mounds, Mo., Oct 29, iS52; Osage 
Mission, Kan., Sept. 26, 1864; Osage River, Mo., Oct. 6, 
1S64; Osceola, Ark., Aug. 2 and 4, 1S64; Osceola,Mo., 
Sept. 20 and 21, 1S61, May 27, 1S62; Otter Creek, Va., 
June 16, 1S64; Overall's Creek, Tenn., Dec. 4, 1S64; 
Overton's Hills, Tenn., Dec. 15 and 16, 1S64; Owens- 
borough, Ky., Aug. 27, 1S64; Owensburgh, Ky., Sept. 
19 and 20, 1862; Owen's Crossroads, S. C, Feb. 2, 1865; 
Owen's River, Cal., April 9, 1S62; Owen's Valley, Cal., 
March 3 and 19. and April 10, 1S63; Oxford, Miss., Dec. 
3, 1S62, and Aug. 12, 19, 22, and 23, 1S64; Oxford, Ark., 
Oct. 2S, 1S67; Ox Hill, Va., Sept. 1, 1S62; Ozark, Ark., 
Oct. 29, 1S63, and July 14 and 15, 1S64; Ozark, Mo., Aug. 

2 and Dec. 2, 1S62. 



Painsville, Ky., Jan. 7, 1S62; Paint Rock Railroad 
Bridge, Ark., April 28, 1862; Paintsville, Ky., April 
13, 1S64; Palaquemine, also known as Indian City 
Village, La., Aug. 6, 1864; Palmer's Creek, Va., May 
12 to 16, 1S64; Palmetto Ranche, Tex, May 13, 065; 
Palmyra, Mo., Nov. IS, 1S61 ; Palmyra.Tenn., Nov. 13, 
1803, Palo Alto, Miss., April 21 and 2 , 1863; Pan- 
ther Creek, Mo., Aug. 8, 1S62; Panther Gap, W. Va., 
June 3, 1S64; Panther Springs, Tenn., March <;, 1S64; 
Papinsville, Kan., Sept. 5, 1S01 ; Papinsville, also 
known as Osceola, Mo , Sept 21 and 22, 1S61; Paris, 
Ky., July 30, 1862, and March 11 and July 29, 1S63; Paris, 
Tenn., March 11 and April 10, 1S62, and .Sept. 13, 1S63; 
Parker's Crossroads, also known as Red Mound, 
Tenn., Dec. 30, 1862; Pavkersville, Mo., July 17 and 19, 
1S61, Dec. 6, 1S62; Pass Christian, Miss., April 4, 1S62; 
Pasquotank, N. C, Aug. 18, iS6<; Pass Manchas, La., 
March 20, 1864; Pattacassey Creek, also known as 
Mount Taber Church, N. C„ July 26, 1865; Patten, Mo., 
July 2>\ 1862; Patterson, Mo., April 20, 1863; Patterson 
Creek, also known as Kelly's Island, Va., June 2 >, 1S61, 
and Feb. 3,184; Pattersonville, La., March 28, 1S63; 
Pawnee Forks, Kan., Nov. 25, 1864, Pawnee Reserva- 
tion, June 20, 1863; Payne's Plantation, Miss, Aug. iS, 
1863; Payne's Tavern Va., Nov. 2 > to 2S, 1863; Peach 
Orchard, also known as Allen's Farm, Va., June 29, 
iS62; Peach-Tree Creek, Ga , July 19 and 20, 1864; Pea 
Lidge, Ark., March 6 to 8, 1862; " Pea- Vine Creek, Ga., 
Nov. 27, 1S63; Pechacho Pass, D. T., April i>. 1862; 
Pembescott Bayou, Ark., April 8, 1864; Pendleton, 
Mo., Oct. 29, 1S64; Pensacola, Fla , Nov. 27,, 1S&1, and 
April 2, 1S64; Peralto, N. Mex., April 15, 1S62; Perry 



344 



LI BERT V AXD UXIOX 



County. Ky.. Nov. 9, lS6»; Ferryville. Ark., Aug. 20, 
1863; Perryville. Ky., Oct. 6, 7, and S, tS6a; Perryville. 
I. T. Aug s ; IVtorsburgh. Tenn.. March .'and 

v - Petarsburgh, Va„ June 10, 1S64, to April ;, 
1865, Petersburgh, W, Va., Sept. 7, iS6i, and Jan. S. 
iScvj; Petit Joan, Ark.. July i.~. iSm: Philadelphia, 

. :S\;; Philimont . Va.. N01 . 
lS6a; Philippi, W. Va., .■--.;. tS6i; Phillips" Creek. 
Miss.. M.u 2i, iS6a; Piedmont, also known as Mount 
Qn wfbrd, Va.. June ;. 18645 Piedmont Station, Va.. 
S ■ ■;. Pierces Point. Fla.. Oct. IS, 1864; Pier- 
son's Farm, Va.,Jun« 16, 1864; Pigeon-Roost Creek. 
Miss.. Maj u. iSo;; Pikcow ... also known as Try 
M,ir.'.:.;-.n,Ky. Nov, O, iSoi ; Pikeville. Ark.. Jr.no -5 to 
ao. «So4; Pikeville Ky., \ 5 x :. Pilot Knob, 

Mo.. \ . 1S64; Pinal Creek. Ariz. 

T.. .Vac'. 1 and 5, iS\ t ; Pinokney Island. S. . C. Aug\ ;.. 

i36a; Pine-Barren Creek, Ala., Dec 7to to, x 

March »$, 1SV5; Pino Barren Fork. Fla.. Poo. 17 and iS. 

1864; Pine Bluff. Ark.. Oct. .-;. 1S63, .uui Jan. :o. Ma.] 1 

s Pine Bluff. Tenn.. 

s y.'. Forest, Nev.. \ s 5; Pine 

Pino Mountain. Ga.. June 14 

iSo>: Pinevile. Mo. Nov, a. S6a, and Aug, 

Piney Factory. Tenn.. Nov, :. < ;. Piney Woods. La.. 

April tj iSoj: Pink Hill. Mo.. Jun« I . B6»J Piuos 

Altos. Ariz. T., I . ^ Pinos Altos Mines. 

'.' Jan. bo, ;S.\;; Pittman's Perry, Ark.. Jul] -\\ 

\ ■ k - v .nan's Ferry, Mo.. Oct. a; 

Pittsburg Landing, also known as Shiloh, Tenn . 
March a \ S6aj Plain's Store. La.. 

May at, iy;, and April ~. 8 - : Plantersville. also 
known as Bbeneaer Church, and Maplesvilk 
April 1. 1S0;; Platte Bridge. Dak.. June 3 and .' 
1S65; Platte City. Mo.. Jul] 3, 1S64; Plattsburg. Mo., 
Oct. -7. v - . Plaonemtne, La., June iS, iS53,and Juno 

V .. 864; Pleasant Grove La.. V - s v 

Pleasant Hills. La.. April o. 1^-4.; Pleasant Hill. Mo.. 

id 1, ■ S -.-. ana Ma] 15 md t§, S • . PJ 
Hiil Landing. La. April ia, 1S64; Pleasant Bidge. 
Ala.. April 6, 1S65; Plenitude. Miss. Jul] 10, 1S&4; 
Plymouth. N. C . Sept. _\ i\>:. N01 V 

i and 11 iS Pocahontas, Ark . \ . x | 

atas, Mo , Feb. i< 864; Pocotaligo, S c. Ma] 
IV and Oct, aa, iSoa, and Jan. 1 ; ' S - Point Lick. 

Point Lookout. Va . Ma] 
of Books, Kan., Jan, *o, n -;. Point of Bocks, 
Md . Aug 5, - June 9 and Jul] .. 

Pleasant. La J, iS Point Pleasant, "W V.... 

- . Poison Springs, Ark., A Si 

Ark.. Ma\ ._;. 1S635 Polloeksville. 
Voril 14. 1S02. and \.\-r<. 7. iS \: . Ponchatoula. 
I .-. ' May 13, 1S63; 

Creek, Ky.. Ma] S Pond Spring, Ala., 

Pontotoc Miss.. Juh 
Stat on. Ga., Dec. 3 S Poolesville, Md . S 

iS&a; r. .-.-. v.-. , Aug;. S< tS& 

. turch Va., Sept." 3 t, 1S64; 

Port Gibson. Miss.. Ma] I and Pec. :.-. 1S63, Jo ; 

36*; Port Hudson. La.. M 
Ma] aal S63; Port Republic, Va 

Port Boy... S 6 Nov, iS S&S Port 

Potosi, Mo.. Aug-, 
Pound Gas Ky., v ~ . Pound Gap. 

also known as Bounding Gap. Tenn.. Man 

tition, Tenn.. Jul] b, S ;. Powder 

Dak S s - Powder's Mill. Mo . 

Pi irder Springs, Ga, J Fow- 

. S Fcwc'.'.s 

Few':-.. .tan. Va . 
Prairie Chapel. Mo.. S. v 

1S64; Prairie c- ove, also 
known as Fayetteville and ir. Ark., Dec. 7, 

:ion. Miss.. IV s 
Pi . le*a Farm Va S . 1804; 

ss, M-.ss . Sk : Prestonburg, Kv 

Pi .. - :■ \ siox of Mo, S :; to Oct, aS, 
cs Place. Mo. Oi x Prh 

Ark . 1 1 

Princeton. W. Va., Ma] 
- S ' . 9 V.'.'is. also 

as Darnestown, Md.. S< 5 v 

Creek. Va.. M S Pu - > 

Mex . V g S, S ,:. Pulaski. Ala.,Jnh 15, 1S63; Pu- 
laski, Tenn., Maj - M S 

-. :; to 
^utnani. Mo S - I Fv.tnam's Ferry, 

Ho \ ■ . S6a Pyramid Lake, Nei 54a x 5 



Quaker Bridge, also known as Comfort. N. C. Julv 
6, lB6y, (Quaker Bead. Va., March ao, 1S05; Quall- 
to\wn. also known as Deep Creek. N. C. Feb, 
Quicksand Creek. Ky., Vpri s ;. Qumcy. Mo.. 

\ 

R. 

Baccoon Ford. Ala.. Oct. ;o. 1S64; Baccoon Ford. Va., 
Sept. 14 and 19, 1S63, and Nov. -\\ 1S63; Baceland. La. 
June.'.-. iS6a; Raid— Rocky Mount, N. C, 

N ■;. Raid Tar Biver. N. C. Ju \ S to 2 . ^ 1 ; Raid 
to G o:\ionsville. Va.. Dec. S to aS, 1S64 ; Raleig-h. N. C. 
April 7 and 1 ;. iN\;. Randolph County. Mo.. M..\ 8, 
iNv|; Rapidan, Va., Oct. to and 17. iS\;. and March 1. 
i^M: Rapidan Station. Va.. Ma> 1. 1S63; Rappa- 
hannock Bridge, Va., Nov. S. Soa, •. Ocl 

ossing, Va. Oct. aa, 1S63; Kappa- 

l Station, Va., Aug ::::.':. \ ; 
No> x ; Bawle's Mills, also known as Little 

Creek. N. c .. Nov. ,;. iS6a; Raymond, Miss.. May t*. 
s ;. and Feb. 4. iScq; Baytcwn. Mo.. |un< :. S 1 
Bcadyville. Tenn.. Aug, - -< . . v :. and Sept 7. tNvj; 
Beam's Station. Va.. June :-• a \ tg :;. 1S64; 

Reconnoissance, Darbytouna Bead. Va., - 
Reconnoissance on Charles City Crossroads. Va.. Ocl 
1, iS<h; Reconnoissance on Corinth Bead. Miss.. April 
Reconnoissance on Boydton Road, Va., Ocl 
S. 1S64; Reoonnoissance to Hatcher's Run. Va.. Dec, 
S and o. 1S64; Reconnoissance to Strasburg, Va, Oct 
; v . Rector's Farm. Ark.. Pec. 19, . x . ; Rector- 
town, also known as Five Points Va . x 
Red Bone. Miss.. April 21, [S04; Bed Bone Church. 
Mo.. Sep ;, iS Red Clay, Ga . Mai ;. tSo*; Red 
Hill. Ala,, Jan. 14, :v;; Bed House. W. Va . Julv i.\ 
tS6lJ Bed Mound. Tenn.. Dec. 30, iS6a; Bed Oaks. 
Ga.. A 2S, Soj; Bed Biver Exp. 
La., Mai S Redoubt before Yorktown, Va., 
x : . Redwood, Cal„ \ a $63; Red- 
Minn.. Aug-. iS, iSoa: Redwood Creek 
Jull 7. 1S63; Reed's Mountains. Ark. Dec. ;. lS6a; 
Reedy Creek. W. Va.. May :. iS :. Beniek. Mo.. 
Nov, I, 1S61; Bensey's Ferry. Mo.. > S6i] Be- 
rock, Ariz,. March 34, ^ ;. Resaca, G«L, Ma] 

Ocl x Reynolds* Plantation, Qa.,* I^ov. --7 

toao, S64; Shea's Mills. Ark.. Nov. 7. iSt>a; Bhear- 
town, To-..-.-. Ocl SC3; Richfield, Mo., ~> 

1S63; Richland. Ark.. Maj .;. inm; Richland. Tenn.. 
S6a, and St - . Richmond. Ky 

a, and July aS, 1S63; Richniond, La.. M 
- : Richmond. Miss.. J 

Oi I : s nd - 
^> » April 3, S ;. Richmond and Peters- 

burgh Railroad, Va.. Mai 6 and 7. . v -;. Bich Moun- 
tain. W. Va.. Jul] n, iv;'; Bickett's Hill. Tenn.. \.ug 
r» and Sept. 7. lSc-; Riddle's Shop, Va.. J 
Bienzi. Miss.. Aug 

.. Mascaras, N. Mex., Dec. 11. in-;, b-.- 

N ■ S ;. B-.o Pe Los Animos, 

N. Mex., J S 3 Bio Hondo. N. M 

1S63; B-.c Verde, Axis., Oct, 13, i^ 5. Ripley, M;ss . 
- ; June - Jul] 7. 

lS^v}.; Ripley, Tenn.. Jan. S, < -;. River's Bridge^ S 
C. Feb j S05; Boache's Plantation, Miss. 

Roanoke, Mo.. S« Soa; Roanoke Island, 

X. C. Feb S. S6a; Roan's ran-yard Mo., J a. S, S6a 

bson's Run. Va.. Oc N . Robertson 

ern Va., Nov. aS, 1S03; Robinson's Mills, Miss., Oct 
- . Rocheport, Mo.. June 1 and iS, ^ .; . E>xk 
Canyon, Kev., Feb. 15, -.n-;. Bock Creek. Dak 

;. Rockrbrd, Tenn.. Nov. 14, 1S63; Bock House. 
W Va . ? Bock ngham, N. c . M 

1865; Bockport Ark M 25 v Rockport, Mo.. 

. Rockville. Md." Sept. .:. .^-;. Rocky 
Bluff. Mo.. Aust. ;, iSoa; Kooky Creek Church. Ga. 
Dec, a, iSf4; Rocky Crossing, M-.ss.. J 
I 

Ma] Stou Stvj; Rocky Gap Ky , - '; . Rocky 

Gap Va., \ a S03: BodgersvUle. Tenn.. \ - 

Rodney. Miss.. 1\ c. - 
Vusr. 1, 1S04; Bogersvllle Ala Nl 
Rogersville, Tenn.. Nov. . ^ ,; ; Bella. Mo.. A._. 

l! No- S64; Ke'.'.-.-.-.i: Fork. Miss. Noi - 

Rolling- Prairie. Ark., Jan 23 and Ft v ; Rome. 

Ga.. M - - Rome Crossroads. 

Ga.. Mai 16, v Romney, also know v. as Hanging 

Rock, W v.. S« Rood's 



"+ 



*? 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



3 45 



Hill, Va., May 14, and Nov. 22, 1S64; Rosecrans' Cam- 
paign in Tennessee, June 23 to 30, 1863; Roseville, 
Ark., Nov. is, 1863, March 29 and April 4, 5, and 15, 1864; 
Roseville Creek, Ark., March 20, 1S04; Ross Landing, 
Ark., Feb. i(, lS F- Round Away Bayou, La., .Man 1. 
,; Round Hill, Ark., July 7, iS62, Round Hill, 
Tenn., Aug. 2S, 1S62; Rousseau's Campaign in Tennes- 
see, June 23 to 30, iS?3; Rousseau's Pursuit of Wheeler 
in Tennessee, Sept. 1 to 8, 1S64; Rousseau's Raid in 
Alabama and Georgia, July 11 to 22, 1864; Rover, Tenn , 
Jan. 31 and June 2;, 1S63; Rowanty Creek, Va . 
and 7. 1S65; Rowlett's Station, also known as Mun- 
fordsville and Woodsonville, Ky., Dec. 17, 1861 ; Ruck- 
ersville. Miss., Oct. 6, 1S62; Rural Hills, Tenn., Nov. 
18, 1862; Rush Creek, I. T., Feb. 9, 1S65; Russell's 
House, Miss., May 17, 1S62; Russellville, Ky., July 29 
and Sept. 30, i s '<2;" Russellville, Mo., Oct. 9, 1864; Rus- 
sellville, Tenn., July 1. 1S62; Rutherford's Creek, Tenn., 
March 10, [863, Dec. 19, 1S64. 

Sabine Crossroads, also known as Mansfield and 
Pleasant Grove, La., April 8, '64 ; Sabine Pass, La., Sepl . 
8, 1S63; Sacramento, Ky., Dec. 2% 1801; Sacramento 
Mountains, N. Mex., Au«. 25, 1864, and July 1, 1865; 
Sage Creek, D. T., April 21, 1865; Sailor's Creek, also 
known as Harper's Farm and Deatonsville, Va., April 
Salem, also known as Spring River, Ark., 
March iS, 1^62; Salem, Miss., Oct. 8, 1863, and June 11, 
1SA4; Salem, Mo., Dec. 3, 1S61, and July 6 and Aug. 9, 
1S62; Salem, N. C, April 3, 1S65; Salem, Va., No-. . e, 
J62, June 21, 1S64; Salem Cemetery, Tenn., Dec. [8, 
1862; Salem Church, Va., June 2, 1S64; Salem Pike, 
Tenn.. March 21, 1S03; Salem Heights, Va., May 3 and 
Salin, I. T . Dec. 2, 1S62; Saline County, Mo., 
July 30, iV>2: Saline River, Ark., May 4. i s 6<, and May 
— , 1S65; Salisbury, Tenn., Any. 11, "1S02, April 16 and 
Dec. 3, 1 v./; Salkehatchie, S. C, Feb. 9, 1805; Salke- 
hatchie River, S. C, Feb. 6, 1S65; Salt Lick, Va., 0< t. 

,: Salt Springs, Ga., Oct. 1, 1^64; Saltville , Va., 
20 1864^ Salyersville, Ky., Nov. 30. 
1S63; Samaria Church, Va., June 15 and 24, 1864; Sam 
Jones Surrendered Florida, .May 10, 1S65; San Andres 
Mountain, N. Mex., July 1, 1865; San Carlos River, 
Cal., .May 27, 1S64; Sand Creek, I. T., Dec. 9, 1864; 
Sandersville, also known as Buffalo Creek, Ga., Nov. 
Sand Mountain. Ala., April 30, 1863, and Jan. 
27, 1865; Sandy Swamp, N. C, Dec. iS, 1S63; Sangster's 
Station, Va., Dec. 15, 1S63; Santa Fe, Mo., July 2\ and 
Santa Rosa, Fla., Oct. 9, 1S61 ; Saratoga, Ky., 
1S61; Sartoria, Miss., June 4, 1863; Sauk Center, 
Minn., Sept. jo, 1862; Saulsbury, Miss., July 2, 1^64; 
Saunders, Fla., May ij, iS6^; Savage's Station, Va., 
June 29, [S62; Savannah, Ga., Dec 10 and 21, 1S64; 
Savannah, Tenn., April 16, 1S62; Scarytown, W. Va., 
July 17, jy>i; Scattersville, Ark., July 10 and Aug. 3, 
1S62; Scottsborough, Ala., Jan. S, 1S65; Scott's Farm, 
Ark.. Feb. 12, 1S64; Scott's Ford, Mo., (Jet. 14, 1863; 
Scott's Mills Road, Tenn., Jan. 27, 1SO4; Scottsville, 
Ala., April 2 and 3, 1S65; Scrougesville, Tenn., Nov. 
27, [S62; Scullyville, I. T., April 16, 1S64; Seabrook's 
Point, S. C, June 1, 1S62; Searcy, Ark., June 3, July 4, 
i. 6 and 13, 1864; Searcy Landing, Ark., May 19, 
2; Secessionville, S. C, June 16, 1S62, July 16, 1S63; 
Second Assault on Fort "Wagner, S. C, July is, 1863; 
Second Assault on Port Hudson, La., June 14, 003; 
Second Assault on Vicksburg, Miss., May 20. 1863; 
Section 37, Nashville & N. W. R. R., Tenn., Nov. 24, 
1-4; Sedalia, Mo., April 9, 1S63, and Oct. 15, 1S64; 
Selma, Ala., April 2, iV^; Senatobia, Miss., May 25, 

Seneca, Md., June 11, 1S53; Seneca Station, I. T., 
Sept. 14, 1S63; Seven Days, includes Chickahominy, 
Peach Orchard, and Savage Station, Va., June 26 to July 
i,i v '>i; Seven Pines, Va., May 31 and June 1, 1862; 
Shady Springs, W. Va., Aug. 2S," 1S62, and July 14, 1S63; 
Shanghai, Mo., Sept. 27 and Oct. 13, 1S61; 'Shannon 
Hill. Va., May 4, 1863; Sharon, Miss., Feb. 27, 1S64; 
Sharpsburgh,' Md., Sept. 17, iVa; Shawnee Mound, 
Mo., Dec. 18, jS'u; Shawneetown, Kan., June 6, 1S63; 
Shelbina, Mo., Sept. 4, 1S61; Shelburne, Mo.. Sept. 15, 
1862; Shelby Lepot, Tenn., Oct. 23, 1-562; Shelbyville, 
Tenn., June 27, 1863; Shelbyville Pike, Tenn., June 4 
md Oct. 7, 1803; Shell's Mills, Ark., Oct. 16, 1S62J 
Shepherdstown, W. Va., Oct. 1, 1S62, July 16, 1S53, and 

-'-■ 1864; Shepherdsville, Ky., Sept. 21, 1S62; 
Sheridan's Raid in Virginia, May 9 to 13, 1S64, and Feb. 
-7 • March 25, i36s; Sherwood, Mo., May iS, iSo^j* 



Shiloh, Tenn , April 6 and 7, 1S62; Ship's Gap, Ga., 0< '. 

16, 1S64; Shirley's Ford, Mo., Sept. 20, 1862; Shoal 
Creek, Ala., Nov. 9, 1 S04 ; Sibley's Landing, Mo., Oct. 
6, i 62; Siege of Atlanta, Ga., July 2S to Sept. 2, 1864; 
Siege of Knoxville, Tenn , Nov. 17 to Dec. 4, 1S65; 
Siege of Mobile, Ala., March 26 to April 9, 1865; Siege 
of Petersburg, Va., June 15, 1864, to April 2, 1S65; Siege 
of Port Hudson, La., May 27 to Jul v 9, 1S63; Siege of 
Savannah, Ga., Dec. 10 to 21, iS64; Siege of Suffolk, 
Va., April 12 to May 4, 1S63; Siege of Vicksburg, Miss., 
May iStoJuly4, 1863; Siege of Yorktown, Va., April 
5to"May 3, 1802; Silver Creek, Ala., Nov.9, 1864; Sil- 
ver Creek, Ga., Oct. 13, 1S64 ; Silver Creek, also known 
as Roan's Tan-yard and Sugar Creek, Mo., Jan 
Silver Lake, Fla., Feb. 20, 1S64; Silver Run, N. C, 
March 13, 1S65; Simmsport, La., May 18 ami Oct. 6, 
1864; Simpsonville, Ky , Jan. 2^, 1S05; Sinking Creek, 
Va., Nov. 26, 1S02; Sinkpole Woods, Mo, March 23, 
JS62; Sipsey Swamp, Ala., April 6, (865; Six-Mile 
Creek, Ala., March 31, 1865; Six-Mile House, Va., Aug , 
18 to 21, 1S64; Skeet, also known as Swan's Quarter, 
N. C, March 4, 1S63; Skull Valley, A. T., May 2',, 
1S65; Slatersville, also known as New Kent C. H., Va., 
May 9, 1862; Slaughterville, Ky., Sept. 3, jV>2; Slaugh- 
ter Mountain, Va., A ug. 9, JS02; Smithfleld, Ky., Jan. 
5, 1S65; Smithfield, Va., Feb. 13 and Sept 15, 1S63, and 
Feb. 1, April 14, and Aug. 25, 29 and 30, 1864; Smiths- 
burg, Md., July 4, 1863; Smith's Expedition from Ten- 
nessee to Mississippi, July 5 to jS, 1 864 ; Smith's Farm, 
N. C, .March jo, 1865; Smith's Raids from Tennessee 
to Mississippi, Feb. ioto 25, 1864; Smith's Station, I. 
T., May 12, 1 $64; Smith ville, Ark., June iS, j V)2 ; 
Smoky Hill, Col.. May 16, 1S64; Smoky Hill Crossing, 
Kan., Any. 16, 064 ;' Smyrna, Ga., July 2 to - 
Snaggy Point, La , May 3, iv 4; Snake Creek Gap, Ga., 
May 8 to 10, Oct. 15, 1 So 4 ; Snia Hills, Mo., April 29 and 
May 21, 1864; Snicker's Gap, Va., Nov. 2, 1S62, undjulv 

17, 1S64; Snicker's Gap Pike, Va., Aug. 19, 1864; Snick- 
er's Ferry, Va., July iS, 1S61; Snow Hill, Tenn., April 
2 and 3, [803; Snyder's Bluff, Miss., April jo, 
Soldier's Grove, Cal., Sept. 26, 1864; Solomon's Gap, 
Md.,July7, 1S64; Somerset, Ky., March 30, 1863; Somer- 
ville, Tenn., Jan. 3 and March 29, 1863; Somerville 
Heights, Va., May 7, 1S62; Sounding Gap, Tenn., 
March 14, 1S62; South Anna, Va., June 26, 1S63, and 
March 15, 1S05; South Branch Edisto River, S. C, Feb. 

9, 1S65; South Branch "Watonwan, Minn., April 16, 
iS'.^; South Fork, Fla., Feb. 9 and 10, 1864; South 
Mills, N. C, April 19, 062; South Mountain, Md., Sept. 
14, 1-02; South Quay, Va., April 17, 1863; South Quay 
Bridge, Va., May 1, 1S63; South Tunnel, Tenn, Oct. 

10, 1864; South Union, Ky., May 12, 1863; Southwest 
Creek, N. C, Dec. 13, 1S62; Southwest Mountain, Va., 
Aug. 9, 1862; Spanish Fork Canyon, Utah, April 15, 
[863; Spanish Fork, Ala., March 26 to April S, 1865; 
Sparta Tenn., Aug. 4, 1S62, and Aug. 9 and Nov. 26, 
[S63; Sperryville, Va., July 5, 1S62; Spoonville, Ark., 
April 2, 1S64; Sporting Hill, Pa., June 30, 1S63; Spott- 
sylvania, Va., May S to 21, 1S64; Spottsylvania Coux-t- 
House, Va., April 30, 1863; Spring Creek, I. T., June 6, 
1S63; Spring Creek, Mo., Aug. 2;, 1S02; Springfield, 
Mo., Aug. 10, Oct. 5 and 25, 1S61, Feb. 13, 1S62, Jan. 7 and 
S, Dec. 16, 1S63; Springfield, W. Va., Feb. 3, 1864; 
Springfield Landing, La., July 2, 1863; Spring Hill, 
Mo., Oct. 27, 1S61 ; Spring Hill, Tenn., March 4 and K, 
1S63, Nov. 29, 1^64: Spring River, Ark., March iS, 
1862, Feb. 9, 1S64; Spring River, Mo., Sept. >, iSc2, 
Feb. 19, 1863; Stahel's Reconnoissance in Virginia. 
Nov, 30, 1862; Stanardsville, Va., March 1, 1^64; 
Stanford, also known as Lancaster, Ky., Oct. 14, 1S62; 
State Creek, Ky., June 11, 1S63; Statesboro, Ga., Dec. 

4, 1S64; St. Augustine, Fla., Dec. 30, 1S63; Staunton 
Bridge, Va., June 24, 1864; Staunton Road, Va., June r 
and 2, 1SO2; St. Catharine's Creek, Miss., Juiv 2^, 1863; 
St. Charles, Ark., June 17, 1S62, June 25 and" 20, j-564: 
Steamer Clara Bell, Miss., July 24, 1864; Sterling's 
Farm, La., Sept. 12 and 29, 1S03; Stevensburgh, Va., 
Nov. 7, 1S63; Steven's Gap, Ga., Sept. 11, 1863; Stev- 
enson, Ala., Aug. 31, 1S62; Stevenson's Depot, Va., Jub. 
20, 1S64; Stewart's Creek, Tenn., Dec. 29. 1862, and Jan. 
1, 1863; St. Francis County, Mo, April S, 1S63; St. 
Francois River, Mo., April 30 and May 1, 1S63: St. 
George's Creek, Ohio, Jan. 19, 1S63. St. John's River, 

5. C, May 23, 1864; St. Louis, streets of Mo., May ic, 
1861; St." Mary's River, Fla, Feb. 9 and 10, isr.4;' st. 
Mary's Trestle. Fla , July 2^, 1S64; Stockade at Stone 
River, Tenn.. Oct. 5, 1S-3; Stockton, Mo., Ault. 9, iS'jj: 



-®-t 



Hfr 



34 6 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



Stoneman's Raid in Va., April 27 to May S, 1S63; Stone- 
man's raid to Macon, Ga., July 26 to 31, 1S64; Stone- 
man's raid from Tennessee to Va., Dec. 12 to 21, 1S64; 
Stoneman's raid in Virginia and N. C, March 20 to 
April 6, 1865; Stone River, also known as Murfrees- 
"borough, Tenn., Dec. 31, 1S62, to Jan. 3, 1S63; Stone's 
Farm, Ark., April 5, 1864 ; Stone's Ferry, Ala., July 15, 
1S64; Stony Creek, Va., June 28, 1S64; Stony Creek 
Station, Va., May 7, Oct. 11, and Dec. 1, 1S64; Stony 
Lake, Dak., July '28, 1S63; Stony Point, Ark., May 20, 
1S64; Strasburgh, Va., March 27, June 1 and 2, 1S62, 
and Oct 9, 1S64; Strasburgh Road, Va., Feb. 26 and 
April 23, 1863; Strawberry Plains, Term., Jan. 10, 1 S64 ; 
Strawberry Plains, Va., Aug-. 14 to iS, 1S64; Streight's 
raid from Alabama to Ga., April 27 to May 3, 1863; St. 
Stephen's, S.C.. March 1,1865; Stumptown, Mo., Aug. 
2, iS'\3, Sturgeon, Mo , Sept. 22, 1862; St. Vrain's Old 
Fort, N. Mex., Nov. 25, 1S64; Suffolk(see also siege of), 
Va.,'Dec. 28, 1S62, April 4, May 15 and 16, 1S63, and 
March 9, 1S64; Sugar Creek, Ark., Oct. 17, 1S62; Sugar 
Creek, Mo., Jan. 8 and Feb. 17 and iS, 1S62; Sugar Creek, 
Tenn., Oct. 9, 1863, Dec. 25 and 26, 1864; Sugar-Loaf 
Battery, 1ST. C, Feb. 11,1865; Sugar-Loaf Hill, N. C., 
Jan. 19, 1865; Sugar-Loaf Mountain, Md., Sept. 10, 1S62; 
Sugar Valley, Ga., May 13 to 16, 1S64; Sulphur Branch 
Trestle, Ala., Sept. 25", 1S64; Sulphur Springs, Ala., 
Tan, 25, 1S64; Sulphur Springs, Va., Aug. 25, 1862; Sul- 
phur Springs Bridge, Va., Aug-. 11, 1S64; Summerville, 
Miss., Nov. 26, 1802; Summerville, Tenn. Dec. 24 and 
25, 1803; Summerville, Va., Feb. 9, 1S63; Summerville, 
W. Va„ Aug. 26, 1S61; Summit Point, Va., Aug. 21, 
1S64; Sumterville, S. C, March 23 and April 9,1865; 
Sunnyside Landing, Ark., June 7, 1S64; Supply Train, 
Tenn., Oct. 23, 1563; Sutton, Va., Sept. 23, 1862; Suwano 
Gap, N. C, April 23, 1865; Swallow's Bluff, Tenn., 
Sept. 30, 1863; Swan Lake, Ark., April 23, 1S61; Swan's 
Quarter, N. C, March 4, 1S63; Sweetwater, Ga., Oct, 1 
to 3, 1S64; Sweetwater, Tenn., Oct. 24, 1S63; Swift 
Creek, S. C, April 19, 1865; Swift Creek, also known as 
Arrowfleld Church, Va., May S to 10, 1S6 ( ; Swift Creek 
Bridge, N. C, June 27, 1S62; " Switzer's Mill, Mo., Aug. 
10, 1S62; Sycamore Church, Va., Aug. 3, 1S62, and Sept. 
16, 1S64; Sykestown, Mo., March 1, 1S62; Sylamore, 
Ark., Mav 28 and 29, 1S62; Sylvan Grove, Ga., Nov. 26, 
1S64; Syracuse, Mo., Oct. 14, 1S63. 

T. 

Taberviile, Ark., Aug. 11,^1862; Taberville, Mo., 
Aug. 2, 1S62; Table Mountain, Nev., May 20, 1S65; 
Tabourville, Ark., July 20, 1S62; Tah-kah-o-kuty, Dak., 
Tuly 2S, 1S64; Tahlequah, I. T., March 30, 1S63: Tal- 
bot's Ferry, Ark., April 19, 1S62; Talbot's Station, 
Tenn., Dec. 29, 1S63; Tallahatchie, Fla., June 18, 1S62; 
Tallahatchie River, Miss., Aug. 7 to 9, 1S64; Talla- 
dega, Ala., April 22, 1865; Tanner's Bridge, Ga., May 
15, 1S64; Taylor's Bridge, Va., May 25 to 27, 1S64; 
Taylor's Ford, Tenn., Nov. 10, 1S61 ; Taylor's Hole 
Creek, March 15, 186s; Taylor's Ridge, Ga., Nov. 27, 
1863; Taylor Surrendered, Mav 4, 1805; Taylorsville, 
Ky., April iS, 1S65; Taylorsville, Va., Feb. 29, 1S64; 
Tazewell, Tenn., Aug. 6, 1862, Jan. 24, 1864; Tebb's 
Bend, Ky., July 4, 1S63; Ten Islands, also known as 
Jackson's Ford, Ala., July 14, JS64; Ten Miles from 
Columbus, Ky., Jan. iS, 1S65; Terre Noir Creek, Ark., 
April 2, 1S64; Terrisville, Tenn., Jan. 14, 1804; Texas 
County, Mo., Sept. 12. 1863: The Cedars, Tenn., Dec. 
5 to. 8, 1804; The Island, Mo., March 30, 1803; The 
Orchards, Va., June 25, 1S02; Thibodeauxvilie, La., 
Oct. 27, 1S62: Thomas Place, Cal., June 28, 1S64; 
Thomas Ranche, Cal., Nov. 12, 1S63; Thomas Station, 
Ga., Nov. 27 to 2y, and Dec. 3, 1S64 ; Thompson Cove, 
Tenn., Oct. 3, .■863; Thompson's Station, also known 
as Spring Hill and Unionville, Tenn., March 4 and 5, 
1S63; Thornburg, Va., Aug. 6, 1S62; Thorn Hill. Ala., 
'an. 3, 1865; Thoroughfare Gap, Va., April 2, Oct. 17, 
and Nov. 5, 1S62; Tickfaw River. Miss., May 1, 1^63; 
Tillafinny River, S. C, Dec, 6 to 9, 1S64; Tilton, Ga., 
Oct. 13, 1864; Tilton, Tenn., May 13. 1864; Timber 
Hill, I. T., Nov. 10, in. ( ; Tobbert's Ferry, Ark., March 
20, 1865; Tobosofkee, Ga., April ?o, 1V5; Todd's Tav- 
ern, Va., May 8, iSfy; Tolopotomy, Va., Mav 28 to 31, 
1S64; Tompkinsville, Ky., July 0, 18,-2, April 23, 1863; 
Tom's Brook, also known as Fisher's Hill, Stras- 
burgh, and "Woodstock, Va., Oct. 9, 1864; Tongue 
River, Dak., Aug. 29, 1865; Toon's Station, Tenn., 
Aug. 31, 1S62; Torpedo Explosion, N. C, May 26, 1864; 



Town Creek, Ala., April 27 and 2S, 1S63; Town Creek, 
N. C, Feb. 20, 1S65; Township, Fla., Jan. 26, 1S63; 
Tracy City, Tenn., Jan. 20, 1S64; Training Post, Ark M 
Oct. 24, 1^64; Tranter's Creek, N. C, June 5, 18&2; 
Treadwell's Plantation, Miss., Oct. 20, 1S63; Trenches, 
Front of Petersburg, Va., June 20 to Dec. 31, 1S64; 
Trenton, Ark., Oct 14, 1S62; Trenton, N. C, Dec. 12, 
1S02; Trenton, Tenn., Aug. 7 and Dec. 20, 1S62; Tren- 
ton Bridge, N. C, May 14, 1S62; Trevillian Station, 
Va., June 11 and 12, 1S64; Trinity, Ala., July 24, 1S62;. 
Trinity River, Cal., Nov. 13, 1S63; Trion, Ala., April 
1, 1S65; Triplet's Bridge, Ky., June 16, 1863; Triune, 
Tenn., June 9, 1S63; Try Mountain, Ky., Nov. 9, 1S61 ; 
Tule Rosa Valley, Cal., Feb. 26, 1S63; Tulip, Ark.. Oct. 
10, iS6$; Tullahoma, Tenn., July 1, i S^3 ; Tunnel Hill, 
Ga., Jan. 2S, Feb. 25 to 27, May" 7, 1S64; Tunnel Hill, 
Miss., Feb. 13, 1S64; Tunnel Mountain, Miss., Feb. 7, 
1S64; Tunstall Station, Va., June 14, 1S62, May 4, 1S63; 
March 3, iSfy; Tupelo, Miss., May 6, 1S63, July 13 to 
15 and 25, 1S64; Turkey Bend, Va., June 36, 1862; 
Turkey Island Bridge, Va., July 20, 1802; Turman's 
Ferry, Ky., Jan 9, 1S64; Turnback Creek, Mo., April 
26, 1S62; Turner's Gap, Md., Sept. 14, 1S62; Tusca- 
homa, Miss., May 15, 1S63; Tuscaloosa, Ala., April 4, 
1S65; Tuscumbia, Ala., Feb. 22, April 24, and Oct. 24 
to 27, 3S63; Tuscumbia, Miss., May 30, 1S62; Tus- 
cumbia Creek, Miss., May 30 and Oct. 5, 1S62; Tus- 
cumbia River, Ala., Oct. 5, 1S62; Twelve Miles from 
Yazoo City, Miss., Dec. 1, 1S64; Two Hills, Dak., Aag. 
S, 1S64; Tyree Springs, Tenn., Nov. 7 and S, 1S62. 

IT. 

Union, Miss , Feb. 21 and 22, 1S64; Union, Va., Nov. 
3, 1S62; Union Church, Miss., April 2S, 1S63; Union 
Church, Va., June 8, 1S62; Union City, Ky., March 24, 
1S64; Union City, Tenn., March 30, 1S62, July 10 and 
Nov. 19, 1863; Union Mills, Mo., Aug. 20, 1S62; Union 
Station, Tenn., Nov. 1 to 4, 1S64; Unionville, Tenn., 
March 4 and 5, 1S63; University Place, Tenn., July 4, 
1S63; Upper Missouri River, Ark., Oct. 10, )S62; 
Upperville, Va., Nov. 3, 1S62, June 21 and Sept. 25, 1S63; 
Upton Hill, Va., Oct. 12, 1861; Utoy Creek, Ga., Aug. 
5 and 6, 1864. 

V. 

Vache Grass, Ark., Sept. 26, 1S64; Valley Station, 
Col., Jan. 15, 1S65; Valvedere, also known as Fort 
Craig, N. Mex., Feb. 21, 1S62; Van Buren, Ark., Dec. 
21 and 28, 1S62, Aug. 12, 1864; Van Buren County, 
Ark., March 25, 1864; Vance's Store, Ark., Oct. 2, 
1S63; Van "Wert, Ga., Oct. 10, 1S64; Varnell's Station, 
Ga., Mav 7 and 9, 1S64; Vaughan Road, Va., Feb. 5 to 

7, 1S65;" Vaughan, Miss, May 12, 1S64; Vaught's 
Hill, Tenn., March 20, 1S63; Vera Cruz, Ark., Nov. 

3, 1864; Vermilion Bayou, La., April 17, Oct. 10 and 
Nov. 30, 1863; Verona, Ind., July 12, 1S63; Verona, 
Miss.,' Dec. 25, 1S64; Vicksburg, Miss., May iS to July 

4, and Aug. 27, 1863, Feb. 13 and July 4, 1S64; Vidalia, 
La., Sept. 14, 1S63, Feb. 7 and July 22, 1S64; Vienna, 
Va.,June 17 and Dec. 3, 1S61, Sept. 2, iS6e; Village 
Creek, Ark., June 27, 1S62; Vincent's Crossroads, also 
known as Bay Springs, Miss., Oct. 26, 1S63; Vinegar 
Hill, S. C , Ausr. 26, 1863; Vining Station, Ga., July 2 
to 5, 1864. 

w. 

Wachita Indian Agency, Tex., Feb. 10, 1S63; Wad- 
dell's Farm, Ark., June 12 and 27, 1S62; Wadesburg, 
Mo., Dec. 24, 1S61; Waldron, Ark., Sept. 11, Oct. 6. 
and Dec. 30, 1863, and Feb. i, 1S64; "Walker's Ford, W. 
Va., Dec' 2, 1S63; Walkersville, Mo., April 2 and 14, 
1862; "Wallace's Ferry, Ark., July 26, 1864; Wall 
Bridge. Va, Mav 5, 1864; Wall Hill, Miss., Feb. 12. 
18^4; "Walnut Creek, Mo., Aiur. 8, 1S62; Walnut Grove 
Church, Ga.. June 24, 1S63; Walthal, Va.. June 16, 1S64 : 
Wapping Heights, Va., Jul v 23, 1S63; Wardensville. 
Va., Mav 28, 1S62: Warm Springs, N. Mex., June 20, 
1S63; Warm Springs, N. C, Nov. 26, 1803; ^Warm 
Springs, Tenn., Aug. 19, 1S63; Warrensburg, Mo.. 
Oct. 18, 1861; March 26 and 2S, April S, and June 17. 
1S62; May 28, 3864; Warrenton Junction, Va., Sept. 
26, 1862; May 3 and 14, 1S63; Warrenton Springs, Va.. 
Oct. 12 and 13, 1S63; Warsaw, Mo , Oct. 16, 1S61 ; Ann: 

8, 17, and 28/1S62; Oct. S, 1863; Warsaw, N. O, April 
6, [865; Wartrace, Tenn., Oct. 5, 1S63; Washington, 



— * 



-Sr<- 



LI BERT 2' AND UNION. 



347 



N. C, Sept. 6, 1S62, and March- 30 to Apiil 4, and Nov. 1, 
1S63; "Waterford, Miss., Nov. 29 and 30, 1S62, and Aug. 
16 and 17, 1S61; "Waterford, Va., Aug-. 7, 18^3; Water- 
loo, La., Oct. 20, 1S64; Waterloo Bridge, Va., Aug. 
23, 1S62; Waterproof, La., Nov. 21. )S63, and Feb. 14 
and 15, and April 20, 1S64; Water Valley, Miss., Dec. 
4. [862; Waugh's Farm, Ark., Feb. 19, 1864; Wau- 
hatchie, Tenn., Oct. 27, 1S63; Wautauga Bridge, 
Tenn., Dec. 30, 1S62, and April 25 and 26, 1^64; "Waverly, 
Tenn., Oct. 23, 1862, and April 10, 1S63; Wayne County, 
Mo., April 26, 1S64; Wayne Court-House, W. Va., Aug. 
27, 1801 ; Waynesboro', Ga., Nov. 27 to 29, and Dec. 4, 
1864; Waynesboro', Va., S- pt. 2S and Oct. 2, 1S64, and 
March 2, iS6^; Waynesville, Mo., Aug. 25, 1S63; 
Weaver's Store, Ky., April 2S, 1S6}; Webber's Falls, 

I. T., April 11 and 20, Sept. 9, and Oct. 12, 1863; Welaka, 
Fla , May 19, 1S64; Weldon Railroad, Va., June 22 and 
23,-andAug. iSto 22, iSf>4; "Weldon Railroad Expedi- 
tion, Va., Dec. 7 to 11, 1864; Wellington, Mo., July S, 
1864; Wentzville, Mo., July 15 and 17, 1S61; "West 
Branch, Va., April 14, 1S63; West Liberty, Ky., Oct. 
»3, 1S61; Westminster, Md., June 29, 1863; Weston, 
W. Va., Aug. 31, 1S62; West Plains, Mo., Feb. iS, 1S62; 
West Point, Ark., Aug. 14, 1S63, and June 16, July 2S, and 
Aug. 5, 1S64; West Point, Ga., April 16, 1865; West 
Point, Miss., Feb. 21, 1864; West Point, Mo., Oct.—, 
iS6i. Aug. 14, iS6^, and Oct. 26, 1S64; West Point, Va., 
May 7 and S, 1S62; West Point Railroad, Ga., July iS, 
1S64; Westport, Mo., June 17, 1S63, and Oct. 23, "1S64; 
Westprairie, Mo., July 23, 1S02; Wet Glaze, also known 
as Henrytown, Monday's Hollow, and Shanghai, Mo., 
Oct. 13, 1861; Weyer's Cave, Va., Sept. 27, 1864; 
Whiphy, S. C, Feb. — , 1S65; Whistler's Station, Ala., 
April 13, 1S65; White County, Ark., Feb. 9, 1S64; 
White County, Tenn., Jan. 16, 1S64; Whitehall, N. C., 
Dec. 16, 1862; White-House, Va., June 20, 1S64; White- 
House Landing, Va., June 21, 1S64; Whitemarsh, also 
known as Wilmington Island, Ga., April 16, 1S62; 
White Mountains, Dak., Nov. 25, 1S62; White-Oak 
Creek, Ark., April 14 and Aug. 11, 1864; White-Oak 
Ridge, Ky., Aug. 19, 1862; White-Oak Road, Va., March 
31, 1865; White-Oak Swamp, also known as Glendale, 
Charles City Crossroads, Nelson's Farm, Frazier's 
Farm, Turkey Bend, and Newmarket Crossroads, Va., 
June 30, 1S62; White-Oak Swamp Bridge, Va., Aug. 4, 
1S62, and June 13, 1S64; White Post, Va., June 13, Aug. 

II, and Dec. 6, 1 S64; White River, Ark., May 6, 1S62, 
April 26, 1S63, and June 22 and 24, and Oct." 22, 1S64; 
White River, Mo., Aug. 4, 1S62, and April 17, 1S63; 
White River, Dak., June 17, 1S65; White Sulphur 
Springs, Va., Nov. 15, 1S62, and Oct. 12 and 13, 1S63; 
White's Bridge, Va., May 9, 1S64; White's Ford, Va., 
Sept. 21. 1S63; Whiteside, Fla., Julv 27, 1864; White- 
stone Hill, Dak., Sept. 3 to 5, 1S63; White Water, Mo., 
April 24, iS^3; Whitlen's Mill, Ark., Oct. 8, 1864; 
Whittaker's Mills, Va., April 11, 1S63; Wier Bottom 
Church. Va., Mav 12 to 16, and June 16, 1S64; Wild Cat, 



Ky , Oct 21,1861; Wilderness, Va., Mav 5 to 7, 1S64; 
Wilcox's Bridge, N. C, March S to 10, 1S65; Wiliston, 
S. C, Feb. 8, 1865, William's Bridge, La., June 27, 1S62; 
Williamsburg, Ky , Oct. 2S, 1862 ; Williamsburg, Va., 
May S. Julv 11, and Sept. 9, 1S62, Feb. 7 and March 29, 
1S03, and March 4, 1S64; Williamsburg Road Va., June 
iS, 1S62; Williamsport, Md., Sept. 20, 1862, and July 6, 
1S63, Williamsport, Tenn., Aug. n, 1862, Willico- 
mack, Va , April 1, 1S65, Willis' Church, Va., June 29, 
1S62, Willmarsh Inland, S. C, Feb. 22, 1864; Willow 
Creek, Cal., Nov. 17, 1863; "Wilmington, N. C, Feb. 22, 
1S65; Wilmington Island, Ga., April 16, 1862; Wilson's 
Creek, Ky., June 13, 1863; Wilson's Creek, also known 
as Springfield and Oak Hills, Mo., Aug. 10, 1S01 , Wil- 
son's Farm, La., April 7, 1864; Wilson's Landing, Va., 
June 11, 1S64; Wilson's Raid on Weldon Railroad, Va., 
June 22 to 30, 1S64; "Wilson's Raid, Alabama to Georgia, 
March 22 to April 24, 1S65; Wilson's Wharf Landing, 
Va., May 24, 1S64 ; Winchester, Va., March 23 and May 
25, 1862, May 19 and June 13 and 15, 1S63, and July 20 and 
24, Aug. 17, and Sept. 19, 1864; Wireman's Shoals, 
Ky., Dec. 4, 1S62; Wirt Court-House, W. Va., Nov. 19, 
1861; Wittsburgh. Ark., June 6, 1864; Wolf Creek 
Bridge, Miss., Sept. 21, 1862; Wolf River, Tenn., April 
S, 1864; Wolf River Bridge, Miss., Dec. 4, 1S63; Wood- 
bury, Ky., Oct. 29, 1S61 ; Woodbury, Tenn., Jan. 24 and 
April 2 and 3, 1S63; Wood Creek, Mo., Jan. 11, 18A3; 
Wood Lake, Minn., Sept. 23, 1S62; Woodsonville, Ky., 
Doc. 17, 1861; Woodstock, Va., Sept. 23 and Oct. 9, 1S6.4; 
Woodville, Miss., Oct. 6, 1S04; Woodville, Tenn., Oct^ 
21,1862; Wormley's Gap, Va., Aug. 29, 1S64; Worth- 
ington, W. Va., Sept. 2, iS5i ; "Wright County, Mo., 
July 22, 1S64; Wyatt's, Miss., Oct. 13, 1S63, and Feb. 5, 
1S64; Wyerman's Mills, Tenn., Feb. 22, 1S64 , Wyoming 
Court-House, W. Va., Aug. — , 1S62; Wytheville, Va., 
July iS, 1863, Dec. 16, 1S64, and April 3, 1S65. 



Yates' Ford, Ky., Aug. 31, 1862; Yazoo City, Miss., 
July 13, Sept. 27, and Oct. 31, 1S63, March 5, May 13, and 
Dec. 1, 1864, and March 15, 1S65; Yazoo City Expedi- 
tion, Miss., May 4 to 13, 1S64; Yazoo Expedition, Miss., 
Feb. 2S, 1864; Yazoo Pass, Miss., Feb. 16 to 20, 1S63; 
Yellow Bayou, La., May 10, 18, and 19, 1S54; Yellow 
Medicine, also known as Wood Lake, Minn., Sept. 23, 
1S62; Yellow Tavern, Va., May 11 and Oct. 1 to 5, 1S64; 
Yellville, Ark., June 25, 1S62, and March — , 1863; 
Yemasse, S. C, Oct. 22, 1S62; Yorktown, Va., April 5 
to May 4, 1SA2; Young's Crossroads, N. C, July 26, 
1S62. 



Zollicoffer, Tenn., Sept. 24, 1S63; Zuni, Va., Dec 
[S62. 




■-&. 



34« 



LI BERT r AND UNION. 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR. 



Date. 



Apr. 
a 

June 
July 



Aug. 
Sept. 



Dec. 

1S62. 
Jan. 

Feb. 



Bombardme'tFt.Sumter 

Riot Baltimore 

Big- Bethel, Va 

Carthage, Mo 

<?RichMount'n, W. Va. 

£Bull Run, Va 



^Wilson's Creek, Mo.. 
Cheat Mountain.W.Va. 

Lexington, Mo 

d Ball's Bluff, Va 

Belmont, Mo 



Mar. 



Apr. 



May 



'4 

67 

10 



" 


29 


June 


30 
31 

S 


<. 


9 
26 


July 

Aug. 


27 

1 

5 
9 
22 


it 


27 


u 


29 


" 


30 
29-30 



Sept. 



Oct. 



Dec. 



17 

19-20 

3-5 

S 



Jan 



27-29 
1S63. 



Names and Places of 
Battles. 



Maj. Anderson 

6th Regt. Mass. Vols 

Brig. Gen. Price 

Col. Sigel* 

Gen. McClellan* 



Pt. Royal, S. C, 

<?Piketon, Ky, . , 
Milford, Mo 



/Mill Springs, Ky. 
Roanoke Island, N. C. . 

Ft. Henry, Tenn 

o-Ft. Donelson, Tenn... 



Z'Pea Ridge, Ark 

Newbern, N. C 

i Winchester, Va 

Pittsburg Land'g, Tenn 



/Island No. 10 

Williamsburg, Va. 



/{•Winchester, Va 

/Hanover C. H., Va. . . 

Corinth, Miss 

Fair Oaks, Va 

Fair Oaks, Va 

Cross Keys, Va 

Fort Republic, Va 

Chickahominy, Va 

Gaines M ills," Va 

Malvern Hill, Va 

m Baton Rouge, La 
«Cedar Mountain, Va.. 

-Gallatin, Tenn 

Kettle Run, Va 



Groveton, Va. ........ 

Bull Run 2d 

Richmond, Kv 

/Chantilly, Va 

^South Mountain, Md 
rHarper's Ferry, three 

days' siege 

Antietam, Md 

Iuka, Miss 

Corinth, Miss 



Commanders. 



Killed, Wounded, Prisoners. 



Federal 



Gen. Irwin McDowel 

Gen. Lyon* 

Gen. J.' J. Reynolds.. 

Col. Mudigan 

Col. E. D. Baker 

Gen. Grant* 



Com.Dupont &Gen. 
W. T. Sherman*. 



Gen. Nelson* 

j Col. J.C. Davis and 
) Gen. Steele* 



Gen. Thomas*., 

( Com. Goldsborough (_ 
I Gen. Burnside*.. y 
Surrendered to Com. 
( Com. Foote & Gen. ) 
I Grant* $" 

Gen. Curtis* 



Gen. Burnside* .. 

Gen. Shields* 

Gen. Grant and Buell* 
^ Com. Foote & Gen. [ 

} Pope* -\ 

S Gen. Kearney and ) 
I Hooker* J 

Gen. Banks 

Gen. Morrell* 

Gen. Halleck* 

Gen. McClellan 

Gen. McClellan* 

Gen. Fremont 

Gen. Shields 

Gen. McClellan* 

Gen. Porter 

Gen. McClellan* 

Gen. Williams* 

Gen. N. P. Banks* 

Gen. Johnson 

Gen. Hooker* 

5 Gens. Hooker, Sigel, ) 
I Kearney, Reno*. . \ 

Gen. Pope 

Gens. Mason it Craft*. 

Gen. Pope 

Gens. Hooker & Reno* 
Col. Miles 



Confederate. 



federal. i Confederate. 



Gen. Beauregard 

Maj. Gen. MacGruder.. 

Price and Jackson 

Col. Pegram 

Gen. Beauregard* 

Gens.Price&McCulloch 

Gen. R. E. Lee 

Gen. Price* 

Gen. Evans* 



Gen. Drayton. 



Gen. Zollicoffer 

Gen. Wise 

Foote, by Gen. Tilgham 
Gen. Buckner 



Gens. VanDorn & Price 

Gen. Branch 

Gen. T. J.Jackson 

3 Gens. Johnson and ) 
I Beauregard ) 

Gen. Makad 



Gen. Longstreet 

Gens.Ewell & Johnson* 

Gen. Branch 

Gen. Beauregard ...... 

Gen. J. E. Johnston* 

Gen. J. E.Johnston .. 

Gen. T. J. Jackson* 

Gen. T. J. Jackson* 

Gen. R. E. Lee 

Gen. R. E. Lee* 

Gen. R. E. Lee 

Gen. J. C. Breckenridge 

Gen. Jackson 

Gen. Morgan* 

Gen. Ewell 



( Gens. Jackson and ) 
I Longstreet ) 

Gen. Lee* 

Gen. Kirby Smith* 

Gen. Lee* 



Perryville, Ky 

Prairie Grove, Ark . . . 

Fredericksburg, Va... 
Vicksburg 

Stone River, Tenn. .. 
Fort Hindman, Ark.. 



Gen. McClellan* 

Gen. Rosecrans* . ... 
5 Gens.Ord, Hurlburt 
I and Veatch* 

Gen. Buell* 



iGens. Blunt and Heron* 



Gen. Burnside. 
Gen. Sherman. 



Gen. Rosecrans* 

( Adm. Porter A: Gen. 
1 * cClernand* 



Gen. Lee 

Gen. A. P. Hill* 

Gen. R. E. Lee 

Gen. Price 

{ Gens. Price, Van- 
l Dorn and Lovcll. 

Gen. Bragg 

Gens. It in d man, 
Marmaduke, Par- 
sons and Frost. .. 

Gen. R. E. Lee* 

Gen. Johnston* 

Gen. Bragg 

Gen. Churchill 



.no ore hurt 

. ...3 k. 7 w. 

6k. 34 w. 6m. 

..13 k. 31 w. 

...11k. 35 w. 
4500k. w. p. 28 c. 
481k. 101 iw.joop 
223k. 721W. 292m 
13 k. 20 w. (o p. 
42k. io8w. 1624P. 
2 20k. 266 w. soop 
84k. 28SW. 285m. 

S k. 23 w. 250 p. 



.6 k. 
2 k. 



24 \v. 
17 w. 



, 39 k. 207 w. 

, 50 k. 1 50 \v, 



446k.-735w.150p 

1351 k. w. & in. 

9t k. 466 w. 

100 k. 400 w. 

. ..1614 k. 7721 w. 
3903 m. 



2073 k.&w.523p. 



.53 k. 526 m 



89ok-?627\v i222p 
....5739k. & w. 

125 k. 500 w. 

67k. 361W. 574m. 

80 k. 150 w 

7500 k. w. & m. 
1000 k. w. & m. 
. . 250 k. w. & m. 
. 1500 k. \v. & m. 
64 k. ioow. 2oop. 
..Soo k. w. it m. 

6000 k. & w. 

Sook. 4000W3000P 

2O0k.7OOW.2OOOp 

1300 k. & \v. 

443k.1S06w.76m 

80k. 1 20 w. 115S3P 

12500 loss 

■■■■135 k. 5^7 w 
315k. i8i2W232m 

3205 k. w. it m 

495 k. 600 w 

( 15 1 2 k. 6oco ) 
1 w. 207S p. \ 
191k.9S2w.756m. 

.. 1533 k. 6000 w 
1000 k. xv. it in 



5 w. 

7 k. &8 w. 

no report 

250 k. & w. 

140 k. 150W. 

. . . S52 k. & w. 

421k. J3i7w.3m 

100 k. & w. 2op. 

■ ■ ■ ■ • 25 k. 75 w. 

30 k. 2?4 w. 2 p. 

261k.427w.27Sm. 

k. & w. no 

report 25oop 

42 guns cap 

400k. (t W. 20O0p. 

1300 p. 



192 k. 140 p. 

30 k. 50 w.25 op 

( 231 k. 1007 w. 

( T 5000 p 

{ 1100 k. 2500 w. 
( 1600 p. 

50k. 2CO W. 200p. 

656k. »t w. 30op. 
j 1728 k. S012 w. 
I 959 m. 

... 17 k. 6300 p. 
j 700 k. 1000 w. 
( 300 p. 



400k. & w. 6oop. 



2S00 k. 3S97 w. 

Sooo k. <t w. 

600 k. & w. 

1000 k. w. & m. 

1000 k. «t w. 

About the same 
. . Nearly 5000 

600 k. w. it m. 
. . 1000 k. 1500 w. 

1 10 k. <t w. 

S00k.it w. looop. 

12000 k. w. A m. 

.700 k. 3000 w. 

250 k. 500 >v. 

. ... 800 k. A' w. 
j 500 k. 2343 w. 
} 1 -00 p. 
... 1 500 k. it w. 

15000 loss 

2ft3k.400w.600p. 
j 1423 k. 226S p. 
I 5692 w. 
\ 1300 k. 3000 w. 
I 200 p. 

1 500 k. «t w. 

....iScok. &\v. 



. ... ..no report. 

9000 k. w. looop. 
( 550 k. it w. 
( 5000 p. 



*■*■ 



— $h> 



Hfc- 



■*"* 



LI BERT 7- AND UNION. 

PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR— Continued. 



349 



Date. 



Feb. 
May 



June 



July 



Sept. 



Dec. 



1S64 
Mar. 
April 

May 



2-3 



16 
1S-22 



27 
6 

9 
14 
26 

-2-3 
4 



5 
8 

18-19 
9 

19-20 

14 
4 

23- 2 S 
25 
27 

27-30 



June 



July 



Auj 



Sept. 



8-9 

17-20 

5-7 
5-7 

J-2 

12-15 

13-15 

25-28 

I 

I 5 -l8 

22 

27 

9 

20 

22 

27-30 

5-20 

19 
25 
3' 
19 
21 
26 



29 Oct. 
Oct. 



Nov. 
Dec. 



Jan. 



Feb. 



Mar. 



April 



Names and Places of| 
Battles. 



Commanders. 



Killed, Wounded, Prisoners. 



Federal. 



Confederate. 



Fedc 



Confederate. 



.<Fort Donelson, Tenn. . 

Suffolk, Va 

LaGrange, Ark 

Fredericksburg, Va. . . . 

Chancellorville, Va 

Jackson, Miss 

/C hampion Hills, Miss 
i/Big Black River, Miss 

Vicksburg, Miss 

Port 1 ludson 

Milliken's Bend 



Col. Harding | Wheeler and Forrest. . 

Col. Nixon* 1 

Capt. DeHuff ; 

Gen. Sedgwick ^en. Longstreet* 

Gen. Hooker* Gen. R. E. Lee 



130k. 



2 k. & 20 w. I iook.400\v. 300p. 



7lS 



5m. 1500 k 



Miss . 

^Beverly Ford, Va 

Winchester, Va 

Shelbyville, Tenn 

Gettysburg, Pa 

Vicksburg surrenders . . 

Helena, Ark 

wBolton, Miss 



2000 k. \v. & 

. . . 2000 k. & w. ! 

j 15000k. & w. / ' j 1S000 k. & w. 

( 1 7000 j) . . ) I ( 5000 p . 

Gen. Grant* Gen. Johnston '40 k. 240 \v. 6m. I 400 k. & w. 

Gen. Grant* Gen. Pemberton ..426 k. 1S42 w. | .400 k. w. & m. 

Gen. Grant* .Gen. Pemberton i 29 k. 242 w. p6co k. w. it m. 

j Gen. Giant Adm'ls > ' Pemberton * 2500 loss 

I Porter & h arragut S „,,-. 1. „, p. 

Gen. Banks Gen. Gardner 9° 3 k - v ■ & 

Gen. Thomas* iGen. McCullough i27k.2S7v 

^ t-> c 1 t /-> ' S Gen. J. I<". B. Stuart 

Gens. Buford & Gregg j & £ Hugh Lee 

Gen. Milroy Gen. Ewell* 

Gen. Rosecrans* Gen. Bragg 

Gen. Meade* Gen. R. E. Lee 

Gen. Grant* . Gen. Pemberton 

Gens. Price, Holmes 



..600 k. w. & m. 
. . . 200 k. 500 w. 

..750k. w. it m. 

.S50 k. w. & m. 
\ 1634 p. no re- 



Gen. Prentiss* 



md Marmaduke. 



380 k. w. it m. 

2000 k. \v. & m. 

85 k. 463 w. 13m. 

.total loss 2819S 

245k. 36SS \v . 303 p 90ookit \v . 30000 p 

..250k. w. &m. 500 k.&w.iocop. 



/ port.k & w. . . 
total loss 37000 



JGen. Grant* Gen. Joe Johnston. 

Port Hudson, surrender|Gen. Banks* Gen. Gardner 

Ft. Wagner, S. C ;Gen. Gilmore Gen. Beauregard* 

Gen. Burnside* Gen. Frazier I 

Gen. Rosecrans Gen. Bragg* J l6 44 k- 9 ** I 

- a. p. Hiii |.... 5 ."k: 329'w. 

Longstreet I 600 k. & w. 



Cumberland Gap . . 

Chickamauga 

BristowSta., Va.. . 
Knoxville, Tenn... 

Chattanooga 

Missionary Ridge. . 

Ringgold, Ga 

Locust Grove, Va. . 



Paducah, Ky 

Mansfield, La 

Plymouth, N. C 

.rWilderness, Va 

Spottsyl vania, Va 

j/Spottsylvania , Va 

Ft. Darling, Va 

Resaca, Ga 

Dallas, Ga 

Cold Harbor, Va 

Petersburgh, Va 

WeldonR. R , Va 

■?Kennesaw Mt., Ga .. 

Monocracy, Md 

Peach Tree Creek, Ga. . 

1 Atlanta, Ga 

Petersburgh, Va 

2Mobile Bay, Ala 

Deep Bottom, Va 

6 Mile Station, Va 

Weldon R. R., Va 

^Atlanta, Ga. 

4 Winchester, Va 

Fisher's Hill 

Iron ton, Mo 

5 Petersburg, Va 

Cedar Creek, Va 

6 Nims' Creek, Mo 

Hatcher's Run, Va 

Franklin, Tenn 

Nashville, Tenn 



Gen, 
Gen 



Warren* |Gen 

Burnside* |Gen 



..700 k. w. & m 



Gen. Grant* jGen. Bragg. . 



Gen. Hooker* 
Gen. Hooker* 
Gen. Meade . . 



Col. Hicks*.... 
Gen, Banks*. .. 
Gen. Wessells . 

Gen. Grant 

Gen. Grant 

Gen. Grant 

Gen. Butler*... 
Gen. Sherman* 
Gen. Sherman* 
Gen. Grant 

Grant .... 

Meade . . . 



Gen. Bragg. 
Gen. Hardee 
Gen. Lee 



4000 k. <t \v. 



.Sook.w & 
ioook.w & 



14 k. 46 w. 

;ook.& w. isoop. 
..150k. 1700 p. 
.... loss 30,000 
....loss 10,000 



Gen 
Gen 
Gen 
Gen 
Gen 



Gen. Forrest 

Gen. Kirby Smith. 

Gen. Hoke* 

Gen. Lee 

Gen. Lee 

Gen. Lee I 

Gen. Beauregard 5000 k. w it m. 

Gen. Joe Johnston . . 700 k. 2S00 w, 

Gen. Longstreet .... 1S00 k & w, 

Gen. Lee* 9000 k. \v. <t m. 

Gen. Lee* . ... loss 10,000 



4000 p. 

5500 p. 

....500k. 331 \v. 
2000 p. 

1700 k. \v. & m. 

i2ock.&w. Soop. 

1600 p. 

rioook. w. & m. 



o k. w 



3 co p. 
. & p. 



Gen. Let 



. . . . 1000k. it w. 

2000 p. 

1500 k. it w. 

loss 30000 

loss 10000 

4000 p. 

no report 

no report 

30op.4OOok.<t\v. 
Sooo k. w. & m. 
eport 



600k.it W.1250P.I no report 



7 Ft. Fisher 



no report 

no report 

5000k.it w.i ooop 



Sherman* Gen. Johnston j 1000 k.<t 

Wallace Gen. Early* j .. loook.itw 

Sherman* Gen. Hood 1713 k. w. & m, 

Gen. Sherman* Gen. Hood 3521 k. & w. 7. 10000 k. <tw 

Gen. Grant jGen. Lee* 5000 k. w. it m. 1200 k. w. it m. 

\ Adm. Farragut and [ j Gen. Page it Adm. \ , „„ | j no report k. & 

I Gen. Granger*. .. Q ( Buchanan J '•■' LOk ' ww 'j| w. 1756 p. 

Gen. Grant Gen. Lee*. Loss 4000I loss 2500 

Gen. Warren* ' Gen. Pickett ' ... 3000 k. it \v. ' 1500 p. 

Gen. Grant I Gen. Lee* 1000k. <t W.3000P 1500 k. it w. 

Gen. Sherman* |Gen.Hood 50k. 50 m. 439W. . . . 5000 k. it w. 

Gen. Sheridan JGen. Early .. .3000 k >t w. 5ook40oow 2500P 

Gen. Sheridan* jGen. Early ! foo k. <Sz w. 400k.it w. noop. 

Gen. Ewing* jGen. Price | 9 k. 60 w 1500 k. & w. 

Gen. Grant JGen. Lee * I4000k.it w. 1300P . . . 2800 k. & w. 

Gen. Sheridan* JGen. Early '20oop. ioook.<t w 2Sook.<Srw. 1300P 

Gen. Pleasanton* !Gc»n. Price 2ooop. iot)0 k.itw' . . .900 k. 3SC0 p. 

Gen. Grant 'Gen. Lee* jSoom.40oki5oo\vji6oo k. \v. it m. 

Gen. Scofield* [Gen. Hood J 89ki033\vi 104m i75ok^Soow702p 

Gen. Thomas* Gen. Hood J6500 k. w. & m. 23000 k. w. it m. 



20-22 Wilmington, N. C i 

27 1 6 Waynesboro', Va j 

27I Kingston, N. C | 

271 Averasboro', N. C 

i9 ! Bentonville, N. C , 



536 
, it 



I Gen. Sherman 

I Gen. Sherman * 

5-27; Petersburg, Va Gens. Grant it Meade* 

1 'Five Forks, Va j ^W^en*^. " " \ 

2 Selma, Ala ;Gen. Wilson* 



Gen. Terry I ... 1 10 k. 

(Adm. Porter and) no „ r„„„-.,. ,-„ 1- 

\ Gen. Schofield*.. \ Gen ' Bra ^- ....250k 

Gen. Sheridan* . Gen. Early ' 69 k. it w. \ 5 k. 1352 p. 

Gen. Schofield* [Gen. Bragg | loss iooo|i20ok.ctw. 2400P 



440k.it w. 2500P. 

! 1072 p. 



Gen. Johnson .... 74 k. 774 w. ... . 327 k. 373 p. 

Gen. Johnson I loss 1646 . . . 167 k. 1625 p. 

Gen. Lee 182k 1240W 990m 2200k.it w.28oop 



uen. 
Gen, 



Lee 

Forrest. 



3000 



,5000 p. 
.3000 p. 



<-&■ 



4 



4- 



35° 



LI BERT 'r AND UNION 

PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR— Continued. 



Date. 



Names and Places of 
Battles. 



Commanders. 



Killed, Wounded, Prisoners. 



Federal. 



Confederate. 



Federal. 



Confederate. 



April 



May 



i°Petersb'rg & Richm'd 
llFarmville and Sail- \ 

ors Creek ) 

Surrender of Gen. Lee's 

l2Ft. Blakelv, Mobile.. 



Surrender of 

iSSalisbury. N. C 

Surrender" of 

Surrender of 

Surrender of 

Surrender of 

Near Boco, Chico, Tex. 

Capture of 

^Surrender of 



Gen. Grant , 

Gen. Sheridan 

Army at Appomattox . . 
< Adm. Thatcher and ) 
( Gen. Canby J 

Montgomery, Ala., to.. 

Gen. Stoneman* 

Gen. Joe Johnston's 

Gen. Morgan's 

Gen. Dick Taylor with 

Tallahassee, Fla 

Col. Barrett 

Jefferson Davis 

Gen. Kirbv Smith 



Gen. Lee 

Gen. Lee 

C. H. to Gen. Grant. . . . 

Cien. Taylor . , 

Gen. Wilson 

Gardner 

Army to Gen. Sherman 
old command to Gen. .. 
all forces west of Miss. 

Gen. McCook, Sr 

Gen. Slaughter 

at lrwinsville, Ga .... 
and his army 



, 2000 k. & w 



.Sooo k. w. & m. 9000 k. w. & m 

6000 p. 

...26115 p. 
5cok.& w. 43oop. 



.. .2700 p. 100 g. 

1S00 p. 

27500 p. 

1200 p. 

Canby, 10000 p. 
. .Jcnes, Sooo p. 



Hobson 

River to Gen.. 

70 k. Adm. 

7o 



.20000 p. 



(k) Killed, (m) Missing, (p) Prisoners. (\v) Wounded 
;port; Federal report, (r) Gen. Lyon killed 



{a) 150 prisoners and loss of 
(</) Col. Baker killed. (<?) 70 wagons with 



(*) Victorious army. 
camp. (b) Beauregard's 

stores and equipage. (/) Gen. Zolicoffer killed, 1,200 horses and mules, 100 large wagons, and 2,000 muskets were 
captured. («•) 6 forts, 65 guns, 17,500 small arms captured. {'/) Gen. Buckrier captured; Gens. Floyd and Pillow es- 
caped. (?) Gens. McCulloch, Mcintosh, and Slack, killed. (/) 6 forts captured ; Confederate report, (k) Federals 
retreated. (/) 2000 prisoners and large amount of supplies captured. (/«) Gen. Williams killed. (») Confederates 
repulsed. (o) Gen. Johnson captured. (/) Federals lost Gen. Kearney and Stearns. (q) Gen. Reno killed. (r) 
Col. Miles killed, (s) Confederates repulsed. (7) .9 cannon captured, (rt) 17 cannon captured, (v) Cavalry fight. (?!')Rear 
guard Johnston's army, (x) Longstreet wounded. ( y) 2 Confederate generals and 30 guns captured^. (z) Johnson 
flanked. (1) McPherson killed. (-) 150 guns captured. (s) Confederates repulsed. (*) Confederate Gens. Rhodes 
and Gordon killed. ( 6 ) Federals captured 26 pieces artillery. ( 6 ) Gens. Marmaduke and Cabell captured. ( 7 ) Fort 
and 72 guns captured. ( 8 ) All of Early's guns. ( 9 ) All of Lee s artillery captured. (1°) Richmond captured. (U) 
Confederate Gens. Ewell, Kershaw, Corse, and Curtis Lee captured. (12) 32 guns captured. (!3) 14 guns. (I 4 ) This 
was the last engagement of the Civil War. 



TOTAL NUMBER OF TROOPS CALLED INTO SERVICE FROM THE NORTHERN STATES DURING THE 

CIVIL WAR. 



Date of President' 
Proclamation. 



April 15, 1S61 

May 3, 1S61 

July 22 and 25, 1S01 
May and June, 1S62 

July 2, 1S62 

August 4, 1S62 

June 15, 1S63. ...... 



Number 
Called for. 



75,000 
82,748 
500,000 

300,000 
300,000 
100,000 



Period of 
Service. 



3 months. 

3 years. 

3 months. 
3 years. 
9 months. 
6 months. 



Number 

Obtained. 



93,3*6 

7H.a3i 

15,007 

43>,9$S 

S7,5$S 

16,361 



Date of President' 
Proclamation. 



Oct. 17, 1S63... 
Feb. 1, 1S64... 
March 14, 1S64. 
April 23, 1S64.. 
July iS; 1S64... 
Dec. 19, 1864... 

Total 



Number 
Called for. 



300,000 1 
200,000 ; 
200,000 
S5.000 
500,000 
3. 0,000 

,942,74s 



Period of 

Service. 



3 years. 
1 do days. 
1. 2, 3 years. 
1, 2,3 years. 



Number 
Obtained. 



374,507 
284,021 
S 3 ,6$2 
384,882 
204,568 

2,690,401 



DIVIDENDS. EARNINGS, AND SURPLUS OF ALL THE NATIONAL BANKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 

1870 TO 1881. 

[Condensed from the Report of the Comptroller of the Currency, December, 1SS1.] 















Ratio of 

Divi- 
dends to 
Capital. 


Ratio of 


Ratio of 


Year 
Ending- 
Sept. 1. 


No. of 
Banks. 


Capital. 


Surplus 


Total. 

Dividends. 


Total Net 
Earnings. 


Divi- 
dends to 
Capital 

and 


Earnings 

to 

Capital 

and 
















Surplus. 


Surplus. 


1S70 


1,601 


$425,317,104 


$ 91,630.620 


$42,559,43S 


$55,Sio,Si9 


0. 12 


f- 35 


10.96 


1871 


i,693 


445,999,264 


98,286,591 


44,330,429 


54,55S,473 


10. 14 


8.31 


10.23 


1872 


1,832 


465,676,023 


105,181,942 


46,687,115 


58,075,430 


10.19 


S.33 


10 36 
to.8j 

9.68 


'373 


i,95S 


|SS, 100,951 


1 18,113,848 


49,649,090 


65,04S,47 8 


10.31 


8. 30 


iS74 


i,97i 


4S9.93S.2S4 


12S, 364,039 


4^,459,305 


59,5So,93i 


9.90 


7-S7 


iS75 


2,047 
2,oSi 


497,864.833 


134,123,6-19 


49,068,601 


57,936,224 


9. 89 


7. Si 


9.22 


1876 


500,482.271 


132,251 07S 


47,375,4io 


43,638,152 


9.42 


7-45 


6.S7 


iS77 

1S7S 


2,072 


486,324,860 


124,349,254 


43,92 1 ,oS5 


34,S66,9QO 


8-93 


7.09 


5 -"2 


2.047 


470,231,896 


118,687,134 


36,941,613 


30/05,589 


7. So 


6.21 


5.14 


1379 


2,04s 


455,132,056 


iiS> l ±9,3Si 


34,942,921 


3i,55i,86o 


7.60 


0.07 


IM 


18S0 


2,072 


454,215,062 


120,145,049 


36,411,473 


45,iSo,034 


S.02 


6.35 


1SS1 


2,100 


45S.9JS4.4S5 


127,23^394 


38,377,485 


53,622,563 


S.3S 


6-59 


9.20 



**&■ 



LIBERT!' AXD UXIOX 



35 1 



THE COST OF THE CIVIL WAR 



The statement of the Secretary of the Treasury of tne 
amount of money expended for all purposes necessarily 
growing out of the Civil War, brought down to Jan. I, 
i5So, will prove an interesting and remarkable exhibit of 
the cost or the war. ihe footings as reported are $6,i$o,- 
929,908.00; this does not include expenditures from iboi 
to iSSo of the Government for expenditures of the general 
Government other than for the war ; the latter item was 
§654,6+1,522. 

Expenses of National loan and currency $ 51,522,730 

Premiums.. 59.733, 167 

Interest on public debt 1,761,256,19s 

Subsistence of the army 381,417.548 

Quartermaster's Department 29q,43i,q , -7 

Incidental expenses of Quartermaster's De- 
partment 85,342,733 

Transportation of the army 33^79 ?>3S5 

Transportation of officers and their baggage 3,025,219 

Clothing of the army 345,543, SSo 

Purchase of horses for the cavalry and artil- 
lery " 1 26,672,423 

Barracks, quarters, etc 31 ,070,846 

Heating and cooking stoves 448,731 

Pay, mileage, general expenses, etc., for the 

army 97,084,729 

Pay of two and three years' volunteers 1,040,102,702 

Pay of three months' volunteers 868,305 

Pay, etc., of 100-days' volunteers 14,386,778 

Pav of militia and volunteers 6, 120,952 

Pav, etc., to officers and men in Department 

of the Missouri 844,150 

Pay and supplies of joo-day volunteers. 4,524,877 

Bounty to volunteers and regulars on enlist- 
ment 38,522,046 

Bounty to volunteers and their widows and 

legal heirs 81,760,345 

Additional Bounty Act of July 2S, 1866 . . . 69,998,786 
Collection and payment of bounty, etc., to 

colored soldiers," etc " 268,15s 

Reimbursing States for moneys expended 
for payment of military service of United 

States 9,635,512 

Defraying the expenses of minutemen and 
volunteers in Pennsylvania, Maryland, 

Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky 597, 17S 

Expenses of recruiting 1 ,297,966 

Draft and substitute fund 9,713,873 

Medical and Hospital Department 45, 108,770 

Medical and Surgical History and Statistics 196,048 
Providing for comfort of sick", wounded, and 

discharged soldiers 

Freedmen's Hospital and Asylum 

Artificial limbs and appliances 

Ordnance service 



Ordnance, ordnance stores, and supplies 
Armament of fortifications 



National armories, arsenals, etc 

Purchase of arms for volunteers and regulars 
Payment of expenses under Reconstruction 

acts 

Secret service 

Medals of honor 



2,232,765 

123,487 

509,283 

4,553,531 
55,93^,932 
10,218,^.72 
23,60^,4.89 

76,37S,935 

3,128,905 

681,55,7 

29,890 



Support of National Home for disabled 
volunteer soldiers 

Publication of official records of War of the 
Rebellion 

Contingencies of the army and Adjutant- 
General's Department...' 

Preparing register of volunteers 

Army -pensions 

Telegraph for military purposes 

Maintenance of gunboat fleet proper 

Keeping, transporting, and supplying pris- 
oners of war 

Construction and maintenance of steam - 
rams ... 

Signal service 

Gunboats on the Western rivers 

Supplying, transporting, and delivering 
arms and munitions of war to loyal citizens 
in States in rebellion against the Govern- 
ment of the United States 

Collecting, organizing, and drilling volun- 
teers . . 

Tool and siege trains 

Completing the defenses of Washington 

Commutation of rations to prisoners of war 
in Rebe. States 

National cemeteries 

Purchase of Ford's Theater 



ies, ps 
i<jf the 



Superintendents, and removing 

mains of officers to National cemeteries. .. 

Capture of Jeff Davis 

Support of Bureau of Refugees and Freed - 
men 

Claims for Quartermaster's stores and com- 
missary supplies 

Claims of loyal citizens for supplies fur- 
nished during the Rebellion 

Horses and other propert}' lost in military 
service 

Fortifications on the Northern frontier 

Pay of the navy 

Provisions of the navy 

Clothing of the navv 

Construction and repair 

Equipment of vessels 

Ordnance 

Surgeons' necessaries 

Yards and docks 

Fuel for the navy 

Hemp for the navy 

Steam machinery 

Navigation 

Naval Hospitals 

Magazines 

Marine Corps, pav, clothing, etc 

Naval Academy .' 

Temporary increase of the navy 

Miscellaneous appropriations 

Naval pensions 

Bounties to seamen 

Bounties for destruction of enemies' vessels 

Indemnity for lost clothing 



8,546,18+ 

170,09s 

2,726,698 

1,015 

407,429,192 

2,500,085 

5,24+,634 

7,659,4H 

1,370,730 

143,797 

3,239,3H 



1,649,596 

29,091,666 
702,250 
912,283 

320,636 

4,162, SfS 

88.000 



i,oSo,iS5 
97,031 

",454,237 

850,220 

4,170,304 

4,281,724 
683,74s 

74,462,304 

16,368,623 

1,594,790 

13+ , 17:5,096 

25,174,614 

3 r,422,094 

1,937,744 

30,360,302 

11,340,232 

898,252 

49,297,318 

2,526,247 

499,662 

404,53t 

7,757,615 

1,862,132 

S, 1 23, 766 

2,614,044 

6,590,043 

2,821,530 

271,309 

289,025 



STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY, 1789-1882. 



The following table exhibits the strength of the regular army of the United States, from 17S2 to 1S79, as fixed bv 
acts of Congress. The figures are for the aggregate of officers and men. 



Strength of 
Army. 

1 Reg't Infantry, 1 Battery Artillery 840 

Indian Border Wars 5, 120 



Peace established. 



Year 

17S9, 
1792. 

1794- 

1S01. 
1S07. 
1810. 
1S12. 

»3i5. 

1^,17-1821. Peace establishment 
1822-1832. '• " 

iS33-i837- 

iS3S~iS42. Florida War 

1843-1846. Peace establishment 



War with Great Britain . 



3,629 
5,144 
3,27S 
7,154 

1 1, S3 1 
9,413 
9,980 
6,184 
7,19? 

12,539 
S,6i 3 



Strength of 

Year. Army. 

1847. Mexican War 17,812 

1848. " " , 3°,S90 

1849-1855. Peace establishment 10,320 

1S56-1S61. " " 12,931 

1S62. Civil War 39,273 

1863-1S66. " " \2>,H2 

1S67. Peace establishment 54,641 

1S68-1S69. " «• 52,922 

1870- " u ' 37,3'3 

1S71. B " '•' 35-353 

is 7 2-iV7 + . « '• 32,264 

i875-iS79. " w 27,489 



>%' 



35 2 



•',1'BERTr AND UNION. 



t 



THE NATION'S DEAD. 

Total of Interments in the National Military Cemeteries. 



Name of Cemetery. 



Annapolis, Md 

Alexandria, La 

Alexandria, Va 

Andersonville, Ga 

Antietam, Md 

Arlington, Va 

Ball's'Bluff. Va 

Barrancas, Fla 

Baton Rouge, La 

Battle Ground, D. C 

Beaufort, S. C 

Beverly, N.J 

Brownsville, Tex 

Camp Butler, 111 

Camp Nelson, Kv , 

Cave Hill, Ky...." 

Chalmette, La 

Chattanooga, Tenn 

Citv Point, Va 

Col'd Harbor, Va 

Corinth, Miss 

Crown Hill, Ind 

Culpepper, Va 

Custer Battle-Field, M. T 

Cypress Hills, N. Y 

Danville, Ky 

Danville, Va 

Fayetteville, Ark 

Finn's Point. N. J 

Florence, S. C 

Fort Donelson, Tenn 

Fort Gibson, I. T 

Fort Harrison, Va 

Fort Leavenworth, Kan.. 
Fort McPherson, Neb 

Fort Smith, Ark 

Fort Scott, Kan 

Fredericksburg, Va 

Gettysburg, Pa 

Glendale, Va 



Interments. 



Ui. 



2,2S5 

534 
3,-102 

12,793 
2,853 

11,915 

] 

79? 

2,409 

43 

4,74^ 

H5 

i>4i7 

1,007 

2,477 

3,344 

6,837 

7,999 

3,77S 

673 

i,7S9 

6S1 

45 6 

262 

3v7io 

335 
1,172 

43i 

199 
15S 
2I 5 
239 

S35 
152 
711 
390 
2.4S7 
i,9^7 
234 



204 



921 
j,8i8 
4,349 

•24 
657 
495 



76 
S 

155 

7S1 

2,644 

2,799 

5' 1 

2,212 

575 
92S 
201 

1,152 

161 

12,770 

1, 60S 
961 



,4S9 
,306 
,522 

• 7H 
671 

, 2h 4 

25 

-455 
,964 



4,493 


9,24' 


7 


I K2 


i,379 


2,796 


355 


1,362 


V65 


3,642 


S«i 


3,927 


5,674 


12,511 


4,963 


12 962 


1,374 


5,152 


1,281 


i,954 


3,927 


5716 


32 


7M 


911 


i,367 




2*2 



Interments. 



Name of Cemetery. 



Grafton, W. Va 

Hampton Va 

Jefferson Barracks, Mo... 

Jefferson City,, Mo 

Keokuk, Iowa 

Knoxville, Tenn 

Laurel, Md 

Lebanon, Ky 

Lexington, Ky 

Little Rock, Ark 

Logan's Cross Roads, Ky. 

Loudon Park, Md 

Marietta, Ga 

Memphis, Tenn 

M exico Citv 

Mobile, Ala 

Mound City, 111... 

Nashville, Tenn 

Natchez, Miss 

New Albany, Ind 

New Berne," N. C 

Philadelphia, Pa 

Pittsburg Landing, Tenn.. 

Poplar Grove, Va 

Port Hudson, La 

Raleigh, N. C 

Richmond, Va . 

Rock Island, 111 

Salisbury, N. C 

San Antonio , Tex 

Seven Pines, Va 

Soldier's Home, D. C 

Staunton, Va 

->tone River, Tenn 

Vicksburg, Miss 

Wilmington, N. C 

Winchester, Va 

Woodlawn, Elmira, N. Y. 
Yorktown, Va 



Total 171,302 



634 
4,930 
S,SS4 

349 

612 
2,090 

232 

591 

S05 

3,265 

345 

1,637 

7,iSS 

5,160 

2S4 

756 

2,505 

11,825 

30S 

2,i39 

2,177 

i,SSi 

1,229 

2,19s 

596 

619 

842 

277 

94 
324 

ISO 
5,3H 

233 
3,S2i 

3,S96 

7io 

2,094 

3,074 

74S 



620 

494 

2,906 

412 

33 

1,046 

6 

277 

10S 

2,337 

366 

166 

2,963 

S,Si7 

75o 

113 

2,721 

4,701 

2,780 

675 

2,361 
4,001 
3,223 
562 
5,7oo 
19 
12,032 

l6 l 
1,208 

2SS 

520 
2,324 
12,704 
1,39s 
2,365 
16 

1,434 



[ 4 7,56S 



1,254 
5,424 
11,490 

645 

3,i36 

23S 

86S 

9i3 
5,002 

7ii 
i,So3 

10,151 

13,977 

i,034 

S69 

5,226 

16,526 
3 ,oSS 
2,815 
3,254 
1,909 
3,590 
6,199 
3,Si9 
1,181 
6,5-12 
296 

12,126 

491 

i,35S 

5,602 

753 

6,145 
16,600 

2,!OS 

4 459 
3,090 

2,lS2 



3iS,S 7 o 



Of the whole number of interments indicated above, there are about 6,900 known, and 1,500 unknown civilians, 
and 6,100 known, and 3,200 unknown confederates. Of these latter, the greater portion are buried at Woodlawn 
Cemetery, Elmira, N. Y.,and Finn's Point Cemetery, near Salem, N.J. The interments at Mexico Citv are mainly 
of thosewho were killed or died in that vicinity during the Mexican war, and include also such citizens of the United 
States as may have died in Mexico, and who, under treaty provision, have the right of burial therein. From the fore- 
going it will appear that after making all proper deductions for civilians and confederates, there are gathered in the 
various places mentioned the remains of nearly 300.000 men, who at one time wore the blue during the late war, and 
who yielded up their lives in defense of the government, which now so graciously cares for their ashes.- 



+!*^s^Mg 



fe~*tes<^f-+ 



Hr 



— *-* 



$4 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



353 



Table Exhibiting, by States, the Aggregate of Troops furnished to the Union Army, 1861-65, with 

Bounties paid by States. 

Compiled and Condensed from the Official Reports of the War Department. 





Population 
in 1S60. 


Troops 

furnished 

iS5i-6 5 , 


Colored 
Troops 
furn- 
ished 
1S61-6S. 


Number of men drafted. 


Bounties 

paid by 
States. 4 

$6,SS7,554 

7.S37> 6 44 

22,965,550 

9,636,313 

829,769 

4 5 2 S,775 


a 


States and Territories. 


Numb'r 
drawn. 


Failed 

to 
report. 


Exemp- 
ted. 


Furn'd 
sub. or 
paid. 
com'n. 


Held 

for 
service 


U 3 

aH 
Oh Ph 




460,147 
628,279 
1,231,066 
326,073 
174,620 
3 1 5,098 


57,379 
72,114 
152,048 
34-629 

23,699 

35,262 


1,764 

104 

3,966 

,$ 

120 


12,031 
27,324 
41,582 
io,So5 
4,32i 
7,743 


1,014 
3,76o 

5,i67 
464 

249 

429 


6,So4 

1 2,9Q7 
27,070 
5,478 
2,869 
4,096 

59,254 


3,842 
4.946 
8,383 
3,654 
1,142 
2,646 


202 
1,091 

9 ; 2 
210 

"7 
437 


12.4 


Maine 


11-5 

12.3 


New Hampshire 

Rhode Island 


10.6 

13.6 


Vermont 


11. 2 


New England States... 


3,135,283 


375,i3i 


7,916 


103,807 


11,083 


24,613 


3,S69 


52,676,605 


12.0 




672,03;; 
3,880,735 

2,906,215 


81,010 

467,047 
366,107 


1,185 

4,125 
8,612 


32,325 
151,488 
178,873 


6,205 
3 ',745 


8,224 
6S,2o6 
7o.9 J 3 




23,868,967 
S6,629,22S 
43.i54,9S7 


12.0 


New York 


3i,529 


3,210 

S.61 5 


12.0 
12.5 


Middle States I 






7,458,985 


914,164 


13,92-! 


362,686 | 69.259 


i47,H3 


81,986 | 12,776 


153,653, '82 


12.2 




34.277 

4.837 

*>7",95i 

1,350,42s 

674,913 
107,206 

749,"3 

172,023 

28,841 

93,5' 6 

2,339,5" 

775,S8i 


4903, 
206 
259,147 
197,147 
76,309 
20, 1 5 1 
89,372 
25,052 

3.157 
■6,561 

319,659 
95,424 


95 


1 








H-3 

4.2 

III 

"•3 
18.8 
11.9 


Dakota Territory 

Illinois 














1,811 

i,537 

440 

2,080 

1,387 
104 


3 2 ,o85 

41,158 

7,548 

1,420 

22,122 

10,796 


9,519 

6,235 
762 
419 

4,294 
2,05s 


9,555 
15,478 
2,446 
2S7 
7,130 
4,449 


5,459 

5,o66 

1,264 

210 

3,773 
1. 291 


3,538 

7,597 
1,862 

1,809 

862 


17,296,205 
9,182,354 
1,615, 171 
57-407 
9,664,855 
2,000 464 


Iowa 

Kansas 




T 4-5 




10.9 
13.6 


















Ohio 


5092 
165 


50,400 

38,395 


9,368 
1 1,242 


i9,7Si 
H,732 


10,988 
6,71s 


4,241 
3J22 


23,557.37} 
5,855,356 




12.4 






Western States <fc Ter'p. 


S,042,497 


1 .098,088 


12,711 


203,924 


44-337 1 73.S28 


35.669 


23.750 


69,229,185 


^6 




379,994 
6,857 
52,465 
1 1,594 


^725 
i,oSo 
1,810 

964 
















4.1 
iS,7 
3-4 
8.3 


































Washington Territory.. 






























Pacific States nnd Ter... 


450,910 


19,579 
















4-3 


Delaware 

District of Columbia. . . 


112,216 

75,oSo 

1,155-684 

687,0-19 

I,lS2,OI2 
393.234 


13,670 
16,872 
79,025 
50,316. 
109,111 
32,068 


954 

7,269 

23,703 

8,718 

S,344 

196 


8,635 
H,338 
29.421 
-9,3i9 
21,519 

3,180 


i,443 
5,954 
9,503 
9,207 
9,444 
1*014 


4,170 
5,665 
S,oSS 
11,011 

5.781 
569 


2,534 
i,75i 
5,7S7 
6,i34 
1,638 
219 


42S 

96S 

1,860 

1,426 

1,031 

242 


i,i36,599 

134,010 

692,577 

6,271,992 

1,282,149 

864,737 


12.2 
22.4 
6.8 


Maryland 

Missouri 

West Virginia 3 


7-3 


Border States 


3,605,275 


301,062 


45,184 | 106,412 


36,565 


35,284 


18,063 


5,952 


10.382,064 


8.3 


Alabama 


964,201 
435,450 
14O 424 
1,057,286 
708,002 

79 ',305 
992,622 
703. 70S 

1,109,801 
60^,215 

1,203,084 


2,576 

S,2S 9 

1,290 


4,969 
5,526 
1,044 
















Arkansas c 














1.9 

•9 
.0 


Florida 














Georg ia 
















5,22 % 

545 
3,156 


3-485 
i7,S6 9 

5,o3S 

5,462 

20,133 

47 














7 






























.3 


















31,093 
1,965 














2.8 


Texas 














.3 


Virginia 3 




































Southern States 


8.710.098 | 54,137 


63,571 














.6 


Indian Nation 




3 530 

93,44i 










! 




Colored Troopsl 




































Grand Total 




22,859,132 




7-6 820 


161,244 


3 I 5>509 


73,607 




9.1 


At large 




733 
5,oS 3 














Officers 






















186,017 





1) This gives colored troops enlisted in the States in rebellion; besides this, there were 92,576 colored troops included 
(with the white soldiers) in the quotas of the several States; the 3d column gives the aggregate of colored, but rrany 
enlisted South were credited to Northern States. 

2) This is the aggregate of troops furnished for all periods ot service — from 3 months to 3 years time. Reduced to a 
uniform three years standard, the whole number of troops enlisted amounted 102,320,272. 

3") Virginia and West Virginia populations by census of 1S60, as divided by counties in 1S65. 

4) This table is given from the Report of the Provost Marshal General in 1866, with the remark that much larger 
disbursements in bounties were made in some States, the aggregate not ascertainable. 



te — 



■-SH 



*■©• 



354 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



LENGTH AND COST OF AMERICAN 


WARS. 




Length. 


Cost 


i. War of the Revolution. .. 

2. Indian War in Ohio Ter. . 

3. War with the Barbary 

States 

4. Tecumseh Indian War. .. 

5. War with Great Britain. . 

6. Alger i ne War 

7. First Seminole War 

8. Black Hawk War 

9. Second Seminole War 

10. Mexican War 


7 yrs.-1775-17.S2 
1790 

1S03-1S04 
1811 
} yrs.-i8i2-iSi5 
1S15 
1817 

<S 3 2 

2 \-rS.-l846-l84S 
1856 

4 yrs.-iS6i-i865 


$I3S.I93»703 
107,159,003 

66,000,000 
6,500,000,001 


12. Civil War 



FEDERAL PRISONERS RECEIVED AT ANDERSON- 
VILLE, GA. 

First detachment of prisoners received Feb. 15, 1S64. To 
tal number of prisoners received, 49,485. Largest number 
imprisoned at one da e (Aug. 9, 1S64), 33,006. 

Total No. Deaths -j { n h t os V it ^ 1 8 '^35 

I In stockade 3>7 2 7 — 12,462 

Average No. of deaths per month for the 13 months. . 95S 

Largest No. of deaths in one day (Aug. 23, 1S64) 97 

Number of escapes 328 

PRINCIPAL DISEASES RESULTING IN DEATH. 



Diarrhoea 

Scurvy 

Dysentery 

Unknown 

Anasarca . ... 

Typhoid Fever 229 

Pneumonia 22 1 

Debility 198 

Intermit't & remit't fe's 177 



3.95 i 
3,57+ 
1,64s 
1,268 
377 



Gunshot wounds 149 

Pleurisy 109 

Bronchitis 93 

Rheumatism S3 

Varioloid 6^ 

Gangrene 63 

Catarrh 55 

Ulcers 51 

Phthisis 36 



CHIEF COMMANDERS OF THE ARMY. 



The following is a complete list of the various officers 
who have commanded the army of the United States 
since the foundation of our service to the present time, 
giving the rank held by each, with the period of com- 
mand: General and Commander-in-Chief, George 
Washington. June 15, 1775, to the close of the revolution. 
From that date to September, 17S9, the army consisted of 
eight companies of infantry and a battalion of artillery 
(act of September, 1785), when Brevet Biigadier-General 
Josiah Harmer, Lieutenant-colonel, commandant of the 
infantry, was assigned, and held until March, 1791. 
Major-General Arthur St. Clair, March, 1791, to 
March, 1792, when he resigned. Major -General 
Anthony Wayne, March, 1792, to Dec. 15, 1796, 
when he died at a hut on the bank of Lake Erie, in 
Pennsylvania, while en route from Maumee to the East. 
Brigadier- General James Wilkinson, Dec. 16, 1796, to July 



2, 1798. Lieutenant-General George Washington, July 
8, 1798, till his death, Dec. 4, 1799. Brigadier-General 
James Wilkinson (again), June, 1800, to January, 1812, 
when he was promoted to Major-General. Major-Gen- 
eral Henry Dearborn, January, 1812, to June, 1815, when 
he was mustered out. Major-General Jacob Brown, 
June, 1S15, till his death, Feb. 24, 182S. •» Major -Genera I 
Alexander Macomb, May 1S28, until his death in June, 
1841. Major-General Winfield Scott, June 25, 1S41, to 
Nov. 1, 1S61, being also Brevet Lieutenant-General from 
May, 1S61. Major-General Geo. B. McClellan, Nov. 1, 
1S61", to March 11,1862. Major-General Henry W. Hal- 
leck, July 23, 1S62, to March 12, 1S64. Lieutenant -Gen- 
eral U. S. Grant (appointed General July 25, 1S66"), March 
12, 1S64, to March 4, 1S69. General William T. Sherman, 
March S, 1S69, to present date. 



mmm 



THE FEDERAL ARMY DURING THE CIVIL WAR OF 1861-65. 

The following statement shows the number of men furnished by each State : 



Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

West Virginia 

District of Columbia. 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 



Menfurnis'ed 
under Act of 
April 15, 1S61, 
for 75,0 o mil- 
itia for 3 mos. 



779 
782 
3.736 
3.H7 
2,402 
13,906 
3,123 
20,17; 
775 

900 

4,720 

12,357 

4,6S6 

4,820 

781 

817 

930 

96S 

10,501 



Aggregate 
No. of men 
furnished un- 
der all calls. 



71.745 
34.60S 
35.246 

152,048 
23,7n 
57,374 

467,047 

79,5^ 
366,326 

13,651 
49,73i 
32,033 
16,872 

319,659 
197, H7 

258,217 

9V9 
96,nS 
25,934 

75,860 
ioS,773 



Kentucky 

Kansas 

Tennessee 

Arkansas 

North Carolina 

California 

Nevada 

Oregon x 

Washington Ter 

Nebraska 

Colorado '. 

Alabama 

Florida 

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

Texas 

Dakota 

New Mexico 

Total 



Menfurnis'ed 
under Act of 
April 15, 1S61 
for 75,000 mil- 
itia for 3 mos. 



650 



2,576 
1,290 
8,224 

545 
1,965 

i',5i'o 



93-326 



Aggregate 
No. of men 
furnished un- 
der all calls. 



7S.5-P 
20,097 

S.2S9 

3,^6 

'5 

216 

617 

«9S 

1,279 
1,762 



1S1 
2,395 



2,688,523 



report shows that there were killed in action or died of their wounds while in ser- 
1 ; enlisted men, oo,S6S. Died from disease or accident: Commissioned officers, 
loss in service of 2So,739. Deaths from wounds or disease contracted in service, 
which occurred after the men left the army, are not included in these figures. 



The Provost Marshal General's 
vice: Commissioned officers, 5,22 
2,1,21 ; enlisted men, 182,329; a total 



*43- 



-v 



4± 



LIBERT!' AND UNION 

NAVAL BATTLES, WAR OF 1812. 



355 



Dates. 


Where Fought. 


American Vessels and Commanders. 


British Vessels and Commanders. 


1S12 


Aug. 

o3* 

Oct. 
Dec. 
Feb. 
June 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Oct. 

Mar. 

Apr. 
Apr. 
June 

Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 


13 

19 
iS 

25 
29 

24 
1 

14 

5 
10 

5 

2S 

20 

20 
2S 

1 

1 1 

'5 

9 

iS 

20 

23 


Off Newfoundland 

Off Massachusetts 

Off North Carolina 




Sloop Alert, Laugharne. 
Frig. Guernere, Dacres. 
Frig. Frolic, Whinyatesf 
Frig. Macedonian, Carden 
Frig. Java, Lambert. 
Brig Peacock, Peake. 
Frig. Shannon, Broke*. 
Sloop Pelican, Maples*. 
Brig. Boxer, Blythe. 
6 vessels, A3 guns, Barclay. 
Chancev captures British Flotilla 
( Brig Phoebe, Hillyar. 
1 Sloop Cherub, Tucker. 
Brig. Orpheus. 
Brig Epervier, Wales. 
Sloop Reindeer, Manners 
town; are repulsed. 
Sloop Avon, Arbuthnot. 
17 vessels, 95 guns, Downie. 
4 ships, 90 guns, Col. Nichols. 
40 barges, Lockyer*. 
Squadron, Hayes*. 
$ Ship Cyane, Falcon. 
1 Ship Levant, Douglas. 
Brig Penguin, Dickenson. 




Frig. Constitution, Hull* 




Sloop Wasp, Jones*f 

Frig. United States, Decatur* 

Frig. Constitution, Bainbridge* 

Sloop Hornet, Lawrence* 

Frig. Chesapeake, Lawrence 


aSi 3 


Off San Salvador 

Off Demerara . 


M ssachusetts Bay 




Off Coast of Maine 














Commodore 


JS14 


Harbor of Valparaiso 








Off Coast of Florida 

Xear British Channel 


Sloop Peacock, Warrington* 






British fleet attack the 










14 vessels, S6 guns, McDonough* 

Fort Boyer, Maj. Lawrence* 




Mobile Bav 






3S15, 






Off Island of Madeira 

Off Brazil 






Sloop Hornet, Biddie* 



* Indicates the victorious party, f Afterward captured, with her prize, by the Poictiers, a British 74. 



THE NAVY OF THE REVOLUTION. 

In December, 1775, Congress passed an Act ordering 
the building of thirteen vessels, three of 24 guns, five of 
2i>, five of 32, with Ezekiel Hopkins as Commander-in- 
Chief, as follows: — 

Hancock, 32 guns, captured by the British in 1777. 

Congress, 28 guns, and Montgomery, 28 guns, de- 
stroyed in the Hudson River to avoid capture in 1777, 
never having been to sea. 

Delaware, 24 guns, captured in the Delaware River 1777. 

Randolph, 32 guns, blown up inaction with the British 
ship Yarmouth, 64 guns, in 17/S. 

Washington, 32 guns, and Effingham, 28 guns, de- 
stroyed in the Delaware by the British before going to 
sea, "in 1778. 

Raleigh, 32 guns, captured by the British in 1778. 

Virginia, 2S guns, captured by the British in 177S, off 
the capes of the Delaware, before going to sea. 

Warren, 32 guns, burned in the Penobscot River in 
1779, to prevent falling into the enemy's hands. 

Providence, 28 guns, and Boston, 24 guns, seized by the 
British at the capture of Charleston, S. C, in 17S0. 

Trumbull, 2S guns, captured bv the British ship Watt, 
in 17S1. 

Owing to the superiority of England on the sea, and 
the great difficulties with which Congress had to strug- 
gle during the Avar, it was impossible to give any great 
attention to our naval armament; but, notwithstanding 
this, the waters swarmed with American privateers, and 
many hundreds of British merchantmen were captured. 
Probably the most daring naval exp.'oit during the war 
was fought oft" the coast of Scotland, Sept. 23, 1779, be- 
tween the Bon Homme Richard, of 40 guns, Paul Jones, 
commander, and the Serapis, a British frigate of 44 guns, 
Capt. Pearson. The Serapis surrendered, with a loss of 
150. Jones lost 300 in killed and wounded, and while his 
ship was sinking transferred his crew to the Serapis. 

The navy was disbanded at the close of the war, and 
the few remaining vessels were sold. 

In addition to the " thirteen" vessels above named, 
about ten other vessels, ranging from 24 guns down to 10. 
were purchased and fitted out as cruisers while the others 
were building. 

1799 — The frigate Constitution captured the French 
frigate L'Insurgente. 

1S03 — The frigate Philadelphia captured by the Tripol- 
itans. 

1804 — Commodore Decatur destroved the frigate Phila- 
delphia. 



PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

1562, Feb. 6 — Fort Henrv, Tenn., captured bv Commodore 

Foote. 

Feb. S — Roanoke Island, N. C, captured by Commo- 
dore Goldsborough and Gen. Burnside. 

Feb. 16 — Fort Donelson, Tenn., combined forces of 
Gen. Grant and Commodore Foote. 

Alar. 8 —Confederate ram Merrimac ''sinks" U. S. 
frigates Cumberland and Congress, Hampton 
Roads, Va. 

Mar. 9 — Federal Monitor disables the Merrimac. 

April 6 — Pittsburgh Landing. 

Aprils — Capture of Island No. 10. 

April 11 — Fort Pulaski, Ga., captured by land and 
naval forces. 

April 24 — Forts Jackson, St. Philip and New Or- 
leans. 

May 13 — Natchez, Miss., captured by Admiral Far- 
ragut. 

July 1— Malvern Hill. 

1563, Jan. 11 — Fort Hindman, Ark., Admiral Porter. 
Jan. 11 — U. S. Steamer Hatteras sunk by Confeder- 
ate Alabama. 

Jan. 17 — Monitor Weehawken captures Confederate 
ram Atlanta. 

Jan. iS — Vicksburg, Miss., Admiral Porter. 

July 8 — Port Hudson, Miss., captured. 

July 8 — Natchez, Miss. 
iS64,Junei9 — U. S. Steamer Kearsage " sinks the Ala- 
bama" off Cherbourg, France. 

Aug. 5 — Mobile, Ala., Admiral Farragut. 
iS65,Jan. 15 — Fort Fisher, N. C, captured by Gen. Terry 
and Commodore Porter. 
During the Civil War the Federal Navy was increased 
in two years to over 400 vessels, the greater part of which 
were used in blockading Southern ports ; notwithstanding 
their vigilance and "effectiveness, many Confederate 
cruisers managed to escape the blockade and destroy the 
Northern merchant vessels. 

At the present time (1SS3) not one-half the vessels be- 
longing to the navy are in active service ; the greater por- 
tion of those in commission are employed in what is 
called squadron service. There are se'ven squadrons, 
viz : the European, the Asiatic, the North Atlantic, the 
South Atlantic, the North Pacific, the South Pacific and 
the Gulf Squadrons. These squadrons are under com- 
mand of a high naval officer of the rank of commodore 
or rear admiral, whose ship is called the flag-ship of the 
sauadron 



■&-?« 



■$- 



356 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

PRJNCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR OF 1812. 



Date. 


Names 

and Places of 

Battles. 


Commanders. 


American. 


British. 


American. 


British. 


En- 
gage! 


Loss. 


En- 
gag'd 


Loss. 


Aug. 5, 1S12 
Aug. 9, •' 
Aug. 15," 
Oct. 13, " 
Oct. 21, " 
Jan. 22, 1S13 
Apr. 27, " 
May 5, " 
May 27, " 
May 27, " 
May 29. " 
JuneS, " 
Aug. 2, " 
Oct. 5, « 


Brownstown, Can . . 




Tecumseh* 

Tecumseh 

Brock* 

Brock* 


200 
600 
2,500 
1,200 
1,200 
800 
1,700 
1,200 




Coo 
900 
1,300 
2,500 
600 
1,500 
1,500 

2,OL'0 




Miller* . . 






Detroit 


Hull 


surrender 

99k. 900 w. 

. . . 20 k. & w. 

260 k. & s. 

. .300 k. w. & m. 
. .Soo k. w. & p. 




Queenstown 

Ogdensburg 

Fn nchtown 

York (Toronto) 

Fort Meigs 

Fort George, Can.. 

Fort Mimms 

Sackett's Harbor. . . 

Stony Creek 

Fort Stephen-on. .. 
Thames, Canada. .. 
Chrysler's Field... 

LaCoell Mill 

Washington 


Van Rensselaer 

Forsyth 

Winchester 

Pike* 


".'/.'. ook.'&w. 








Clay* 

Dearborn* 

Beasley 


Proctor 










300 k. 


I,000 






Prevost 


1,000 


. ico k. & w. 












100 
2,500 
1,500 
4,000 
Capit 
1,900 
3.500 

2,5CO 

3>Soo 
3,000 
2,000 

3,000 

120 
2,500 

350 
3,000 
6,000 


1 k. & 7 w. 

50 k. & w. 

20^ k. & w. 
.... 150 k. & w. 
al and buildings 
6S k. 67 w. & p. 


1 ,300 
2,0.0 

2,0 

2,OOC 

burnt 
2,10c 
•5,00c 
5,000 
5,000 

12,000 
5,000 

Ships 

Mix'd 

3>5 ° 

l,2O0 

2,500 

1 2,00c 




Harrison* 

Boyd* 










Mar. 30,1814 
Apr. 25, " 

juiy s, ;; 

July 25, 
Aug. 15, " 
Aug. 24, " 
Sept. 11, " 
Sept. 12, •• 

Sept, 13, " 

Sept. 15, " 
Sept. 17, " 
Dec. 19, " 
Dec. 23, " 
Jan. 8, 1S15 










Ro-s* 

Riall 

Drummond 

Drummond 

Ross* 








Lundy'sLane 

Fort Erie (assault). 

Bladensbv.rg 

Plattsburg 

North Point 

Fort McHenry, ) 

Baltimore ] 

Ft. Bowyer 

Fort Erie (sortie) . . 
Fort Niagara . . 
9 miles from N. O. . 
New Orleans 








S4 k. 






surrendered 


















Armistead* 

Lawrence* 

Brown* 


Cochrane 

Nicholls 






S k. & w. 

300 k. & w. 

..... .350 k. & p. 

. 240 k. w. & p. 
..71k. w. & p. 




Drummond 

Br. and Indians*. .. 




Slight. 






lackson* 


Pakenham 





PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE MEXICAN WAR. 

The Americans were victorious in every battle. 



Dates. 


Names 

and Places of 

Battles. 


Commanders. 


American. 


Mexican. 


American. 


Mexican. 


En- 
gag'd 


Loss. 


Kn- 
gag'd 


Loss. 


May 8, 1S46 
May 9, " 
Sept. 24, " 
Dec. 25, " 
Feb. 2^,1847 
Feb. 28, " 


Palo Alto 




Arista 


2,300 
2,000 
6,600 

500 
4,700 

900 
12,000 
8,500 
4,000 
8,000 
3»5oo 
7,200 
6,000 

500 


...4 k. & 40 w. 

120 k. & w. 

.120 k. & 36S w. 

723 k. & w. 


6,000 
5,000 
10,000 
1,200 
17,000 
4,000 
6,000 
12,000 
7,000 
25,000 
14,000 
25,000 




Resaca de la Palma 

Monterey 

Bracite 

Buena Vista 

Sacramento 

Vera Cruz 

Cerro Gordo 

( Contreras 

( Churubusco 

Moline del Rey. . . . 
Chapultepec 


Taylor 


500 k. & w. 


Taylor 






Doniphan ... . 
Taylor 


Ponce de Leon 

Santa Anna 










Mar. 27, " 
Apr. iS, " 


Scott 




19 k. & w. 

500 k. & w. 

Slight. 




Scott 




. ... 500 k. & w. 
.. .2,500 k. & w. 
700 k. & w. 


Scott 

Scott 




Aug. 20, " 


Santa Anna 

Alvarez 

Bravo 

Santa Anna 

Santa Anna 


... 7C0 k. & w. 
. . . . 7S7 k. & w. 

.Slight. 


Sept. S, " 
Sept. 13, " 
Sept. 14, " 
Oct. 9, " 


Worth 


. . . 230 k. & w. 


Scott 

Scott 

Lane 








Huamantha 


24 k. & w. 


1. 000 


Unknown. 



The only naval engagements of importance during the war with 
inodore Connor, which lasted four days, and the city compelled to 
Commodore Sloat. 



Mexico was the bombardment of Vera Cruz, Com- 
surrender, and the bombardment of Monterey, by 



INDIAN 

1676. King Philip's war. 

1704. Deerfield, Massachusetts, burned. 

1705. Haverhil!. Massachusetts, burned. Capture and 
escape of Mrs. Hannah Dustin. 

1713. Tne Tascaroras expelled from North Carolina. 

1755. Braddock defeated by the French and Indians. 

1763. Conspiracy of Pontiac. 

1778. Massacre of Wyoming. 

179). Treaty with the Six Nations. 

1S04. Treaty with the Delawares. 

1813-14. War ivi h the Creeks in Florida. 

1817. War with the Semioles. 

1S32. War with Black Hawk. Stillman's defeat on 

Rock River. 
1835-42. War with the Seminoles. 
1837. Capture of Osceola. 
1855. Defeat of the Rogue River Indians. 



WARS. 

1856 



1862. 
1S64. 



'S73. 



'S73. 



.876. 



1SS1. 



War with the Indians in Oregon and Washington 
Territories. 
Indian war and massacres in Minnesota. 
(Nov. 29.) "Chivington's massacre" near Fort 
Lyon; over 500 Indians, men, women, and chil- 
dren put to the sword. 

(April 2.) Gen. Canbv and Rev. E. Thomas, 
peace commissioners, treacherously slain by the 
Modocs. 

(Oct. 13.) Execution of the Modoc murderers of 
Messrs. Canby and Thomas — Captain Jack, Schon- 
kin, Boston Charley, and Black Jim. 
(June 25.) The command of Gen. Custer defeated 
by the Indians on Big Horn River, and Gen. Cus- 
ter and the greater portion of his force slain. 
(Aug. -Sept.) Trouble with the Apaches. A por- 
tion'of Gen. Carr's command killed, and the re- 
mainder surrounded. 



J. 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

THE PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 



2 57 



Apr. iq,i77S 
May 10, " 

June 17, " 

Dec.6-31, " 

Dec. 9, " 
Mar. 17,1776 

June 2S, " 
Au»-. 26, " 

Sept. 16, " 
Oct. 28, " 

\ov. 16, " 

Dec. 26, " 
Jan. 3, 1777 
July 7, » 

Aug-. 6, " 



Names and 
Places of Bat- 
tles. 



■[Lexington, Con- 
cord 



riconderogi 



Quebec 



Norfolk, V.i 

Boston . . 

Charleston (Ft. , 
Moultrie ' 

f Brooklyn, L. I. . . . 

Harlem Plains, N.\ 
IfWhite Plains, N.Y 
Ft.Washing'n.N.^ 
[Trenton, X. J 

if Princeton, X.J... 
Hubbardton, Yt. . . . 

Ft. Schuvler, X. Y. 



Commanders. 



American. 



Americans. 



Col. Barrett and | 

Maj. Buttrick. f 

Col. Ethan Al- * 

len and Col. 

Eaton* 

Gens. Warren, 
Prescott, and 

Putnam 

Schuyler, Mont- 
gomery, and 
Arnold . 
Col. Woodford. . . 
The British Evacu 
S Moultrie, Lee, I 
I & Armstrong* j* 

j Gens. Greene & I 
I Sullivan J 

Washington 

Washington , 

Col. Magaw 

Washington* 



Aug. 15, 
Sept. 11, 
Sept. 19, 
Oct. 4, 
Oct. 4-6, 



Oct. 7, " 

Oct. 22, " 
Oct. 22 " 
Nov. 16, " 
June 28, 1778 

lulv 2, '< 

July 3, « 
Aug. 29, " 
Dec. 29, " 
Jan. 9, 
-Mar. 3> 
June 20, 
July 16, 
Aug. 13, 
Aug. 29, 
Oct. 9, 
May 12, : 
May 29, 
June 23, 
July 30, 
Aug. 7, 

Aug. 15, 

Aug. 18, 

Oct. 7, 

Nov. 12, 
Nov. 20. 



6" jBennington, Vt. .. 

" Brandywine, Pa... 

-rBemis Heights, I 

N.Y f 

" Germantown, Pa. .. 

„ Forts Clinton and | 

Montgomery . . f 

(t fStill water (Sara- i 

i toga) f 

" Fort Mercer, X. J. . 
' : Red Bank, X.J.... 
" I Fort Mifflin, Pa.... 

fMonmouth, X. J.. 

Schoharie, N. Y. .. 

Wyoming, Pa 

Quaker Hill, R. I.. 

Savannah, Ga 

Sunbury, Ga 

Brier Creek, Ga. .. 

Stony Ferry, S. C. 

Stony Point, N. Y.. 

Penobscot, Me 

Chemung, N.Y... 

Savannah, Ga 

Charleston, S. C... 

Waxhaw. S. C 

Springfield, X. J. .. 

Rocky Mount 

Hanging Rock,S.C. 

Camden, S. C, ) 
(Sander's Creek) j 

Fishing Creek 

•[King's Moun- (_ 
tain \ 

FishdamFord, S.C. 

Blockstock's, S. C. 



James Clinton Sir H. Clinton* 



'779 



[7 So 



Washington* 

j Warner, Fran- ( 

) cis and Hale.. \ 

Gen. Herkimer 

& Col. Ganse- 

voort* 

Gens. Stark & 

~) Warner 

Washington 

Gates* 



Washington. 



British 



En- 
rag 'd 



j Col. Smith and I 
( Lord Percy . . . f 

Capt. Delaplace. . . 

j Gens. Howe & j 
I Pigot* j I 

( McLean and ( 
j Carleton* .... j j 

Lord Dunmorc 

ate the city and ha 

Gen. Clinton 

Gens. Howe, 
Clinton and 
Cornwallis*. . 



S3 



3,000 



rbor 

400 



Howe* ! 

Gen. Howe* j 

\ Lord Cornwal- ( ! 
") lis & Col. Rahl. ) ' 
Col. Mawhood 

Gen. Frazer* 



Gen. St. Ledger. 



j Cols. Baum & 

j Beyman 

Howe* 

Burgoyne 

Howe* 



Gates* 

Col. Greene* , 

Col. Greene* 

Major Thayer 

Washington* , 

Col. Brown* 

Col. Z. Butler 

Sullivan* 

Robert Howe 

Lane 

Gen. Ashe 

Gen. Lincoln 

Gen. Washington* 

Lovell 

Sullivan* ., 

Lincoln 

Lincoln 

Col. Abr. Buford. . , 

Gen. Greene* 

Sumter , 

Sumter* 



Gen. Gates. 



1,600 
3,000 

2,400 

3,000 

700 



1-781 



Jan. 

Feb. 25, " 
Mar. 15, « 
April 25, " 
May-June" 
June 1-4, " 

Sept. 6, " 

Sept. S, " 
Oct. 16- 19" 



f Cowpens, S. C 

Battle of the Haw. . 
Guilford, C.H..X.C 
Hobkirk'sHill, Va. 

Fort 96, N. C 

Augusta, Ga 

New Lond'n ) .-. 
Ft.Griswoldl C ° nn 
fEutaw Spri'gs,S.C 
fYorktown, Va.... 



Sumter , 

Campbell* 

Sumter* 

Sumter* 

Gen. Morgan* .' , 

Col. Lee* 

Gen. Greene 

Gen. Greene. . . . 

Gen. Greene 

Maj. Eggleston* 

Col. Ledvard. .. 



Burgoyne 

Donop 

Sir William Howe.. 

Gen. Howe* 

Sir Henry CI nton . 

Indians 

John Butler* 

Pigot 

Campbell* 

Prevost* 

Prevost* 

Col. Maitland* 

Clinton ! 

McLean* ' 

Brant j 

Prevost* : 

Clinton* 

Tarleton* j 

Gen. Knyphausen. . 1 

Turnbull* 

Col. Brown i 



Cornwallis* , 
Tarleton* . . . 



2,000 
11,000 

2,500 

n,ooo 

600 

S.ooo 
45° 



400 
12,000 



Loss. 



50 k. 34 



5P' 



450 k. & w, 



. . . . 160 k. & w 



10 k. 22 w. 

2,000 k. w. & p. 



300 k 

Joo k 



. & w. 

. & w. 

.2 k. 2 froz. 
100 k. 300 p. 
324 k. & w. 

150 k. & w. 



En- 
rag'd 



4S 



4,.?oo 



.... 200 k. &■ w. 
300k. coo w.4oop, 



i52k.52 



40op. 



S k. 2S w. 



67k. 160 w. 

14 k. IO AV. 

. . . . Massacre, 
50k.132w.440m. 
....iook. 453 p. 



150 k. 162 p. 

146k.* w. 155m, 
....15 k. S3 w, 



13k. 150W. 55p, 
... .13 k. 58 w, 



5,000 



,Soo 



1,200 
iS,oco 
3,000 

15,000 

3,000 
6,000 
2,000 

mix'd 
1 1 ,000 



i. 000 
5,000 
2,000 
2,000 
i,Soo 
2,000 
600 
3,0 o 
'',5ot 
2,900 
9,000 



12 k. 



3,000 



5,000 
500 
500 

2,200 
3>Soo 



Loss. 



55 k. iSow. 28 p. 
48. p. 



,050. 



.20 k. iSz w. 
.62 k. & w. 



225 k. & w. 
400 k. 



. . 18 k. 90 w. 
, .300 k. & w. 
. 1000 k. & w. 

. 36k. t.,000 p. 



1S3 k. & w. 

.... unknown. 

200k. 34W. oxxjp. 
500 k. 



. . . 100 k. 400 w. 



• • • • S»79i p. 

500 k. 

.400 k. & w. 



300k. 300W. ioop. 



.222 k. & w. 
. 20 k. & w. 



100 k. & w. 
■63 k. 543 P- 



[ 5op. 



,5 k. 15 w. 
■35 k. 50 P- 



150 k. 



Gen. Greene . 

Washington* 



Ferguson 

Weymss 

Tarleton.. 

j Cornwallis and 
I Tarleton 

Col. Peyle 

Cornwallis* 

Rawdon* 

Col. Cruger* 

Col. Brown 

( Bened't Arnold 
I & Col. Eyre*. 

Lord Rawdon 

Cornwallis 



,20 k. 



, 70 1c. & w, 



none. 

. . .1,300 k. & w. 
..266 k. w. & m. 
. .150 k. w. & m. 
23 k. 2S w. 

16 k. 10 w. 12 m. 

152k. 355W. 40m. 
300 k. & ,v. 



45o; -•-• 

40O . . Soo k. w. & p. 
I 
1,100 

, 600 k. & w. 

2,-100 25S k. & w. 

9001 

550 .... 52 k. 334 w. 
I 52 k. 20 w. 

S00J 187 k. & w. 

2,800, . .693 k. w. & m. 
7,500 7, 500k. w.m.& p. 



*r- 



The British sent 134,000 soldiers and sailors to this war. The Colonists met them with 230,000 continentals and 
50 poo militia. The British let loose Indians and Hessians. The colonies had for their allies the brave Frenchmen. 

The t denotes the leading battles of the war particularly worthy of celebration; *, the successful army ; k., killed; 
iv., wounded; p , prisoners; m., missing. 



&H- 



9m,i3lm,±Tmi, .£3»^ ±5». >i5^ ±5I^B 



mtxmnmtul 1 nstntcioK 









JL 




V fllll 



4 



-e*» 



LIBERTY AND UNION 36 1 




^ Governmental Instructor. -§t, 





^(g^f %- %■ %-^ '$*$¥-'#*£$-•$ '$'#%' •;: y '.;.- v;c y *p£ Y '-: v[? Y %' %™#»$ ^%^f^%*^£ : *j? ^^-f^«^f ^"^^©^ 



GOVERNMENT. 



The necessity of government is furnished in 

man's social and moral nature. As a reasonable 
and dependent being, he is fitted for society and law. 
Law is a rule of action. Government is the em- 
bodiment, the defender, and the enforcer of law. 

RIGHTS. 

. A right is either a just claim or a just and law- 
ful claim. 
Rights are political and civil. 

Political rights are those which belong- to the 
citizen in his relation to government. 

Civil rights are those which are not political and 
which are often termed natural or inalienable 
rights. 

They include : 
1. Absolute rights and 

II. Relative rights. 

I. Absolute civil rights are those which man possesses 
as an individual, in his relation as a member of society to 
other members of society. 

Two classes of these rights are often termed per- 
sonal rights, or the rights of persons. 

They embrace : 

I. The Rights of Personal Security.— The 
right from injury to life, body, health, reputa- 
tion. 

II. The Rights of Personal Liberty.— The 
right to go where one chooses. 

The other two classes of absolute rights are : 

I. The Right of Private Property.— The 

right to acquire property and enjoy it, without molesta- 
tion. 

(2.) Religious Rights.— The rights of men to 
worship God according to the dictates of 'their own con- 
sciences. 

II. Relative Civil Rights are those which men 
possess in relation to particular persons or classes. 

These are either Public or Private. Public 
Civil Rights are those man possesses in his relations 
to the government (except the right to participate in it). 
It includes the right of the government and its officers to 
our respect and obedience. 

Private Civil Rights embrace those in relation 
of 

(1.) Husband and Wife. 



(2.) Parent and child. 
(3.) Guardian and ward. 
(4.), Employer and employed. 

LIBERTY. 

Liberty is the freedom man possesses to enjoy his 
rights. 
It embraces : 

(a.) Natural Liberty. 
(b.) Political Liberty. 
(c.) Civil Liberty. 
(d.) Religious Liberty. 

LAW. 

Law. — The object of Law is to defend and secure 
man in the enjoyment of his right. 
It includes: 

1. Political Law. 

2. Civil or Municipal Law. 

The Moral Law prescribes man's duties to his fel- 
low man and to God. It is contained in the Ten Com- 
mandments, to love God with all our hearts, and our 
neighbor as ourselves. It is broader and more com- 
prehensive than Political or Civil Law. 

DIFFERENT FORMS OF GOVERN- 
MENT. 

I. Patriarchal. — In the early stages of the world. 

II. Theocratical. — The direct government of the 
Jews by Jehovah. 

III. Monarchical.— The government by a King, 
Emperor or Prince. This may be 

(a") Absolute, when all the power rests in the 
one governing, or 

(b.) Limited, when the power of the monarch is 
abridged bylaw, legislative bodies, or other power. 

A Monarchy may be either 

(a.) Hereditary, as when it passes from father to 
son, or from a monarch to his successor, or 

(b.) Elective. — When on the death of a monarch 
his successor is chosen by an election. (Rare). 

IV. Aristocratical. — When the government is 
administered by a few person* distinguished by birth, 
rank, wealth, etc. 

V. Democratical or Republican.— When the 

government is administered by the people. This may be 



V 



362 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



(a.) Pure Democracy- When the people meet 
in one body to make laws and appoint officers, or 

(b.) A Republican or Representative De- 
mocracy, often called a Commonwealth ; when 
the people through delegates or representatives 

enact laws and choose officers. 

OUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 

The Government of the United States. 

There have been three stages in the Government 
of our country; the Colonial Government; the Con- 
federation and the National Government. 

The Colonial Governments were the govern- 
ments of the different colonies when the inhabitants were 
British subjects. 

There were originally three different forms of govern- 
ment in the colonies, viz: The Charter, the Pro- 
prietary, and Royal Governments. The Char- 
ter Governments were confined to New England ; the 
middle and southern colonies were divided between the 
Proprietary or Royal Governments. 

The Charter Governments were composed of a 
Governor, Deputy -governor, and Assistants, elected by 
the people ,' these, with the freemen, 1. e., citizens of the 
colony, were to compose the " General Courts," 
which were authorized to appoint such officers, and make 
such laws and ordinances for the welfare of the colony 
as to them might seem meet. These first forms of gov- 
ernment in New England contained the same principles 
as, and were doubtless the origin of, our Republican sys- 
tem. 

The Proprietary Governments were those of 
Maryland, Pennsylvania, the Carolinas and Jersey. Part 
of these soon became Royal Governments. In the Pro- 
prietary governments, the power of appointing officers 
and making laws rested in the proprietors, by the advice 
and assent, generally, of the freemen. In some of them, 
as in the Carolinas, singular irregularities were found. In 
all, great confusion took place. 

In the Royal Governments, which were New 
York, Virginia, Georgia and Delaware, the Governor 
and Council were appointed by the crorvn / and the peo- 
ple elected representatives to the Colonial legislature. 
The Governor had a negative in both houses of the 
legislature; and most of the officers were appointed by 
the king. 

The co'onists had no representatives in Parliament, and 
when an obnoxious act was passed by that body, laying 
duties on all tea, glass, paper, etc., imported into the col- 
onies, the American people resisted it justly, claiming 
there should be no taxation without representa- 
tion. Their petition for a repeal of the unjust pro- 
ceeding being of no avail, they resisted the tax. 
Troops were sent to enforce it. The colonies began to 
arm to meet them. On the 4th of Julv, 1776, the Declara- 
tion of Independence was made by the delegates from 
the several colonies, whieh was followed by a war of 
several years, resulting in their complete separation from 
the throne of Great Britain. 

Under the Colonial Governments several efforts were 
made to effect a union of the colonies in whole or in 
part. 

I. Articles of Confederation were made in 
16-43 between the colonies of Massachusetts, Connecti- 
cut and New Haven, which was expressly declared to be 



a league, under the name of the United Colonies 

of Xew England. This league declared : 

1st. That each colony shall have peculiar jurisdiction 
and government within its ovju limits. 

2d. That the quotas of men and money were to be 
furnished in proportion to the population, for which pur- 
pose a census was to be taken from time to time of such 
as were able to bear arms. 

3d. That to manage such matters as concerned the 
whole confederation, a congress of two commissioners 
from each colony should meet annually, with power to 
weigh and determine all affairs of war and pea e, leagues, 
aids, charges, and whatever else were proper concomi- 
tants of a confederation offensive and defensive; and that 
to determine any question, three-fourths of these com- 
missioners must agree, or the matter is to be referred to 
the general courts. 

4th. That these commissioners may choose a presi- 
dent; but that such president has no power over the busi- 
ness or proceedings. 

5th. That neither of the colonies should engage 
In any war without consent of the general commission- 
ers. 

6th. That if any of the confederates should break 
any of these articles, or otherwise injure any of the other 
confederates, then such breach should be considered and 
ordered by the commissioners of the other colonies. 

II. A Congress of Commissioners, repre- 
senting New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, 
was held at Albany in 1734. This convention unani- 
mously resolved that a union of the colonies was nec- 
essary for their preservation. They proposed a general 
plan of federal government, which provided, 

1. That the general government should be adminis- 
tered by a president-general appointed by the crown, and 
a grand council chosen by the representatives of the peo- 
ple in their general assemblies. 

2. That the council should be chosen every three 
vears, and shall meet once each year. 

3. That the assent of the President be necessary to all 
acts of the council, and that it is his duty to see them ex- 
ecuted. 

4. That the President and council may hold treaties, 
make peace, and declare war with the several Indian 
tribes. 

5. That for these purposes they have power to levy 
and collect such duties, imposts and taxes as to them 
shall seem just. 

This plan was not adopted. 

THE CONFEDERATION. 

In the year 1774 the colonies united in the plan of a 
Congress to consult on the common good, and to resist the 
claims of the English Parliament. It was to be composed 
of delegates from the different colonies. 

The Continental Congress assembled in May, 
1775, which carried on tbe affairs of the country until the 
war had almost closed. 

But in order to form a more efficient union, a Con- 
federation of the States was formed under certain 
articles called "Articles of Confederation 
and Perpetual Union between the States." They 
were to go into effect when the assent of all the States 
was gained. Maryland delayed consent until March, 



fja- 



■gr* 



LIBERTY AND UN/OiV. 



;^3 



37S1. They were therefore not effective until about two 
years before the revolutionary war closed. 

(See articles of Confederation.) 

This Confederation was found to be radically 
defective, having - reference mainly to the condition of 
the country in the time of war instead of peace. It 
was inherently weak, in that it had merely a Legis- 
lative department and no Executive and Ju- 
dicial Department. It could do but little more 
than recommend measures. It could borrow money 
but it had no means of raising money to pay the debts 
contracted. It could determine what number of troops 
the several States should furnish, but it could not enforce 
its demands. It could levy no Taxes or Duties, that 
power being reserved to the several States. Each State 
imposed such duties with foreign countries and with the 
other States, as it saw fit. Hence aro.e discord and 

Jealousies. 

Convention of 1786.— The Legislature of Vir- 
ginia in January, 1786, proposed a convention of commis- 
sioners to take into account the subject of trade and com- 
mercial regulations. The commissioners of five States 



only.'Sffew Y T ©rk, 3ffew Jersey. Pennsylvania,. 

Delaware, and Virginia met pursuant to the call at 
Annapolis, Maryland, in September, 1781. These com- 
missioners recommended a general convention of all the 
St tes to meet in Philadelphia in May, 17S7, to consider, 
not the regulations of commerce, but amendments to the 
articles of confederation to make the union of the States 
more effective. 

Convention of IJ'Sy. — In accordance with this 
recommendation, in February, 17S7, Congress passed a 
resolution calling for a convention. All the States, ex- 
cept Rhode Island, sent delegates, who met and 
framed the present Constitution of the United 
States, and recommended Congress to submit it to the 
several States for their adoption. 

Adoption of Constitution.— As soon as nine 
States ratified the Constitution it was to go into effect as 
far as those States were concerned. In July, 17S8, the 
ninth State, Xew Hampshire, sent in its ratification. 
Xortli Carolina and Rhode Island did not send 
their ratification until one year after the government was 
organized. 



*~Z 



CONFEDERATION OF THE ORIGINAL STATES. 




N Monday, the 5th of September, 
1774, there were assembled at Car- 
penter's Hall, in the city of Philadel- 
phia, a number of men who had been 
chosen and appointed by the several 
'colonies in North America to hod a Con- 
gress for the purpose of discussing certain 
grie%ances imputed against the mother 
country. This Congress resolved, on the 
next day, that each colony should have 
one vote only. On Tuesday, the 2d of 
July, 1776, the Congress resolved, "That these 
United Colonies are, and of right ought to 
be, Free and Independent States," etc., etc.; 
and on Thursday, the 4th July, the whole 
Declaration of Independence having been agreed 
upon, it was publicly read to the people. Shortly 
after, on the 9th of September, it was resolved 
that the words " United Colonies" should be no 
longer used, and that the "United States of 
America " should thenceforward be the style 
and title of the Union. On Saturday, the 15th 
of November, 1777, "Articles of Confederation 
and Perpetual Union of the United States of 
America" were agreed to by the State delegates, 
subject to the ratification of the State legisla- 
tures severally Eight of the States ratified 
these articles on the 9th July, 1778; one on the 
2 1 st July ; one on the 24th July ; one on the 26th 
November of the same year; one on the 22d 
February, 1779; and the last one on the 1st 
March, 1781. Here was a bond of union be- 
tween thirteen independent States, whose dele- 



gales in Congress legislated for the general wel- 
fare, and executed certain powers so far as they 
were permitted by the articles aforesaid. The 
following are the names of the Presidents of 
the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1788: 

Peyton Randolph. \ irginia 5th Sept., 1774. 

Henry Middleton, South Carolina 22d Oct., 1774, 

Peyton Randolph, Virginia icth May, 1775. 

John Hancock, Massachusetts 24th May, 1776. 

Henry Lauren , South Carolina 1st Nov., 1777. 

John Jay, New York ..10th Dec, 1778.. 

Samuel Huntington, Connecticut 2Sth Sept, 1779. 

'1 homas McKean, Delaware iothjuly, 1781. 

John Hanson, Maryland 5th Nov., 1781. 

Elias Boudinot, New Jersey 4th " 17S2. 

Thomas Mifflin, Pennsvlvania 3d- " 1783. 

Richard Henry Lee, Virginia 30th " 1784.. 

Nathaniel Gorham, Massachusetts 6th Jan., 1786. 

Arthur St. Clair, Pennsylvania 2d Feb., 1787. 

Cyrus Griffin, Virginia." 22djan., 17S8. 

The seat of government was established as 
follows: At Philadelphia, Pa., commencing 
September 5, 1774, and May 10, 1775; at Balti- 
more, Md., December 2c, 1776; at Philadelphia, 
Pa., March 4, 1777; at Lancaster, Pa., Septem- 
ber 27, 1777; at York, Pa., September 30, 1777;. 
at Philadelphia, Pa., July 2, 1778; at Princeton, 
N. J., June 30, 1 783 ; at Annapolis, Md., Novem- 
ber 26, 1783; at Trenton, N. )., November 1, 
1784; and at New York City, N. Y., January 11, 

I785- 

On the 4th March, 1789, the present Consti- 
tution, which had been adopted by a convention 
and ratified by the requisite number of States, 
went into operation. 



M 



-& 



3 6 4 



LI BERT T AND UNION. 



THE MEEKLENRIIHE IIEELflRflTIIIN HF INHEFENHENEE. 



HON". JOHN M. BRIGHT, TEXXESSEE. 



(Mav <?o, 1875 ) 




HE news of the passage of the stamp 
act fell upon North Carolina like a 
spark into a powder magazine. The 
* explosion of indignation shook the 
colony to its center, while John Ashe, 
speaker of the General Assembly, rung 
the articulate echo in the ear of Gov. Try- 
on: "This law will be resisted to blood 
and death!" When the sloop of war Dili- 
gence anchored off Cape Fear with stamped pa- 
per for the use of the colony, the brave men of 
Hanover and Brunswick, headed by the heroic 
Ashe and Waddell, prohibited the terrified cap- 
tain from landing the cargo. From thence they 
marched to Wilmington, besieged the governor's 
palace, and extorted from him a pledge, and 
swore his stamp-master not to attempt the exe- 
cution of the law. Here the king, parliament, 
and viceroy were all defied. Here we have an 
act far transcending in daring the Boston tea 
party, who were disguised as Indians to escape 
identification, while here the act was performed 
in open day, the parties were without disgurse, 
and known, and it was because they were known, 
that the governor capitulated in his castle. 

And vet the feat of tumbling the tea into Bos- 
ton harbor is known to every school-boy in the 
land, and the last celebi-ation of the event was 
held in the rotunda of the national capital. 
* * ***** 

The news of the battle of Lexington re- 
sounded from Nova Scotia to Florida. It was 
borne by the relays of heralds, day and night, all 
along the coast of the Atlantic, and from the 
coast to the mountains, the Alleghanies shouted 
it to the Cumberland, awakening the settlers on 
Watauga, and sending the echoes far beyond the 
hunters of Kentucky, who, on receiving the 
news named their camping-ground Lexington, 
now the site of a nourishing city, in memory of 
the battle-ground which had been consecrated 
by the blood of the patriots. Upon receiving 
the news, tbe patriots of Mecklenburg swarmed 
from the " Hornet's Nest." They mot* in con- 
vention on the 19th, and continued their session 
into the 20th of May, 1775, on which day they 
gave to the world the Mecklenburg declara- 
tion of independence. This declaration was 
not the child of a patriotic frenzy which was 
not expected to outlive the paroxysm which 
gave it birth. It was the result of profound wis- 
dom, sagacity, and statesmanship. 

With faith in God, they saw no path of escape, 
except that which was illuminated by the light 
which flashed from the patriot's sword. They 
saw no sovereign remedy for their direful woes. 



except in absolute and unconditional independ- 
ence. And they were the first to reach the 
height of this conclusion, and the first to embody 
in it a high resolve upon the American conti- 
nent. 

In full view of the gibbets of Alamance — with 
a full conviction that they would have to toil up 
a path slippery with blood to the grandeur of in- 
dependence, yet their patriotism and courage 
towered and expanded before the danger, and 
burning the bridge behind them, " they hung 
their banners on the outer walls." All honor to 
the twenty-seven noble signers of the Mecklen- 
burg Declaration of Independence! Eulogy 
cannot overdraw their praise, nor admiration 
surpass their merit. Let each name be conse- 
crated to Freedom, and each find a sanctuary in 
every patriot's heart. But some would make the 
disparaging insinuation that their declaration 
was only the expression of the prevailing senti- 
ment at the time. The facts of history do not 
sustain the position. Washington " abhorred 
the idea of independence " when he took com- 
mand of the army, and he had rolled the tide of 
war about one year before he was committed to 
the idea. Mr. Jefferson, in a letter dated 25th of 
August, 1775, said he would "rather be in de- 
pendence on Great Britain, properly limited, 
than on any other nation upon earth,' 1 but added, 
-rather than submit to the right of legislating for 
us, assumed in the British Parliament, I would 
lend mv hand to sink the whole island in the 
ocean."' * * * On the Sth of July, 1775, ev- 
ery member of the continental congress signed 
a petition to the king, stating that they have not 
" raised armies with the ambitious design of 
separating from Great Britain and establishing 
independence." Other evidence might be mul- 
tiplied to the same effect. None of these had 
the ring of the old Mecklenburg declaration ; but 
they show the fact that up to the 4th of July. '76, 
the continental war was waged for the redress of 
grievances, and not for independence. Thus, it 
is clear that the morning star of American inde- 
pendence first rose upon the field of Mecklen- 
burg. * * * 

(The orator here discusses tne authenticity of 
the declaration at length, but we need not go 
oxer it with him.) . 

The voice of Mecklenburg now became the 
voice of the whole colony » and the voice of the 
colony soon became the voice of the united col- 
onies, which proclaimed the united Declaration 
of Independence to the nations of the earth. 
The provincial assembly of North Carolina on 
the 1 2th of April, 17-6, was first to instruct her 



*48- 



■feri- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



365 



delegates in the continental congress to " con- 
cur with the other colonies in declaring inde- 
pendence." Virginia, that grand old State, 
menaced by a similar diabolical scheme of 
massacre and insurrection, planned by Gov. 
Dunmore, next instructed her delegates to vote 
for independence, on the 15th of May. As re- 
marked by an impartial writer: "No members 
of that body (the continental congress) brought 
with them credentials of a bolder stamp than the 
delegates of North Carolina." 



THE MECKLENBURG DECLARATION 
OF INDEPENDENCE. 

[Charlotte, North Carolina, May 20, 1775.) 

There are few facts better attested in all his- 
torv than the Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

That questions may be raised that cannot be 
fullv answered in regard to it, matters little; for 
that, as any candid person must admit, may not 
only occur" with regard to any historical fact, but 
with regard to any, the most recent affair even, 
the actors and witnesses in which are all living. 
Many living men have conversed with those 
who either participated in making the Mecklen- 
burg declaration or were present when it Avas 
made. Well-authenticated copies of the original 
declaration are in existence, made by a survivor 
of the Mecklenburg committee into whose hands 
all the records passed ; and if the original docu- 
ment itself be not forthcoming, that is well ac- 
counted for bv the fact that it was burned when 
the house in which it was kept was destroyed by 
lire. Moreover, the legislature of North Caro- 
lina, years ago, when the question Avas first 
mooted, appointed a commission to inquire into 
the authenticity of the declaration, and this com- 
mission found founteen survivors, respectable 
and intelligent, who all made solemn affidavit 
that a declaration of independence was made at 
Charlotte, Mecklenburg county, during the 
month of May, 1775, they being present, some 
of them members of the county committee, and 
Seven were positive that the date was the 20th 01 
May. 

Any one who glances at the colonial history 01 
North Carolina will be struck with one prom- 
inent fact, and that is the impatience of her 
people under wrong and oppression of any kind- 
There is scarcely a decade in her chronicles, 
from the first settlement to 1776, that is not 
marked by a struggle against usurped or im- 
properly exercised authority, or what the people 
thought to be so, which amounts, as far as 
regards them, to the same thing. No wonder, 
then, that when the greater abuses arose, the 
people of North Carolina were the first, or 
among the first, to resent them, They signalized 
their resistance to the stamp act by refusing to 
allow a sheet of the stamped paper to be landed 
from the ship which brought it, and they made 
the stamo-distributor swear that he would not 



attempt to exercise his office in the State. On 
the 23d of October, 1769, the following resolu- 
tions were unanimously adopted by the house of 
assembly : 

That the sole right of imposing taxes on the inhabitants 
of North Carolina has ever ban vested in the house of 
assembly; 

'1 hat the inhabitants have the undoubted right of peti- 
tioning- for a redress of grievances; 

That trials for treason, committed in the colony, ought 
to be had here; and 

That removing suspected persons, to be tried beyond the 
sea, is derogatory to the rights of a British subject. 

The same body prepared a petition to the king 
containing the same sentiments. 

Gov. Try on at once dissolved the assembly. 
The regulators themselves, much misunder- 
stood and much villified, were organized as much 
to resist the stamp act and the other usurpations 
of parliament as they were the local fees and 
taxes illegally exacted by the State and county 
officers, backed by Gov. Tryon ; and the battle 

j of Alamance, fought May 16, 1771, was as much . 
a battle for American freedom and independence 

! as that of Lexington, which occurred four years 

j later. 

There were special reasons, too, why the dec- 

! laration should be made in Mecklenburg. Gov. 

j Tryon, having his palace in the East, at New- 
bern, so contrived as to pit that section against 
the West; and from the eastern portions of the 
State, as being nearest to him and more directlv 
subject to his control, he drew his forces to coerce 
the western and other sections of the State. 

| Thus it happened in those turbulent and troub- 
lous times that the people of Mecklenburg 
county, under the lead of able and patriotic men, 
formed a sort of committee of safetv, composed 
of delegates, two elected from each militia dis- 
trict. Col. Thomas Polk was elected chairman 
of the committee, with authority to call it to- 
gether when he saw sufficient cause. In May, 
1 775, Col. Polk had learned that the then gover- 
nor of North Carolina (Martin) had dissolved 
the house of assembly, after a session of only a 
few days, and that he had issued his proclama- 
tion forbidding the assembling of the provincial 
congress of the State. He thereupon called the 
committee to meet at Charlotte on the 19th of 
May ; and on that day, accordingly, not onlv 
were the greater portion of the committee men 
present in the town, but large numbers of the 
people from all sections of the county, anxious 
to hear the latest news, and to learn what action 
the committee would take. 

The committee found itself a mass-meeting, bv 
reason of the attendance of the people, and 
therefore organized as a convention, with Abra- 
ham Alexander-, president, and John McKnitt 
Alexander and Ephraim Brevard, secretaries. 
Soon after the actual business had been broached 
which caused the assemblage, a messenger ar- 
rived with a printed circular, conveying the first 
news of the battle of Lexington, which had 
occurred precisely one month before. This 
created the most intense wrath and excitement. 
Speeches were made by Rev. Hezekiah James 
Balch, Dr. Ephraim Brevard, and Wm. Kennon, 



-4- 



— *r 



366 

a lawyer. These added fuel to the flames, and 
the cry was unanimous for separation and inde- 
pendence. On motion, Messrs. Balch, Brevard 
and Kennon were appointed a committee to pre- 
pare appropriate resolutions to express the sense 
of the meeting. The resolutions, however (of 
which Dr. Brevard is the accredited author), 
were not presented to the committee until next 
day (the twentieth), when they were unanimously 
adopted. It was then proposed' and carried that 
they be read to the people from the court-house 
door, and Col. Thomas Polk was deputed as 
reader It took but a short while to gather the 
multitude then in Charlotte before the court- 
house door to hear a document in which all were 
so deeply concerned. Col. Polk read in a loud, 
emphatic voice, and the people heard in complete 
and solemn silence until the reading was done. 
Then arose an enthusiastic shout of ratification, 
women and children joining with the men in the 
approving acclamation. The resolutions so 
adopted and so ratified were as follows : 

Resolved, 1. That whosoever directly or indirectly 
abetted, or in any way, form, or manner, countenanced the 
unchartered and dangerous invasion of our rights, as 
claimed by Great Britain, is an enemy to this country, to 
America, and to thj independent and inalienable rights or 
man. 

Resolved, 2. That we, the citizens of Mecklenburg 
■county, do hereby dissolve the political bonds which have 
connected us with the mother country, and hereby absolve 
ourselves from all allegiance to the British crown, and 
adjure all political connection, contract, or association 
with that naiion who have wantonly trampled on our 
rights and liberties, and inhumanly shed the blood of 
American patriots at Lexington. 

Resolved, 3. That we do hereby declare ourselves a 
free and independent people; are, and of right ought to 
be, a sovereign and self-governing association, under the 
control of no power other than that of our God and the • 
general government of the congress, to the maintenance 
of which independence we solemnly pledge to each other 
our mutual co operation, our lives, our fortunes, and our 
most sacred honor. 

Resolved, 4. That as we acknowledge the existence and 
control of no law, nor legal office, civil or military, within 
this country, we do hereby ordain and adopt, as a rule of 
life, all, each, and every of our former laws; wherein, 
nevertheless, the crown of Great, Britain never can be con- 
sidered as holding rights, privileges, immunitits, or 
authority therein. 

Resolved, 5. That it is further decreed that all, each, 
and eve ry military officer in this county is hereby retained 
in his former command and authority, he acting con- 
formably to these regulations. And that every member 
present of this delegation shall henceforth be a civil officer, 
viz.. A justice of the peace, in the character of a com- 
mittee-man, to issue process, hear and determine all 
matters of controversy according to said adopted laws, 
and to preserve peace, union, and harmony in said county; 
and touse every exertion to spread the love of country and 
fire of freedom throughout America, until a general organ- 
ized government be established in this province. 

Ten days afterward, on the 30th of May, the 
Mecklenburg committee met again at Charlotte, 
and adopted 20 other resolutions; but as all from 
the 4th to Lhe 15th, both inclusive, merely enter 
into the details of the temporary government 
established for the county, they need not be re- 
peated here. The remainder of these resolutions 
on May 30 are as follows : 

Charlottf, Mecklenburg County, May 30, 1775.— 
This day the committee of the county met and passed the 
following resolves: 

Wliereas, By an address presented to his majesty by 
both houses of parliament, in February last, the American 
colonies are declared to be in a state of actual rebellion, 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



we conceive that all laws and commissions confirmed by 
or derived from the king and parliament are annulled and 
vacated, and the former civil constitution of these colonies 
for the present wholly suspended: To provide in some 
degree for the exigencies of this county in the present 
alarming period, we deem it proper and necessary to pass 
the following resolves, viz. : 

1. That all commissions, civil and military, heretofore 
granted by the crown to be exercised in these colonies, 
are null and void, and the constitution of each particular 
colony wholly suspended. 

2. That the provincial congress of each province, under 
the direction of the great continental congress, is invested 
with all legislative and executive powers within their re- 
spective provinces, and that no other legislative or ex- 
ecutive power does or can e.xist at this time in any of these 
colonies. 

3. As all former laws are now suspended in this prov- 
ince, and the congress has not yet provided others, we 
judge it necessary for the better preservation of good order, 
to form certain rules and r gulations for the internal gov- 
ernment of this coun'.y, until laws shall be provided for us 
by the congress. 

16. That whatever person shall hereafter recewe a com- 
mission f- opt the crovjn, or attempt to exercise any such 
commission heretofore received, shall be deemed an' enemy 
to tins country ; and upon confirmation being made to the 
captain of the company in which he resides, the said com- 
pany shall cause him to be apprehended and conveyed 
before two selecmen, who, upon proof of the fact, shall 
commit said offender to safe custody, until the next sitting 
of the committee, who shall deal with him as prudence 
may direct. 

17. That any person refusing to yield obedience to the 
above rules shall be considered equally criminal, and liable 
to the same punishment as the offenders above last men- 
tioned. 

iS. That these resolves be in full force and virtue until 
instructions from the provincial congress regulating the 
jurisprudence of the province shall provide otherwise, or 
the legislative bodv of Great Britain resign its unjust and 
arbitrary pretensions with regard to America. 

19. That the eight militia companies of this county pro- 
vide themselves with proper arms and accoutrements, and 
hold themselves in readiness to execute the commands and 
directions of the general congress of this province and 
this committee. 

20. That the committee appoint Col. Thomas Polk and 
Dr. Joseph Kennedy to purchase 300 pounds of powder, 
600 pounds of lead, and 1,000 flints, for the use of the 
militia of this county, and deposit the same in such place 
as the committee may hereafter direct. 

Signed by order of the committee. 

Ephraim Brevard, Clerk of the Committee. 

About these resolutions there is no dispute 
whatever, for they were extensively published, 
soon after their date, in North Carolina, South 
Carolina, New York, Massachusetts, etc., and 
were the subject of a denunciatory proclamation 
from Gov. Martin himself Why these should 
have been published and those of the 20th of 
May suppressed, is easy to understand, for at 
that time the earlier resolutions, known as the 
declaration of independence, were considered 
generally unadvised and premature, while the 
later ones were fully warranted by the situation, 
and were, indeed, necessary to the preservation 
of order It is barely possible that the two sets 
of resolutions were once embodied together, and 
that prudential or other considerations caused 
them to be subsequently separated. However 
that may be, both sets of resolutions are really 
declarations of independence, full and complete, 
with only ten days between them — the difference 
being that those of May 30 are more guarded 
than those of the 20th. 

The further record of North Carolina is in 
consonance with what has been already recited. 
On the 1 2th of April, 1776, the provincial con- 



■Hj $■ 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



3 6 7 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



IX CONGRESS, TUESDAY, JULY 4, 1 776. 




GREE ABL Y to the order of the 
f day, the Congress resolved itself 
8 into a committee of the whole, 
to take into their further considera- 
'■flejr ^ on *^ e Declaration ; and after some 
M» time, the President resumed the 
I chair, and Mr. Harrison reported 
that the Committee had agreed to a Dec- 
laration, which they desired him to re- 
port. (The committee consisted of Jef- 
erson, Franklin, John Adams, Sherman, 
and R. R. Livingston.) 

The Declaration, being read, was 
agreed to, as follows : 

A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENT- 
ATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 

When, in the course of human events, 
it becomes necessary for one people to 
dissolve the political bands which have 
connected them with one another, and to 
assume among the powers of the earth 
the separate and equal station to which 
the laws of nature and of nature's God 
entitle them, a decent respect for the 
opinions of mankind requires that they 
should declare the causes which impel 
them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident : 
That all men are created equal ; that 
they are endowed by their Creator with 
certain inalienable rights; that among 
these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of 
happiness. That, to secure these rights, 
governments are instituted among men, 
deriving their just powers from the con- 
sent of the governed; that, whenever 
any form of government becomes de- 
structive of these ends, it is the right of 
the people to alter or abolish it, and to 
institute a new government, laying its 
foundation on such principles, and organ- 



izing its powers in such form, as to them 
shall seem most likely to effect their 
safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, 
will dictate that governments long estab- 
lished should not be changed for light 
and transient causes; and, accordingly, 
all experience hath shown that mankind 
are more disposed to suffer, while evils 
are sufferable, than to right themselves 
by abolishing the forms to which they 
are accustomed. But, when a long train 
of abuses and usurpations, pursuing in- 
variably the same object, evinces a design 
to reduce them under absolute despotism, 
it is their right, it is their duty, to throw 
off such government, and to provide new 
guards for their future security. Such 
has been the patient sufferance of these 
colonies, and such is now the necessity 
which constrains them to alter their 
former systems of government. The 
history of the present. King of Great 
Britain is a history of repeated injuries 
and usurpations, all having in direct 
object the establishment of an absolute 
tyranny over these States. To prove 
this, let facts be submitted to a candid 
world : 

He has refused his assent to laws the 
most wholesome and necessary for the 
public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass 
laws of immediate and pressing impor- 
tance, unless suspended in their operation 
till his assent should be obtained; and, 
when so suspended, he has utterly neg- 
lected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for 
the accommodation of large districts of 
people unless those people would relin- 
quish the right of representation in the 
legislature — a right inestimable to them, 
and formidable to tyrants only. 



t 



*■$■ 



3 6S 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



He has called together legislative 
bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
and distant from the depository of their 
public records, for the sole purpose of 
fatiguing them into compliance with his 
measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses 
repeatedly for opposing, with manly 
firmness, his invasions on the rights of 
the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after 
such dissolutions, to cause others to be 
elected ; whereby the legislative powers, 
incapable of annihilation, have returned 
to the people at large for their exercise, 
the State remaining, in the meantime, 
exposed to all the danger of invasion 
from without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the 
population of these States; for that pur- 
pose obstructing the laws for naturaliza- 
tion of foreigners; refusing to pass others 
to encourage their emigration hither, and 
raising the conditions of new appropria- 
tions of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration 
of justice, by refusing his assent to laws 
for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made Judges dependent on his 
will alone for the tenure of their offices 
and the amount and payment of their 
salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new 
offices, and sent hither swarms of officers 
to harass our people, and eat out their 
substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of 
peace, standing armies, without the con- 
sent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military 
independent of, and superior to, the civil 
power. 

He has combined, with others, to sub- 
ject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
constitution, and unacknowledged by our 
laws; giving his assent to their acts of 
pretended legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed 
troops among us; 

For protecting them, by mock trial, 
from punishment for any murders which 
they should commit on the inhabitants 



of these States; For cutting off our trade 
with all parts of the world ; 

For imposing taxes on us without our 
consent; 

For depriving us, in many cases, of 
the benefits of trial by jury; 

For transporting us beyond seas to be 
tried for pretended offenses; 

For abolishing the free system of 
English laws in a neighboring province, 
establishing therein an arbitrary govern- 
ment, and enlarging its boundaries, so as 
to render it at once an example and fit 
instrument for introducing the same 
absolute rule into these colonies; 

For taking away our charters, abolish- 
ing our most valuable laws and altering, 
fundamentally, the powers of our gov- 
ernments; 

For suspending our own legislature, 
and declaring themselves invested with 
power to legislate for us in all cases 
whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by 
declaring us out of his protection, and 
waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged 
our coast, burnt our towns, and destroyed 
the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large 
armies of foreign mercenaries to com- 
plete the works of death, desolation and 
tyranny, already begun, with circum- 
stances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely 
paralleled in the most barbarous ages, 
and totally unwortlfy the head of a civil- 
lized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens 
taken captive on the high seas, to bear 
arms against their country, to become the 
executioners of their friends and brethren, 
or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections 
amongst us, and has endeavored to bring 
on the inhabitants of our frontiers the 
merciless Indian savages, whose known 
rule of warfare is an undistinguished de- 
struction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, 
we have petitioned for redress in the 
most humble terms; our repeated peti- 
tions have been answered only by re- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



peated injury. A prince, whose character 
is thus marked by every act which may 
define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of 
a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention 
to our British brethren. We have 
warned them, from time to time, of 
attempts made by their legislature to 
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction 
over us. We have reminded them of 
the circumstances of our emigration and 
settlement here. We have appealed to 
their native justice and magnanimity, and 
we have conjured them by the ties of 
our common kindred, to disavow these 
usurpations, which would inevitably in- 
terrupt our connections and correspond- 
ence. They, too, have been deaf to the 
voice of justice and consanguinity. We 
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity 
which denounces our separation, and 
hold them as we hold the rest of 
mankind, enemies in war — in peace', 
friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of 
the UNITED STATES OF AMER- 
ICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS 
assembled, appealing to the Supreme 
Judge of the World for the rectitude of 
our intentions, do in the name, and by 
the authority of the good people of these 
colonies, solemnly publish and declare, 
That these United Colonies are, and of 
right ought to be, Free and Inde- 
pendent States; that they are ab- 
solved from all allegiance to the British 
crown, and that all political connections 



them and the State of Great 
is, and ought to be, totally dis- 



between 
Britain 

solved; and that as FREE AND 
INDEPENDENT STATES, they 
have full power to levy war, conclude 
peace, contract alliances, establish com- 
merce, and to do all other acts and things 
which INDEPENDENT STATES 
may of right do. And for the support 
of this Declaration, with a firm reliance 
on the protection of DIVINE PROVI- 
DENCE, we mutually pledge to each 
other, our lives, our fortunes, and our 
sacred honor. 

The foregoing Declaration was, by 



369 

order of Congress, engrossed, and signed 
by the following members: 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

New Hampshire. 

josiah bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. 

Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Payne, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

New York. 

William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston. 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 

Connecticut. 

Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

Rhode Island. 

Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Pen nsylvania. 

Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

New ^Jersey. 

Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 



f 
HE- 



tfr 



37° 



LIBERTT AND UN TON. 



Maryland, 

Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 
Charles Carroll, of Carroll- 
ton. 

North Carolina. 

William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

South Carolina. 

Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward, Jr., 
Thomas Lynch, Jr., 
Arthur Middleton. 



Vir 



g 



inia. 



George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

Delaware. 

Caesar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Georgia. 

Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 




* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



37 1 



Facsimile nf Signatures tn Deciaratinn nf Independence, 




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*■*■ 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



373 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION 
BETWEEN THE STATES. 



The Articles of Confederation reported July 12, '76, and debated from day to day, and time to time, for two years, 
were ratified July 9, ,7S, by ten States; by New Jersey on the 26th of November of the same year; and by Delaware on 
the 23d of February following-. Maryland, alone, held off two years more, acceding- to them March 1, 'Si, and* 
thus closing the obligation. The following are the Articles : 




'O all whom these Presents shall come, 
JVe, the undersigned Delegates of the 
States affixed to our uames send greet- 
big — Whereas, the Delegates of the 
United States of America, in Congress 
assembled, did, on the 15th day of No- 
vember, in the year of our Lord, 1777, 
and in the Second Year of the Inde- 
pendence of America, agree to certain 
articles of Confederation and Perpetual 
Union between the States of New Hampshire, 
Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, 
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and 
Georgia, in the words following, viz: 

u Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 
between the States pf New Hampshire, Massa- 
chusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence 
Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania, Delazvare, Maryland, Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and 
Georgia. 

Article i. The style of this Confederacy 
shall be " The United States of America." 

Art. 2. Each State retains its sovereignty, 
freedom and independence, and every power, 
jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this 
confederation expressly delegated to the United 
States in Congress assembled. 

Art. 3. The said States hereby severally 
enter into a firm league of friendship with 
each other for their common defense, the security 
of their liberties, and their mutual and general 
welfare, binding themselves to assist each other 
against all force offered to, or attacks made upon 
them, or any of them, on account of religion, 
sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense what- 
ever. 

Art. 4. The better to secure and perpetu- 
ate mutual friendship and intercourse among 
the people of the different States in this Union,- 
the free inhabitants of each of these States — pau- 
pers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice ex- 
cepted — shall be entitled to all privileges and im- 
munities of free citizens in the several States ; and 
the people of each State shall have free ingressand 
egress to and from any other State, and shall 
enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and 
commerce, subject to the same duties, imposi- 
tions and restrictions, as the inhabitants thereof 



respectively, provided that such restriction shall 
not extend so far as to prevent the removal of prop- 
erty, imported into any State, to any other State 
of which the owner is an inhabitant; provided 
also, that no imposition, duties or restriction 
shall be laid by any State on the property of the 
United States, or either of them. 

If any person guilty of or charged with 
treason, felony, or other high misdemeanor in 
any State, shall flee from 'justice, and be found 
in any of the United States, he shall, upon de- 
mand of the Governor, or executive power of 
the State from which he fled, be delivered up 
and removed to the State having jurisdiction of 
his offense. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each 
of these States, to the records, acts, and judicial 
proceedings of the courts and magistrates of 
every other State. 

Art. 5. For the more convenient manage- 
ment of the general interest of the United 
States, Delegates shall be annually appointed 
in such manner as the legislature of each State 
shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first 
Monday in November, in every year, with a 
power reserved to each State, to recall its Dele- 
gates, or any of them, at any time within the 
year, and to send others in their stead, for the 
remainder of the year. 

No State shall be represented in Congress by 
less than two, nor by more than seven members; 
and no person shall* be capable of being a Dele- 
gate for more than three years in any term of 
six years; nor shall any person, being a Dele- 
gate, be capable of holding any office under the 
United States, for which he, or another for his 
benefit, receives any salary, fees, or emolument 
of any kind. 

Each State shall maintain its own Delegates 
in any meeting of the States, and while they 
act as members of the Committee of the States. 

In determining questions in the United States 
in Congress assembled, each State shall have 
one vote. 

Freedom of speech and debate in Congress 
shall not be impeached or questioned in any 
court or place, out of Congress, and the mem- 
bers of Congress shall be protected in their per- 
sons from arrests and imprisonments, during the 
time of their going to and from, and attendance 
on Congress, except for treason, felony, or 
breach of the peace. 



■©-* 



374 



L1BERTT AND UNION. 



Art. 6. No State, without the consent of 
the United States in Congress assembled, 
shall send an embassy to, or receive an embassy 
from, or enter into any conference, agreement, 
alliance, or treaty with any King, Prince or 
State; nor shall any person holding office of 
profit or trust under the United States, or any 
of them, accept of any present, emolument, 
office or title of any kind whatever from any 
King, Prince, or Foreign State; nor shall the 
United States in Congress assembled, or any of 
them, grant any title of nobility. 

No two or more States shall enter into any 
treaty, confederation or alliance whatever be- 
tween them, without the consent of the United 
States in Congress assembled, specifying accu- 
rately the purposes for which the same is to be 
entered into, and how long it shall continue. 

No State shall lay any imposts or duties which 
may interfere with any stipulations in treaties 
entered into by the United States in Congress 
assembled, with any King, Prince or State, in 
pursuance of any treaties already proposed by 
Congress, to the Courts of France and Spain. 

No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of 
peace by any State except such number only , 
as shall be deemed necessary by the United 
States in Congress assembled, for the defense of 
such State, or its trade; nor shall any body of 
forces be kept up by any State, in time of peace, 
except such number only, as in the judgment of 
the United States in Congress assembled, shall 
be deemed requisite to garrison the forts neces- 
sary for the defense of such State ; but every 
State shall always keep up a well regulated and 
disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accou- 
tred, and shall provide and have constantly ready 
for use, in public stores, a due number of field- 
pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, 
ammunition and camp equipage. 

No State shall engage in any war without the 
consent of the United States in Congress as- 
sembled, unless such State be actually invaded 
by enemies, or shall have received certain ad- 
vice of a resolution being formed by some nation 
of Indians to invade such a State, and the dan- 
ger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, 
till the United States in Congress assembled can 
be consulted ; nor shall any State grant commis- 
sions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters 
of marque or reprisal, except it be after a decla- 
ration of war by the United States in Congress 
assembled, and then only against the Kingdom 
or State, and the subjects thereof, against which 
war has been so declared, and under such regu- 
lations as shall be established by the United 
States in Congress assembled, unless such State 
be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of 
war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept 
so long as the danger shall continue, or until the 
United States in Congress assembled, shall 
determine otherwise. 

Art. 7. When land forces are raised by 
any State for the common defense, all officers of 
or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed 
by the legislature of each State respectively, by 



whom such forces shall be raised, or in such 
manner as such State shall direct, and all va- 
cancies shall be tilled up by the State which first 
made the appointment. 

Art. 8. All charges of war, and all other 
expenses that shall be incurred for the common 
defense or general welfare, and allowed by the 
United States in Congress assembled, shall be 
defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall 
be supplied by the several States, in proportion 
to the value of all land within each State, 
granted to or surveyed for any person, as such 
land and the buildings and improvements there- 
on shall be estimated according to such mode as 
the United States in Congresss assembled shall 
from time to time, direct and appoint. The taxes 
for paying that proportion shall be laid and 
levied by the authority and direction of the legis- 
latures of the several States within the time 
agreed up'on by the United States in Congress 
assembled. 

Article 9. The United States in Congress 
assembled shall have the sole and exclusive 
right and power of determining on peace and 
war, except in the cases mentioned in the 6th ar- 
ticle — of sending and receiving embassadors — 
entering into treaties and alliances, provided 
that no treaty of commerce shall be made 
whereby the legislative power of the respective 
States shall be restrained from imposing such 
imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own 
people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the 
exportation or importation of any species of 
goods or commodities whatsoever — of establish- 
ing rules for deciding in all cases what captures 
on land or water shall be legal, and in what 
manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in 
the service of the United States shall be divided 
or appropriated — of granting letters of marque 
and reprisal in times of peace— appointing courts 
for the trial of piracies and felonies committed 
on the high seas and establishing courts for re- 
ceiving and determining finally appeals in all 
cases of captures, provided that no member of 
Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of 
the said courts. 

The United States in Congress assembled 
shall also be the last resort on appeal in all dis- 
putes and differences now subsisting or that 
hereafter may arise between two or more States 
concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other 
cause whatever; which authority shall always 
be exercised in the manner following: — When- 
ever the legislative or executive authority or 
lawful agent of any State in controversy with 
another shall present a petition to Congress, 
stating the matter in question, and praying for a 
hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order 
of Congress, to the legislative or executive au- 
thority of the other State in controversy, and a 
day assigned for the appearance of the parties by 
their lawful agents, who shall then be directed 
to appoint, by joint consent, commissioners or 
judges to constitute a court for hearing and de- 
termining the matter in question ; but if they 
cannot agree, Congress shall name three per- 



<*- 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



375 



sons out of each of the United States, and from 
the list of such persons each party shall alter- 
nately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, 
until'the number shall be reduced to thirteen; 
and from that number not less than seven, nor 
more than nine names, as Congress shall direct, 
shall in the presence of Congress be drawn out 
bv lot, and the persons whose names shall be so 
drawn or any five of them, shall be commis- 
sioners or judges, to hear and finally determine 
the controversy, so always as a major part of the 
judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in 
the determination: and if either party shall neg- 
lect to attend at the day appointed, without 
showing reasons Avhich Congress shall judge 
sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, 
the Congress shall proceed to nominate three 
persons out of each State, and the Secretary of 
Congress shall strike in behalf of such party ab- 
sent or refusing; and the judgment and sen- 
tence of the court to be appointed, in the man- 
ner above prescribed, shall be final and conclu- 
sive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to sub- 
mit to the authority of such court, or to appear 
or defend their claim or cause, the court shall, 
nevertheless, proceed to pronounce sentence or 
judgment, which shall in like manner be final 
and decisive, the judgment or sentence and 
other proceedings being in either case transmit- 
ted to Congress and lodged among the acts of 
Congress for the security of the parties con- 
cerned : provided that every commissioner, be- 
fore he sits in judgment, shall take an oath, to 
be administered by one of the judges of the Su- 
preme or Superior Court of the State where the 
cause shall be tried, "well and truly to hear and 
determine the matter in question, according to 
the best of his judgment, without favor, affec- 
tion, or hope of reward:" provided also that no 
State shall be deprived of territory for the bene- 
fit of the United States. 

All controversies concerning the private right 
of soil claimed under different grants of two or 
more States, whose jurisdictions as they may 
respect such lands, and the States which passed 
such grants, are adjusted; the said grants or 
either of them being at the same time claimed 
to have originated antecedent to such settle- 
ment of jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of 
either party to the Congress of the United 
States, be finally determined as near as may be 
in the same manner as is before prescribed for 
deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdic- 
tion between different States. 

The United States in Congress assembled 
shall also have the sole exclusive right and pow- 
er of regulating the alloy and value of coin 
struck by their own authority, or by that of the 
respective States — fixing the standard of weights 
and measures throughout the United States — 
regulating the trade and managing all affairs 
with the Indians, not members of any of the 
States; provided that the legislative right of any 
State within its own limits be not infringed or 
violated— establishing or regulating post-offices 
from one State to another, throughout all the 



United States, and exacting such postage on the 
papers passing through the same as may be 
requisite to defray the expenses of the said office — 
appointing all officers of the land forces in the 
service ot the United States, excepting regimen- 
tal officers— appointing all the officers of the 
naval forces, and commissioning all officers 
whatever in the service of the United States — 
making rules for the government and regula- 
tion of the said land and naval forces, and direct- 
ing their operations. 

The United States in Congress assembled 
shall have authority to appoint a commit- 
tee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be de- 
nominated "A Committee of the States," and to 
consist of one delegate from each State; and to 
appoint such other committees and civil officers 
as may be necessary for managing the general 
affairs of the United States, under their direc- 
tion — to appoint one of their number to preside; 
provided that no person be allowed to serve in 
the office of president more than one year in any 
term of three years — to ascertain the necessary 
sums of money to be raised for the service of 
the United States, and to appropriate and apply 
the same for defraying the public expenses — to 
borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the 
United States, transmitting every half year to 
the respective States an account of the sums of 
money so borrowed or emitted — to build and 
equip a navy — to agree upon the number of land 
forces, and to make requisitions from each State 
for its quota, in proportion to the number of 
white inhabitants in such State; which requisi- 
tion shall be binding ; and thereupon the legisla- 
tures of each State shall appoint the regimental 
officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm, and 
equip them in a soldier-like manner, at the ex- 
pense of the United States; and the officers and 
men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall 
march to the place appointed, and within the 
time agreed on by the United States in Congress 
assembled ; but if the United States in Congress 
assembled shall, on consideration of circum- 
stances, judge proper that any State should not 
raise men, or should raise a smaller number than 
its quota, and that any other State should raise a 
greater number of men than the quota thereof, 
such extra numbtr shall be raised, officered, 
clothed, armed, and equipped in the same man- 
ner as the quota of such State, unless the legis- 
lature of such State shall judge that such extra 
number cannot be safely spared cut of the 
same; in which case they shall raise, officer, 
clothe, arm, and equip as many of such extra 
number as they judge can be safely spared. 
And the officers and men so clothed, armed, and 
equipped, shall march to the place appointed, 
and within the time agreed on by the United 
States in Congress assembled. 

The United States in Congress assembled 
shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of 
marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter 
into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, 
nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the 
sums and expenses necessary for the defense 



4 



37 6 

and welfare of the United States, or any of them, 
nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit 
of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor 
agree upon the number of vessels of war to be 
built or purchased, or the number of land or sea 
forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander-in- 
chief of the army or navy uniess nine States as- 
sent to the same; nor shall a question on any 
other point, except for adjourning from day to 
day, be determined, unless by the votes of 
a majority of the United States in Congress 
assembled. 

The Congress of the United States shall have 
power to adjourn to any time within the year, 
and to any place within the United States, so 
that no period of adjournment be for a longer 
duration than the space of six months, and shall 
publish the journal of their proceedings month- 
ly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, 
alliances, or military operations, as in their 
judgment require secresy; and the yeas and 
nays of the delegates of each State on any ques- 
tion shall be entered on the journal when it is 
desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a 
State, or any of them, at his or their request, 
shall be furnished with a transcript of the said 
journal, except such parts as are above excepted, 
to lay before the legislatures of the several 
States. 

Article io. The committee of the States, 
or any nine of them, shall be authorized to exe- 
cute, in the recess of Congress, such of the 
powers of Congress as the United States in Con- 
gress assembled, by the consent of nine States, 
shall, from time to" time, think expedient to vest 
them with ; provided that no power be delegated 
to the said committee ; for the exercise of which, 
by the Articles of Confederation, the voice of 
nine States in the Congress of the United States 
assembled is requisite. 

Article ii. Canada, acceding to this con- 
federation and joining in the measures of the 
United States, shall be admitted into, and en- 
titled to all the advantages of this union ; but no 
other colony shall be admitted into the same 
unless such admission be agreed to by nine 
States. 



LI BERT T AND UNION. 



Article 12. All bills of credit emitted, 
moneys borrowed, and debts contracted by, or 
under the authority of Congress, before the as- 
sembling of the United States, in pursuance of 
the present confederation, shall be deemed and 
considered as a charge against the United States 
— for payment and satisfaction whereof, the said 
United States and the public faith are hereby 
solemnly pledged. 

Article 13. Every State shall abide by the 
determinations of the United States in Congress 
assembled on all questions which, by this con- 
federation, are submitted to them. And the ar- 
ticles of this confederation shall be inviolably 
observed by every State, and the union shall be 
perpetual ; nor shall any alteration at any time 
hereafter be made in any of them, unless such 
alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the 
United States, and be afterward confirmed by 
the legislatures of every State. 

And Whereas, It hath pleased the Great Gov- 
ernor of the World to incline the hearts of the 
legislatures we respectively represent in Con- 
gress, to approve of and to authorize us to ratify 
the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual 
union: Know Ye that we, the undersigned 
delegates, by virtue of the power and authority 
to us given for that purpose, do, by these pres- 
ents, in the name and in behalf of our respec- 
tive constituents, fully and entirely ratify and 
confirm each and every of the said Articles of 
Confederation and perpetual Union, and all and 
singular the matters and things therein con- 
tained. And we do further solemnly plight and 
engage the faith of our respective constituents, 
that they shall abide by the determinations of 
the United States in Congress assembled on all 
questions which, by the said confederation, are 
submitted to them. And that the articles there- 
of shall be inviolably observed by the States we 
respectively represent, and that the union shall 
be perpetual. In witness whereof we have 
hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at 
Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, the 
9th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1778, 
and in the 3d year of the Independence of 
America. 




H3- 



LI BERT 2' AND UNION. 



377 



ORDINANCE OF 1787. 



IN CONGRESS, JULY 1 3, I7S7. 



An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States^ 
Northwest of the River Ohio. 




^l^ff-^ & ordained, by the United States in 
JIF Congress assembled, that the said 
liMJfllS Territory, for the purpose of tempo- 
rary government, be one district ; 
subject, however, to be divided into 
two districts, as future circumstances 
may, in the opinion of Congress, make 
it expedient. 

Be it ordained, by the authority afore- 
said, that the estates both of resident and 
non-resident proprietors in the said Terri, 
tory, dying intestate, shall descend to, and 
be distributed among their children, and the 
descendants of a deceased child in equal 
parts ; the descendants of a deceased child or 
grandchild, to take the share of their deceased 
parent, in equal parts, among them, and where 
there shall be no children or descendants, 
then in equal parts to the next of kin, in 
equal degree ; and among collaterals, the chil- 
dren of a deceased brother or sister of the intest- 
ate shall have, in equal pans, among them, their 
deceased parent's share; and there shall in no 
case be a distinction between kindred of the 
whole and half blood ; saving in all cases to the 
widow of the intestate her third part of the real 
estate for life, and one-third part of the personal 
estate; and this law relative to descents and 
dower shall remain in full force until altered by 
the Legislature of the district. And until the 
Governor and judges shall adopt laws as herein- 
after mentioned, estates in the said territory 
may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writ- 
ing, signed and sealed by him or her, in whom 
the estate may be (being of full age), and attest- 
ed by three witnesses ; and real estates may be 
conveyed by lease or release, or bargain and 
sale, signed, sealed, and delivered by the person, 
being of full age, in whom the estate may, 
and attested by two witnesses, provided such 
wills be duly proved, and such conveyances be 
acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly 
proved, and be recorded within one year after 
proper magistrates, courts and registers shall be 
appointed for that purpose, and personal proper- 
ty may be transferred by delivery, saving, how- 
ever, to the French and Canadian inhabitants, 
and other settlers of the Kaskaskias, Saint Vin- 
cents, and the neighboring villages, who have 
heretofore professed themselves citizens of Vir- 



ginia, their laws and customs now in force 
among them, relative to descent and conveyance 
of property. 

Be it ordained, by the authority aforesaid, that 
there shall be appointed, from time to time, by 
Congress, a Governor, whose commission shall 
continue in force for the term of three years, un- 
less sooner revoked by Congress; he shall reside 
in the district and have a freehold estate therein, 
in one thousand acres of land, while in the ex- 
ercise of his office. There shall be appointed, 
from time to time, by Congress, a Secretary, 
whose commission shall continue in force for 
four years, unless sooner revoked ; he shall re- 
side therein, and have a freehold estate therein, 
in five hundred acres of land, while in the exer- 
cise of his office; it shall be his duty to keep and 
preserve the acts and laws passed by the Legis- 
lature, and the public records of the district, and 
the proceedings of the Governor in his execu- 
tive department, and transmit authentic copies 
of such acts and proceedings, every six months, 
to the Secretary of Congress. There shall also 
be appointed a court, to consist of three judges, 
any two of whom to form a court,which shall 
have a common law jurisdiction, and reside in 
the district, and have each therein a freehold 
estate in five hundred acres of land, while in the 
exercise of their offices ; and their commissions 
shall continue in force during good behavior. 

The Governor and judges, or a majority of 
them, shall adopt and publish in the district such 
laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as 
may be necessary, and best suited to the circum- 
stances of the district, and report them to Con- 
gress, from time to time, which laws shall be in 
force in the district until the organization of the 
General Assembly therein, unless disapproved 
by Congress ; but afterward, the Legislature 
shall bave authority to alter them as thev shall 
think fit. 

The Governor, for the time being, shall be 
commander-in-chief of the militia, appoint and 
commission all officers in the same, below the 
rank of general officers. All general officers 
shall be appointed and commissioned by Con- 
gress. 

Previous to the organization of the General 
Assembly, the Governor shall appoint such mag- 
istrates and other civil officers in each county or 



+-Sjr 





**■■ 



:■ ,- 



LI BERT 2' AND UNION. 



379 



township, as he shall find necessary for the pres- 
ervation of the peace and good order in the 
same. After the General Assembly shall be 
organized, the powers and duties of magistrates 
and other civil officers shall be regulated and 
denned by the said Assembly ; but all magistrates 
and other civil officers, not herein otherwise di- 
rected, shall, during the continuance of this 
temporary government, be appointed by the 
Governor. 

For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the 
laws to be adopted or made, shall have force in 
all parts of the district, and for the execution of 
process, criminal and civil, the Governor shall 
make proper divisions thereof; and shall pro- 
ceed, from time to time, as circumstances may 
require, to lay out the parts of the district in 
which the Indian titles shall have been extin- 
guished, into counties and townships, subject, 
ho^ ever, to such alterations as may hereafter be 
made by the Legislature. 

So soon as there shall be five thousand free 
male inhabitants, of full age, in the district, upon 
giving proof thereof to the Governor, they shall 
receive authority, with time and place, to elect 
representatives from their counties or townships, 
to represent them in the General Assembly; 
Provided, That for every five hundred free male 
inhabitants there shall be one representative, and 
so on progressively with the number of free male 
inhabitants, shall "the right of representation in- 
crease, until the number of representatives shall 
amount to twenty-five, after which the number 
and proportion of representatives shall be regu- 
lated by the Legislature ; Provided, That no 
person be eligible or qualified to act as a repre- 
sentative, unless he shall have been a citizen of 
one of the United States three years and be a 
resident in the district, or unless he shall have 
resided in the district three years, and in either 
case shall likewise hold in his own right, in fee 
simple, two hundred acres of land within the 
same ; Provided, also, that a freehold in fifty 
acres of land in the district, having been a citi- 
zen of one of the States, and being resident in 
the district, or the like freehold and two years' 
residence in the district, shall be necessary to 
qualify a man as an elector of a representative. 

The representative thus elected, shall serve 
for the term of two years, and in case of the 
death of a representative, or removal from office, 
the Governor shall issue a writ to the county or 
township for which he was a member, to elect 
another in his stead, to serve for the residue of 
the term. 

The General Assembly, or Legislature, shall 
consist of the Governor, Legislative Council, 
and a House of Representatives. The Legisla- 
tive Council shall consist of five members, to 
continue in office five years, unless sooner re- 
moved by Congress, any three of whom to be a 
quorum, and the members of the Council shall 
be nominated and appointed in the following 
manner, to wit: As soon as representatives shall 
be elected, the Governor shall appoint a time 
and place for them to meet together, and, when 



met, they shall nominate ten personsj residents 
in the district, and each possessed of a freehold 
in five hundred acres of land, and return their 
names to Congress, five of whom Congress shall 
appoint and commission to serve as aforesaid ; 
and whenever a vacancy shall happen in the 
Council, by death or removal from office, the 
House of Representatives shall nominate two 
persons qualified ab aforesaid, for each vacancy, 
and return their names to Congress, one of 
whom Congress shall appoint and commission 
for the residue of the term ; and every five 
years, four months at least before the expiration 
of the time of service of the Council, the said 
House shall nominate ten persons qualified as 
aforesaid, and return their names to Congress, 
five of whom Congress shall appoint and com- 
mission to serve as members of the Council five 
years, unless sooner removed. And the Gov- 
ernor, Legislative Council, and House of Repre- 
sentatives, shall have authority to make laws in 
all cases for the good government of the district, 
not repugnant to the principles and articles in 
this ordinance established and declared. And 
all bills having passed by a majority in the 
House, and by a majority in the Council, shall 
be referred to the Governor for his assent ; but 
no bill or legislative act whatever, shall be of any 
force without his assent. The Governor shall 
have power to convene, prorogue, and dissolve 
the assembly, when in his opinion it shall be 
expedient. 

The Governor, Judges, Legislative Council, 
Secretary, and such other officers as Congress 
shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath or 
affirmation of fidelity, and of office — the Govern- 
or before the President of Congress, and all oth- 
er officers before the Governor. As soon as a 
Legislature shall be formed in the District, the 
Council and House, assembled in one room, 
shall have authority, by joint ballot, to elect a 
delegate to Congress, who shall have a seat in 
Congress, with the right of debating, but not of 
voting, during this temporary government. 

And for extending the fundamental principles 
of civil and religious liberty, which form the ba- 
sis whereon these republics, their laws and con- 
stitutions, are elected ; to fix and establish those 
principles as the basis of all latvs, constitutions, and 
governments, whieh forever hereafter shall be 
formed in the said Territory ; to provide also for 
the establishment of States, and for their admis- 
sion to a share in the Federal Council on an 
equal footing with the original States, at as early 
periods as may be consistent with the general 
interest : 

// is hereby ordained and declared, by the au- 
thority aforesaid, that the following articles shall 
be considered as articles of compact between the 
original States and the people and States in the 
said Territory, and forever remain unalterable, 
unless by common consent; viz.: 

Article I. No person, demeaning himself 
in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever be 
molested on account of his mode of worship or 
religious sentiments in the said Territory. 



Av 



<-$■ 



3 8o 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



Art. II. The inhabitants of the said Territo- 
ry shall always be entitled to the benefit of the 
writ of habeas cordis and of the trial by jury ; of 
a proportionate representation of the people in 
the Legislature, and of judicial proceedings ac- 
cording to the course of the common law ; all 
persons shall be bailable unless for capital of- 
fenses, where the proof shall be evident, or the 
presumption great ; all fines shall be moderate, 
and no cruel or unusual punishments shall be 
inflicted; no man shall be deprived of his liberty 
or property but by the judgment of his peers or 
the law of the land ; and should the public exi- 
gencies make it necessary for the common pres- 
ervation to take any person's property, or to 
demand his particular service's, full compensation 
shall be made for the same ; and, in the just 
preservation of rights and property, it is under- 
stood and declared, that no law ought ever to be 
made, or have force in the said territory, that 
shall, in any manner whatever, interfere with 
or affect private contracts or engagements, bona 
jide, and, without fraud, previously formed. 

Art. III. Religion, morality, and knowledge 
being necessary to good government and the 
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of 
education shall forever be encouraged. The 
utmost good faith shall always be observed to- 
ward the Indians; their lands and property shall 
never be taken from them without their consent; 
and in their property, rights, and liberty, they 
never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in 
just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; 
bmt laws founded in justice and humanity shall, 
from time to time, be made, for preventing 
wrongs being done to them, and for preserving 
peace and friendship with them. 

Art. IV. The said Territory, and the States 
which may be formed therein, shall forever re- 
main a part of this Confederacy of the United 
States of America, subject to the Articles of 
Confederation,* and to such alterations therein 
as shall be constitutionally made; and to all the 
acts and. ordinances of the United States in Con- 
gress assembled, conformable thereto. The in- 
habitants and settlers in the said Territory shall 
be subject to pay a part of the Federal debts 
contracted, or to be contracted, and a propor- 
tional part of the expenses of government, to be 
apportioned on them by Congress, according to 
the same common rule and measure by which 
apportionments thereof shall be made on the 
other States ; and the taxes for paying their pro- 
portion shall be laid and levied by the authority 
and direction of the Legislatures of the District, 
or Districts, or new States, as in the original 
States, within the time agreed upon by the 
United States in Congress assembled. The 
Legislatures of those Districts, or new States, 
shall never interfere with the primary disposal 
of the soil by the United States in Congress 
assembled, nor with any regulations Congress 
may find necessary for securing the title in such 
soil to the bona fide purchasers. No tax shall be 

* This ordinance was drawn up before the Constitution 
was formed. 



imposed on lands the property of the United 
States; and in no case shall non-resident propri- 
etors be taxed higher than residents. The nav- 
igable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. 
Lawrence, and the carrying places between the 
same, shall be common highways, and forever 
free, as well to the inhabitants of the said Terri- 
tory as to the citizens of the United States, and 
those of any other States that may be admitted 
into the confederacy, without any tax, impost, or 
duty therefor. 

Art. V. There shall be formed in the said 
Territory not less than three, nor more than five 
States; and the boundaries of the States, as soon 
as Virginia shall alter her act of session and 
consent to the same, shall become fixed and es- 
tablished as follows, to wit : The Western State 
shall be 'bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, 
and Wabash Rivers ; a direct line drawn from 
the Wabash and Post Vincents due north to the 
territorial line between the. United States and 
Canada, and by the said territorial line to the 
Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. The Middle 
State shall be bounded by the said direct line, 
the Wabash from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by 
the Ohio, by direct line drawn due north from 
the mouth of the Great Miami to the said terri- 
torial line, and by said territorial line. The 
Eastern State shall be bounded by the last men- 
tioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and 
the said territorial line; Provided, however, and 
it is further understood and declared, that the 
boundaries of these three States shall be subject 
so far to be altered, and, if Congress shall here- 
after find it expedient, they shall have authority 
to form one or two States in that part of the 
said Territory which lies north of an east and 
west line drawn through the southerly bend or 
extreme of Lake Michigan ; and whenever any 
of the said States shall have sixty thousand free 
inhabitants therein, such States shail be admit- 
ted, by their delegates, into the Congress of the 
United States, on an equal footing with the 
original States in all respects whatsoever ; and 
shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitu- 
tion and State government ; Provided, the con- 
stitution and government so to be formed shall 
be republ can, and in conformity to the principles 
contained in these articles ; and, so far as it can 
be consistent with the general interest of the 
confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at 
an earlier period, and when there may be a less 
number of free inhabitants in the State than 
sixty thousand. 

Art. VI. There shall be neither slavery nor 
involuntary servitude in the said Territory, oth- 
erwise than in the punishment of crimes where- 
of the party shall have been duly convicted ; 
Provided, always, that any person escaping into 
the same, from whom labor or service is lawful- 
ly claimed in any of the original States, such 
fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed 
to the person claiming his or her labor or ser- 
vice as aforesaid. 

Be it ordained, by the authority aforesaid, that 
the resolutions of the 23d of April, 1784, relative 



**- 



K* 



L IBER TT A ND UNION. 






381 



, 111 inif nil it in iiiti jps 




jV the existence of the Union, depends the safety and welfare of the -parts 
of which it is composed / the fate of an empire, in many respects, the 
most interesting in the world. Among the most formidable obstacles 
which the new Constitution will have to encounter, zve may reckon the 
perverted ambition of men, who will either hope to aggrandize themselves by 
the confusions of their country, or zvill flatter themselves with fairer prospects 
of elevation from the subdivision of the empire into several partial confedera- 
cies, than from its Union under one Government. ***** The vigor 
of Government is essential to the security of liberty." 



*f 











The Constitution of the United States. 






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EIINSTITIITIIIN HF THE IINITEH STATES IIF flMERIEfl, 



We, the People of the United States, in Order 
to form a more perfect Union, establish Jus- 
tice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for 
the common defence, promote trie general 
Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty 
to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and 
establish this Constitution for the United 
States of America. 

JH^IGIiE I. 

Section i. All legislative Powers herein 
granted shall be vested in a Congress of the 
United States, which shall consist of a Senate 
and House of Representatives. 

Section 2. The House of Representatives 
shall be composed of Members chosen every sec- 
ond Year by the people of the several States, 
and the Electors in each State shall have the 
Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most 
numerous Branch of the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a Representative who shall 
not have attained to the Age of twenty-five 
Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not, when elected, 
be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall 
be chosen. 

Representative and direct Taxes shall be ap- 
portioned among the several States which may 
be included within this Union, according to their 
respective Numbers, which shall be determined 
by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, 
including those bound to Service for a Term of 
Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumer- 
ation shall be made within three Years after the 
first meeting of the Congress of the United 
States, and within every subsequent Term of 
ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law 



direct. The Number of Representatives shall 
not exceed one for every thirty Thousand but 
each State shall have at Least one Representa- 
tive; and until such enumeration shall be made, 
the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to 
chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island 
and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut 
five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsyl- 
vania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Vir- 
ginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina 
five, and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the Representation 
from any State, the Executive Authority there- 
of shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Va- 
cancies. 

The House of Representatives shall chuse 
their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have 
the sole Power of Impeachment. 

Section 3. The Senate of the United States 
shall be composed of two Senators from each 
State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six 
Years ; and each Senator shall have one Vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
Consequence of the first Election, they shall be 
divided as equally as may be into three Classes. 
The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall 
be vacated at the Expiration of the second 
Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of 
the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the 
Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one-third 
may be chosen every second Year; and if Va- 
cancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, 
during the Recess of the Legislature of any 
State, the Executive thereof may make tempo- 
rary Appointments until the next Meeting of 
the" Legislature, which shall then fill such Va- 
cancies. 

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not 
have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and 



"fr" 



Mr 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, 
and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabi- 
tant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall 
be President of the Senate, but shall have no 
Vote, unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, 
and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence 
of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise 
the Office of President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try 
all Impeachments. When sitting for that pur- 
pose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. 
When the President of the United States is tried, 
the Chief Justice shall preside : And no Person 
shall be convicted without the Concurrence of 
two thirds of the Members present. 

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not 
extend further than to removal from Office, and 
disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of 
honor, Trust or Profit under the United States; 
but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be 
liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judg- 
ment, and Punishment, according to Law. 

Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner 
of holding Elections for Senators and Represen- 
tatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the 
Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at 
time by Law make or alter such Regulations, 
except as to the Places of chusing Senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
every Year, and such meeting shall be on the 
first Monday in December, unless they shall by 
Law appoint a different Day. 

Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge 
of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of 
its own Members, and a Majority of each shall 
constitute a Quorum to do business ; but a smaller 
Number may adjourn from day to day, and may 
be authorized to compel the Attendance of ab- 
sent Members, in such Manner, and under such 
Penalties as each House may provide. 

Each House may determine the Rules of its 
Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly 
Behavior, and, with the Concurrence ©f two- 
thirds, expel a Member. 

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Pro- 
ceedings, and from time to time publish the 
same, excepting such Parts as may in their 
Judgment require Secrecy ; and the Yeas and 
Nays of the Members of either House on any 
question shall, at the Desire of one-fifth of those 
Present, be entered on the Journal. 

Neither House, during the Session of Con- 
gress, shall, without the Consent of the other, 
adjourn for more than three days, nor to any 
other Place than that in which the two Houses 
shall be sitting. 

Section 6. The Senators and Representa- 
tives shall receive a Compensation for their Ser- 
vices, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of 
the Treasury of the United States. They shall 
in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and 
Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest 
during their Attendance at the Session of their 
respective Houses, and in going to and returning 
from the same ; and for any Speech or Debate in 



383 

either House, they shall not be questioned in 
any other Place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, durinsr 
the Time for which he was elected, be appointed 
to any civil Office under the Authority of the 
United States, which shall have been created, or 
the Emoluments whereof shall have been in- 
creased during such time; and no Person hold- 
ing any Office under the United States, shall be 
a Member of either House during his Continu- 
ance in Office. 

Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue 
shall originate in the House of Representatives; 
but the Senate may propose or concur with 
Amendments as on other Bills. 

Every Bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before 
it become a Law, be presented to the President 
of the United States; if he approve he shall sign 
it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objec- 
tions to that House in which it shall have origi- 
inated, who shall enter the Objections at large 
on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If 
after such Reconsideration two thirds of that 
House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be 
sent, together with the Objections, to the other 
House, by which it shall likewise be reconsid- 
ered, and if approved by two-thirds of that 
House, it shall become a Law. But in all such 
Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be deter- 
mined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the 
Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be 
entered on the Journal of each House respec- 
tively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the 
President within ten days (Sundays excepted) 
after it shall have been presented to him, the 
Same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had 
signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjourn- 
ment prevent its Return, in which case it shall 
not be a Law. 

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which 
the Concurrence of the Senate and House of 
Representatives may be necessary (except on a 
question of Adjournment) shall be presented to 
the President of the United States; and before 
the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by 
him, or being disapproved by him, shall be re- 
passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of 
Representatives, according to the Rules and 
Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. 

Section 8. The Congress shall have Power: 

To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts, and 
Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the 
common Defence and general Welfare of the 
United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Ex- 
cises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States; 

To borrow Money on the credit of the United 
States; 

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, 
and among the several States, and with the In- 
dian Tribes ; 

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturaliza- 
tion, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bank- 
ruptcies throughout the United States ; 

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, 



t-ffi- 



3§4 



and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of 
Weights and Measures; 

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeit- 
ing the Securities and current Coin of the United 
States; 

To establish Post Offices and post Roads; 

To promote the Progress of Science and use- 
ful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Au- 
thors and Inventors the Exclusive Right to their 
respective Writings and Discoveries ; 

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the Su- 
preme Court; 

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies 
committed on the high Seas, and Offences 
against the Law of Nations; 

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and 
Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures 
on Land and Water; 

To raise and support Armies, but no Appro- 
priation of Money to that Use shall be for a 
longer Term than two Years; 

To provide and maintain a Navy ; 

To make Rules for the Government and Reg- 
ulation of the land and naval Forces; 

To provide for calling forth the Militia to exe- 
cute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrec- 
tions and. repel Invasions; 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disci- 
plining, the Militia, and for governing such 
Part of them as may be employed in the Service 
of the United States, reserving to the States re- 
spectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and 
the Authority of training the Militia according 
to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases 
whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding 
ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particu- 
lar States, and the Acceptance of Congress, be- 
come the Seat of the Government of the United 
States, and to exercise like Authority over all 
Places purchased by the Consent of the Legis- 
lature of the State in which the Same shall be, 
for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, 
dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; — And 

To make all Laws which shall be necessary 
and proper for carrying into Execution the fore- 
going Powers, and all other Powers vested bv 
this Constitution in the Government of the 
United States, or in any Department or any Of- 
ficer thereof. 

Section 9. The Migration or Importation 
of such Persons as any of the States now exist- 
ing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- 
hibited by the Congress prior to the Year one 
thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or 
duty may be imposed on such Importation, not 
exceeding ten dollars for each Person. 

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus 
shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of 
Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may re- 
quire it. 

No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall 
be passed. 

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be 
laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enu- 
meration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



•K3- 



No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles ex- 
ported from any State. 

No Preference shall be given by any Regula- 
tion of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of 
one State over those of another : nor shall Ves- 
sels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to 
enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. 

No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, 
but in Consequence of Appropriations made by 
Law; and a regular Statement and Account of 
the Receipts and Expenditures of all public 
Money shall be published from time to time. 

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the 
United States : And no Person holding any Of- 
fice of Profit or Trust under them, shall, with- 
out the Consent of the Congress, accept of any 
Present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any 
kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or for- 
eign State. 

Section 10. No State shall enter into any 
Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Let- 
ters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; 
emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold 
and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; 
pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or 
Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or 
grant any Title of Nobility. 

No State shall, without the Consent of the 
Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Im- 
ports or Exports, except what may be absolutely 
necessary for executing its inspection Laws: and 
the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid 
by any State on Imports or Exports, shall befor 
the Uses of the Treasury of the United States ; 
and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revis- 
ion and Control of the Congress. 

No State shall, without the Consent of Con- 
gress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, 
or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any 
Agreement or Compact with another State, or 
with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless 
actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger 
as will not admit of delay. 

mmvm 11. 

Section i. The executive Power shall be 
vested in a President of the United States of 
America. He shall hold his Office during the 
Term of four Years, and, together with the 
Vice President chosen for the same Term, be 
elected, as follows 

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as 
the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of 
Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators 
and Representatives to which the State may be 
entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Rep- 
resentative, or Person holding an Office of 
Trust or Profit under the United States, shall 
be appointed an Elector. 

[The Electors shall meet in their respective 
States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of 
whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of 
the same State with themselves. And they 
shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, 
and of the Number of Votes for each; which 
List thev shall sign and certify, and transmit 
. — \ 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



335 



sealed to the Seat of the Government of the 
United States, directed to the President of the 
Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in 
the Presence of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, open all the Certificates, and the 
Votes shall then be counted. The Person hav- 
ing the greatest Number of Votes shall be the 
President, if such Number be a Majority of the 
whole Number of Electors appointed; and if 
there be more than one who have such Major- 
ity, and have an equal Number of Votes, then 
the House of Representatives shall immediately 
chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and 
if no Person have a Majority, then from the five 
highest on the List the said House shall in like 
Manner chuse the President; but in chusing the 
President, the Votes shall be taken by States, 
the Representation from each State having one 
Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist 
of a Member or Members from two thirds of the 
States, and a Majority of all the States shall be 
necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the 
Choice of the President, the Person having the 
greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall 
be the Vice President. But if there should re- 
main two or more who have equal Votes, the 
Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the 
Vice President.] 

The Congress may determine the Time of 
chusing the Electors, and the Day on which 
they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be 
the same throughout the United States. 

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a 
Citizen of the United States, at the time of the 
Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to 
the Office of President; neither shall any Per- 
son be eligible to that Office who shall not have 
attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and 
been fourteen Years a Resident within the 
United States. 

In Case of the Removal of the President from 
Office, or his Death, Resignation, or Inability 
to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said 
Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice Pres- 
ident, and the Congress may by Law provide 
for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation, 
or Inability both of the President and Vice Pres- 
ident, declaring what Officer shall then act as 
President, and such Officer shall act according- 
ly, until the Disability be removed, or a Pres- 
ident shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated Times receive 
for his Services, a Compensation, which shall 
be neither increased nor diminished during the 
Period for which he shall have been elected, 
and he shall not receive within that Period any 
other Emolument from the United States, or any 
of them- 

Before he enter on the Execution of his Of- 
fice, he shall take the following Oath or Affir- 
mation : — 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will 
faithfully execute the Office of President of 
the United States, and will to the best of my 
Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Con- 
stitution of the United States." 



Section 2. The President shall be Com- 
mander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the 
United States, and of the Militia of the several 
States, when called into the actual Service of the 
United States; he may require the Opinion, in 
writing, of tiie piincipal Officer in each of the 
executive Departments, upon any Subject relat- 
ing to the Duties of their respective Offices, and 
he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and 
Pardons for Offenses against the United States, 
except in Cases of Impeachment. 

He shall have Power, by and with the Advice 
and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, 
provided two-thirds of the Senators present con- 
cur; and he shall nominate, and by and with 
the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall ap- 
point Ambassadors, other Public Ministers and 
Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all 
other Officei s of the United States, whose Ap- 
pointments are not herein otherwise provided 
for, and uhich shall be established by Law; but 
the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment 
of such inferior Officers, as they may think 
proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of 
Law, or in the Heads of Departments. 

The President shall have Power to fill up all 
Vacancies that may happen during the Recess 
of the Senate, by granting Commissions which 
shall expire at the End of their next Session. 

Section 3. He shall from time to time give 
to the Congress Information of the State of the 
Union, and recommend to their Consideration 
such Measures as he shall judge necessary and 
expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, 
convene both Houses, or either of them, and in 
Case of Disagreement between them, with Re- 
spect to the Time of Adjournment, he may ad- 
journ them to such Time as he shall think 
proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other 
pub ic Ministers; he shall take Care that the 
Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commis- 
sion all officers of the United States. 

Section 4. The President, Vice-President 
and all civil Officers of the United States, shall 
be removed from Office on Impeachment for, 
and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other 
high Crimes and Misdemeanors. 

WTOIiE III. 

Section i. The judicial Power of the United 
States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and 
in such inferior Courts as the Congress may 
from time to time ordain and establish. The 
judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, 
shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, 
! and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Str- 
I vices, a Compensation, which shall not be di- 
minished during their Continuance in Office. 

Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend 
to all Cases in Law and Equity, arising under 
this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, 
and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under 
their Authority ; — to all Cases affecting Ambas- 
sadors, other public Ministers, and Consuls; — to 
all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdic- 
tion ; — to Controversies to which the United 



* 

■to 



386 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



States shall be a Party ; — to Controversies be- 
tween two or more Stale- ; — between a State and 
Citizens of another State ; — between Citizens of 
different States, — between Citizens of the same 
State claiming Lands under Grants of different 
Slates, and between a State, or Citizens thereof 
and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. 

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other pub- 
lic Ministers and Consuls, and those in -which a 
State shall be a Party, the Supreme Court shall 
have original Jurisdiction. In all the other 
Cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall 
have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and 
Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such 
Regulations as the Congress shall make. 

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of 
Impeachment, shall be by Jury ; and such Trial 
shall be held in the State where the said Crimes 
shall have been committed; but when not com- 
mitted within any State, the Trial shall be at 
such Place or Places as the Congress may by 
Law have directed. 

Section 3. Treason against the United States, 
shall consist only in levying War against them, 
or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them 
Aid and Comfort. No person shall be convicted 
of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Wit- 
nesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession 
in open Court. 

The Congress shall have Power to declare the 
Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of 
Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or For- 
feiture except during the Life of the Person at- 
tainted. 

WTICIfE IY. 

Section i. Full Faith and Credit shall be 
given in each State to the public Acts, Records, 
and judicial Proceedings of every other State. 
And the Congress may by general Laws pre- 
scribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records 
and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect 
thereof. 

Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall 
be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of 
Citizens of the several States. 

A Person charged in any State with Treason, 
Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Jus- 
tice, and be found in another State, shall on De- 
mand of the executive Authority of the State from 
which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed 
to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. 

No Person held to Service or Labour in one 
State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into an- 
other, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Reg- 
ulation therein, be discharged from such Service 
or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of 
the Party to whom such Service or Labour may 
be due. 

Section 3. New States may be admitted by 
the Congress into this Union; "but no new State 
shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdic- 
tion of any other State; nor any State be formed 
by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts 
of* Slates, without the Consent of the Legisla- 
tures of the States concerned as well as of the 
Congress. 



The Congress shall have Power to dispose of 
and make all needful RuLs and Regulations re- 
specting the Territory or other Property belong- 
ing to the United States; and nothing in this 
Constitution shall be so construed as to Preju- 
dice any claims of the United States, or of any 
particular State. 

Section 4. The United States shall guaran- 
tee to every State in this Union a Republican 
Form of Government, and shall protect each of 
them against Invasion; and on Application of 
the Legislature or of the Executive (when the 
Legislature cannot be convened) against domes- 
tic Violence. 

WTOIiE Y. 

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both 
Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose 
Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Ap- 
plication -of the Legislatures of the several 
States, shall call a Convention for proposing 
Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be 
valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this 
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures 
of three fourths of the several Slates, or by Con- 
ventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or 
the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed 
by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment 
which may be made prior to the Year One thou- 
sand eight hundred and eight shall in any Man- 
ner affc-ct the first and fourth Clauses in the 
Ninth Section of the first Article ; and that no 
State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of 
its equal Suffrage in the Senate. 

WFICDE YI. 

All Debts contracted and Engagements en- 
tered into, before the Adoption of this Constitu- 
tion, shall be as valid against the United States 
under this Constitution, as under the Confedera- 
tion. 

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; 
and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, 
under the Authority of the United States, shall 
be the supreme Law of the Land : and the 
Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, 
any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any 
State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 

.The Senators and Representatives before 
mentioned, and the Members of the several 
State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial 
Officers, both of the United States and of the 
several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affir- 
mation, to support this Constitution; but no re- 
ligious Test shall ever be required as a qualifica- 
tion to any Office or public Trust under the 
United States. 

TJ^FICDE YII. 

The Ratifications of the Conventions of 
nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establish- 
ment of this Constitution between the States so 
ratifying the Same. 

bo-ne in Convention by the Unanimous Con- 
sent of the States present the Seventeenth 



LIBERT V AND UNION 



387 



Day of September in the Tear of our Lord 
one thousand seven hundred and Eighty 
seven and of the Independence of the 
United States of America the Twelfth 9u 
•t-uitrtc^ whereof We have hereunto sub- 
scribed our Names, 

Geo. WASHINGTON— 
President and Deputy from Virginia. 



*[This edition of the Constitution of the United States 
has been taken from the edition published by Joseph Bart- 
lett Burleigh LL. D. from his script imitation of the Con- 
stitution which was compared with the original in the 
Department of State, and also found to he correct in cap- 
itals, orthography, text, and punctuation. In every par- 
ticular, as to capitals, orthography, text, and punctuation, 
this edition follows Dr. Burlei«-h's.] 



flMENHMENTS TO THE EHNSTITHTIIIN HF THE HNITEH STATES, 



4 



[The following amendments were proposed at 
the first session of the first congress of the 
United States, which was begun and held at the 
city of New York on the 4th of March, 17S9, 
and were adopted by the requisite number of 
States. Laws of the U. S., vol. 1, page 82.] 

[The following preamble and resolution ore- 
ceded the original proposition of the amend- 
ments, and as they have been supposed by a 
high equity judge" (Sth Wendell's Reports, p. 
100) to have an important bearing on the con- 
struction of those amendments, they are here 
inserted. They will be found in the journals of 
the first session of the first congress. 

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Begun and held at the city ofJVetv 2~ork, on Wed- 
nesday^ the 4th day of March, ij8g. 

The conventions of a number of the States 
having, at the time of their adopting the con- 
stitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent 
misconstruction or abu>e of its powers, that fur- 
ther declaratory and restrictive clauses should 
be added, and as extending the ground of public 
confidence in the government will best insure 
the beneficent ends of its institution : 

Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives 
of the United States of America, in congress assembled, 
two-thirds of both houses concurring, that the following 
articles be proposed to the legislatures of the several 
states, as amendments to the constitution of the United 
States; all or any of which articles, when ratified by three - 
fourths of the said legislatures, to be valid to all intents 
and purposes, as part of the said constitution, namely:] 

^TICliE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an 
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free 
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
speech or of the press; or the right of the people 
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the gov- 
ernment for a redress of grievances. 

^RTICDE II. 

A well regulated militia being necessary to 
the security of a free state, the right of the 
people to keep and bear arms shall not be in- 
fringed. 

TH^FieiiE in. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered 
in any house without the consent of the owner, 



nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pre- 
scribed by law. 

WFICDE IY. 

The light of the people to be secure in their 
persons, houses, paper and effects, against un- 
reasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 
violated.; and no warrants shall issue but upon 
probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, 
and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

WTICIiE Y. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capi- 
tal or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a pre- 
sentment or indictment of a grand jury, except 
in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in 
the militia, when in actual service in time of 
war or public danger ; nor shall any person be 
subject for the same offense to be twice put in 
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled 
in any criminal case, to be a witness against him- 
self, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, 
without due process of law; nor shall private 
property be taken for public use without just 
compensation. 

WTICDE YI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall 
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by 
an impartial jury of the state and district where- 
in the crime shall have been committed, which 
district shall have been previously ascertained 
by law; and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with 
the witnes es against him ; to have compulsory 
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and 
to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

TH^FICfrE YII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in 
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the 
right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no 
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-exam- 
ined in any court of the United States, than ac- 
cording to the rules of the common law. 

TJI^FICIjE yiii. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor ex- 
cessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual 
punishments inflicted. 



4- 



-$- 



3 SS 



LIBERTV AND UNION 



THvVIGIiE I£. 



The enumeration in the constitution of cer- 
tain rights shall not be construed to deny or dis- 
parage others retained by the people. 

The powers not delegated to the United States 
by the constitution, nor prohibited to it by 
the states, are reserved to the states respectively, 
or to the people. 

[The following amendment was proposed at 
the second session of the third congress. It is 
printed in the Laws of the United States, vol. i, 
p. 73, as article n.] 

The judicial power of the United States shall 
not be construed to extend to any suit in law or 
equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of 
the United States by citizens of another state, or 
by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 

[The three following sections were proposed 
as amendments at the first session of the eighth 
congress. They are printed in the Laws of the 
United States as article 12.] 

nwwkK xii. 

1. The electors shall meet in their respective 
states, and vote by ballot for president and vice- 
president, one of whom at least shall not be an 
inhabitant of the same state with themselves. 
They shall name in their ballots the person 
voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the 
person voted for as vice-president; and they shall 
make distinct lists of all persons voted for as 
president, and of all persons voted for as vice- 
president, and of the number of votes for each; 
which lists they shall sign and certify, and trans- 
mit sealed to the seat of the government of the 
United States, directed to the president of the 
senate. The president of the senate shall, in the 
presence of the senate and house of representa- 
tives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall 
then be counted. The person having the greatest 
number of votes for president shall be the presi- 
dent, if such number be a majority of the whole 
number of electors appointed; and if no person 
have such majority, then from the persons hav- 
ing the highest numbers, not exceeding three, 
on the list of those voted for as president, the 
house of representatives shall choose imme- 
diately, by billot, the president. But in choosing 
the president, the votes shall be taken by states, 
the representation from each state having one 
vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist ot 
a member or members from two-thirds of the 
states, and a majority of all the states shall be 
necessary to a choice. And if the house of rep- 
resentatives shall not choose a president, when- 
ever the right of choice shall devolve upon 
them, before the fourth day of March next fol- 
lowing, then the vice-president shall act as pres- 



ident, as in the case of the death or other con- 
stitutional disability of the president. 

2. The person having the greatest number of 
votes as vice-president shall be the vice-president, 
if such number be a majority of the whole num- 
ber of electors appointed, and if no person have 
a majority, then from the two highest numbers 
on the l ; st the senate shall choose the vice-pres- 
ident. A quorum for the purpose shall consist 
of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, 
and a majority of the whole number shall be 
necessary to a choice. 

3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of president shall be eligible to that of 
vice-president of the United States. 

TII^icM £in. 

• . Section i. 

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, ex- 
cept as a punishment for crime, whereof the 
party shall have been dulj- convicted, shall exist 
within the United States, or any place subject to 
their jurisdiction. 

Section 2. 

Congress shall have power to enforce this ar- 
ticle by appropriate legislation. 

The following is the certificate of the secre- 
tary of state of the United States, announcing 
the ratification of the foregoing article : 

William H. Seward, Secretary of State of tlie United 
States : 

to all to whom these presents may come, 
Greeting: 

Know Ye, That, whereas the congress of the United 
States, on the first of February last, passed a resolution, 
which is in the words following-, namely: "A Resolution 
submitting to the legislatures of the several states a prop- 
osition to amend the constitution of the United States. 

"Resolved, By the senate and house of representatives 
of the United States of America in congress assembled 
(two-thirds of both houses concurring), that the follow- 
ing article be proposed to the legislatures of the several 
states as an amendment to the constitution of the United 
States, which, when ratified by three -fourths of said 
legislatures, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as 
a part of the said constitution, namely: " 

(See Article XIII, above.) 

And whereas it appears from official documents on file 
in this department, that the amendment to the constitu- 
tion of the United States proposed as aforesaid, has been 
ratified by the legislatures of the States of Illinois, Rhode 
Island, Michigan, Maryland, New York, West Virginia, 
Maine, Kansas, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia. 
Ohio, Missouri, Nevada, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota. 
Wisconsin, Vermont, Tennessee, Arkansas, Connecticut. 
New Hampshire, South Carolina, Alabama, North Caro- 
lina and Georgia; in all twenty-seven states. 

And whereas, the whole "number of states in the 
United States is thirty-six; and whereas, the before spe- 
cially-named states, 'whose legislatures have ratified the 
said proposed amendment, constitute three-fourths of the 
whole number of states in the United States: 

Now, therefore, be it known, that I, William H. 
Seward, Secretary of State of the United States, by virtue 
and in pursuance of the second section of the act of con- 
gress, approved the twentieth of April, eighteen hundred 
and eighteen, entitled. "An act to provide for the publi- 
cation' of the laws of the United States, and for other pur- 
poses," do hereby certifv, that the amendment aforesaid 
has become valid, to a.ll "intents and purposes, as a part of 
the constitution of the United States. 



•HSr 



I.IBERTV AND UNION. 



3S9 



In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and j 
caused the seal of the department of state to be affixed. 
Done at the citv of Washington, this eighteenth day of 

December, in the vear of our Lord one thousand ! 
eight hundred and sixty-five, and of the Inde- j 
[l. s.] pendenee of the United States of America the j 
ninetieth. 

WILLIAM H. SEWARD, 

Secretary of State. 

TMflPICIiE 7UY. 

Section i. 

All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are 
citizens of the United States and of the state 
wherein they reside. No state shall make or en- 
force any law which shall abridge the privileges 
or immunities of citizens of the United States; 
nor shall any state deprive any person of life, 
liberty or property, without due process of law, 
nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction 
the equal protection of the laws. 

Section 2. 

Representatives shall be apportioned among 
the several states according to their respective 
numbeis, counting the whole number of persons 
in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But 
when the right to vote at any election for the 
choice of electors for president and vice-pres- 
ident of the United States, representatives in 
congress, the executive an J judicial officers of a 
state, or the members of the legislature thereof, 
is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such 
state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens 
of the United States, or in any way abridged, 
except for participation in rebellion or other 
crime, the basis of representation therein shall 
be reduced in the proportion which the number 
of such male citizens shall bear to the whole 
number of male citizens twenty-one years of age 
in such state. 

Section 3. 

No person shall be a senator or representative 
in congress, or elector of president and vice- 
president, or hold any office, civil or military, 
under the United States, or under any state, who, 
having previously taken an oath as a member 
of congress, or as an officer of the United States, 
or as a member of any state legislature, or as an 
executive or judicial officer of any state, to sup- 
port the constitution of the United States, shall 
have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against 
the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies 
thereof. But congress may, by a vote of two- 
thirds of each house, remove such disability. 

Section 4. 

The validity of the public debt of the United 
States authorized by law, including debts in- 
curred for payment of pensions and bounties for 
services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, 
shall not be questioned. But neither the United 
States nor any state shall assume or pay any 
debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection 
or rebellion against the United States, or any 



claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; 
but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall 
be held illegal and void. 

Section 5. 

The congress shall have power to enforce, by 
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this 
article. 

The following are the certificates of the secre- 
tary of state of the United States, announcing 
the ratification of the foregoing article : 

William H. Seward, Secretary of State of the United 
States : 
to all to whom these presents may come, 
Greeting: 
Whereas, the congress of the United States, on or 
about the sixteenth of June, in the year one thousand 
eight hundred and sixty-six, passed a resolution, which 
is in the -words and figures following, to wit : 

"Joint Resolution proposing an Amendment to the Con- 
stitution of the United States. 
"Be it Resolved, By the senate and house of representa- 
tives of the United States of America in congress assem- 
bled (two-thirds of both houses concurring), ihat.the fol- 
lowing article be proposed to the legislatures of the 
several states as an amendment to the constitution of the 
United States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of 
said legislatures, shall be valid as part of the constitution, 
namely:" 

(See Article XIV, above.) 

And whereas, by the second section of the act of con- 
gress, approved the twentieth of April, one thousand 
eight hundred and eighteen, entitled "An act to provide 
for the publication of the laws of the United States, and 
for other purposes," it is made the duty of the secretary 
of state forthwith to cause any amendment to the consti- 
tution of the United States, which has been adopted ac- 
cording to the provisions of the said constitution, to be 
published in the newspapers authorized to promulgate the 
laws, with his certificate specifying the states by which 
the same may have been adopted, and that the same has 
become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the 
constitution of the United States; 

And whereas, neither the act just quoted from, nor any 
other law, expressly or by conclusive implication, author- 
izes the secretary of state to determine and decide doubt- 
ful questions as to the authenticity of the organization of 
state legislatures, or as to the power of any state legis- 
lature to recall a previous act or resolution of ratification 
of any amendment proposed to the constitution; 

And whereas, it appears from official documents on file 
in this department, that the amendment to the constitu- 
tion of the United States, proposed as aforesaid, has been 
ratified by the legislatures of the states of Connecticut, 
New Hampshire, Tennessee, New Jersey, Oregon, Ver- 
mont, New York, Ohio, Illinois, West Virginia, Kansas, 
Maine, Nevada, Missouri, Indiana, Minnesota, Rhode 
Island, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Massachu- 
setts, Nebraska, and Iowa; 

And whereas, it further appears, from documents on file 
in this department, that the amendment to the constitu- 
tion of the United States, proposed as aforesaid, has also 
been ratified by newly constituted and newly established 
bodies, avowing themselves to be, and acting as, the 
legislatures, respectively, of the states of Arkansas, Flor- 
ida, North Carolina, Louisiana, South Carolina, and 
Alabama ; 

And whereas, it further appears, from official docu- 
ments on file in this department, that the legislatures of 
two of the states first above enumerated, to wit: Ohio and 
New Jersey, have since passed resolutions, respectively, 
withdrawing the consent of each of said states to the 
aforesaid amendment; 

And whereas, it is deemed a matter of doubt and un- 
certainty whether such resolutions are not irregular, in- 
valid, and, therefore, ineffectual, for withdrawing the con- 
sent of the said two states, or of either of them, to the 
aforesaid amendment; 

And whereas, the whole number of states in the United 
States is thirty- seven, to wit: New Hampshire, Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New 



«■$■ 



39° 



LIBERT!" AND UNION. 



Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Vermont, Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, 
Illinois, Alabama, Maine, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, 
Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, California, 
Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada and Nebraska; 

And whereas, the twenty-three states first hereinbefore 
named, whose legislatures have ratified the said proposed 
amendment, and the six states next thereafter named, as 
having ratified the said proposed amendment by ne.vly 
constituted and established legislative bodies, together 
constitute three-fourths of the whole number of states in 
the United States : 

Now, therefore, be it known, that I, William H. 
Seward, secretary of state of tlie United States, by virtue 
and in persuance of the second section of the act of con- 
gress, approved the twentieth of April, eighteen hundred 
and eighteen, hereinbefore cited, do hereby certify, that, 
if the resolutions of the legislatures of Ohio and New 
Jersey, ratifying the aforesaid amendment, are to be 
deemed as remaining of full force and effect, notwith- 
standing the subsequent resolutions of the legislatures of 
those states, which purport to withdraw the consent of 
said states from such ratification, then the aforesaid 
amendment has been ratified in the manner hereinbefore 
mentioned, and so has become valid, to all intents and 
purposes, as a part of the constitution of the United 
States. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and 
caused the seal of the department of state to be affixed. 

Done at the city of Washington, the twentieth day of 
July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight 
hundred and sixty-eight, and of the Indepen- 

[l. s.] dence of the United" States of America the 
ninety-third. 

WILLIAM II. SEWARD, 

Secretary cf State. 

William II. Seward, Secretary of State of the United 
States : 

to all to whom these presents may come, 
Greeting : ' 

Whereas, by an act of congress, passed on the twen- 
tieth of April, one thousand eight hundred and eighteen, 
entitled "An act to provide for the publication of the laws 
of the United States, and for other purposes," it is de- 
clared that, whenever official notice shall have been re- 
ceived at the department of state that any amendment 
which heretofore has been and hereafter may be proposed 
to the constitution of the United States has been adopted 
according to the provisions of the constitution, it shall be 
the duty of the said secretary of state, forthwith, to cause 
the said amendment to be published in the newspapers 
authorized to promulgate the laws, with his certificate, 
specifying the states by which the same may have been 
adopted, and that the same has become valid, "to all intents 
and purposes, as a part of the constitution of the United 
States. 

And whereas, the congress of the United States, on or 
about the sixteenth day of June, one thousand eight hun- 
dred and sixty-six, submitted to the legislatures of the 
several states a proposed amendment to the constitution, 
in the following words, to wit: 

"Joint Resolution proposing an Amendment to the Con- 
stitution of the United States. 

"Be it Resolved, By the senate and house of represen- 
tatives of the United States of America, in congress as- 
sembled (two-thirds of both houses concurring), That the 
following article be proposed to the legislatures of the 
several states as an amendment to the constitution of the 
United States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of 
said legislatures, shall be valid as part of the constitution, 
namely: " 

(See Article XIV, above.) 

And whereas, the senate and house of representatives 
of the congress of the United States, on the twenty-first 
day of July, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, 
adopted and transmitted to the department of state a con- 
current resolution, which concurrent resolution is in the 
words and figures following, to wit: 

"In SENATE ok the United States, ) 
"July 21, 1S6S. \ 

"Whereas, the legislatures of the States of Connecti- 
cut, Tennessee, Xew Jersey, Oregon, Vermont, West 



Virginia, Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Min- 
nesota, New York, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Rhode 
Island, Michigan, Nevada, New Hampshire, Massachu- 
setts, Nebraska, Maine, Iowa, Arkansas, Florida, North 
Carolina, Alabama, South Carolina and Louisiana, being 
three-fourths and more of the several states of the Union, 
have ratified the fourteenth article of amendment to the 
constitution of the United States, dulv proposed by two- 
thirds of each house of the thirty-ninth congress ^there- 
fore, 

Resolved, By the senate (the house of representatives 
concurring), That said fourteenth article is hereby de- 
clared to be a part of the constitution of the United States, 
and it shall be duly promulgated as such, by the secretary 
of state. 

"Attest: GEO. C. GORHAM, Secretary." 

"In the House of Representatives, ) 
July 21, 1S6S. ) 

"Resolved, That the house of representatives concur in 
the foregoing concurrent resolution of the senate, 'declar 
ing the ratification cf the fourteenth article of amendment 
of the constitution of the United States.' 

"Attest: EDWD. McPHERSON, Clerk." 

And whereas, official notice has been received at the 
department of tate that the legislatures of the several 
states next hereinaft r named, have, at the times respec- 
tively herein mentioned, taken the proceedings herein- 
after recited, upo 1 or in relation to the ratification of the 
said proposed amendment, called article f urteenth, 
namelv: The legislature of Connecticut ratified the amen - 
me t June ^otlij iS6'S; the legislature of New Hampshire 
ratified it July 7th, 1S66; the le _<islature of Tennessee rati 
fled it Ju y iuth, i865; the legislature of New Jersey rati- 
fied it September nth, 1 36i, and the legislature of the 
same state passed a resolution in April, 1S68, to withdraw 
its consent to it; the legislature of Oregon ratified it Sep- 
tember 19th, 1S66; the legislature of Texas rejected it 
November 1st, 1S06; the leg sl-'ture of Vermont ratified it 
on or previous t ) November Qth, 1S66; the legislature of 
Georgia rejected it November 13th, 1S66; and the ieg's- 
lature of the same st te ratified it July 21st, 1S68; the 
legislature of North Carolina rejected it December 4th, 
1S66, ;ind the legislature of the same state ratified it July 
4th, 1868; the legislature of South Carolina reje ted ft 
Decern er 20th, 18^6, and the legislature of the same state 
ratified it July 9th, iSfcS; the legislature of Virginia rejected 
it January 9th, 1867; the legislature of Kentucky rejected 
it January 10th, 1S67; the legislature of New York rati- 
fied it January 10th, 1867; the legislature of Ohio ratified 
it January nth, 1S67, and the legislature of the same state 
passed a resolution in January, 1868, to withdraw its con- 
sent to it; the legislature of "Illinois ratified it January 
15th, 1867; the legislature of West Virginia ratified it 
January 16th, 1S67; the leg'slature of Kansas ratified it 
January iSth, i?67; the legislature of Maine ratified it 
January 19th, 1867; the legislature of Nevada ratified it 
January 22d, 1S67; the legislature of Missouri ratified it 
on or previous to January 2&th, 1S67; the legislature of In- 
diana ratified it January "29th, 1867; the legislature of Min- 
nesota ratified it February 1st, i8r>7; the legislature of 
Rhode Island ratified it February 7th, 1S67; the legislature 
of Delaw re rejected it February 7th, 1867; the legislature 
of Wisconsin ratified it February 13th, 1S67; the legis- 
lature of Pennsylvania ratified it February 13th, iS^; thb 
legislature of Michigan ratified it February 15th, iS67;the 
legislature of Massachusetts ratified it March 20th, 1S67; 
the legislature of Maryland rejected it March 23d, 1S67; 
the legislature of Nebraska ratified it June >5t -, iS67; the 
legislature of Iowa ratified it April 3d, iS'-S; the legis- 
lature of Arkansas ratified it April 6th, iS6S; ll e legis- 
lature of Florida ratified it June 9th, 1S6S; the legislature 
of Louisiana ratified it July 9th, 1868; and the legislature 
of Alabama ratified it July 13th, 1S6S: 

Now, therefore, be it known, that I, William H. Sew- 
A' d, secretary of state of the United States in execution 
of the aforesaid act, and of the aforesaid concurrent reso- 
lution of the 21st of Julv, 1S6S, and in conformance there- 
to, do hereby direct the said proposed am ndment to the 
constitution of the United States to be published in the 
newspapers authorized to promulgate the laws of the 
United States, and 1 do hereby certifv, that the said pro- 
posed amendment has been adopted in the manner here- 
inbefore mentioned by the states specified in the said con- 
current resolution, namely: The States of Connecticut,, 
New Hampshire, Tennessee, New Jersey, Oregon, Ver- 
mont, New York, Ohio, Illinois, West Virginia, Kansas, 



T 



-4* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



39 



Maine, Nevada, Missouri, Indiana, Minnesota, Rhode 
Island, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Massachu- 
setts, Nebraska, Iowa, Arkansas, Florida, North Caro- 
lina, Louisiana, South Carolina, Alabama, and also by the 
legislature of the State of Georgia, the States thus speci- 
fied being- more than three -fourths of the States of the 
United States. 

And I do further certify, that the said amendment has 
become valid to all intents and purposes, as a part of the 
Constitution of the United States. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and 
caused the seal of the department of state to be affixed. 
Done at the city of Washington, this twenty-eighth 
day of July, in the year of our Lord one thou- 
sand eight hundred and sixty-eight, and of the 
[l. s.5 Independence of the United States of America 
the ninetv-third. 

WILLIAM II. SEWARD, 

Secretary of Stale. 

ARTICLE XV. 

Section i. 

The right of citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the 
United States or by any stare on account of race, 
color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section 2. 

The congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

The following is the certificate of the secretary 
of state of the United States, announcing the 
ratification of the foregoing article : 
Hamilton Fish, Seer, tary of State of the United States : 
to all to whom these presents may come. 
Greeting : 
Know Ye, That the congress of the U. ited States, on 
or about the twenty-seventh day of February, in the year 
one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, passed a 
resolution in the words and figures following, to wit: 
"A resolution proposing an Amendment to the Constitu- 
tion of the United States. 



''Resolved, By the senate and house nf representatives 
of the United States of America, in congress assembled 
(two-thirds of both houses concurring), That the follow- 
ing article be proposed to the legislatures of the several 
states as an amendment to the constitution of the United 
States, which, when ratified by three -fourths of said legis- 
latures, shall be valid as part of the constitution, namely :" 

(See Article XV, above.) 

And, further, that it appears from official do uments on 
file in this department, that the amendment to the consti- 
tution of the L : nited States, proposed as aforesaid, has 
been ratified by the legislatures of the states of North 
Carolina, West Virginia, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, 
Maine, Louisiana, Michigan, South Carolina, Pennsyl- 
vania, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida. Illinois, Indiana, 
New York, New Hampshire, Nevada, Vermont, Vir- 
ginia, Alabama, Missouri, Mississippi, Ohio, Iowa, Kan- 
sas, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Nebraska, and Texas; in 
all, twenty-nine states; 

And, further, that the states whose legislatures have so 
ratified the said proposed amendment constitute three- 
fourths of the whole number of states in the United 
States ; 

And, further, that it appears, from an official document 
on file in this department, that the legislature of the state 
of New York has since passed resolutions claiming to 
withdraw the said ratification of the said amendment 
which had been made bv the legislature of that state, and 
of which official notice had been filed in this department; 

And further, that it appears, from an official document 
on file in this department, that the legislature of Georgia 
lias, by resolution, ratified the said proposed amendment: 

Now, therefore, be it known, that I, Hamilton Fish, 
secretary of state of the United States, by virtue and in 
pursuance of the second section of the act of congress ap- 

tiroved the twentieth day of April, in the year eighteen 
lundred and eighteen, entitled "An act to provide for the 
publication of the laws of the United States, and for other 
purposes," do hereby certify, that the amendment afore- 
said has become valid to all intents and purposes as part 
of the constitution of the United States. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, ana 
caused the seal of the department of state to be affixed. 
Done at the city of Washington, this thirtieth day of 
March, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
[l. s.] eight hundred and seventy, and of the Inde- 
pendence of the United States the ninetv-fourth. 
HAMILTON "FISH. 




t 4 



^^r 



39 2 



JBER7T AND UNION. 




CHESTER A. ARTHUR. 



LI BERT V AND UNION 



393 



■&* 




"T 7 rri — 7 £LJ ^r"v — <? — i — i — ? — 7 — ? — 1 — r;$ 




The Executive Iefahtment 



1 A A A A A_ 






_A A A A A A A___A A_ 



A.% 



'I- <yg> ^ ""^ s#> "T- eJSs ~^F- ~~$p~~^T :r ^> " T ^ r \ 




THR PRESIDENT, 



^ Op '„V'nW««s tf 



OW CHOSEN. — Elections for Presi- 
dent and Vice-President are held on 
Sl|||pfk the Tuesday next after the first Mon- 
day in November in every fourth year, at 
which Electors are chosen. 

The number of Presidential Electors is 

equal to the whole number of Senators 

and Representatives in Congress. 

DUTIES OF ELECTORS. — The Electors of 

each State must meet and give their votes on the 

first Wednesday in December after the election. 




of the Senate at the seat of Government, before 
the first Wednesday in Tanuary next ensuing, 
one of the certificates. 

They shall forthwith forward by the postoffice 
to the President of the Senate at the seat oi 
Government, one other of the certificates. 

They shall forthwith cause the other of the 
certificates to be delivered to the judge of that 
district in which the electors shall assemble. 

Congress shall be in session on the second 
Wednesday in February, succeeding every 




THE WHITE HOUSE. 



The electors must make and sign three certifi- 
cates of all the votes given by them, each of 
which certificates must contain two distinct lists ; 
one of the votes for President, and the other of 
the votes for Vice-President; they must then 
seal up the certificates, and certify upon each 
that the lists of all the votes given are contained 
therein. The certificates are disposed of as 
follows : 

The Electors in each State appoint a person 
to take charge of and deliver to the President 



meeting of the electors, and the certificates shall 
then be opened, the votes counted, and the per- 
sons to fill the offices of President and Vice- 
President ascertained and declared, agreeable to 
the Constitution. 

VACANCIES.— In case of removal, death, or 
resignation of the President, his powers and 
duties devolve upon the Vice-President. In case 
of removal, death, or resignation of both Presi- 
dent and Vice-President, the President of the 
Senate, or if there is none, then the Speaker of 



■33-+ 



«-*■ 



394 



LIBERT 7- AND UNION 



the House of Representatives, for the time 
being, shall act as President until the disability 
is removed, or a President elected. 

NOTIFICATION. — Whenever the offices of 
President and Vice 7 President both become va- 
cant, the Secretary of State issues a notice of the 
election to the Executive of every State of the 
fact. 

VACANCY. — Electors will be appointed or 
chosen in the several States as follows : In case 
the notification is made two months previous to 
the first Wednesday in December then next en- 
suing, the electors shall be appointed or chosen 
within thirty-four days preceding such first 
Wednesday. 

If there shall not be the space of two months 
between the date of such notification and such 
first Wednesday in December, and if the term 
for which the President and Vice-President last 
in office were elected will not expire on the third 
day of March next ensuing, the electors shall be 
chosen within thirty-four days preceding the 
first Wednesday in December in the next year 
ensuing. But if there shall not be the space of 
two months between the date of such notifica- 
tion and the first Wednesday in December then 
next ensuing, and if the term for which the 
President and Vice-President last in office were 
elected will expire on the third day of March 
next ensuing, no electors are to be chosen. 

TERM AND SALARY OF THE PRESI- 
DENT.— The President holds office for four 
years. His salary is $50,000 a year, with free 
residence in the White House, and sundry per- 
quisites pertaining thereto. 

POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE PRESI- 
DENT. — The President is Commander-in-Chief 
of the Army and Navy of the United States ; he 
has power to grant pardons and reprieves for 
offences against the United States ; he makes 
treaties by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate; he nominates, and with the consent of 



the Senate, appoints all Cabinet, Diplomatic, 
Judicial, and Executive officers ; he has power to 
convene Congress, or the Senate only ; he com- 
municates to Congress by message at every 
session, the condition of the Union, .and recom- 
mends such measures as he deems expedient; 
he receives all Ambassadors, and other Foreign 
Ministers , he takes care that the laws are 
faithfully executed, and the public business 
transacted. 

TPE P^EJSIDEJWJS CABINET. 

The heads of the seven principal departments 
constitute, according to custom, the President's 
cabinet, which are as follows : 

The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the 
Treasury, the Secretary of War, the Secretary 
of the Navy, the Secretary of the Interior, the 
Postmaster-General, and the Attorney-General. 

They are appointed by the President, by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate, and 
are removable at pleasure. Each one has in 
general, the appointment of the subordinate offi- 
cers, clerks, employes, agents, etc., in his De- 
partment. The salary of each Cabinet officer is 
$S,ooo a year. 

SALARIES OF OFFICERS, CLERKS, AND 
EMPLOYES IN THE EXECUTIVE 
OFFICES. 

Private Secretary to the President, $3,250; 
Assistant secretary, $2,250; two executive 
clerks, each $2,000; Stenographer, Steward, and 
one clerk, each, $1,800; Messenger and Usher, 
$1,200; one clerk, $1,400; one clerk and four 
messengers (two mounted) each, $1,200. 

SALARIES OF EMPLOYES AT EXECU- 
TIVE MANSION. 

Furnace-keeper, $864; one night watchman, 
$900; one night usher, one day usher at Secre- 
tary's door, and two doorkeepers, each, $1,200; 
one day usher at President's door, $1,400. 



<siA.nX 



eag^pi|||§#3Ww~ 



wmm 



-&■<- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



395 




flPPHINTMBNTS BY THE FRESIHENT, 



l^-SQ-^c 



=<~s^-p; 




By and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, for 
an Unlimited Term, or during the pleasure of the 
President. 

The Secretary of State; the Assistant Secre- 
taries of State ; Envoys Extraordinary and Min- 
isters Plenipotentiary; Ministers Resident: 
Charges d' Affaires; Secretaries of Legation; 
Consuls-General ; Consuls ; Commercial Agents. 

By the President Alone. — Interpreters and 
Consular Clerks. 

jPREfflSaHY DEPfll^jaEJW. 

By and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate — FOR 
AN UNLIMITED TERM. 
The Secretary of the Treasury. The Assistant Secre- 
taries. Supervising Inspector-General of Steam Vessels. 
Supervising- Surgeon-General of the Marine Hospital 
Service. First Comptroller. Second Comptroller. Com- 
missioner of Customs. First Auditor. Second Auditor. 
Third Auditor. Fourth Auditor. Fifth Auditor. Sixth 
Auditor. Treasurer. Register. Commissioner of Inter- 
nal Revenue. Deputy First Comptroller. Deputy Second 
Comptroller. Deputy Commissioner of Customs. Deputv 
First Auditor. Deputy Second Auditor. Deputy Third 
Auditor. Deputy Fourth Auditor. Deputy Fifih Audi- 
tor. Deputy Sixth Auditor. Assistant Treasurer. As- 
sistant Registrar. Deputy Comptroller of the Currency. 
Deputy Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Superin- 
tendent of the Life-saving Service. 

REVENUE MARINE SERVICE. 

Captains. First Lieutenants. Second Lieutenants. 
Third Lieutenants. Chief Engineers. 

ASSAY OFFICERS. 

Superintendent, New York, New York. Assayer, New 
York, New York. Melter and Refiner, New York, New, 
York. Assayer and Melter, Charlotte, North Carolina, 
Assayer, Boise City, Idaho. Assayer in charge, Helena, 
Montana. Melter, Helena, Montana. 

MINT OFFICERS. 

Philadelphia, Penn. — Superintendent, Assayer, Coiner, 
Engraver, Meiter and Refiner. 

San Francisco, Cal. — Superintendent, Assayer, Coiner, 
Melter and Refiner. 

New Orleans, La. — Superintendent, Assayer, Coiner, 
Melter and Refiner. 

Carson, Nev.— Superintendent, Assayer, Coiner, Melter, 
and Refiner. 

"Oenver, Col. — Assaver in charge, Melter and Refiner. 

COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS. 
Assistant Collectors of Customs. Appraisers of Cus- 
toms. Collectors of Internal Revenue. 



MISCELLANEOUS OFFICERS. 

Examiners of Drugs. Supervising Inspectors of Steam 
Vessels. The members of the National Board of Health, 
three of whom are officers detailed from Departments. 
By and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate — FOR 
FIVE TEARS. 

Director of the Mint. Comptroller of the Currency. 
By and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate — FOR 
FOUR TEARS. 

Assistant Treasurers at Baltimore, Maryland; Boston, 
Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; Cine nnati, Ohio; New 
Orleans, Louisiana; New York City, New York; Phila- 
delphia, Pennsylvania; St. Louis, Missouri; San Fran- 
cisco, California. 

Collectors, Surveyors, and Naval Officers of Customs. 
By the President alone. 

The Superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic- Surve}^. 

W^ DEP^TJxiENT. 

By andvnth the Advice and Consent of the Senate — FOR 

LIFE OR GOOD BE HA VIOR. 
The President makes Appointments oj Officers of the 
United States Navy. 

To fill vacancies in the lowest grade of Commissioned 
Officers in the Army, as follows ■ 

One -fourth of the number from non-commissioned offi- 
cers in the Army. The remaining vacancies not filled by 
the graduates from the Military Academy, are appointed 
from civil life. 

By andruith the Advice and Consent of the Senate — FOR 
FOUR TEARS. 
Chiefs of seven bureaus of the Department, embracing. 
Yards and Docks, Equipment and Recruiting, Naviga- 
tion, Ordnance, Construction and Repair, Steam Engi- 
neering, Provisions and Clothing, Medicines and Surgery. 
The first five officers are selected from the list of officers 
of the navy, not below the grade of commander. The 
chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair must be 
a skillful naval constructor. The chief of the Bureau of 
Steam Engineering is appointed from the chief engineers 
of the navy. The chief of the Bureau of Provisions and 
Clothing is taken from the list of paymasters of the navy 
of not less than ten years' standing. The chief of the 
Bureau of Medicines and Surgery from the list of sur- 
geons of the navy. These chiefs of Bureaus have the 
rank and pay of commodore while serving as such. 

APPOINTMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES 
NAVY. 
By and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate — 
OFFICES HELD DURING GOOD BEHA VIOR, 
OR UNTIL RETIRED. 
All line officers on the active list, and all officers in 
the several staff corps of the navy are appointed as fol- 
lows: 



fr* 



*-»■ 



39 6 



LIBERTY AND UXIOX 



LINE OFFICERS. 

Admiral, Vice-Admiral, Rear-Admirals, Commodores, 
Captains, Commanders, Lieutenant- Commanders, Lieu- 
tenants, Masters, Ensigns, Midshipmen. 

STAFF OFFICERS. 

Medical Corps. — Medical Directors, Medical Inspectors, 
Surgeons, Assistant Surgeons. 

Pay Corps. — Pay Directors, Pay Inspectors, Pay- 
masters, Passed Assistant Paymasters, Assistant Pay- 
masters. 

Engineer Corps. — Chief Engineers of the three grades, 
viz. : Captains, Commanders, Lieutenant-Commanders, 
or Lieutenants ; First Assistant Engineers, with rank of 
Lieutenants or Masters; Second Assistant Engineers, 
with rank of Masters or Ensigns. Chaplains. Naval 
Constructors and Assistant Naval Constructors. Civil 
Engineers and Naval Storekeepers. Professors of Mathe- 
matics. 

I]WEI^I01^ DEP?II^F#[E]W. 

By and -with the Advice and Consent of the Senate— 
TERM UNLIMITED. 

Secretary of the Interior. Assistant Secretary of the 
Interior. Architect of the Capitol Extension. Assistant 
Commissioner of Patents. Assistant Inspector of Gas 
Meters in the District of Columbia. Auditor of Railroad 
Accounts. Commissioner of Education. Commissioner 
cf General Land Office. Commissioner of Indian Affairs 
Commissioner of Patents. Commissioner of Pensions. 
Deputy Commissioner of Pensions. Director of Geologi- 
cal Survey. Examiners-in-Chief of Patent .Office. In- 
spector of Gas Meters in the District of Columbia. Prin- 
cipal Clerk of Private Land Claims. Principal Clerk of 
Public Lands. Principal Clerk of Surveys. Recorder of 
Deeds for the District of Columbia. Recorder of General 
Land Office. Register of Wills for the District of Co- 
lumbia. Superintendent of the Census. Supervisors of 
the Censiis. 

By and with the Advi.e and Consent of the Senate — 
TERM OF FOUR TEARS. 

Governors of Territories. Indian Agents. Indian In- 
spectors. Pension Agents. Receivers of Public Moneys. 
Registers of Land Offices. Secretaries of Territories. 
Surveyors - General. 

By and with the Advice and Consent oj the Senate — 
TERM OF ONE TEAR. 

Members of the Hot Spring Commission (Arkansas). 
By the President. 

Commissioners to Codify the Land Law-.;, for an unlim- 
ited term. Members of Board of Indian Commissioners, 
for an unlimited term. Government Directors of the 
Union Pacific Railroad Company, for a term of one year. 
Visitors to the Government Hospital for the Insane, for a 
term of six years. 



P0ST-0FKICE DEPWJFPE]W. 

By and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate. 
THE POSTMASTER GENERAL, 

who serves for and during the term of the President who 
appoints him, and for one month thereupon, thus differing 
from the terms of the other cabinet officers. 
By and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate — 
TERM UNLIMITED. 

First, Second, and Third Assistant Postmasters -Gen- 
eral. 

By and with the Advice and Consent of the. Senate — 
TERM OF FOUR TEARS, UNLESS SOONER 
REMO VED. 

The Postmaster at New York City. 

Postmasters of the first, second, and third classes. 

The commissions of all Postmasters appointed by the 
President,, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, are made out and recorded in the Post-Office 
Department, and are under the seal of the Department, 
and countersigned by the Postmaster -General. 

DEPWWJJEJW 0E JIIJSJFICE. 

By and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate — 
TERM UNLIMITED. 

The Attorney- General* of the United States. Assistant 
Attorneys -General, of which there are three. Solicitor - 
General. Examiner of Claims in the Department of 
State. Solicitor of Internal Revenue. Solicitor of the 
Treasury. Assistant Solicitor of the Treasury. 

DEPJ^JFJalKNT 6E flg^ICUMHIIflB. 

By and with the Advice and Consent rf the Senate — 
TERM UNLIMITED. 

The Commissioner of Agriculture. 



JUDICIARY. 



By and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate — TO 
HOLD THEIR OFFICES DURING GOOD BE- 
HAVIOR.. 

The Chief -Justice and the Associate Justices of the 
Supreme Court of the United States. Circuit Judges of 
the United States. District Judges of the United States. 
Chief -Justice and Judges of the Court of Claims. Chief- 
Justice, and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of 
the District of Columbia. 

By and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate — 
TERM OF FOUR 1'EARS. 

Chief-Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme 
Courts of the Territories. District Attorneys of the United 
States. Marshals of the United States Courts. Attorneys 
of the United States in the Territories. Marshals of the 
United States in the Territories. 



-^z^i 



S-£ 



^2SZ^ 



t 



■Sr<* 



IBERTl' AND UNION 



397 



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m ^Legislative Hepartment j§ 






^SSIIIISgllllSSIIISMIIII^IIIKSIIiKSIIIIS :^ 




HIS Department consists of a Senate 
and House of Representatives. 
^ Two Senators represent each State, 
and there being now thirty-eight States, 
the Senate is composed of seventy-six 
Senators. 

THE SENATE. 

Time and Manner of Electing Senators. 

The Legislature of each State which is chosen next 
preceding" the expiration of the time for which any Sena- 
tor was elected, on the second Tuesday after meeting, 
proceeds to elect a Senator. A viva-voce vote is taken in 
each House of the Legislature, and the name of the per- 
son receiving a majority of the whole number of votes 
cast, is entered on the journal. 

At twelve o'clock, next day, the members of each 
house convene in joint assembly, and if the same person 
has received a majority of votes in both houses he is de- 
clared elected. But if not, the joint assembly proceeds 
to choose, and the person receiving a majority of all the 
votes, a majority of all the members elected to both 
houses being present and voting, is elected. 

If on the first day no election is made, the joint assem- 
bly meets on each succeeding day, and must take at least 
one vote until a Senator is elected. 

Principal Officers of the Senate. 

A President (the Vice-President of the United States. 
or a Senator, elected President pro te n i , a Secretary, a 
Chief Clerk, a Sergeant at Arms, a Chaplain. 



COMPENSATION. 



Senators, each. 

Secretarv 

Chief Clerk 

5 Principal Clerks 

Librarian 

Assistant Librarian 

6 Clerks in Secretary's office 

S Clerks in Secretary's office 

Stationery Keeper 

Assistant. 

2 Messengers, each 

i Special Policeman 

4 Laborers in Secretary's office 

Chaplain of Senate ." 

Secretary to Vice-President 

Sergeant-at-Arms and Doorkeeper. 

Clerk to the Serjeant-at-Arms 

Assistant Doorkeeper 



.ooo 
,So5 

,000 
■59^ 
.220 
,Soo 
,220 
,100 
,102 
,Soo 
.296 
.296 
720 
900 
.102 
,320 
,000 
•" - 



Acting Assistant Doorkeeper. $2,592 

3 Acting Assistant Doorkeepers, each i,Soo 

Postmaster to the Senate 2,250 

Assistant Postmaster and Mail Carrier 2^o>3 

4 Mail Carriers, each 1,200 

Messenger to the Vice-President's room i.-RO 

Clerk to Committee on Appropriations 2,^00 

Assistant Clerk on Appropriations 1 ,600 

Clerk of Printing Records 2.220 

Clerk to Committee on Finance 2.220 

Clerk to Committee on Claims 2.220 

Clerk to Committee on Commerce 2.220 

Clerk to Committee on the Judiciary 2.220 

Clerk to Committee on Private Land Claims .... 2.220 

Clerk to Committee on Naval Affairs 2.220 

Clerk to Committee on Pensions 2.220 

Clerk to' Committee on Military Affairs 2.220 

Clerk to Committee on Post-Offices and Post- 
Roads 2,220 

Clerk to Committee on District of Columbia .... 2.220 

Clerk to Joint Committee on the Library 2.220 

Clerk to Committee on the Census 2,220 

Superintendent Document-Room 2J100 

2 Assistants in Document- Room, each i>440 

1 Page in Document-Room 720 

Superintendent of Folding-Room 2.100 

1 Assistant in Folding- Room 1,200 

24 Messengers (Assistant Doorkeepers), each 1,440 

1 Messenger to Committee on Appropriations 1,440 

Messenger in charge of Store-Room 1.200 

Messenger in Official Reporter's Room 1,200 

Chief Engineer 2. 160 

3 Assistant Engineers, each i)440 

2 Firemen, each 1,095 

3 Laborers in Engineer's Department, each 720 

2 Telegraph Operators 1,200 

22 Clerks to Committees during Sessions, each at 

$6 per diem. 
14 Pages for the Senate Chamber; 

3 Riding Pages : and 

1 Page for the Office of the Secretarv, at the rate 
of S2.50 per day, each, when employed. 

4 Folders, at S? per day, each, when emploved. 
Conductor of £he Elevator ." 1,200 

5 Skilled Laborers, each ' 1.000 

1 2 Laborers, each -20 

12 Laborers during Session, at the rate of. each 720 

1 Laborer in Charge of Private Passage S40 

1 Female Attendant in Charge of Ladies' Retiring- 

Room < -20 

Reporters of Debates, paying own Assistants..'! 25,000 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE^. 

The House of Representatives consists of two 

hundred and ninetv-three Representatives and eight Del- 
egates, apportioned among the States and Territories as 
follows: Maine, 5; Xew Hampshire, 3; Vermont. 3; 
Massachusetts, 11: Rhode Island, 2: Connecticut, 4; 
Xew York, S3'- Xexv Jersey, 7; Pennsylvania, 27; Dela- 



- ) » — < • 



•Hp 




-i* 



LIBERT 2' AND UNION. 



399 



ware i; Maryland, 6; Virginia, 9; North Carolina, S; 
South Carolina, 5; Georgia, 9; Alabama, S; Mississippi, 
0; Louisiana, 6; Ohio, 20; Kentucky, 10; Tennessee, 10; 
Indiana, 13; Illinois, 19; Missouri, 13; Arkansas, 4; 
Michigan, 9; Florida, 2; Texas, 6; Iowa, 9; Wisconsin, 
S; California, 4; Minnesota, 3; Oregon, 1; Kansas, 3; 
West Virginia, 3; Nevada, 1; Nebraska, 1; Colorado, 1. 
There is one Delegate from each of the following Terri- 
tories: Arizona, Dakota, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, 
Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 

Time and Manner of Election. 

Representatives in Congress are elected by ballot in 
districts composed of contiguous territory. The day for 
electing Congressmen is the Tuesday next after the' first 
Monday in November, every second year. Delegates 
from the Territories are elected by a majority of the 
votes of the qualified voters of the" Territories", respec- 
tivelv. Thev have seats in the house with the right of 
debating, but not of voting. 

Officers. 

A Speaker, a Clerk of the House, a Chief Clerk, a 
Chaplain. 

COMPENSATION. 

S peaker $S,ooo 

Representatives and Delegates S,ooo 

Clerk of House a ,500 

Chief Clerk 3,000 

Journal Clerk 3,000 

2 Reading Clerks 3,000 

Tally Clerk 3,000 

Printing Clerk 2 o n o 

3 Clerks, Disbursing, File, Printing, Enrolling 

each *. ^250 

Assistant to Chief Clerk 2,000 

\ssistant Disbursing Clerk 2,000 

Resolution and Petition Clerk 2,000 

Newspaper Clerk 2,000 

Superintendent of Document- Room 2,000 

Index Clerk 2,000 

Librarian 2,000 

Distributing Clerk i.Soo 

Stationery Clerk i,Soo 

Chaplain". 900 

Document Clerk M4° 

Upholsterer 1 ,440 

Locksmith r >44° 

2 Assistant Librarians, each I »44° 

1 Book-keeper 1,600 

4 Clerks, each 1,600 

Clerk to Committee on Claims 2,000 

Clerk to Committee on Public Lands 2,000 

Clerk to Committee on War Claims 2,000 

Clerk to Committee on Invalid Pensions 2,000 

Clerk to Committee on Judiciary 2,000 

Clerk to Committee on District of Columbia .... 2,000 

Clerk to Committee on Appropriations 2 >5°o 

Clerk to Committee on Ways and Means 2,500 

Sergeant-at- Arms of the House 4,000 

Clerk to Sergeant-at- Arms of the House 2,100 

Paving Teller for Sergeant-at-Arms of the 

" House 2,000 

Messenger for Sergeant-at-Arms of the House. 1,200 
1 Messenger to Committee on Appropriations 1 000 



Assistant Clerk to Committee on Appropriations. r,6oo 

Assistant Clerk to Committee on War Claims. . . 1,600 

Private Secretarv to the Speaker i,Soo 

Clerk at Speaker's Table 1 ,6oo 

Clerk to the Speaker 1.400 

Assistant Clerk to Committee on Ways and 

Means 1,200 

1 Messenger to Committee on Ways and Means. 1,000 

14 Messengers on "Soldiers' Roll," provided said 

Messengers served in the Union Army, and 

Postmaster ' " -,500 

First Assistant Postmaster 2,000 

S Messengers, each 1,200 

4 Messengers during the Session, at the rate of, 

each Soo 

1 Laborer in Bath-Room 720 

2 1 Laborers, each 720 

1 Telegraph Operator 720 

10 Messengers, each 1 ,coo 

10 Laborers during the Session, at the rate of, 

each 720 

1 Laborer S40 

2 Laborers, each 6oo 

8 Laborers, "Cloak-Room men," each, per month 

during the Session 50 

1 Female Attendant, Ladies' Retiring-Room 600 

Superintendent of Folding-Room. 2,000 

1 Clerk in Folding-Room i,Soo 

2 Clerks in Folding-Room 1,200 

Superintendent of Document-Room 2,000 

Chief Assistant in Document Room 2,000 

Document File Clerk , 1,400 

2 Stenographers for Committees, each 5,000 

5 Official Reporters of the Proceedings and De- 

bates of the House, each . . .'. 5»030 

Compiler of the General Index of the Journals 

of Congress '. 2 >5°o 

32 Clerks to Committees, during the Session, $6 per 
day, each. 

1 Journal Clerk for preparing Digest of the Rules. 1,000 
29 Pages, when employed, per day, each, $2.50. 

1 Foreman of Folding- Room . . ." i>5oo 

15 Folders, each 720 

10 Folders, each 900 

5 Folders, each S40 

1 Messenger 1,200 

1 Folder in Sealing-Room 1,200 

1 Page ; 500 

1 Laborer : 400 

1 Laborer 660 

1 Page, per month 60 

Doorkeeper 2 ^°' ) 

Assistant Doorkeeper '. . . . 2,000 

Clerk for Doorkeeper 1.200 

Janitor 1,200 

Chief Engineer 1,700 

2 Assistant Engineers, each 1,200 

1 Electrician 1 , 1 50 

1 Laborer 820 

5 Firemen, each 900 

2 Messengers in the House Librarv, per day, $3.60. 

Capitol Police. 

1 Captain $1 ,600 

3 Lieutenants, each , 1,220 

21 Privates, each 1,100 

S Watchmen, each 900 




** 



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4 



400 



LIBERTY AND UNION, 



DRPARTMRNT OF STATR. 



OEGANIZATION. — This Department, es- 
tablished July 27, 17S9, was originally styled the 
Department of Foreign Affairs, the principal 
officer being called the Secretary for the Depart- 
ment of Foreign Affairs, but its name was 
changed by an act of Congress. Sept. 15, 1789, 
to the Department of State. 

The principal officer by that act was called 
The Secretary of State. 



He takes charge of the seal of the United 
States, and of the seal of the Department of 
State. It is his duty to affix the seal of the 
United States to all civil commissions (except 
for revenue officers), for officers of the United 
States appointed by the President, by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate, or by the 
President alone. 

The originals of all bills, orders, and resolu- 




CABINET CHAMBER. 



POWERS AND DUTIES OF SECRE- 
TARY OP STATE. — The Secretary of State 
conducts all correspondence and issues instruc- 
tions to the public ministers and consuls from 
the United States, negotiates with public minis- 
ters from foreign states 01 princes, and has 
charge, under the direction of the President, of 
all matters pertaining to foreign affairs. 



tions of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives are received and preserved by this Depart- 
ment. It is the duty of the Secretary to pro- 
mulgate and publish the laws, amendments to 
the Constitution of the United States, and to 
make known commercial information commu- 
nicated by diplomatic and consular officers. 
It is the dutv of the Secretary of State to 



•>*Yr~ 







^' 




4* 



402 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



procure from time tu time such of the statutes 
of the several States as may not be in his office. 

He must, within ten days after the commence- 
ment of each regular session of Congress, lay 
before that body a statement containing an ab- 
stract of all returns made to him pursuant to 
law by collectors of the different ports of the 
seamen registered by them, together with an 
account of such impressments and detentions as 
may appear by the protest of the masters of 
vessels to have taken place. 

He must annually lay before Congress the 
following reports: 

I. — A statement, in a compendious form, of 
all such changes ana modifications in the com- 
mercial systems of other nations, whether by 
treaties, duties on imports and exports, or other 
regulations, as shall have been communicated to 
the Department, including information con- 
tained in official publications of other Govern- 
ments, which he may deem of sufficient im- 
portance. 

II. — A synopsis of so much of the informa- 
tion which may have been communicated to 
him by diplomatic and consular officers, during 
the preceding year, as he may deem valuable 
for public information. 

THE CHIEF CLERK. —The Chief Clerk 
has general supervision of the clerks, and of the 
business of the Department. 

THE FOUR BUREAUS OF THE DE- 
PARTMENT are the following, with the busi- 
ness pertaining to each : 

The Diplomatic Bureau has charge of all 
correspondence between the Department and 
other diplomatic agents of the United States 
abroad, and those of foreign powers accredited 
to this government. 

The Consular Bureau has charge of the cor- 
respondence, etc., between the department and 
the consuls, and commercial agents of the 
United States. 

The Bureau of Rolls, Indices, and Archives, 
has charge of the enrolled acts and resolutions 
of Congress, as they are received from the 
President; prepares authenticated copies thereof; 
superintends their publication, and that of 
treaties; attends to their distribution, and that of 
all documents and publications in regard to 
which this duty is assigned to the department; 
writing and answering all letters connected 
therewith; answering calls of the principal 



officers for correspondence ; and has charge of 
all Indian treaties, and business relating thereto. 

The Bureau of Accounts has charge of all 
matters connected wi h accounts relating to any 
fund disbursed by the department; indemnity 
fundc and bonds ; care of building and property. 

BRANCHES OR DIVISIONS. 

STATISTICAL DIVISION.— The Clerk of 
this Division has the administration of the col- 
lection, analyzing, publication, and distribution 
of commercial information. 

AUTHENTICATIONS.— The Clerk of Au- 
thentications has charge of the seals of the 
United States and of the department, and pre- 
pares and attaches certificates to papers pre- 
sented for authentication ; receives and accounts 
for the fees ; and records all letters from the de- 
partment, other than the diplomatic and consular. 

PARDONS AND COMMISSIONS. — The 
Clerk of Pardons and Commissions prepares and 
records pardons and remissions, and registers and 
files the papers on which they are founded, and 
attends to applications for office. 

TRANSLATIONS. — The Translator fur- 
nishes such translations as the department may 
require by the Secretary, Assistant Secretary, 
or Chief Clerk, and records the commissions of 
consuls and vice-consuls, when not in English, 
upon which exequaturs are issued. 

LIBRARIANS. — The Librarian has the cus- 
tody of the rolls, treaties, etc., the promulgation 
of the laws, the care and superintendence of the 
library and public documents, the care of the 
Revolutionary archives and archives of inter- 
national commissions. 

Salaries and Pay of the Officers and Em- 
ployes of the Department of State. 

Secretary, $8,000. Three Assistant Secre- 
taries, each, $3,500. Chief Clerk, $2,500. Trans- 
lator and four Chiefs of Bureaus, each $2,100. 
Eleven Clerks, each, $1,800. Four clerks, each, 
$1,600. Two Clerks, each, $1,400. Ten Clerks, 
each, $1,200. Two Clerks, each, $1,000. Ten 
Clerks, each, $900. Engineer, $j, 200. Assist- 
ant Engineer, $1,000. Two Superintendents of 
Watch, each, $1,000. Six Watchmen, Six Fire- 
men, Assistant Messenger, Elevator Tender, 
each, $720. Twelve Laborers, each, $660. Ten 
Charwomen, each, $iSo. A small number of 
extra clerks, messengers, and laborers are em- 
ployed from time to time. 



* 



LIBER TT AND UNION. 



403 



APPOINTMENTS BY THE SECRETARY 
OF STATE. 

UNLIMITED TERM. 

Chief clerks, chiefs of bureaus, translator, clerks of the 
several classes, messengers, watchmen, laborers, and 
other employes of the Department. 



Vice-consuls-general, vice-consuls, deputy consuls-gen- 
eral, vice-commercial agents, deputy consuls, and deputy 
commercial agents are appointsd under regulations pre- 
scribed by the President in the following manner: by the 
Secretary of State, on the nomination of the principal con- 
sular officer, approved by the consul-general, or if there 
be no consul-general, then by the minister. 



^TREASURY IIEFflRTMENTV< 



Office of the Secretary, including eight regular divi- 
sions; besides the Chief Clerk's Office, the office of the 
Custodian of the building; and Special Agents' Division; 
the Secret Service, and the Division of Captured and 
Abandoned Property, Lands, etc.; Bureau of Engraving 
and Printing; Bureau of the Mint; Office of the Supervis- 
ing Architect; Supervising Inspector-General of Steam 
Vessels; Office of the Superintendent of the Life-Saving 
Service; Office of the Lighthouse Board ; Supervising Sur- 
geon-General of Marine H spi'als; First Comptroller; 
Second Comptroller; Commissioner of Customs; First 
Auditor, Second Auditor, Third Auditor, Fourth Auditor, 
Fifth Auditor, Sixth Auditor; Treasurer; Register; 
Comptroller of the Currency; Commissioner of Internal 
Revenue; Coast Survey. 

DUTIES OF THE SECRETARY. 

The Secretary prepares plans for the improvement and 
management of the revenue, and for the support of the 
public credit. He prescribes the forms of keeping and 
rendering all accounts; grants all warrants for moneys to 
be issued from the Treasury in pursuance of appropria- 
tions made by Coneress; reports to the Senate and House, 
in person or in writing, information required by them ap- 
pertaining to his office, and performs all duties relative to 
the finance s that he shall be directed to perform. 

The Secretary orders the collection, the deposit, the 
transfer, the safe-keeping, and the disbursement of the 
revenue; and directs the auditing and settling the ac- 
counts, respectively. 

Secretary's Office.— The Secretary of the Treasury is 
charged with the general supervision of the fiscal trans- 
actions of the government, and the execution of the laws 
concerning commerce and navigation; the survey of the 
coast; the lighthouse establishment,- the marine hospi- 
tals of the United States, and the construction of certain 
public buildings for custom-house and other purposes. 

The First Comptroller prescribes the mode of keeping 
and rendering accounts f o / the civil and diplomatic ser- 
vice, as well as the public lands, and revises and certifies 
the balances arising thereon. 

The Second Comptroller prescribes the mode of keep- 
ing and rendering the accounts of the army, navy, and 
Indian departments of the public service, and revises and 
certifies the balances arising thereon. 

The Commissioner of the Customs prescribes the mode 
of keeping and rendering the accounts of the customs, 
revenue, and disbursement, and for the building and re- 
pairing custom-houses, etc., and revises and certifies the 
balances arising thereon. 

The Firsr Auditor receives and adjusts the accounts of 
the customs, revenue and disbursements, appropriations, 
and expenditures on account of the civil list, and under 
private acts of Congress, and reports the balances to the 
Commissioner of the Customs and the First Comptroller 
respectively, for their decision thereon. 

The Second Auditor receives and adjusts all accounts 
relating to the pay, clothing and recruiting of the army, 
as well as the armories, arsenals, and ordnance, and all 
accounts relating to the Indian department, and reports 
the balances to the Second Comptroller for his decision 
thereon. 

The Third Auditor receives and adjusts all accounts 
for subsistence of the army, fortifications, military acad- 
emy, military roads, and the quartermaster's department, 
pensions, and claims arising from military services previ- 
ous to 1816, and for horses and other property lost in the 
military service, and reports the balances to the Second 
Comptroller for his decision thereon. 



The Fourth Auditor adjusts all accounts for the service 
of the Navy Department, and reports the balances to the 
Second Comptroller for his decision thereon. 

The Fifth Auditor adjusts all accounts for diplomatic 
and similar services performed under the direction of the 
State department, and reports the balances to the First 
Comptroller for his decision thereon. 

The Sixth Auditor adjusts all accounts arising from 
the service of the Postoffice Department. His decisions 
are final, unless an appeal is taken within twelve months 
to the First Comptroller. He superintends the collection 
of all debts due the Postoffice Department, and all penal- 
ties imposed on postmasters and mail contractors for 
failing to do their duty. He directs suits and legal pro- 
ceedings, civil and criminal, and takes legal measures to 
enforce the prompt payment of money due to the depart- 
ment; instructing attorneys, marshals, and clerks relative 
thereto; and receives returns from each term of the 
United States Courts of the condition and progress of 
such suits and legal proceedings; has charge of all lands 
and other property assigned to the United States in pay- 
ment of debts due to the Postoffice Department, and has 
power to sell and dispose of the same for the benefit of 
the United States. 

The Treasurer receives and keeps the moneys of the 
United States in his own office, and that of the depositor- 
ies, and pays out the same upon warrants drawn by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, countersigned by the First 
Comptroller, and upon warrants drawn by the Postmas- 
ter-General, and countersigned by the Sixth Auditor, and 
recorded by the Register. He also holds public moneys 
advanced by warrant to disbursing officers, and pajs out 
the same upon their checks. 

The Register keeps the accounts of public receipts and 
expenditures; receives the returns, and makes out the of- 
ficial statement of commerce and navigation of the United 
States; and receives from the First Comptroller and 
Commissioner of Customs all accounts and vouchers de- 
cided by them, and is charged by law with their safe- 
keeping. 

The Solicitor superintends all civil suits commenced 
by the United States {except those arising in the Postoffice 
Department), and instructs the United States attorneys, 
marshals and clerks in all matters relating to them, and 
their results. He receives returns from each term of the 
United States Courts, showing the progress and condi- 
tion of such suits; has charge of all lands and other prop- 
erty assigned to the United States in payment of debts 
{except those assigned in payment of debts due to the Post- 
office Department), and has power to sell and dispose of 
the same for the benefit of the United States. 

The Lighthouse Board. — The Secretary of the Treas- 
ury is ex officio president of the board." It directs the 
building and repairing of lighthouses, light- vessels, 
buoys, and beacons, contracts for supplies of oil, etc. 

United States Coast Survey. — The coast survey officer 
is charged with the superintendence of the survey of the 
coast of the United States, and its superintendent is the 
superintendent of weights and measures. 

The Comptroller of the Currency has charge of 
everything connected with the issue of money. 

The Commissioner of Internal Revenue has charge 
of all matters connected with the Tax Laws. 

The Supervising Architect has charge of the con- 
struction of public buildings. 

The Special Commissioner of Revenue is required by 
law to investigate the sources of national revenue, the 



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404 



LIBERT 1' AXD UNION, 



best methods of collecting revenue, the administration of 
existing revenue laws, and the relation of foreign trade 
to domestic industry. 



PAY OF EMPLOYES IN THE OFFICE OF THE 
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 

Force in Secretary's Office.— Chief clerk (of the De- 
partment), $3,000; chief of Division of Warrants, etc., 
chief of Division of Customs, each, $2,750; o chiefs of 
division, 2 disbursing clerks, each. $2,500; assistant 
chief of division of Warrants. $2,400: 2 assistant chiefs 
of Division, $2,100; 6 assistant chiefs of Division, Sten- 
ographer to the Secretary. $2,000: 192 clerks, from §900 to 
$1 900; H messengers and assistants, from §720 to $840; 

2 conductors of elevators, each, $720; 43 laborers, each. 
$660; a lieutenants, each, $900; 58 watchmen, each, $720; 
1 engineer, §1,-100: 1 assistant engineer, $i.ooo: 1 machin- 
ist and gas-fitter, 1 storekeeper, captain of the watch, 
$x, 200; 6 firemen, each, $720; 75 charwomen or cleaners, 
each, $180. 

Internal Revenue Bureau.— Commissioner, $6,000; 
deputv, $3,200; 2 chiefs of Division, $2,500; 5 chiefs of 
Division,' $-',250; stenographer. $1,800; r6o clerks, from 
$900 to $1,800; 4 messengers, $720; 10 laborers, $660. 
About 30 clerks and 6 messengers are employed tempora- 
rily, and paid at rates varying from $720 to $2,100 per 
year. 

Treasury of the United States.— Treasurer, $6,000: 
assistant treasurer, cashier. $3.600 : assistant, $3,200; super- 
intendent National Rank Agency, $3 500: chief clerk, 5 
chiefs of division, 2 bookkeepers. 3 tellers, $2,500: 2 as- 
sistants. $2,400: 2 assistants. $2,250; assistant. $2,000; 223 
clerks, from $000 to $i.$oo: 7 messengers, $$4.0; 10 assist- 
ants, $720: $3 laborers, from $240 to $660. 

Registry of the Treasury. — Register, $4,000; assistant. 
$2,250; 5 chiefs of Division, disbursing clerk. $2,000; 113 
clerks, from $900 to $1,800; messenger, $S4o; 4 assistants", 
$720; 7 laborers, $660. 

Accounting Offices.— 2 comptrollers, $5,000; 2 deputies. 
$2,700; commissioner of customs. $4,000: 7 deputies, $2,- 
250: 6 auditors. $3,000; 38 chiefs of division, from $2,000 
to $2,100: 1 disbursing clerk, $2,000; 693 clerks, from $000 
to $i,8oo; 11 messengers, from $060 to $840; 56 laborers, 
male and female, from $180 to $660, 

Bureau of the Mint. — Director, $4,500; examiner, $2,- 
300; computer. $2,200; 3 clerks, from $1,400 to $1,800; 
translator, $1,200: copyist, $900; messenger, $720; laborer, 
$660. 

Bureau of National Currency. — Comptroller of cur- 
rency, $5,000; deputy, $2,800: 4 chiefs of division, $2,200; 
superintendent of currency, teller, 2 bookkeepers, bond 
clerk, $2,000: 76 clerks, from $900 to $1,800; stenographer, 
$1,600: messenger. $840; 3 assistants, $720; 2 watchmen, 
$720; 3 laborers, $660. 

PAY OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES IN THE 

DIFFERENT DIVISIONS OF THE TRfiASURY 

DEPARTMENT. 

Bureau of Printing and Engraving. — Chief. $4,500; 
Assistant, $2,250; Accountant, $2,000; Stenographer, $1,- 
600; 7 Clerks from $1,000 to $i.<XK>: 3 Copyists, each. $900; 

3 Messengers, each, $720; 4 Laborers, each. $660. Large 
numbers of engravers, plate printers, skilled and un- 
skilled workmen and workwomen, etc.. are employed by 
the day or piece, permanently or temporarily, at wages 
varying from $1 to $,2, the whole force sometimes reach- 
ing nearly to one thousand. 

Construction Bureau. — Supervising Architect. $4,500; 
Assistant. $2,250; Photographer, $2,250; 8 Clerks from 
$900 to $2,000; Messenger, $720. About 00 civil engi- 
neers; architects, draughtsmen, computers, clerks, mes- 
sengers, etc.. are also Steadily employed in tnis office, and 
paid by the day at rates yielding from $600 to $3,000 per 
year. 



Bureau of Statistics — Chief, $2,400; 25 Clerks from 
$900 to $3,00: 5 Copyists, each, $900; Messenger, $720; 
Laborer, $660; Laborer, $480. Experts are temporarily 
employed by this bureau to furnish statistics relative to- 
internal and foreign commerce. 

Light-House Bureau. — Chief Clerk, $2,400; 22 Clerks 
from $000 to $1,800; 2 Messengers, each, $720; Laborer. 
$660. A few engineers and draughtsmen are employed, 
and paid by the mouth from $1,200 to $2,400 per annum. 

MISCELLANEOUS, 

Coast and Geodetic Survey. — Superintendent, $6,000* 
Assistant $4,200; Consulting Geometer. $ pooo; Disburs- 
ing Agent, $2,500. There are generally employed up- 
ward of 50 so-called assistants, with salaries varying 
from $3,750 to $1,100, and about 100 clerks, computers, 
draughtsmen, printers, engravers, etc., at compensations 
varying from $2,000 per year down to $1.50 per day. 

Revenue Marine Service. — 34 Captains, each, $2,500: 
34 First Lieutenants, 23 Chief Engineers, each. $i,3oo; 
34 Second Lieutenants, 18 Assistants, each $1,500; 22 
Teird Lieutenants, each, $1,200; 12 Cadets, each, $900; 
27 Assistants, each, $1,200. ' 

Life-Saving Service. — General Superintendent, $4,000; 
Assistant, $2,500; Accountant, $1,800; 9 Clerks from $900 
to $1,600; Messenger. $720; Superintendent of Construc- 
tion, $2 000; 6 Assistants, each, per month from $75 to 
$roo; 11 District Superintendents, each from $1,000 to 
$1,500; Assistant, $500: 170 Keepers, each, $400; 1,400 
Surfmen, per month, each. $40. 

National Board of Health. — 7 Members of Board, per 
day. each $10: Chief Clerk, $2,300; 5 Clerks, from $1,200 
to $1,800; -Messenger, per month, '$60: Assistant, per 
month, $25; Laborer, per day, $1 .25; 12 Inspectors, each, 
per day. $10; 2 Inspectors, each per month, from $200 to 
$300. The force is variable, both as to numbers and pay. 

Marine Hospital Service. — Supervising Surgeon Gen 
eral. $4,000; 65 medical officers, with salaries ranging 
from $3,000 down to $100 per year; about 10 clerks at 
headquarters, with the usual clerical salaries paid at 
Washington, and about 150 stewards, nurses, and other 
employes, paid at rates ranging from $720 to $100 per 
year. 

Steamboat Inspecting Service. — Supervising Inspect- 
or-General. $3,500; 12 Supervising Inspectors, $3,000; 40 
Inspectors of Hulls, each, from $800 to $2,200; 53 Inspect- 
ors of Boilers, each from $Soo to $2,200; 9 clerks, each, 
from $900 to $1,200. 

Internal Revenue Agencies. — Supervising Agent, per 
day. $12; 31 Agents, each, per day, from $0 to $8. 

National Bank Examiners. — This force is variable in 
number and compensation, the banks examined paying 
the fees for examination, and the examiners being chosen 
by the Comptroller of the Currency at will. 

Secret Service. — Chief, $2,500. The force is variable, 
but usually consists of about 40 detectives and a few 
clerks, paid at various rates according to time employed 
and service rendered. The leading duty is suppression of 
counterfeiting. 

Special Agencies of Customs. — 28 Special Agents, each, 
per day from $0 to $^; 4 Seal-Island Agents in Alaska, 
each, from $2. 100 to $3,650. Each seal-island agent is al- 
lowed $000 per year for traveling to and from Alaska; 2 
Isthmus Inspectors. $2 500. 

APPOINTMENTS. 
By the Secretary of the Treasury, 

Chief Clerk. Disbursing Clerks. Chiefs of Divisions. 
Chief of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Assist- 
ant Superintendent Life-Saving Service. Assistant 
Chief of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Super- 
vising Architect. Assistant Supervising Architect. 
Chief Clerk. Clerks of the several classes, fourth, third. 
second, first, $1,000 and $900. 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



^WflH DEPARTMENT.' 



405 



The Secretary of War h.is charge of all the duties con- 
nected with the army of the United States, fortifications, 
•etc., issues commissions, directs the movement of troops, 
superintends their payment, stores, clothing-, arms and 
equipments, and ordnance, and conducts works of mi-litary 
engineering. 

The following bureaus are attached to this depart- 
ment: 

Commanding General's Office. — The Commanding 
General has charge of the arrangement of the military 
forces, the superintendence of the recruiting service, and 
the discipline of the army. He is to see that the laws and 
regulations of the army" are enforced. The office is at 
Washington, and is called the Headquarters of the army. 

Adjutant-General's Office — In this office are kept all 
the records which refer to the personnel of the army, pay- 
roll, etc., and all military commissions are made out. 
All orders which emanate from Headquarters, or the 
War Department proper, pass through this office, and 
the annual returns from the army are received by it. 

The Quartermaster-General's Office provides quar- 
ters, storage, and transportation for the army, aad has 
charge of the barracks and the national cemeteries. 

The Paymaster-General's Office has charge of the dis- 
bursements to the regular army and the Military Acad- 
emy. 

The Commissary-General's Office provides subsist- 
ence stores for the troops and military forts. 

The Ordnance Bureau has charge of the ordnance 
stores, and the various arsenals and armories. 

The Engineer's Office has charge of the military de- 
fenses of the country, the improvement of rivers, the 
surveys relating thereto, and the care of the Military 
Academy. 

Surgeon-General's Office. — All matters connected with 
medicine and surgery, the management of the sick and 
wounded, and the hospitals, are under the control of this 
office. 

Topographical Bureau.— This bureau has charge of all 
topographical operations and surveys for military pur- 
poses, and for purposes of internal improvement, and of all 
maps, drawings, and documents relating to those duties. 

The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned 
Lands, the Bureau of Military Justice, the Inspector- 
General's Office, and the Signal Corps of the Army are 
also connected with the War Department. 

SALARIES AND COMPENSATION OF OFFICERS 
AND EMPLOYES IN THE VARIOUS DIVISIONS 
OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT. 

Chief clerk, $2,750; disbursing clerk, 7 chief clerks of 
bureaus, $2,000; 199 clerks, from $1,400 to $i,Soo; 
draughtsman, $i, Q oo; anatomist, foreman of printing, 
$1,600; engineer, $1,400; 513 clerks, from $900 to $1,200; 
2 engineers, pressman, $1,200; 6 compositors, $1,000; 
messenger, %~>^o\ 04 messengers, watchmen and firemen, 
■$720; 50'laborers, $660; S charwomen, $180. 

There is, in addition to the above force, a large num- 
ber of officers and employes of different kinds, consisting 
of about 90 national cemetery keepers, paid from S7 2 ° to 
$900 per year, with residences; about 450 weather ob- 
servers in' the Signal Corps, from $25 to $100 per month, 
with allowances; about 125 private physicians employed 
at Washington and various military posts, at a compen- 
sation of gioo per month, with quarters and fuel; about 
1S5 hospital stewards, with pav of from $20 to $35 per 
month, with rations, quarters, fuel, and clothing; about 
50 paymaster's clerks, at £1,200 per year; about 500 em- 
ployes of all sorts at armories and arsenals; about 450 
clerks, superintendents, and other employes, at rates 
from $40 to $200 per month, engaged in moving the army 
and its supplies by land and water, and taking care of its 
barracks, storehouses, and clothing; a large force of 
clerks, draughtsmen, civil engineers, skilled workmen, 
etc., employed at various rates upon the public buildings, 
grounds, and works at the seat of government and else- 
where, under charge of the Engineer Buieau, including 
forts and river and harbor improvements ; about 100 similar 
employes engaged upon the army subsistence supplies. 



ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE. 
Officers of the Army. 

The Adjutant-General, with rank of brigadier-general, 
1 assistant adjutant-general, with rank of colonel, 3 as- 
sistant adjutants-general, with rank of major, receiving 
army pay. 

Enlisted Men. 

78 enlisted men (general service), serving as clerks. 

60 enlisted men (general service] ; serving- as messen- 
gers and watchmen. 

Note. — The pay and allowances per annum of en- 
listed men serving in the Adiutant-General's Office, and 
other branches of the War Department, as clerks and 
messengers, amount as follows: 

, Clerks — , Messenger-,. 

Sergeants. Privates. 

Pay $1,055.25" $1,007.25 %'ycjz.tri 

Clothing 37-7^ 36.09 36.09 

Total $1,093.03 $1,043.34 $9^-59 

The above amounts are paid during the first and secon I 
years of service. During the third year each grade re- 
ceives $f2 additional; fourth year, $24; and fifth year, 
$36. For each year of a second enlistment, for a period 
of five years, each grade receives $60 additional; for a 
third enlistment of five years, $72 ; and for a fourth enlist- 
ment of five years, $^4; and $12 a year additional to $84 for 
every succeeding enlistment. 

OFFICE OF INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 

Inspector-General, with^ank of brigadier general, 1 as- 
sistant inspector-general, with rank of colonel, receiving 
army pay. 

BUREAU OF MILITARY JUSTICE. 

Judge-Advocate-General, with rank of brigadier-gen- 
eral, 2 judge-advocates, with rank of major, receiving 
army pay. 

PAYMASTER-GENERAL'S OFFICE. 
Army Officers. 
Paymaster- General, wiih rank of brigadier-general, 
4 paymasters, with rank of major, receiving army pay. 

SURGEON-GENERAL'S OFFICE. 
Army Officers. 
Surgeon -General, with rank of brigadier-general, 1 as- 
sistant surgeon-general, with rank of colonel, 1 chief 
medical purveyor, with rank of colonel, 3 surgeons, with 
rank of major, r assistant surgeon, with rank of captain, 
receiving army pav. 

OFFICE OF CHIEF OF ORDNANCE. 
Army Officers. 
Chief of Ordnance, with rank of brigadier-general, 1 
major of ordance, receiving army pay. 

SIGNAL OFFICE AND SERVICE. 
Army Officers. 
Chief Signal Officer, with rank of brigadier-general, 4 
first lieutenants of artillery, 1 first lieutenant of cavalr' , 
I first lieutenant of infantry, receiving army pay. 

Enlisted Men. 

150 sergeants, 30 corporals, and 320 privates, receiving 
pay as in adjutant-general's office. 

QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT. 
Army Officers. 
Quartermaster-General, with rank of brigadier-general, 

1 assistant quartermaster-general, with rank of colonel, 

2 deputy quartermasters general, with rank of lieutenant- 
colonel, 1 quartermaster, with rank of major, 1 assistant 
quart6rmaster, with rank of captain (mounted), receiving 
army pay. 



r 



£ 



406 



LIBERT!' AND UNION. 



COMMISSARY GENERAL. 

Army Officers. 

Commissi! rv-General of Subsistence, with rank of brig- 
adier-general, 2 commissaries of subsistence, with rank 
of major of cavalry, 1 commissary of subsistence, with 
rank of captain of cavalry, receiving- army pay. 

OFFICE OF CHIEF OF ENGINEERS OF THE 

ARMY. 

Army Officers. 

Chief of Engineers, with rank of brigadier -general, 1 
lieutenant-colonel of engineers, 1 major of engineers, 1 
captain, receiving army pay. 



¥PE UNITED OTTOS WM¥° 

The Army of the United States consists of the follow- 
ing: 

One general . 

One lieutenant-general. 

Three major-generals. 

Six brigadier-generals. 

Five regiments of artillery. 

Ten regiments of cavalry. 

Twenty-five regiments of infantry. 

An Adjutant-General's Department. 

An Inspector-General's Department. 

A Quartermaster's Department. 

A corps of engineers. 

A battalion of engineer soldiers. 

An Ordnance Department. 

The enlisted men of the Ordnance Department. 

The Medical Department. 

The hospital stewards of the Medical Department. 

A Pay Department. 

A chief signal officer. 

A Bureau of Military Justice. 

Eight judge-advocates. 

Thirty post chaplains. 

Four "regimental chaplains. 

An ordnance sergeant and an hospital steward for each 
military post. 

One band stationed at the Military Academy. 

A force of Indian scouts, not exceeding 1,000. 

The officers of the army on the retired'list. 

The professors and corps of cadets at the United States 
Military Academy at West Point. 

The offices of general and lieutenant-general expire 
with the present incumbent. 

GENERAL PROVISIONS. 

No person who has served in any capacity in the mili- 
tary, naval, or civil service of the so-called Confederate 
States or of either of the States in insurrection during 
the Rebellion of 1861, can be appointed to any position in 
the Army of the United States. 

All officers who served during the Rebellion as volun- 
teers in the Army of the United States, honorably mus- 
tered out of the service, are entitled to bear the official 
title, and upon occasions of ceremony to wear the uniform 
of the highest grade they held, by brevet or other com- 
missions, in the volunteer service. 

The use by officers of private soldiers as servants is 
prohibited by law. 

Four women to each company are allowed as laun- 
dresses. 

RETIREMENT. 

An officer who has served thirty years may, on his own 
application, in the discretion of the President, be placed 
on the retired list. One who has served forty five years, 
or is sixty-two years old, may be retired from active 
service in the discretion of the "President. He must be 
retired when sixty-three years old. 

ARTICLES OF -WAR. 

The army is governed by what are called Articles of 
War, one hundred and twenty-eight in number, pre- 
scribed bv act of Congress. They are read to every en- 
listed man at the time of his enlistment, and must be read 



to every regiment once in six months. Everv officer 
must subscribe to these rules and articles before entering 
on duty. 

PAY OF THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



General 

Lieutenant- General 

Brigadier-General 

Colonel 

Lieutenant- Colonel 

Major 

Captain, mounted 

Captain, not mounted 

Regimental Adjutant 

1st Lieutenant, mounted .... 
ist Lieutenant, not mounted . . 
2d Lieutenant, mounted 

Chaplain 





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*The maximum pay of colonels is limited to $4,500, 
of lieutenant-colonels to $4,000. 



QUARTERS, FUEL, AND FORAGE ALLOWED TO 
ARMY OFFICERS. 

By act of June iS, ig7S, all allowance or commutation 
for fuel was prohibited, but wood is furnished at $3 per 
cord, out of the pay of officers. Forage is furnished 
only in kind, and only to officers actually in the field or 
west of the Mississippi, on the basis of "five horses for the 
General of the army, four for the Lieutenant-General, 
three each for a major or brigadier-general, and two each 
for a colonel, lieutenant colonel, major, mounted captain 
or lieutenant, adjutant, and regimental quartermaster. 
Quarters are furnished on the following basis: General 
(commutation for quarters), $125 per month; lieutenant- 

feneral, $70 per month; major-general, six rooms; briga- 
ier-general or colonel, five rooms; lieutenant-colonel 01' 
major, four rooms; captain or chaplain, three rooms; and 
first or second lieutenant, two rooms— all of which may 
be commuted at $10 per room per month. 

Note.— The law provides that no allowances shall be 
made to officers in addition to their pay, except quarters 
and forage furnished in kind. 

Mileage at the rate of eight cents per mile is allowed 
for travel under orders. 

The pay of cadets at the U. S. Military Academy, 
West Point, was placed at $450 per annum, by Act ot 



*± 



"^r 



■bH 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



407 



Aug. 7, 1S76, instead of $500 and one ration per diem 
(equivalent to $609.50), by former laws. 

The pav of privates runs from $156 ($13 a month and 
rations) for first two years, to $21 a month after twenty 
years' service. 

A retired chaplain receives three-fourths of the pay 
(salary and increase) of his rank (captain, not mounted). 

The officer in charge of the public buildings and 
grounds (Washington/ has, while so serving, the rank, 
pay, and emoluments of a colonel. 

The aides-de-camp to the general, selected by him from 
the army, have, while so serving, the rank and pay of 
colonel. 

The aides-de-camp and military secretary to the lieu- 
tenant-general, selected I y him from the army, have, 
while so serving, the rank and pay of lieutenant-colonel. 

Officers of the army and of volunteers, assigned to 
duty which requires them to be mounted, shall, during 
the time they are employed on such duty, receive the pay, 
emoluments, and allowances of cavalry officers of the 
same grade, respectively. 

REMARKS. 

Mileage, at the rate of eight cents per mile, is allowed to 
officer- for travel under orders. Regulations governing 
the subject of mileage are contained, entire, in General 
Orders No. 97, Adjutant-General's Office, series of 1S76. 



army; assistant surgeon, pay of his grade in the army; 
professor, of more than ten years' service at the Acad- 
emy, pay of colonel ; professor, of less than ten years' 
service, pay of lieutenant-colonel; assistant professor, 
pay of captain, mounted ; senior assistant instructor of 
tactics, pay of captain, mounted ; assistant instructor of 
tactics, commanding a company of cadets, pay of captain, 
mounted; acting assistant professor, pay of his grade in 
the army; acting assistant Instructor of tactics, pay of his 
grade in the army; instructors of ordnance and science of 
gunnery, and of practical engineering, pay of major; 
sword-master, $1,500 per annum; cadet, $540 per annum. 

PAY OF ENLISTED MEN. 

Enlisted men receive from $13 to $iS per month, ac- 
cording to the time served in the army, with clothes and 
rations; non-commissioned officers, from $17 to $41, with 
clothes and rations. 

APPOINTMENTS MADE BY THE SECRETARY 
OF 'WAR FOR AN UNLIMITED TERM, OK 
DURING HIS PLEASURE. 

Agent for collection of Confederate records. 
Anatomist, Surgeon- General's office. 
Chief clerk of department. 
Chief clerks of bureaus and divisions. 




Commutation of quarters, to be paid bv Pay Depart- 
ment, as follows: General, $125 per month; lieutenant- 
feneral, $70 per month; all other grades not to exceed 
10 per month per room. General Orders No. 37 and e6, 
Adjutant- General's Office, series of 1S7S. 

FORAGE FOR HORSES. 

Forage for horses is allowed to officers as follows : 
General, for five; lieutenant-general, for four; major- 
general, for three; brigadier-general, for three; 
colonel, lieutenant-colonel, major, captain, and lieutenant 
(mounted) ; adjutant, regimental quartermaster, chaplain, 
and storekeeper, each for two horses. Forage is now is- 
sued only to those officers on duty at posts west of the 
Mississippi River. 



PAY OF OFFICERS AND CADETS AT THE 
MILITARY ACADEMY. 

Superintendent, pay of colonel; commandant of cadets, 
pay of lieutenant-colonel; adjutant, pay of regimental 
adjutant; Quartermaster and commissary of the battalion 
of cadets, pay of his grade in the army; treasurer, pay of 
his grade in the army; surgeon, pay of his grade in 'the 



Clerks of the several grades in all the bureaus. 

Copyists. 

Disbursing clerk. 

Draughtsmen. 

Engineers. 

Firemen. 

Lahore s. 

Messengers. 

Superintendents of buildings, 

Watchmen. 

Superintendents of National cemeteries. ■ 

ORDNANCE STATIONS. 

Ordnance Office, Washington, D. C. 
Ordnance Board, New York, N Y. 
Ordnance Agency, New York, N. Y. 
The Proving Ground, Sandy Hook, N.J. 
The Department of Ordnance and Gunnery at the Mili- 
tary Academy, West Point, N. Y. 

Saint Louis Powder Depot, Jefferson Barracks, Mo. 

National Armory, Springfield, Mass. 

Augusta Arsenal, Augusta, Ga. 

Benicia Arsenal, Benicia, Cal. 

Fort Monroe Arsen 1, Fort Monroe, Va. 

Fort Union Arsenal, Fort Union, N. M. 

Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa. 



4j-* 



-t- 



408 



LTBERTT AND UNION. 



Indianapolis Arsenal, Indianapolis, Ind. 
Kennebec Arsenal, Augusta, Me. 
New York Arsenal, New York, N. Y. 
Pikesville Arsenal, Pikesville, Md. 
Rock Island Arsenal, Rock Island, 111. 
San Antonio Arsenal, San Antonio, Texas. 
Vancouver Arsenal, Vancouver, Washington Ty. 
Washington Arsenal, Washington, D. C. 
Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, N. Y. 
Waterville Arsenal, West Troy, N. Y. 

UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY. 

The United States Military Academy at West Point 
was founded by Act of March 16, 1802, constituting the 
corps of engineers of the army a military academy, with 
fifty students or cadets, Avho were to receive instruction 
under the senior engineer officer, as superintendent. 
.Later acts established professorships of mathematics, en- 
gineering, philosophy, etc , and made the academy a 
military body, subject to the rules and articles of war. In 
1S15 a permanent superintendent was appointed, and a 
year later an annual board of visitors was provided for, to 
be named by the President, the Speaker of the House, 
and the President of the Senate. In 1S43 the present sys- 
tem of the appointment of cadets was instituted, which 
assigns one cadet to each Congressional District and 
Territory in the Union, to be named by the Representa- 



tive in Congress for the time being, and ten appointments 
at large, specially conferred by. the President of the 
United States. The number of students is thus limited to 
312. A large proportion of those appointed fail to pass 
the examination, and many others to complete the course, 
the proportion being stated at fully one-half hitherto. 
The course of instruction requires four years, and is 
largely mathematical and professional. The discipline is 
very-strict, even more so than in the army, and the en- 
forcement of penalties for offences is inflexible rather 
than severe. The whole number of graduates from 1803 
to 1877 was about 2,700, of whom 1,200 are deceased and 
about 1,500 living. Of those surviving, Soo are still in the 
army, and about 700 out of service. 

Appointees to the Military Academy must be between 
17 and 22 years of age, at least five feet in height, and free 
from infirmity, and able to pass a careful examination in 
various branches of knowledge. Each cadet admitted 
must bind himself to serve the United States eight years 
from the time of admission to the academy. The pay of 
cadets, formerly fifty dollars per month and rations, "was 
fixed at $540 per year, with no allowance for rations, by 
the act of 1876. The aggregate amount of money appro" 
priated by the United States for the Military Academy 
from 1S02 to 1877, inclusive, was $11,396,128, being an 
average of about $149,949 annually. The number of 
actual members of the academy, by the official register of 
June, 18S1, was 192. 



*Nfl¥Y IIEFflKTMENTV'* 



Secretary's Office. The Secretary of the Navy has 
charge of everything connected with the naval establish- 
ment, and the execution of all laws* relating thereto 
under the general direction of the President. All in- 
structions to commanders of squadrons and commanders 
of vessels; all orders to officers; commissions of officers, 
both in the navy and marine corps; appointments of 
commissioned and warrant officers, and orders for the en- 
listment and discharge of seamen, emanate from the Sec- 
retary's office. All the duties of the different bureaus are 
performed under the authority of the Secretary, and their 
orders are considered as emanating from him He has a 
general superintendence of the marine corps, and all the 
orders of the commandant of that corps are approved by 
him. The chief of this Bureau has the rank of Commo- 
modore, navy pay. 

The Bureau of Navy Yards* and Docks has charge of 
all the navy yards, docks and wharves, buildings and 
machinery in navy yards, and everything immediately 
connected with them. It is also charged with the man- 
agement of the Naval Asylum. 

The Bureau of Navigation has charge of the Naval 
Observatory and Hydrographical Office. It furnishes 
vessels with maps, charts, chronometers, etc., together 
with such books as are allowed to ships of war. The 
Naval Academy, Naval Observatory, and Nautical Al- 
manac are attached to this bureau. The chief of this 
bureau has the rank of Commodore, navy pay. 

The Bureau of Ordnance has charge of all ordnance 
and ordnance stores, the manufacture or purchase of 
cannon, guns, powder, shot, shells, etc., and the equip- 
ment of vessels of war, with everything connected there- 
with. Chief of Bureau, with rank of Commodore, navy 
pay. 

The Bureau of Construction and Repair has charge 
of the building and repair of all vessels of war and pur- 
chase of material. Chief of Bureau, Chief Constructor, 
with rank of Commodore, navy pay. 

The Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting has charge 
of providing all vessels with their equipments, as sails, 
anchors, water tanks, etc., also, charge of the recruiting 
service. The chief of this bureau has the rank of Com- 
modore, navy pay. 

The Bureau of Steam Engineering has charge of the 
construction, repair, etc., of the machinery of steam ves- 
sels of war. The Engineer-in-Chief superintends the 
construction of all marine steam engines for the navy, 
and, with the approval of the Secretary, decides upon 
plans for their construction. Chief of Bureau, Engineer- 
in-Chief, with rank of Commodore, navy pay. 

The Bureau of Provisions and Clothing contracts for 
all provisions and clothing for the use of the navy. Chief 



of Bureau, Paymaster-General, with the rank of Commo- 
dore, navy pay 

The Bureau of Medicine and Surgery manages every- 
thing relating to medicine and medical stores, treatment 
of sick and wounded, and management of hospitals. 
Chief of Bureau, Surgeon- General, with rank of Com- 
modore, navy pay. 

PAY OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES OF THE 
NAVY DEPARTMENT 

Chief clerk, $2,500; disbursing clerk and superintend- 
ent, $2,200; 15 chief clerks of bureaus, $1,800; 4 draughts- 
men, $1,800; 25 clerks from $1,000 to $1,600; stenographer 
and draughtsman, $1,600; 1 engineer, $1,200: 1 assistant 
engineer, $1,000; 11 messengers from $660 to $840; 3 fire- 
men and 9 watchmen, $720; 14 laborers, $66d; S char- 
women, $iSo. 

NAVAL OBSERVATORY. 

1 Clerk, $1,600; 3 civilian astronomers, 1 instrument 
maker, $1,500; keeper of grounds, per month, $So; 3 
watchmen, per month, $60; 1 messenger, 1 porter, per 
month, $53.22. 

HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. 

1 Clerk, per month, $120; 12 draughtsmen, per month, 
from $50 to $191.66; 2 writers, 1 painter of charts, per 
month, $75; 1 file clerk, per month, $60; 6 laborers, per 
month, from $40 to $55; 2 printers, per day, $4 ; 5 en- 
gravers, per day, from $} to $4. 

NAUTICAL ALMANAC OFFICE. 

7 computers, $1,200 to $1,600; messenger, $720. 

The remaining civil force of the Navy Department con- 
sists of a large number of clerks, draughtsmen, mechan- 
ical foremen, and skilled and unskilled operatives at the 
several yards and stations of the navy. Admissions of 
civilians to the commissioned f orce are restricted to naval 
cadets, cadet-engineers, assistant engineers, second lieu- 
tenants of marines, assistant surgeons, assistant pay- 
masters, chaplains, and naval constructors, and to pro- 
fessors of mathematics, for the scientific branches or the 
service. Boatswains, gunners, sailmakers and carpen- 
ters, are also taken from civil life. 

APPOINTMENTS BY THE SECRETARY OF THE 
NAVY. 
Fcr an Unlimited Term, or during- his pleasure. 
Assistant astronomers, Naval Observatory. 
Chief clerk of the Department. 
Chief clerks of the bureaus. 
Clerks of the several grades. 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



409 



Computed in Hydrographie Office. 

Disbursing clerk. 

Draughtsmen. 

Engravers. 

Instrument-makers, Nautical Almanac Office 

Laborers. 

Messengers and assistant messengers 

Porters. 

Printers, Hydrographie Office. 

Stenographer. 

Watchmen. 

Writers, Hydrographie Office. 

NAVAL ACADEMY, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND. 

Professors of drawing, languages, physics, chemistry, 
etc., the secretary, boxing-masters, clerks, and other offi- 
cers, servants, and employes, by the Secretary of the Navy, 
on the recommendation of the superintendent thereof. 
PAY TABLE OF THE NAVY. 





At Sea. 


On 

Shore 
Duty. 


On 
leave or 
waiting 
Orders. 


Admiral 


$13,000 
9,000 
6,000 
5,000 
4.5oo 
3>5oo 

2,Soo 

3,000 

2,400 
2,600 

1, Soo 
2,000 

1,200 

1,400 

1,000 

500 

900 

4,400 
4)400 

2, Soo 
3,200 
3,500 
3,7oo 
4,200 

2,000 
2,200 

1,700 
1,900 

2,500 

2,S00 

1,200 
I,300 
1,400 
I,6bO 

i, Soo 
1,000 


$n,ooo 
8,000 
5,000 
4,000 
3,500 
3,000 

2,400 

2,600 

2,00 
2,200 

1,500 

1,700 

1,000 
1,200 

Soo 
500 
700 


$13,000 


Rear-Admiral 


4,000 
3,000 
2,800 






2,300 
2,000 


Lieutenant -Commander — 
First four years after date of 


After four years from date of 




Lieutenants — 


1,600 




1, Soo 


Masters — 


1,200 




1,400 
Soo 


Ensigns — 




1,000 




600 




500 




500 


Medical and Pay Directors and 

Medical and Pay Inspectors 

gf and Chief Engineers, having 


Fleet Surgeons, Fleet Paymas- 






Surgeons, Paymasters, and 
Chief Engineers — 
First five years after date of 


2,400 
2,800 
3,200 
3,600 

4,000 

1, Soo 
2,000 

1,400 
1,600 

2,000 
2,300 

Sco 
1,000 
1,300 
1,300 

I.COO 

Soo 






2.400 
2,600 






2,800 


After twenty years 

Passed Assistant Surgeons, 

ters, and Passed Assistant 
Engineefs — 
First five years after date of 


3,000 

1,500 
• 1,700 




Assistant Surgeons, Assistant 
Paymasters, and Assistant 

Eirst five years after date of 






Chaplains — 


1,600 




1,900 

700 
Soo 


Boatswains, Gunners, Carpen- 
ters and Sailmakers — 






900 




After twelve years 

Cadet Engineers (after examin- 
ation) 


1,200 
600 



On 
shore duty, 

Naval Constructors — 

First live years $3,200 

Second five years 3>4°o 

Third five years . 3>7°° 

Fourth five years 4,000 

After twenty years 4,200 

Assistant Naval Constructors — 

First four years 2,000 

Second four years 2,200 

After eight years 2, Coo 



On leave or 
waiting order: 

$2,200 
2,400 
2,700 
3,000 
3,200 



Secretary to Admiral and Vice- Admiral $2,500 

Secretaries to Commanders of Squadrons 2,000 

Secretary to Naval Academy 1 ,Soo 

Clerks to Commanders of Squadrons and Vessels.. 750 

First Clerks to Commandants of Navy Yards 1,500 

Second Clerks to Commandants of Navy Yards 1 ,200 

Clerk, Mare Island Navy Yard ". i,Soo 

Clerk to Commandants Naval Stations 1,500 

Clerks to Paymasters at Navy Yards — 
Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Wash- 
ington i,6co 

Mare Island 1 ,Soo 

Kittery, Norfolk, and Pensacola 1,400 

At other Stations 1 ,300 

The pay of seamen is $258, and of ordinary seamen $2 10 
per annum. 

Note — The navy ration is commuted at 30 cents per 
day. The navy spirit ration was totally abolished July 1, 
1S70. 

Navy officers are retired after forty years' service, on 
their own application; and they are retired in any case 
after 62 ye^rs of age, with some exceptions. The compen- 
sation of retired officers is 75 per cent, of the active pay 
of the same rank, or 50 per cent, (according to the causes 
of retirement.) 

THE UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY AT 
ANNAPOLIS. 

The United States Naval Academy was opened Octo- 
ber 10, 1S45, and the credit of its foundation is attributed 
to Hon. George Bancroft, the Secretary of the Navy 
under President Polk. The course of instruction, de~- 
signed to train midshipmen for the navy, at first occu- 
pied five years, of which three were passed at sea. Va- 
rious changes have been made in the course of instruc- 
tion, which was made seven years in 1S50, four 3-ears in 
1S51, and six years (the two "last of which are spent at 
sea) March 3, 1S73, where it now remains. The Naval 
Academy, first located at Annapolis, Maryland, was re- 
moved to Newport, R. I., in May, 1S61, but "re-established 
at Annapolis in September, 1S65, where it now is, occu- 
pying lands formerly known as Fort Severn. The acad- 
emy is under the direct care and supervision of the Navy 
Department. There are to be allowed in the academy 
one cadet-midshipman for every member or delegate in the 
House of Representatives, appointed at his nomination, 
one for the District of Columbia, and ten appointed at 
large by the President. The number of appointments 
which can be made is limited by law to twenty-five each 
year, named by the Secretary of the Navy after competi- 
tive examination, the cadets being from 14 to iS years of 
age. The successful candidates become students of the 
academy, and receive the pay of cadet-midshipmen, $500 
per annum. Besides the cadet-midshipmen, 25 cadet en- 
gineers may be appointed each year, from 16 to 20 years 
of age, on competitive examination involving a higher 
standard of knowledge. The course for cadet-engineers 
is four years at the academy, and two additional years at 
sea. All cadets who graduate are appointed assistant 
engineers in the navy as fast as vacancies occur. The 
course of instruction is thorough, involving a close pur- 
suit of mathematics, steam engineering, physics, me- 
chanics, seamanship, ordnance, history, law, etc. The 
whole number of students in 1SS1 was: " Cadet-midship- 
men, 161 ; cadet-engineers, 100; total, 261. The graduat- 
ing classes of 1SS1 numbered 72 cadet-midshipmen, and 
24 cadet-engineers. 

UNITED STATES NAVAL HOSPITALS. 

The sum of $50,000 is appropriated yearly for Naval 
Hospitals at Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Chelsea, 
Massachusetts; Brooklyn, New York; Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania; Annapolis, Maryland; Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia; Norfolk, Virginia: Pensacola, Florida; 
Mare Island, California; Yokohama, japan. 



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410 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



MIEFflHTMENT HF THE INTEHIIIH, 



This department was established by an act of Congress, 
approved March 3, 1S49. To its supervision and man- 
agement are committed the following branches of the 
public service : 

1 st. The Public Lands. — Its head is the Commissioner 
of the General Land Office. The Land Bureau is charged 
with the survey, management, and sale of the public do- 
main, the revision of Virginia military bounty-land 
claims, and the issuing of scrip in lieu thereof. 

2d. Pensions. — The Commissioner of this bureau is 
charged with the examination and adjudication of all 
claims arising under the various and numerous laws 
passed by Congress, granting bounty land or pensions for 
the military or naval service in the revolutionary or sub- 
sequent Avars. 

3d. The Indian Office has charge of all matters con- 
nected with the Indians. 

4th. The Patent Office is charged with the perform- 
ance of all " acts and things touching and respecting the 
granting and issuing of patents for new and useful dis- 
coveries, inventions, and improvements." 

The Department of the Interior has, besides, the super- 
vision of the accounts of the United States mar- 
shals and attorneys, and of the clerks of the 
United States Courts, and the management of the 
lead and other mines of the United States, the duty of 
taking and returning the censuses of the United States, 
and the management of the affairs of public institutions 
in the District of Columbia. 



OUR PUBLIC LAND SYSTEM. 

The public lands of the United States which are still 
undisposed of and open to settlement, lie in nineteen 
States and eight Territories. In each case, except Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, the Indian Territory and Alaska, land 
offices are established, in charge of an officer known as 
Register of the Land Office, where the records of all sur- 
veyed lands are kept, and all applications concerning 
lands in each district are filed, and inquiries answered 
The public lands are divided into two great classes. The 
one class have a dollar and a quarter an acre designated 
as the minimum -orice, and the other, two dollars and a 
half an acre, the latter being the alternate sections, re- 
served by the United States in land grants to railroads, 
etc. Titles to these lands may be acquired by private en- 
trv o: location under the homestead, pre-emption, and 
timber culture laws, or, as to some classes, by purchase 
for cash, in the case of lands which may be purchased at 
private sale, or such as have not been reserved under any 
law. Such tracts are sold on application to the Land 
Register, who issues a certificate of purchase, the receiver 
giving a receipt for the money paid, subject to the issue 
of a patent, or complete title if the proceedings are 
found regular, by the Commissioner of the General Land 
Office, at Washington. 

Entries under land warrants (given mostly for military 
services under acts of Congress) have fallen off very 
largely by the absorption of such warrants, there having 
been no military bounty land warrants provided for on 
account of services in the late war. 

Entries under the pre-emption law are restricted to 
heads of families, or citizens over twenty-one, who may 
settle upon any quarter-section (or 160 acres), and have 
the right of prior claim to purchase on compljdng with 
certain regulations. 

The homestead laws give the right to one hundred and 
sixty acres of a dollar-and-a-quarter lands, or to eighty 
acres of two-dollar-and-a-half lands, to any citizen or ap- 
plicant for citizenship over twenty-one who will actually 
settle upon and cultivate the land. This privilege ex'- 
tends only to the surveyed lands, and the title is perfected 
by the issue of a patent after five years of actual settle- 
ment. The only charges in the case of homestead entries 
are fees and commissions, varying from a minimum of 
$7 to a maximum of $34 for the whole tract entered, ac- 
cording to the size, value, or place of record. 

Another large class of free entries of public lands is 
that provided for under the t mber culture acts of 1S73- 
'78. The purpose of these laws is to promote the growth 
of forest trees on the public lands. They give the right 
to any settler who has cultivated for two years as much 
as five acres in trees to an eighty-acre homestead, or, if 



ten acres, to a homestead of one hundred and sixty acres, 
and a free patent for his land is given him at the 'end of 
three years, instead of five. The limitation of the home- 
stead laws to one hundred and sixty acres for each set- 
tler is extended in the case of timber culture, so as to 
grant as many quarter sections of one hundred and sixty 
acres each as have been improved by the culture, for ten 
years, of forty acres of timber thereon; but the quarter- 
sections must not lie immediately contiguous. The fees 
and commissions in timber culture entries vary from $13 
to $18 for the tract. 

UNITED STATES LAND OFFICES, 

Alabama — Huntsville, Montgomery. 

Arkansas — Little Rock, Camden, Harrison, Dar.lanelle. 

Arizona Territory — Prescott, Florence. 

California -San Francisco, Marysville, Humboldt, 
Stockton, Visalia, Sacramento, Los Angeles, Shasta, 
Susan ville, Bodie. 

Colorado— Denver City, Leadville, Central City, 
Pueblo, Del Norte, Lake City. 

Dakota Territory — Mitchell, Watertown, Fargo, Yank- 
ton, Bismarck, Deadwood, Grand Forks; Aberdeen. 

Florida — Gaine iville. 

Idaho Territory — Boise City, Lewiston, Oxford. 

Iowa — Des Moines. 

Kansas— Topeka, Salina, Independence, Wichita, Kir- 
win, Concordia, Larned, Wa-Keeny. 

Louisiana — New Orleans, Natchitoches. 

Michigan — Detroit, East Saginaw, Reed City, Mar- 
quette. 

Minnesota — Taylor's Falls, St. Cloud, Duluth, Fergus 
Falls, Worthington, Crookston, Benson, Tracy, Red- 
wood Falls. 

Mississippi — Jackson. 

Missouri — Boonville, Ironton, Springfield. 

Montana Territory — Helena, Bozeman, Miles Citv. 

Nebraska — Norfolk, Beatrice, Lincoln, Niobrara, 
Grand Island, North Platte, Bloomington, Neligh 

Nevada — Carson City, Eureka. 

New Mexico Territory — Santa Fe, La Mesilla. 

Oregon — Oregon Citv, Roseburg, Le Grand, Lake 
View, The Dalles. 

Utah Territory — Salt Lake City. 

Washington Territory — Olympia, Vancouver, Walla 
"Walla, Colfax, Yakima". 

Wisconsin — Menasha, Falls of St. Croix, Wausau, La 
Crosse, Bayfield, Eau Claire. 

Wyoming Territory — Cheyenne, Evanston. 

BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. 

Congress, by act of July 9, 1832, authorized the Presi- 
dent to appoint a Commissioner of Indian Affairs, to 
have the direction and management of all matters arising 
out of Indian relations, subject to the Revision of the 
Secretary of War (now Secretary of the Interior). 

The duties of the Bureau are a'dministered by the Com- 
missioner, Chief Clerk, and assistants at Washington, 
and by a number of superintendents, agents, farmers, 
schoolteachers, and other appointees in the Indian 
country. 

The estimated number of Indians is about three hun- 
dred thousand, spreading from Lake Superior to the 
Pacific Ocean. Those east of the Mississippi, with few 
exceptions, are on reservations ; so also are the tribes in 
Kansas north of the Arkansas, and those located between 
the Avestern border of Arkansas and the country known 
as the "leased lands." 

PATENT OFFICE. 

The Constitution, Art. 1, Sec. S, confers upon Con- 
gress the power to promote the progress of science and 
useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and 
inventors the exclusive right to their writings and dis- 
coveries. The rights of the latter class are secured by 
letters patent issued from the Patent Office in accordance 
witli acts of Congress. The office as now organized was 
established by act of July 4, iS}6. 

The building erected under the authority of that act it 
one of the most imposing in the citv of Washington. Is 



**■ 



X 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



411 



extends over two entire blocks, and is usen for storing 
and preserving- models, as well as for offices for the Com- 
missioner, clerks, and examiners. 

PATENT OFFICE LIBRARY. 

The library of the- Patent Office has vastly grown in 
importance within the last few years. It is not only 
needed and used as an absolute necessity by the examiners 
in the performance of theii duties, but it is now much 
consulted by inventors and those engag-ed in their inter- 
est. It is not an uncommon thing for persons to come 
from distant parts of the United States to consult books 
which can only be found in the Patent Office. The col- 
lection is now one of the best technical libraries in the 
world. 

PAY OF OFFICERS, EMPLOYES, ETC., IN THE 
DIFFERENT DIVISIONS OF THE INTERIOR 
DEPARTMENT. 

Assistant secretary, $3,500; chief clerk, $2,700; law 
clerk, $2,250; 6 chiefs of division, $2,000; 3 law clerks, 
$2,000; superintendent of documents, 1.900; stenographer, 
$1,800; captain of watch, $i,ooo; 5 government directors 
Union Pacific Railroad, honorary; director of g-eological 
survey, $5,ooo; superintendent "of census, $5,000; chief 
clerk of census. $2,000. 



spectors at $3,000, two special agents for Indian service 
at $2, coo, three entomologists at $},ooo, temporarily, and 
a considerable number of geologists and other skilled and 
unskilled persons on the geological surveys, at varying 
rates of pay. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

The Department of Agriculture was established by an 
act of Congress, approved May 15, 1S62. The act pro- 
vides that the department shall be located at the seat of 
government of the United States, and that its designs and 
duties shall be to acquire and to diffuse among- the people 
of the United States, useful information on subjects con- 
nected with agriculture, in the most general and compre- 
hensive sense of that word, and t> procure, propagate, 
and distribute among the people new and valuable seeds 
and plants. 

The chief executive offieer is the " Commissioner of 
Agriculture,' 1 who holds his office by a tenure similar to 
that of other civil officers appointed by the President. 
The Commissioner is to acquire and preserve in his de- 
partment all information concerning agriculture which he 
can obtain by means of books and correspondence, and by 
practical and scientific experiments (accurate records of 
which experiments shall be kept in his office), by the col- 
lection of statistics, and by any other appropriate means 




PATENT OFFICE. 



Patent Office. — Commissioner of patents, $4,500; as- 
sistant commissioner of patents, $3,000; chief clerk of 
patents, $2,250; 3 chief examiners, $3,000; examiner of in- 
terferences, $2,500; examiner of trademarks, $2,400; 8S 
examiners of patents, from $1,400 to $2,400; finance clerk 
of patents, librarian of patents, $2, 00c; machinist of 
patents, $1,600; 3 draughtsmen of patents, $1 200; com- 
missioner of land office. $4,000; chief clerk, recorder, law 
clerk, $2,000; 3 principal clerks, public lands, $i,Soo; 
draughtsman, land office, $1,600; assistant, $1,400; secre- 
tary, to sign land patents, $1,500. 

Pension Office. — Commissioner of pensions, $4,000; 
deputy commissioner of pensions, $2,400; medical referee 
of pensions, $2,250; chief clerk of pensions, $2, 00; 
auditor of railroad accounts $3,600: bookkeeper of rail- 
road accounts, $2,400; assistant, $2,000; railroad engineer, 
$2,000. 

Bureau of Indian Affairs — Commissioner of Indian 
affairs, ©3,600; chief clerk of Indian affairs, $2,000; sten- 
ograi her, $1,600. 

Bureau of Education. — Commissioner of education, 
$} 000; chief clerk of tilucation, $i,Soo; statistician of ed- 
ucation, $i.Soo; translator of education, $1,600. 

Employes, etc., in General.— 634 department clerks, 
from $000 to $i,Soo; messenger, $840; 10 attendants in 
model-room, $Soo; 76 laborers, from $480 to $060; 2 en- 
gineers, skilled workmen, $1,200; 2 assistant engineers, 
$1,000; 6 firemen, 42 w. tchmen; 34 messengers, $720. 

This department emnlovs a consider ible force of tem- 
porarv clerks, draughtsmen, etc. ; also three Indian in - 



within his power; to collect, as he may be able, new seeds 
and plants; to test, by cultivation, the value of such of 
them as may require such tests; to propagate such as 
may be worthy of propagation, and to distribute them 
among agriculturists. He annually makes a g-eneral re- 
port in writing of his acts to the President and to Con- 
gress, and he also makes special reports on particular 
subjects whenever required to do so by the President or 
either house of Congress, or whenever he thinks the sub- 
ject in his charge requires it. He directs and superintends 
the expenditure of all money appropriated by Congress to 
the department, and renders accounts thereof. 

The chief clerk, in the necessary absence of the Com- 
missioner, or whenever the office becomes vacant, per- 
forms the duties of the office. The Commissioner, under 
the provisions of Congress, appoints and employs chem- 
ists, botanists, entomologists, and other persons skilled in 
the natural sciences pertaining to agriculture. 

PAY OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES IN THE 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Commissioner of agriculture, $3,^00; chief clerk, super- 
intendent < f gardens, entomologist, statistician, $2,000; 
chemist, $3,000; 2 assistants, $',200 and $1/00; superin- 
tendent of seed division, botnnist, microscopist, $i,Soo; 
27 clerks, rom $•, 000 to $i,Soo; superintendent folding- 
ro~m, engineer, $1,200; lady superintendent seed-room, 
$ooo. 

A small number of extra clerks, and of copyists, mechan- 
ics, laborers, and occasional experts are employed. 



J 



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413 



LI BERT 'T AND UNION. 



^FnST-IIFFlEE IIEFflHTMENT, > 



THE POSTMASTER-GENERAL. 

The Postmaster- General has the direction and manage- 
ment of the Postoffice Department. He appoints all 
officers and employee of the Department, except the three 
Assistants Postmaster- General, who are appointed by 
the President, by and with the advice an 1 consent of the 
Senate; appoints all postmasters whose compensation 
does not exceed one thousand dollars; makes postal 
treaties with foreign governments, by and with the advice 
and consent ot the President; awards and executes con- 
tracts, and direcfs the management of the domestic and 
foreign mail service. 

THE FIRST ASSISTANT POSTMASTER-GEN- 
ERAL. 

The First Assistant Postmaster-General has charge of 
the Appointment Office, which includes five divisions, 
viz. : 

Appointment Division. — The duty of preparing all 
cases for the establishment, discontinuance, and change 
of name or site of postofhces, and for the appointment of 
all postmasters, agents, postal clerks, mail messengers, 
and department employes, and attending to all cor- 
respondence consequent thereto. 

Bond Division.— The duty of receiving and recording 
appointments; sending out papers for postmasters and 
their assistants to qualify; receiving, entering, and filing 
their bonds and oaths, and issuing the commissions for 
postmasters. 



course of the mails between the different sections of the 
country, the points of mail distribut on, and the regula- 
tionsforthe government of the domestic mail service. It 
prepares the advertisements for mail proposals, receives 
the bids, and has charge of the annual and occasional 
mail lettings, and the adjustment and execution of the con- 
tracts. All applications for the establishment or alteration 
of mail arrangements, and for mail messengers, should be 
sent to this office. All claims should be submitted to it 
for transportation service not under contract. From this 
office all postmasters at the end of routes receive the 
statement of mail arrangements prescribed for the 
respective routes. It reports weekly to the Auditor all 
contracts executed, and all orders affecting the accounts 
for mail transportation ; prepares the statistical exhibits 
of the mail serviee, and the reports to Congress of the 
mail lettings, giving a statement of each bid; also of the 
contracts made, the new service originated, the curtail- 
ments ordered, and the additional allowances granted 
with n the year. 

Inspection Division. — The duty of receiving and ex- 
amining the registers of the arrivals and departures of the 
mails, certificates of the service of route agents, and re- 
ports of mail failures; noting the delinquencies of con- 
tractors, and preparing cases thereon for the action of the 
Postmaster-General; furnishing blanks for mail registers, 
reports of mail failures, and other duties which may be 
necessary to secure a faithful and exact performance ot all 
mail service. 

Mail Equipment Division. — The issuing of mail locks 
and keys, mail pouches and sacks, and the construction of 
mail-bag catchers. 




UNITED STATES POST OFFICE. 



Salary and Allowance Division. — The auty of re- 
adjusting the salaries of postmasters, and the considera- 
tion of allowances for rent, fuel, light, clerk-hire, and 
other expenditures. 

Free Delivery. — The duty of preparing cases for the in- 
auguration of the system in cities, the appointment of 
letter-carriers, and the general supervision of the system. 

Blank Agency Division. — The duty of sending out the 
blanks, wrapping-paper and twine, letter-balances, and 
canceling-stamps to offices entitled to receive the same. 



THE SECOND ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GEN- 
ERAL. 

The Second Assistant Postmaster-General has charge 
of the Contract Office, mail equipments, etc., including 
the following three divisions: 

Contract Division. — The arrangement of the mail ser- 
vice of the United States, and placing the same under con- 
tract, embracing all correspondence and proceedings 
respecting the frequency of trips, mode of conveyance, 
and times of departures and arrivals on all the routes, (he 



THE THIRD ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GEN- 
ERAL. 

The Third Assistant Postmaster- General has charge of 
the Finance Office, etc., embracing the following four 
divisions- 
Division of Finance.— The duty of issuing drafts and 
warrants in payment of balances reported by the Auditor 
to be due to mail contractors or other persons; the super- 
intendence of the collection of revenue at depository, 
draft, and depositing offices, and the accounts between 
the Department and the Treasurer and Assistant Treas- 
urers and special designated depositories of the United 
States. This division r» ceives all accounts, monthly or 
quarterly, of the depository and draft offices, and certifi- 
cates of deposit from depositing offices. 

Division of Postage Stamps and Stamped Envelopes, 
—The issuing of postage-stamps, stamped envelopes, 
newspaper-wrappers and postal cards; also the supplying 
of postmasters with envelopes for their official use, "and 
registered -package envelopes and seals. 

Division of Bpeistered Letters. — The duty of prepar- 
ing instructions for the guidance of postmasters relative 



4-4* 



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LIBERTT AND UNION. 



4*3 



to registered letters, and all correspondence connected 
therewith; also the compilation of statistics as to the 
transactions of the business. 

Division of Dead Letters. — The examination and re- 
turn to the writers of dead letters and all correspondence 
relating- thereto. 

The Superintendent of Foreign Mails has charge ot 
all foreign postal arrangements, and the supervision ot 
the ocean mail steamship service. 

The Superintendent of the Money Order System has 
the general supervision and control of the postal money 
order system throughout the United States, and the super- 
vision of the international money order correspondence 
with foreign countries. 

PAY OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES OF THE POST 
OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 

Postofnce Department. — 3 assistant postmasters -gen- 
eral, $3,500; chief clerk, 4 chiefs of bureaus, chief of 
division, $2,000; 3 chief clerks«of division, law clerk, to- 
pographer, $2,250; 20 clerks, 1 stenographer, $i,Soo; 65 
clerks, $1,600; 53 clerks, $1,4.00; 7$ clerks, 1 carpenter, 
$1,200; 14 clerks, $1,0 o; 61 clerks, $900; superintendent 
of free delivery, disbursing clerk, $2,100; superintendent of 
foreign mails, superintendent of money order service, $3,- 
000; ensineer, $1,403; assistant, $000; fireman and black- 
smith, $900; fireman and si earn -fitter, $720; assistant 
carpenter, captain of watch $1,000; 15 watchmen, 11 mes- 
sengers, $720; 35 laborers, $660; 3 female laborers, $4So. 

Inspection Service. — 9 inspectors, $2,500; 9 inspectors, 
$1,600 and $5 per day for expenses; 6 inspectors, $1,600 
and $4 per day for expenses; iS inspectors, $1,500 and $4 
per day for expenses; 7 inspectors, $1,200 and $4 per day 
for expenses; 4 inspectors, $1,400 and $4 per day for ex- 
penses; inspector, $1,400; inspector, $1,200. 

Railway Mail Service. — General superintendent, $3,- 
500; 9 assistants, $2,500; assistant super. ntendent, $1,600 
and $5 per day for expenses; assistant superintendent, 
$1,600 and $4 per day for expenses ; assistant superintend- 
ent, $1,500 and $4 per day for expenses; assistant superin- 
tendent, $1,200 and $5 per day for expenses; assistant 
superintendent, $1 ,200 and $4 per day for expenses ; 72 route 
agents, $i,coo; 3 route agents, $93o; 49 route agents, 
$960; 85 route agents, $940; 26 route agents, $926; 894 
route agents, $900; 41 railway postal clerks, $1,400; 356 
railway postal clerks, $1,300; 443 postal clerks, $1,150; 17S 
railway postal clerks, $1,000; 69 railway postal clerks, 
$900. 

Supply Service.— 3 distributing agents for stamped en- 
velopes, postage stamps, and postal cards, $2,500; 15 
clerks, $1,000 to $j,Soo; delete clerk, $i,Soo. 

In addition to the above there are at present some 130 
local mail agents, with salaries from $100 to $i,Soo per 
year, and a larger amount of mail route messengers, with 
salaries from $100 to $3So per year. Besides these are the 
mail contractors, 5,600 or 5,700 in number. 

UNITED STATES POSTAL REGULATIONS. 

First-Class Mail Matter.— Letters. — This class in- 
cludes letters and anything of which the Postmaster can- 
not ascertain the contents without destroying the wrapper, 
or anything unsealed which may be wholly or partly in 
writing, except manuscript for "publication accompanied 
by proof-sheets. Postage, 3 cents each half ounce, or for 
each fraction above half an ounce. On local or drop- 
letters, at free deliver}' offices, 2 cents. At offices where 
no free delivery by carriers, 1 cent. 

Postal cards, 1 cent. Postal cards and letters go to 
Canada same as in United States. 

Registered letters, io cents in addition to the proper 
postage. 

The Postofnce Department or its revenue is not by law 
liable for the loss of any registered or other mail matter. 

Second Class.— Regular Publications.— This class 
includes all newspapers, periodicals, or matter exclusively 
in print and regularly issued at stated periods from a 
known office of publication or news agency. Postage, 2 
cents a pound or fraction thereof. 

Third Class. — Miscellaneous Printed Matter. — 
Mailable matter of the third class includes books, tran- 
sient newspapers and periodicals, circulars, and other 



matter wholly in print (not of the second class), proof- 
sheets, corrected proof-sheets, and manuscript copy ac- 
companying the same; and postage shall be paid at the 
rate of I cent for each two ounces or fractional part 
thereof, and shall fully be prepaid by postage stamps 
affixed to said matter. 

Upon matter of the third class, or upon the wrapper 
inclosing the same, the sender may write his own name 
or address thereon, with the word " from " above and 
preceding- the same, and in either case may make simple 
marks intended to design a word or passage of the text to 
which it is desired to call attention. There may be placed 
upon the cover or blank leaves of any book, or of an}- 
printed matter of the third class, a simple manuscript 
dedication or inscription that does not partake of the na- 
ture of a personal correspondence. . Address, date, and 
signature may be written in printed circulars; but bills, 
statements, and other commercial papers, partly in 
writing, must be prepaid at letter rates. 

All packages of matter cf the third class must be so 
wrapped or enveloped that their contents may be readily 
and thoroughly examined by postmasters without destroy- 
ing the wrappers. 

Matter of the third class inclosed in sealed envelopes, 
notched at the ends or sides, or with the corners cut off, 
cannct be mailed except at letter postage rates. 

Packages of matter of this class may weigh not exceed- 
ing four pounds, except in case of single books weighing 
in excess of that amount. 

"Printed matter" is defined to be the reproduction 
upon paper, by any process except that of handwriting, of 
any -words, letters, characters, figures, or images, or of 
any combination thereof, not having the character of an 
actual and personal correspondence. This includes pho- 
tographs and matter produced by the hektograph or 
electric pen. 

Fourth Class. — Merchandise, Samples, etc. — Mail- 
able matter of the fourth class includes all matter not em- 
braced in the first, second, or third class, which is not in 
its form or nature liable to destroy, deface, or otherwise 
damage the contents of the mail-bag, or harm the person 
of any one engaged in the postal service. 

All matter of the fourth class is subject to a postage 
charge at the rate of 1 cent an ounce or fraction thereof, to 
be prepaid by stamps affixed. 

Upon any package of matter of the fourth class the 
sender may write or print his own name and address, pre- 
ceded by the word "from,'" and there may also be 
written or printed the number and names of the articles 
inclosed ; and the sender thereof may write upon, or at- 
tach to any such article, by tag or label, a single mark, 
number, name, or letter, for purpose of identification 
only. 

All packages of matter of the fourth class must be so 
wrapped or enveloped that their contents may be readily 
and thoroughly examined by postmasters without de- 
stroying the wrappers; but seeds or other articles liable, 
from their form or nature, to loss or damage unless 
specially protected, may be inclosed in unsealed bags or 
boxes which can readilv be opened for examination of the 
contents, and re-closed; or sealed b2gs made of material 
sufficiently transparent to show the contents clearly with- 
out opening, may be used for such matters. 

Packages of matter of this class may weigh not ex- 
ceeding four pounds. 

Miscellaneous. — Newspapers to persons not subscrib- 
ers from office of publication, or from one person to an- 
other, to be prepaid by stamps — one cent for two ounces 
or fraction thereof. 

One or more newspapers may be inclosed in the same 
package and sent at the same rate. 

Letters can be forwarded from one postoffice to another 
(as in the case of removal, etc.) at the request of the party 
addressed, without extra charge. "Return letters" are 
also sent back to the writers, free, on expiration of days 
named in request. 

All letters not claimed in one month from their receipt, 
or returned to writer, are forwarded to the Dead Letter 
Office. 

No packages forwarded in mails weighing over four 
pounds, except single books weighing in excess thereof. 

To inclose or conceal a letter or written matter in a 
newspaper, magazine, or other print, subjects the entire 
package to letter postage, and the sender to a fine of $10. 

All communications from private citizens to Govern- 
ment officers, and to members of Congress, are required to 
be prepaid by stamps. 



i 



414 



LIBERT T AND UJYIOAT 



Foreign Postage. — Letters at 5 cents per half ounce, 
prepayment optional (postal cards, 2 cents each), and 
printed matter and samples, 1 cent per 2 ounces to all 
countries belonging to the "Universal Postal Union," 
which embraces all parts of Europe and the colonies of 
the principal European powers; also Mexico, Cuba, 
Ecuador, Brazil, Uraguay, Venezuela, Argentine Repub- 
lic, Chili, Peru, Japan, Hong Kong, Egypt, Liberia, 
Hayti, Newfoundland, Canada, and other places of less 
importance. (Postage to Canada is 3 cents per half 
ounce for letters, and 1 cent per 2 ounces for printed mat- 
ter.) 

APPOINTMENTS BY THE POSTMASTER 
GENERAL. 

For an Unlimited Term. 

Appointment Clerk, Assistant Attorney-General for 
Postoffice Department, carpenters, chief clerk to the 
Postmaster-General, chief clerks to. Assistant Postmas- 
ters-General, chief clerk to Superintendent of Foreign 
Mails, chief clerk to Superintendent of Money Order 
System, Chief of Division of Dead Letters, Chief of 
Division of Inspection, Chief of Division of Mail Depre- 
dations, Chief of Div sion of Postage Stamps, Chief of 
Special Agents, clerks (fourth, third, second, first classes 
— $1,000 and $900 classes), disbursing clerk and superin- 
tendent of the building, engineers, firemen, fireman and 
blacksmith, fireman and steam-fitter, laborers (male and 
female), law clerk. 

Letter-Carriers. — Letter-carriers are appointed by the 
Postmaster-General, on the nomination and recommenda- 
tion of the local postmaster. 

LocalMail Agents. — By the Postmaster-General, on 
the nomination of the local postmaster: Messengers, post- 
masters of the fourth class, railway postal clerks, route 
agents, special agents, stenographer to the Postmaster- 
General, superintendent of the Blank Agency, assistant 
superintendents of the Blink Agency, superintendent of 
free delivery, superintendent of money order system, 
superintendent of railway mail service, topographer, 
watchmen. Clerks and other employes in postoffices are 
appointed by the postmasters. 

Superintendents of Mails. — Clerks in Postoffices of 
the first and second classes to superintend the distribution 
of the mail, are appointed bv the Postmaster-General, on 
the nomination of the General Superintendent of the 
Railway Mail Service. 



THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 



UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. 

The Supreme Court consists of a Chief-Justice and 
eight Associate Justices. 

A Clerk and a Marsha' are appointed by the Court. 

The Clerk receives fees for the performance of the 
duties of his office, and, unlike other court clerks, there is 
no maximum fixed of the amount of fees to be retained by 
him. 

The Supreme Court must hold one regular term a year, 
commencing on the second Monday in October, and such 
special terms as may be necessary. 

JURISDICTION OF THE SUPREME COURT. 

Exclusive jurisdiction of all controversies of a civil 
nature where a Slate is a party, except between a State 
and its citizens, or between a State and citizens of other 
States, or aliens, in which latter cases it shall have 
original, but not exclusive jurisdiction. 

Exclusively of suits or proceedings against ambassadors 
or other public ministers, or theb domestic servants; and 
original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all suits brought 
by ambassadors or other public ministers, or in which a 
consul or vice-consul is a party. 

It has power to issue writs of prohibition in the District 
Courts when proceeding as courts of admiralty and mari- 
time jurisdiction, and writs of mandamus in cases war- 
ranted by the principles and usages of law, to any United 
States courts, or to persons holding office under the 
United States, where a State or an ambassador or other 
public minister or consul or vice-consul is a party. 

Appeals from the Circuit and District Courts. 



UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURTS. 

The judicial districts of the United States are divided 
into nine circuits, as follows: 

The first circuit includes the districts of Rhode Island, 
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. 

The second, Vermont, Connecticut, and New York 

The third, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. 

The fourth, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North 
Carolina, and South Carolina. 

The fifth, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, 
Louisiana, and Texas. 

The sixth, Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee. 

The seventh, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. 

The eighth, Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, 
Kansas, and Arkansas. 

The ninth, California, Oregon and Nevada. 

ALLOTMENTS. 

The Chief-Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme 
Court are allotted among the circuits by an order of the 
Court. 

For each circuit a circuit judge is appointed, with a sal- 
ary of $6,000 a year. 

Circuit courts are held by the circuit justice or by the 
circuit judge of the circuit, or by the district judge sitting 
alone, or by any two of the said judges sitting together. 

The Chit f Justice and each Justice of the Supreme Court 
must attend at least one term of the Circuit Court in each 
district of the Circuit to which he is allotted during every 
two years. 

A clerk is appointed for each Circuit Court by the Cir- 
cuit Judge. 

SALARIES OF OFFICERS, ETC., OF THE JUDICIAL 
DEPARTMENT. 

Supreme Court. — Chief-justice, $10,500; eight associ- 
ates, $10,000; clerk (estimated emoluments), $25,000; re- 
porter, about $4,000; marshal, $3,500; clerks, messengers, 
bailiffs, ct'-., at varying r .tes. 

Court of Claims. — Chief-Justice, $4,500; 4 associates, 
$4,500; clerk, $3,000; assistant, $2,000; bailiffs, messen- 
gers, etc. 

Stipreme Court of District of Columbia. — Chief-just- 
ice, $1,500; 5 associates, $4,000; clerk, district attorney, 
marshal, register of wills, fees; deputy clerks and mar- 
shals, bailiffs, attendants, etc., in varying number and 
rate, from $2,500 to $500 per year. 



DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 

The ordinary business of this office may be classified 
under the following heads : 

1. Official opinions on the current business of the gov- 
ernment, as called for by the President, by any hea'd of 
department, or by the Solicitor of the Treasury". 

2. Examination of the titles of all land purchased, as 
the sites of arsenals, custom-houses, lighthouses, and all 
other public works of the United States. 

3. Applications for p irdons in all cases of conviction in 
the courts of the United States. 

4. Application for appointment in all the judicial and 
legal business of the government. 

5. The conduct and argument of all suits in the Supreme 
Court of the United States in which the government is 
concerned. 

6. The supervision of all other suits arising in an}* of 
the departments, when referred by the head thereof to the 
Attorney General. 

To these ordinary heads of the business of the office is 
added at the present time the direction of all appeals on 
land claims in California. 

PAY OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES IN THE 
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 

Solicitor-general, $7,000; 3 assistant attorneys-general, 
$5,000; solicitor of the treasury, solicitor of internal rev- 
enue, $4,500; assistant attorney-general for postoffice de- 
partment, $4,000; examiner of claims in department of 
state, $3,500; law clerk, $2,700; chief clerk, $2,200; 9 
clerks, from $1,200 to $2,000; stenographer, $1,800; tele- 
graph operator, $1,000; 5 copyists, $900; 2 messengers, 2 
watchmen, $720; 2 laborers, $660. 



t 



LIBERT 7' AND UNION. 



4 T 5 



UNITED STATES MINT. 

The Constitution (article i, section 8) gives Congress 
the sole power to coin money, and regulate the value 
thereof. The act of April 2, 1792, provided that a mint 
for the purpose of national coinage should be established 
and carried on at the seat of government of the United 
States, which was then at Philadelphia. Subsequent 
acts continued the mint at the same place temporarily, 
until by act of May 19. 1828, its location was permanently 
fixed in that city. 

The officers of the mint are — a Director, a Treasurer, an 
Assa\er, a Melter and Refiner, a Chief Coiner, and an 
Engraver. These offic. rs are appointed by the President 
cf the United States, by and with the advice and consent 
of the Senate. 

The Director has the control and management of the 
mint, the superintendence of the officers and persons em- 
ployed, and the general regulation and supervision of the 
several branches. 

The Treasurer receives all moneys for the use or sup- 
port of the mint, and all bullion brought to the mint for 
coinage; he has the custody ot the same, except while 
legally in the hands of other officers; and on the warrant 
of thedirector, he pays all moneys due by the mint, and 
delivers all coins struck at the mint to the persons to 
whom they are legally payable, 

The Assayer assays all metals used in coinage, and all 
coins, whenever required by the operations of the mint, or 
instructed by the Director. 

The Melter and Refiner conducts the operations neces- 
sary to form ingots of standard silver and gold suitable for 
the'Chief Coiner. 

The Chief Coiner conducts the operations necessary to 
form coins from the ingots, etc., delivered to him for the 
purpose. 

The Engraver prepares and engraves with the legal 
device and inscription all the dies used in the coinage of 
the mint and its branches. 

Besides the mint at Philadelphia, Congress has, from 
time to time, established branches and an Assay Office at 
the following places: 
At New Orleans, for the coinage of gold 

and silver March 3,1835 

At Charlotte, North Carolina, for the coin- 
age of gold only March 3, 1835 

At Dahlonega, Georgia, for gold only March 3,1835 

At San Francisco, California, for gold and 

silver July 3, 185* 

At Denver, Colorado Territory, for gold 

and silver April 21,1862 

At Carson City, Nevada, for gold and 

silver March 3, 1803 

At New York City, an Assay Office for 

the receipt, melting, refining, parting, 

and assaying of gold and silver bullion 

and foreign coin, and for casting the 

same into bars, ingots, or disks March 3,1853 

At Dallas Citv Oregon, for gold and siver. July 4,1864 



UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY. 

The coast survey has for its object the production ot 
accurate charts of the coasts and harbors of the United 
States. With a shore line, including bays and islands, 
and exclusive of Alaska, of more than "21,000 miles in 
length, and with a commerce extending to all parts of the 
world, and rapidly increasing, the importance to the coun- 
try of this branch of the public service will be readily ap- 
preciated. 

The work -was commenced on the Eastern or Atlantic 
coast in 1S22, under the superintendence of Professor F. 
R. Hassler, and after his death in 1843, was continued 
under the superintendence of late Professor Alexander D. 
Bache, and extended to the Gulf of Mexico. On the ac- 
quisition of California, the Pacific coast was included in 
the survev, and since the treaty with Russia, by which 
Alaska was brought under the Government of the United 
States, the survey has been extended to that Territory. 
The whole work is under the administrative direction of 
the Treasury Department. Upon the superintendent de- 
volves the duty of planning its operations, for the scientific 
accuracy of which he is responsible. The corps of assist- 
ants is composed of three classes — civilians, and army and 
navy officers. The work is divided into three branches 
— the geodetic survey accurately determines the relative 
positions on the surface of the earth of a great number of 



prominent points, by a system of triangulation and ob- 
servation of the true meridian lines, and of latitude and 
longitude. The positions fixed by the triangulation form 
the groundwork of the topographic survey, which deline- 
ates the shore-line of the coasts, bays, and rivers; the 
shape and heights of the hills; the position of the roads, 
houses, 'woods, marshes, and fields — in short, all note- 
worthy features of the country. The hydrographic 
survey, based upon the points and shore-lines furnished 
by the triangulation and topography, delineates the hid- 
den configuration of the sea bottom, discovers channels, 
shoals, and rocks, assigns their true position, and shows 
the depth of water and character of the bottom over the 
whole extent of the chart. 

The observations made in the progress of the survey are 
arranged and published with illustrative plates, topo- 
graphic maps, and hydrographic charts. 



FREEDMAN'S BUREAU. 

The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned 
Lands was established March 3, 1865, and attached to the 
War Department. By its terms the law was limited to 
one year after the close of the rebellion. On the 16th day 
of July, A. D. 1866, the law was amended and continued 
in force for two years, and aeain, on the 25th of July, 
1868, an act was passed continuing the educati nal depart- 
ment of the Bureau, and the collections and payments of 
money due soldiers and sailors or their heirs, until other- 
wise ordered by Congress, but the other operations of the 
Bureau were to be withdrawn from the reconstructed 
States on the 1st of January, 1868. 

Major-General O. O. Howard was appointed Commis- 
sioner of the Bureau on the 12th of May, 1865, and en- 
tered upon his duties on the 15th. Ten assistant commis- 
sioners were appointed in the different States embraced 
under the Bureau. With one exception, these were 
officers in the army, who were changed from time to time 
as changes were made in the different military depart- 
ments. 

The Bureau was organized with four departments, em- 
bracing that of Lands, Records, Financial Affairs, and 
the Medical Department, The Claim Division was subse- 
quently organized under the head of the Land Department. 

The "Bureau at first had supervision of farming property 
only, butthe orders issued under the act by the President 
on "the 2d day of July, 1865, and by the Secretary of the 
Treasury soon after, placed the Bureau in charge of all 
real property -which bad been abandoned, captured, or 
confiscated, including building lots in cities and towns, as 
well as plantations and farms. 

As soon as possible after its organization, the Land 
Division proceeded to ascertain as accurately as possible 
the amount and character of the property committed to its 
charge . 



DIPLOMATIC SERVICE. 

Ministers to France, Germany, Great Britain and 

Russia ". $17,500 

Ministers to Austria, Brazil, China, Italy, Japan, 

Mexico, and Spain 12,000 

Ministers to Central America, Chili, and Peru 10,000 



DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR OFFICERS. 

Diplomatic and consular officers must not be absent 
from their posts more than ten days in one year, without 
leave obtained from the President, and then only for sixty 
days, not including the time spent in the round journey if 
the officer visits his home. 

The pay of a diplomatic or consular officer is calculated 
from the time when he begins to receive his instructions; 
but not more than thirty days time is allowed to this 
business, and he must take the most direct route to his 
station. On his return home, time is allowed for the 
return journey by the most direct route, unless he has 
resigned, or been recalled, because of official misconduct. 

Allowances for clerical service are made to a consider- 
able number of the larger consulates. 

The thirteen consular clerks hold office during good 
behavior after appointment. 

The consular offices compensated only by fees, are 
usually sought and filled by persons who desire to hold 
the offices and live at the stations for purposes of business, 
health, or pleasure, and not for the emoluments of the 
offices themselves. 



4io 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



Ministers to Argentine Confederation, Belgium, 
Colombia, Hawaiian Islands, Hayti, Nether- 
lands, Sweden, Turkey, and Venezuela $7>5oo 

Ministers to Bolivia, Denmark, Paraguay, Portugal, 

and Switzerland $,000 

Minister to Liberia 4,000 

Secretary and Interpreter of Legation at Pekin 5,000 

Secretary of Legation at Constantinople 3>ooo 

Secretaries of Legation at Paris, Berlin, London, 

and St. Petersburg VJ25 

Secretary of Legation at Yeddo ... 2,500 

Interpreter at Yeddo . 2,500 

Second Secretaries at Paris, Berlin, and London. .. 2,000 
Secretaries of Legation at Madrid, Mexico, Rio de 

Janeiro, Rome, and Vienna. .. i,Soo 

CONSULAR SERVICE. 

CONSULS NOT PERMITTED TO TRADE. 

Havana, Liverpool, London, Paris, Rio de Janeiro $6,000 

Calcutta and Shanghai 5i oco 

Melbourne 4>5°° 

Berlin, Bucharest, Cairo, Hong-Kong, Honolulu, 

Montreal 4,000 

Amoy, Callao, Canton, Chin-Kiang, Foo-Chow, 

Hankow, Ningpo, and Tien-Tsin... . 3>5°° 

Aspinwall, Bangkok, Bradford, Buenos Ayres, De- 
merara, Frankfort, Glasgow, Havre, Hiogo, 
Manchester, Matanzas, Nagasaki, Osaka, 
Panama, Rome, Tangiers, Tripoli, Tunis, Val- 
paraiso, Vera Cruz, Vienna 3> 000 

Antwerp, Belfast, Birmingham, Bordeaux, Bremen, 
Brussels, Cienfuegos, Dresden, Hamburg, 
Lyons, Marseilles, Santiago de Cuba, Saint 

Thomas, Sheffield, Singapore, Tunstall 2,500 

Acapulco, Barmen, Basle, Beirut, Cardiff, Chem- 
nitz, Coaticook, Cologne, Cork, Dublin, Dun- 
dee, Halifax, Hamilton, Kingston, Leeds, Leip- 
sic, Leith, Lisbon, Matamoras, Mexico City, 
Montevideo, Nassau, Nuremberg, Odessa, Per- 
nambucf, Port Louis, Prague, Rotterdam, St. 
John, St. Petersburg, San Juan, Smyrna, Soi\ne- 

berg, Tamatave, Toronto, Trieste, Zurich 2,000 

Amsterdam, Auckland, Barbadoes, Barcelona, 
Bahia, Bermuda, Bristol, Cadiz, Capetown, 
Charlottetown, Clifton, Copenhagen, Fayal, 
Florence, Fort Erie, Funchal. Geneva, Genoa, 
Gibraltar, Goderich, Jerusalem, Kingston 
(Canada), Laguayra, Leghorn, Liege, Mahe, 
Malaga, Mannheim, Martinique, Messina, Mu- 
nich, Naples, Newcastle, Nice, Palermo, Pic- 
tou, Port Sarnia, Port Stanley, Prescott, Que- 
bec, St. Helena, St. John's (Canada), San 
Domingo, Stuttgart, Tampico, Verviers, Wind- 
sor, Winnipeg 1)500 

CONSULS PERMITTED TO TRADE. 

Apia, Batavia, Cape Haytien, Ceylon, Gaspi-Basin, 
Guayaquil, Guaymas, Honduras, Nantes, Para, 
Rio Grande de Sul, Sabanilla, Santiago, Tahiti, 
Talcahuana, Utilla, Venice, Windsor (Nova 
Scotia), Zanzibar , 1,000 

CONSULS ANO COMMERCIAL AGENTS PERMITTED TO 

TRADE, AND COMPENSATED ONLY BY 

FEES COLLECTED. 

Algiers, Alicante, Amapala, Antigua, Archangel, 
Baracoa, Bathurst, Belize, Bergen, Bogota, 
Bombay, Breslau, Brunswick, Buena Ventura, 
Camargo, Carrara, Castelamare, Carthagena, 
Chihuahua, Christiana, Ciudad, Bolivar, Colo- 
nia, Coquimbo, Cordoba, Corunna, Crefeld, 
Curacoa, Denia, Falmouth, Galatz, Garrucha, 
Geestemund, Ghent, Gottenburg, Grand Basso, 
Guerrero, Guadaloupe, Guatemala, Helsing- 
fors, Hobart-Town, Iloilo, Laguna, Lambaye- 



que, La Paz, La Rochelle, La Union, London- 
derry, Malta, Manila, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, 
Maracaibo, Medellin, Merida, Mier, Milan, 
Minatitlan, Monterey, Moscow, New Chwang, 
Nottingham, Nuevo Laredo, Oajaca, Ottawa, 
Pudang, Pago-Pago, Paramaribo, Paso del 
Norte, Patras. Pesth, Piedras Nigras, Ply- 
mouth, Ponre Port Stanley, Presidio del Norte, 
Puerto Cabello, Rheims, Rio Hacha, Rosario, 
Rouen, Sagua la Grande, St. Bartholomew, 
St. Christopher, St. Galle, St. George's, St. 
Helen's, St. John's, St. Marc, St. Martin, St. 
Pierre, Samana, San Andres, San Bias, San 
Jose, San Juan del Sur, Santa Martha, Santand- 
er, Santos, Sierra Leone, Sonsonate, Stan- 
bridge, Stockholm, Sydney, Teneriffe, Tetuan, 
Trinidad, Victoria, Warsaw, Zacatecas. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

13 Consular Clerks , 

Interpreter at Shanghai 

Interpreter at Foo-Chow, Kanagawa, and Tien- 
Tsin 

Interpreters at Amoy, Canton, Hankow, and 

Hong-Kong 

12 Interpreters in China, Japan, Siam, and Turkey 
S Marshals of Consular Courts in China, Japan, 

and Turkey...'. Fees and 

Dispatch Agent at New York 

Dispatch Agent at London 



51,000 
2,000 



,500 
75° 



1,000 
1,000 
2,000 



Statistics of Religious Denominations in the 
United States. 

Roman Catholic -. .6,174,204 

Baptist 2,13^049 

Methodist i,6So,773 

M. E. South.... S2S,oio 

Lutheran 684,577 

Presbyterian 573>37$ 

Christian 5^7,445 

Congregational 383,686 

Protestant Episcopal 3 2 3> s 77 

Un'ted Brethren iS5>43 2 

Reformed Church in U. S 154,740 

United Evangelical 144,000 

Presbyterian South ii9'97° 

Protestant Methodist 118,175 

Cumberland Presbyterian m,$57 

Mormon 1 10,377 

Evangelical Association 99,600 

The Brethren 90,006 

United Presbyterian , 80,237 

Reformed Church in America 78>9 X 6 

Freewill Baptists 76>7°3 

Friends 67,640 

Second Adventist 63,500 

Anti-Mission Baptist 40,000 

Universalist 37.945 

Church of God 20,224 

Wesleyan Methodist i7, 8 47 

Moravian J 6,n5 

Seventh Day Adventist H>73 2 

Jews i3» 68 3 

Free Methodist 12,120 

Adventist 11,100 

Reformed Episcopal 10,459 

Seventh Day Baptist S,6o6 

Reformed Presbyterian 6,020 

New Jerusalem 4>734 

Primitive Methodist 3,37° 

New Mennonite 2 '§^2 

American Communities 2 > 8 3° 

Shaker 2 »4 co 

Independent Methodist 2 ' 10 3 

Six Principle Baptist 2 >°7° 




tr 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



417 



BRIEF HISTORY OF NATIONAL POLITICAL CONVENTIONS. 



National Conventions for the nomination 01 can- 
didates for President and Vice-President are of compara- 
tively recent origin. In the earlier political history of the 
United States, under the Federal Constitution, candidates 
for President and Vice-President were nominated by con- 
gressional and legislative caucuses. Washington was 
elected as first President under the Constitution, and re- 
elected for .1 second term by a unanimous or nearly i.nan- 
i ous concurrence of the American people; but an oppo- 
sition party gradu, lly grew up in Congress, which be- 
came formidable during its second term, and which ulti- 
mately crystalized into what was then called the Repub- 
lican party. John Adams, of Massachusetts, w;is promi- 
nent among the leading Federalists, while Tr.omas Jeffer- 
son, of Virginia, w2s pre-eminently the author and oracle 
of the Republican party, and, by common consent, they 
were the opposing candidates for the Presidency, on 
Washington's retirement in 1796- 7, 

The first Congressional caucus to nominate candidates 
fnr President and Vice-President, is said to have been 
held in Philadelphia, in the year 1S00, and to have 
nominated Mr. Jefferson for the first office and Aaron 
Burr for the second. These candidates were elected after 
a desperate struggle, beating John Adams, and Charles C. 
Pinckney, of South Carolina. In 1S04, Mr. Jefferson was 
re-elected President, with George Clinton, of New York, 
for Vice, encountering but slight opposition; Messrs. 
Charles C. Pinckney and Rufus King, the opposing can- 
didates, receiving only 14 out of 176 electoral votes. We 
have been unable to find any record as to the manner of 
their nomination. 

In January, 1808, when Mr. Jefferson's second term was 
about to close, a Republican Congressional Caucus was 
held at Washington to decide as to the relative claims of 
Madison and Monroe for the succession, the Legislature 
of Virginia, which had been said to exert a potent 
influence over such questions, being, on this occasion, un- 
able to agree as to which of her favored sons should have 
the preference. Ninety-four cut of the 136 Republican 
members of Congress attended this caucus, aud declared 
their preference of Mr. Madison who received 83 votes, 
the remaining n votes being divided between Mr. Mon- 
roe and George Clinton. The opposition supported Mr , 
Pinckney, but Mr. Madison was elected by a large ma- 
jority. 

Toward the close of Mr. Madison's earlier term he was 
nominated for re-election by a Congressional Caucus, held 
at Washington in May, 18 12. In September of the 
same year, a convention of the opposition, representing 
eleven States, was held in the city of New York, which 
nominated De Witt Clinton, of New York, for President. 
He was also pnt in nomination hy the Republican Legis- 
lature of New York. The ensuing canvass resulted in 
the re-election of Mr. Madison, who received 128 electoral 
votes to 89 for De Witt Clinton. 

In 1816, the Republican Congressional Caucus nomi- 
nated James Monroe, who received in the caucus 6<Jyotes, 
to 54 for Wm. H. Crawford, of G*eorgia. The opposition, 
or Federalists, named Rufus King, of New York, who 
received only 34. electoral votes out of 217. There was no 
opposition to the re-election of Mr. Monroe in 1820, a single 
(Republican) vote being cast against him, and for John 
Quincy Adams. 

In 1824, the Republican party could not be induced to 
abide by the decision of a Cougressional Caucus. A 
large majority of the Republican members formally re- 
fused to participate in such a gathering, or be governed 
by its decision; still a caucus was called, and attended by 
the friends of Mr. Crawford alone. Of the 261 members 
of Congress at this time, 216 were Democrats or Repub- 
licans; yet only 66 responded to their names at roll call, 64 
of whom voted for Mr. Crawford as the Republican nom- 
inee for President. This nomination was very extensively 
repudiated throughout the country, and three competing 
Republican candidates were brought into the field through 
legislative and other machinery, vi?.: Andrew Jackson, 
Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. The result of this 



famous " scrub race " for the Presidency, was that no one 
wae elected by the people, Gen. Jackson receiving 99 
electoral votes, Mr. Adams S4, Mr. Crawford 41, and Mr. 
Clay 37. The election then devolved upon the House of 
Representatives, when Mr. Adams was chosen, receiving 
the votes of 13 States, against 7 for Gen. Jackson, and 4 
for Mr. Crawford. This was the end of ' King Caucus." 
Gen. Jackson was immediately thereafter put in nomi- 
nation tor the ensuing term by the Legislature of Tennes- 
see, having only Mr. Adams for an opponent in 1828, 
when he was elected by a decided majority, receiving )7S 
electoral votes, to S3 for Mr. Adams, 

The first political National Convention in this country 
of which we have any record was held at Philadelphia in 
September, 1830, styled the United States Anti-Masonic 
Convention. It was composed of 06 delegates. Francis 
Granger, of New York, presided, but no business was 
transacted. 

In compliance with its call, a National Anti-Masonic 
Convention was held at Baltimore in September, 183 1, 
which nominated William Wirt, of Maryland, for Presi- 
dent, and Amos Ellmaker, of Pennsylvania, for Vice- 
President. 

The candidates accepted the nomination, and received 
the electoral vote of Vermont only. 

There was no open opposition in the Democratic Party 
to the nomination of Gen. Jackson for a second term in 
1833, but the party was not so well satisfied with Mr. Cal- 
houn, the Vice-President, so a convention was called to 
meet at Baltimore, in May, 1S32, to nominate a candidate 
for the second office. 

Mr. Van Buren received more than two-thirds of all the 
votes cast, and was declared nominated. 

The National Republicans met in convention at Balti- 
more, December 12, 1831. Seventeen States and the 
District of Columbia were represented by 157 delegates, 
who cast a unanimous vote for Henry Clay, of Kentucky, 
for President. 

In May, 1835, a Democratic National Convention, rep- 
resenting twenty-one States, assembled at Bait. more. A 
rule was adopted that two-thirds of the whole number of 
votes should be necessary to make a nomination, or to de- 
cide any question connec ed therewith. On the first bal- 
lot for President Mr. Van Buren was nominated unani- 
mously, receiving 265 votes. 

In 1835, Gen. William H. Harrison was nominated for 
President, with Francis Granger for Vice-President, by a 
Whig State Convention at Harrisburg, Pa. Gen. Harri- 
son also received nomination in Maryland, New York, 
Ohio and other States. 

A Whig National Convention, representing twenty-one 
States, met at Harrisburg, Pa., December 4, 1839. James 
Barbour, of Virginia, presided, and the result of the 
first ballot was the nomination of Gen. William H. Harri- 
son, of Ohio, who received 14S votes to 90 for Henry Clay, 
and 16 for Gen. Winfield Scott. John Tyler, of Virginia, 
was unanimously nominated as the Whig candidate for 
Vice-President. 

A Convention of Abolitionists was held at Warsaw, N. 
Y., on the 13th of November, 1839, and nominated for 
Presidentjames G. Birney, of New York, and for Vice- 
President, Francis J. Lemoyne, of Pennsylvania. These 
gentlemen declined the nomination. Nevertheless they 
received a total of 7,609 votes in various Free States. 

A Democratic National Convention met at Baltimore, 
May 5, 1S40, to nominate candidates for President and 
Vice-President. The Convention then unanimously nom- 
inated Mr. Van Buren for re-election as President. 

A Whig National Convention assembled in Baltimore 
on the 1st of May, 1S4*, at which every State in the Union 
was represented, and Mr. Clay was nominated for Presi- 
dent by acclamation. 

A Democratic National Convention assembled at Balti- 
more on the 27th of May, 1844, adopted the two-thirds 
rule, and, after a stormy session of three days, James 
K. Polk, of Tennessee, was nominated for President, and 
Silas Wright, of New York, for Vice-President. Mr. 



S3 — 



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LrBERTT AND UNION. 



Wright declined the nomination, and George M. Dallas, 
of Pennsylvania, was selected. 

The Liberty Party National Convention met at Buffalo 
on the 30th of August, 1S43. James G. Birney, of Michi- 
gan, was unanimously nominated for President, with 
Thomas Morris, of Ohio, for Vice-President. 

A Whig National Convention met at Philadelphia on 
the 7th of June, 1S4S. After a rather stormy session of 
three days, Gen. Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, was nom- 
inated for President, and Millard Fillmore, of New York, 
for Vice-President. 

The Demoeratic National Convention for 1S48 assem- 
bled in Baltimore on the 22d of May. The two-thirds 
rule was adopted, and Gen. Lewis Cass was nominated 
for President on the fourth ballot. 

On the 9th of August. 1848. a free Democratic or Free 
Soil Convention was heid at Buffalo, which was attended 
by delegates from seventeen States. Charles Francis 
Adams, of Massachusetts, presided, and the Convention 
nominated Messrs. Van Buren and Adams as candidates 
for President and Vice-President. 

The Whig National Convention of 1S52 assembled at 
Baltimore on the 16th of June, and after an exciting session 
of six days, nominated Gen. Winfield Scott as President, 
on the fifty-third ballot. 

The Democratic Convention of 1S52 assembled at Balti- 
more on the 1st of June, and the two-thirds rule was 
adopted. Gen. Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, was 
nominated for President on the forty-ninth ballot. 

The Free Soil Democracy held aNational Convention 
at Pittsburg, on the nth of August, 1852, Henry Wilson, 
of Massachusetts, presiding. All the Free States were 
represented, with Delaware, Virginia. Kentucky and 
Maryland. John P. Hale, of New Hampshire, was nomi- 
nated for President, with George W. Julian, of Indiana, 
for Vice-President. 

The Republican National Convention of 1856 met at 
Philadelphia on the 17th of June. Col. John C. Fremont 
was uuanimouslv nominated, having received 359 votes on 
the first ballot aga'nst 196 for John McLean. 

On February 22d, 1856, the American National Nomi- 
nating Convention organized at Philadelphia, with 227 
delegates in attendance. Mllard Fillmore was declared 
to be the nominee, with Andrew Jackson Donelson, of 
Tennessee, for Vice-President. 

The Democratic National Convention of 1856 met at 
Cincinnati on the 2d of June, and nominated James Bu- 
chanan on the seventeenth ballot. John C. Breckinridge, 
of Kentucky, was unanimously nominated for Vice- 
President. 

A Republican National Convention assembled at Chi- 
cago on May 16, i860, delegates being in attendance 
from all the Free States, as also from Delaware, Mary- 
land, Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri. Abraham Ltn- 
coln was nominated for the Presidency on the third bal- 
lot, receiving 3^4 out of 466 votes; his principal competi- 
tors being William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, and 
Edward Bates. 

A Democratic National Convention assembled at 
Charleston, S. C, on the 23d of April, i860, with full del- 
egations present from every State. Dissensions arising, 
chiefly out of questions of slavery in the Territories, too 
great to be reconciled, the delegations from seven Southern 
btaies withdrew, and the convention adjourned, after 
fifty -seven ineffectual ballots for a candidate, to meet at 
Baltimore, June 18. Here Stephen A. Douglas was 
nominated for President, and B. Fitzpatrick for Vice- 
President. The latter declined, and H. V. Johnson was 
substituted by the National Committee. The Convention 
of Seceders nominated John C. Breckinridge and Joseph 
Lane. 



A "Constitutional Union" Convention irom twenty 
States met at Baltimore, May 9, 1860, and nominated 
John Bell and Edward Everett for the Presidency and 
Vice - Presid ency. 

1S64. 

The Republican National Couvention met at Bal- 
timore, June 7. The renomination, for President, of 
Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, was made unanimous, he 
having received the votesof all the States except Missouri, 
cast for Gen. Grant. For Vice-President, Andrew John- 
son, of Tennessee, was nominated en the second ballot, 
his principal competitors being D. S. Dickinson and H. 
Hamlin. 

The Democratic National Convention met at Chicago, 
111., August 29. Nominations — President, George B. 
McClellan, of New Jersey; Vice-President. George H. 
Pendleton, of Ohio. 

186S. 

The Republican National Convention met at Chicago, 
111., May 20th. Nominations — President, Ulysses S. 
Grant, of Illinois; Vice-President, Schuyler Colfax, of 
Indiana. 

The Democratic National Convention met at New 
York, July 4th. Nominations — President, Horatio Sey- 
mour, of New York; Vice-President, Francis P. Blar, 
Jr., of Missouri. 

1S72. 

The Liberal Republican Convention met at Cincinnati, 
Ohio, May 1st. Nominations — President, Horace Gree- 
ley, of New York, on the sixth ballot, by 482 votes, 
against 187 for David Davis, of Illinois; Vice-President, 
B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, on the second ballot. 

The Republican National Convention met at Philadel- 
phia, Pa., June 5th. Nominations — Ulysses S. Grant, on 
the first ballot, unanimously; Vice-President, Henry Wil- 
son, of Massachusetts, receiving 364 V2 votes against 321^ 
for Schm ler Colfax. 

The Democratic National Convention met at Baltimore, 
Maryland, July 9".h. Nominations — President, Horace 
Greeley, on the first ballot, receiving 686 votes to 38 scat- 
tering; Vice-President, B. Gratz Brown, who received 
713 votes. 

The Democratic (" Straight Out ") Convention met at 
Louisville, Ky., September 3d. Nominations — President, 
Charles O'Connor, of New York; Vice-President, John 
Q^ Adams, of Massachusetts. The nominations were de- 
clined. 

1876. 

The Republican National Convention met at Cincinnati, 
Ohio, June 14. Nominations — President, Rutherford B. 
Hayes, of Ohio, on the 7th ballot, receiving 384 votes, to 
351 for J. G. Blaine, and 21 for B. H. Bristow; Vice-Pres- 
ident, William A. Wheeler, of New York. 

The Democratic National Convention met at St. Louis, 
Mo., June 27th. Nominations — President, Samuel J. Til- 
den, of New York, on the second ballot, receiving 535 
votes, against 85 for Hendricks, 54 for Wm. Allen, 58 for 
W. S. Hancock, and 6 scattering; Vice-President, Thom- 
as A. Hendricks, of Indiana. 

A " National Greenback Convention," composed of 
men opposed to specie resumption and in favor of nation- 
al paper money to take the place of bank issues, met aj 
Indianapolis, May 17, with nineteen States represented 
Peter Cooper, of New York, and Samuel F. Cary, of Ohto. 
were nominated for President and Vice-President. 

"A Prohibition Reform Party" Convention met at 
Cleveland. May 17th, and nominated Green Clay Smith 
of Kentucky, and R. T. Stewart, of Ohio. 



1S80. 

„f nil 16 ReP ^ bliC £? u^uT^ C ? nv f ntion met at Chicago, June 2, 1880. Nominations-President, James A. Garfield, 
w i^T, f 3 i u S 0t ' recei ^ ed *£ votes, to 30', for Ulysses S. Grant, 42 for James G. Blaine, 5 for E. B. Wash- 
burne, and 3 for John Sherman; Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur, of New York 
nated h for D pSent C Nati ° nal Convention met at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 22, 1S80. Winfield Scott Hancoek was nomi- 

e~ ^National Greenback Convention met at Chicago, June g, 1SS0, and nominated General J. B. Weaver, of Iowa, 
for President, and B.J. Chambers, of Texas, for Vice-President 

for SSSftSS^ 8Ffo£S3tf» and n ° minated ° eneral Xeal D ° W ° f Maine ' 

C Pom^T K^SSf fo^ce-P^i^nt 880 ™ Gen6ral J ° hn W ' Phell>S ' ° f Verm ° nt ' f ° r President ' and Hon " S ' 



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LIBERTT AND UNION. 



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III3TINEIIISHEII INVEHTHHS EF flMEHIEfl, 





THADDEUS FAIRBANKS. 



ELIAS HOWE. 





SAMVDL COLT. 



A. C. HERRING. 



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LIBERTY AND UNION. 



42 






x e^S A 



'EMM flHMY HF THE KEFHBLIE-' 

NATIONAL MCAMPMEHT. 



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RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE GRAND 

ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 



We. the soldiers and sailors, and honorably discharged 
soldiers and sailors, of the Army, Navy, and Marine 
Corps of the United States, who have consented to this 
Union, having aided in maintaining- the honor, integrity, 
and supremacy of the National Government during the late 
rebellion, do unite to establish a permanent association 
for the objects hereinafter set forth; and through our Na- 
tional Encampment do ordain and establish the following 
Rules and Regulations for the government of this associa- 
tion. 

CHAPTER I. 

Article i.— Title. — This Association shall be known as 
the Grand Army of the Republic. 

Article II.— Objects. — The objects to be accomplished 
by this organization are as follows: 

1. To preserve and strengthen those kind and frater- 
nal feelings which bind together the soldiers, sailors and 
marines who united to suppress the late rebellion, and to 
perpetuate the memory and history of the dead. 

2 To assist such former comrades in arms as need help 
and protection, and to extend needful aid to the widows 
and orphans of those who have fallen. 

3. To maintain true allegiance to the United States of 
America, based upon a paramount respect for, and fideli- 
ty to, the National Constitution and laws, to discounte- 
nance whatever tends to weaken loyalty, incites to insur- 
rection, treason or rebellion, or in any manner impairs the 
efficiency and permanency of our free institutions ; and to 
encourage the spread of universal liberty, equal rights 
and justice to all men. 

Article III. — Organizatioi:. The several constituted 
bodies of this Association shall consist of: 

1. Precinct organizations to be known as Post, 

No Department of* Grand Army of the 

Republic; Provided, however, That no Post shall be 
named after any living person, and that not more than 
one Post in a Department shall adopt the same name, and 
that the name shall be approved by the Department Com- 
mander. 

2. State organizations to be known as Department of 
Grand Army of the Republic. 



The name of the State or Territory 
serted. 



to be here m- 



3. A national organization, to be known as the Na- 
tional Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic. 

Article IV. — Eligibility to Membership. Soldiers 
and sailors of the United States Army, Navy, 
or Marine Corps, who served between April 12th, 1S61, 
and April 9th, 1S65, in the war for the suppression of the 
Rebellion, and those having been honorably discharged 
therefrom after such service, and of such State regiments 
as were called into active service and subject to the or- 
ders of U. S. General Officers, between the dates men- 
tioned, shall be eligible to membership in the Grand 
Army of the Republic. No person shall be eligible to 
membership who has at any time borne arms against the 
United States. 

CHAPTER II. 

POSTS. 

Article I. — Formation. — Section i. A Post may be 
formed by the authority of a Department Commander, or 
of the Commander-in-chief (where no Department organ- 
ization exists), on the application of not less than ten per- 
sons eligible to membership in the Grand Army of the 
Republic; and no Post shall be recognized by the mem- 
bers of the Grand Army of the Republic, unless acting 
under a legal and unforfeited charter. 

Sec. 2. No charter shall be surrendered by any Post 
so long as tun members thereof demand its continuance; 
nor unless a proposition to surrender the charter shall 
have been made at a stated meeting at least four weeks 
before the time of action, and due notice given to eveiy 
member of the Post. (See Article IV, Section 4.) 

Sec. 3. A Post disbanded whether before or since the 
annual session of the National Encampment in 1S69, may 
be reorganized with its original name and number, pro- 
vided that these shall not have been appropriated. In 
such re-organization a new charter shall be issued with- 
out fee, bearing the names of the new as well as the old 
members petitioning therefor. 

Sec. 4. The rank of Posts shall be determined by 
the date of the charter under which they are acting. 

Article II. — Admission to membership. — Section i. 
Every application for admission to membership shall be 
in wr.ting, and shall give in detail, upon the blanks fur- 
nished by the National Headquarters, the applicant's age, 



422 



LI BERT T AND UNION. 



birthplace, residence, occupation, date and rank when 
entering- the service, and his rank at the time of his dis- 
charge (or if still in the service, his present rank), the 
date and cause of his discharge, the company and regi- 
ment or ship to which he belongs or belonged, the 
length of time he served; if wounded, when, in what en- 
gagement, in what manner and degree, and the fact of- 
any previous application, and to what Post it was made. 

Sec. 2. The application shall be presented at a stated 
meeting, and be recommended by a member of the Post, 
who shall vouch for the applicant's eligibility; it shall 
then be referred to a committee of three, o f which number 
the member recommending shall not be one, for inves- 
tigation and report. 

Sec. 3. The committee shall make careful investiga- 
tion of the facts set forth in the application; they shall see 
the applicant in person, and shall recommend his election 
or rejection, at a meeting subsequent to their appoint- 
ment, by indorsement upon the application. Provided, 
Hovjever, That the Commander-in-chief or a Department 
Commander may grant a dispensation in writing to a 
Post, to Avaive in any particular case the rule prohibiting 
an investigation committee from reporting upon an appli- 
cation, on the evening of their appointment. 

Sec. 4. After the reading of the report the Command- 
er shall give opportunity to any comrade having objec- 
tions to the election of the applicant, to state the same, af- 
ter which a ballot with ball ballots shall be had. If, on 
account of the balls deposited, it appear that not more 
than twenty are cast, and two or more of them are black, 
the candidate shall be declared rejected ; but if more than 
twenty are cast, then an additional black ball for every 
additional twenty shall be necessary to reject. If a less 
number of black balls than above provided be cast, the 
candidate shall be declared elected, and no reconsidera- 
tion of a ballot shall be had after the commander has an- 
nounced the result thereof. But should the result of the 
ballot be unfavorable, and the Commander suspect any 
mistake, he may at his discretion, before declaring the 
vcte, order a second ballot, the result of which shall be 
final. 

Sec 5. It an applicant be rejected, his admission fee 
shall be returned, and he shall not be eligible to admission 
to the Grand Army of the Republic until six months after 
such rejection. He shall not be eligible to membership in 
any other Post, without the consent, by a two-thirds vote, 
of the Post rejecting him. A second, and all subsequent 
applications, shall be in the same form, and subject to the 
same conditions as the first. 

Sec. 6. The name of a rejected applicant shall be 
forwarded to National Headquarters, through the proper 
channel. 

Sec. 7. Each applicant, upon his election, shall be at 
once notified thereof in writing, and on presenting him- 
self for membership, shall be properly mustered. 

But unless he present himself for muster within three 
months from the date of such notice, his election shall be 
void, and all moneys which may have been required by the 
Post to accompany the application shall be forfeited to 
the Post treasury. 

The Commander-in-chief or a Department Commander, 
may, however, grant a dispensation in any particular case, 
to a Post, to muster a candidate, even though he has not 
presented himself for muster within three months after 
notice of election. 



Sec. 8; A member elect shall pay, before enlistment 
and muster, an admission fee of not less than one dollar. 
Upon muster in, he shall subscribe to a copy of these Reg- 
idations, and of the By-Laws of the Post. 

Sec 9. The Commander-in-chief or a Department 
Commander may, at pleasure, receive and muster in an ap- 
plicant for membership, or detail a comrade for that pur- 
pose, provided the person so received and mustered in, re- 
sides outside the proper territorial l'mits of any Post. 

Sec. 10.* The applications for membership of persons 
who were comrades before the introduction of the grade 
system, but who never took the obligation of the third 
grade, shall be received and acted upon the same as if the 
applicant had never belonged to the Grand Army. 

Article III. — Admission of comrades f rem other Posts. 
— Section i. A comrade having a valid transfer card may 
be re-admitted to the Post which granted the same, by a 
two-thirds vote of the members present and voting, at a 
regular meeting, or he may be admitted to another Post 
after his name has been proposed, referred and reported 
upon as in case of an applicant for membership, and upon 
receiving a two-thirds vote of the members present and 
voting, at a regular meeting, or he may be admitted a 
charter member of a new Post. 

Sec. 2. Each Post may establish such admission fees, 
to be paid by comrades, joining by transfer, as they may 
think proper, not exceeding the amount required from re 
emits. 

Article IV. Leaves of absence, transfers and dis- 
charges. — Section i. Any comrade applying therefor, in 
person, or bv letter, shall be granted a leave of absence 
by the Commander, attested by the Adjutant, for a speci- 
fied time, not exceeding twelve months, commending him 
to the good offices of all comrades, provided he has faith- 
fully discharged all duties enjoined upon h'm, and has 
paid in advance all dues for the time specified in the leave 
of absence, and shall also notify thereof the Post of which 
he is a member. 

Sec. 2. Any comrade against whom no charges exist, 
and who has paid all clues, shall receive, upon verbal or 
written application to the Commander, at a meeting of the 
Post, a transfer card, attested by the Adjutant. Upon 
presentation of it to any Post within one year from date 
of its issue, he may be admitted in the manner prescribed 
in Article III of this Chapter. In the meantime he shall 
remain, for purposes of discipline only, under the juris- 
diction of the Post granting the transfer card. If at the 
expiration of a year, he has not been admitted to mem- 
bership in any Posi, the transfer card shall be void, and 
the holder be considered as honorably discharged from the 
Order. 

Sec. 3. Any comrade in good standing, on application 
to the Post Commander at a regular meeting, shall re- 
ceive at some subsequent meeting an honorable discharge, 
signed by the Post Commander and attested by 
the Adjutant: Provided, That at the time of such 
application there are no pecuniary charges against 
him on account of the Post. A comrade thus dis- 
charged can be re -admitted by filing a new appli- 
cation, to be regularly referred and reported on, and upon 
receiving a two -thirds vote of the members present, and 
votingfct a regular meeting, he shail bo admitted without 
re-muster, on taking anew the obligation . 



'Adopted at the session of 1S75. 



f 



-§H 



LI BERT T AND UNIOX. 



4 2 3 



Sec. 4. Members of disbanded Posts, who were in 
good standing at the time of such dissolution, shall re- 
ceive from the Assistant Adjutant-General of the Depart- 
ment, transfer cards, which shall have fall force. 

Article V. — Meetings. — Section i. The stated meet- 
ings of each Post shall be held at least monthly. 
•Sec. 2. Special meetings may be convened by order 
of he Post Commander. 

Sec. 3. Eight Members qualified to transact business 
shall constitute a quorum at any meeting of the Post. 

Article VI. — Officers. — Section i. The officers of 
each Post shall be: A Post Commander, a Senior Vice 
Post Commander, a Junior Vice Post Commander, an Ad- 
jutant, a Quartermaster, a Surgeon, a Chiplain, an Officer 
of the Day, an officer of the Guard, a Sergeant-Major and 
a Quartermaster-Sergeant. 

Sec. 2. All members of the Post, in good standing, 
shall be eligible to any office in the Post. 

Art. cle VII. — Election of Officers. — Section i. The 
Post Officers (the Adjutant, Sergeant- Major and Quar- 
termaster-Sergeant excepted), shall be elected at the first 
stated meeting in December, by billot, un'ess a ballot be 
dispensed with by unanimous consent. They shall be 
installed into their respective offices at the first stated 
meeting in January following. 

At the installation of officers, the Post Commander shall 
appoint the Adjutant, and upon the recommendation of 
the Adjutant and Quartermaster respectively, he shall al- 
so appoint the Sergeant- Major and the Quartermaster - 
Sergeant. Thev shall enter upon their duties at on :e, an I 
all officers, whether elected or appointed, shall hold office 
until their successors are installed. 

Sec. 2. In case of a ballot for officers, a majority of all 
the votes cast shall be necessary to a choice. If there is 
no election on the first two ballots, the name of the com- 
rade receiving the lowest number of votes shall be dropped, 
and so on in successive ballots, until an election is made. 

Sec. 3. Posts may fill any vacancy in their offices at 
any stated meeting, notice of such contemplated action 
having been given at a previous meeting. 

Article VIII.— Duties of Officers. — Section 1. It shall 
be the duty of the Post Commander to preside at all meet- 
ings of the Post, to enforce a strict observance of the 
Rules and Regulations and By-Laws, and all orders from 
proper authority, to detail all officers and committees not 
otherwise provided for, to approve all orders drawn upon 
the Quartermaster for appropriations of money made and 
passed at a stated meeting of the Post, to forward the re- 
turns required by Chap. V, Art. 2; and to perform such 
other duties as his charge may require of him. 

Sec. 2. The Vice Post Commanders shall perform 
such duties as, are required of them by the Ritual, and, in 
the absence of the Commander, shall take his place in the 
order of their rank. If neither of them are present, the 
Post shall elect a Commander pro tempore. 

Sec. 3. The Adjutant shall keep in books properly 
prepared : 

1. The Rules and Regulations of the Grand Army of the 
Republic and the By-Laws of the Post, to be signed by 
every comrade on his becoming a member. 3 

2. A Descriptive Book, ruled to embrace every fact con- 
tained in the application as well as the date of acceptance 
and muster, and a column for general remark-. 



3. A Journal of the proceedings of the Post, after the 
same shall have been corrected and approved. 

4. An Order Book, in which shall be recorded all 
orders and circulars issued by the Post Commander. 

5. A Letter Book. 

6. An Indorsement and Memorandum Book. 

7. A Back Bjjk., in which shill be recorde.l the names 
of all rejected candidates, also of all members of the 
Grand Army who have been dishonorably discharged. 

He shall attest by his signature all actions of the Post, 
and draw all orders ou the Qjarterm 1 ;ter, to be approved 
by the Post Commander; shall notify in writing newly- 
elected members, and shall, under the direction of the 
Post Commander, prepare all reports and returns required 
of him. He shall perform such other duties as appertiin 
to his office, and shill transfer to his successor without 
delay, all books, papers, and other property. 

Sec. 4. The Quartermaster shall hold the funds, secur- 
ities, vouchers and other property of the Post, and fill all 
requisitions drawn by the Adjutant and approved by the 
Post Commander; he shall collect all moneys due the 
Post, giving his receipt therefor; he shall keep an account 
with each member, and notify all comrades in arrears; he 
shall render a monthly account in writing to the Post of 
its finances, which shall be referred to a i auditing com- 
mittee appointed by the Post. He shall make and deliver 
to the Post Commander, all reports and returns required 
of Post Qaarterm isters bv Chip. V, Art. 2, and shall de- 
liver to his successor in office, or to any one designated by 
the Post, all moneys, books, and other property of the 
Post in his possession or und.r his control. He shall 
give security for the faithful discharge of his duties as 
provided in Chap. V, Art. 7. 

Sec. 5. The Surgeon shall discharge such duties in 
connection with his office as may be required of him. 

Sec. 6. The Chaplain shall officiate at the opening of 
the Post and at the funeral of comrades, when attended 
by the Post, and perform such other duties in connection 
with his office as ihe Post may require. 

Sec. 7. The Officer of the Day and the Officer of the 
Guard shall perform such duties as may be required by 
the Ritual or by the Post Commander. 

Sec. 8. The Sergeant-Major and Quartermaster -Ser- 
geant shall assist the Adjutant and Quartermaster respec- 
tively, in their duties. 

Article IX. — Repre entatives. Each Post shall, at 
the first stated meeting in December, annually elect, from 
its own members, representatives and an equal number of 
alternates to the Departmen; Encampment, in the manner 
prescribed in Chan. Ill, Art. 2. 

Article X. — By-Luvs. Posts may adopt By-Laws 
for their government, not inconsistent with these Rules 
and Regulations, or the Bv-Laws or Orders of the Na- 
tional or Department Encamoments, and may provide for 
the alteration or amendment thereof. 

CHAPTER III. 

DEPARTMENTS. 

Article i. — Organization — Section i. Not less than 
six Posts of the Grand Army of the Republic in any Pro- 
visional Department may be organized as a Department, 
by the Commander-in-chief, upon their application as pro- 
vided in Chap. V, Art. 10; Provided, That the Command- 



4*. 



*-«r 



424 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



er-in-Chief, when satisfied upon proper representation 
that a State or Territory has not a sufficient number of 
soldiers and sailors to organize six Posts, may organize a 
Department with a less number of Posts. 

Sec. 2. Each Department shall be governed by a De- 
partment Encampment, subordinate, to the National En- 
campment. 

Article II.— Membership. The Department Encamp- 
ment shall consist of— 

1st. The Department Commander, all Past Depart- 
ment Commanders who have served for a full term of one 
year, or who having- been elected to fill a vacancy, shall 
have served to the end of the term; so long- as they re- 
main in good standing in their respective Posts, and the 
other officers mentioned in Art. IV. Sec. 2, of this chap- 
ter, and all Past Post Commanders so long as they re- 
main in good standing in their respective Posts, in such 
Departments as have so decided by a two-thirds vote a^ 
an annual meeting. 

2d. All the Post Commanders for the time being 
throughout its jurisdiction (in the absence of the Post 
Commander the Senior or Junior Vice-Commander may 
represent the Post, and 

3d. Members selected by ballots by the several Posts, 
in the ratio of one for every fifty members in good stand- 
ing, and of one additional member for a final fraction of 
more than half that number in Departments having three 
thousand members or more; but in those Departments 
having a membership of less than three thousand, the ra- 
tio shall be one representative for every twenty -five mem- 
ber-; in good standing, and one additional representative 
for a final fraction of more than half that number. But 
each Post, whatever its number, shall be entitled to 
choose at least one member. These elected member-, and 
an equal number of alternates, shall be chosen at the time 
and in the mode of electing officers of Posts, at the first 
stated meeting in December, and shall serve during the 
year, commencing on the first day of January follow- 
ing. Any vacancies that may occur shall be filled in the 
same manner as provided in Chap. II, Art. VTI, Sec. 3. 

They shall be furnished with credentials signed by the | 
Posi Commander and Post Adjutant, a copy of which | 
shall be forwarded immediately after the election to the 
Assistant Adjutant General of the Department. But all 
Posts in arrears for reports or dues shall be excluded, for 
th..- time being, fro :i representation, either by Post Com- 
mander or otherwise, in the Department Encampment. 

4th. The number of representatives to which each Post 
is entitled, shall be determined by the quarterly report 
last preceding the election.* 

Article \l\.— Meetings— Section i. Ihere shall be 
an annual meeting of each Department Encampment be 
tween January first and May first, of e ich year, and a 
semi-annual meeting, if so determined at the annual meet- 
ing of the Department, or by the Council of Administra- 
tion. 

Sec. 2. Special meetings may be convened by order of 
the Commander, by and with the advice and consent of 
the Council of Administration, povided that no business 
except that specified in the order for such special meeting 
shall be transacted thereat; and no alterations affecting 
the general interests of the Department shall be made at a 
special meeting. 



♦Based on return for September 30th. 



Article IV— Officers— Section i. All members of the 
Grand Army of the Republic in good standing shall be eli- 
gible to any office in their Department. 

Sec. 2. The officers of each Department shall be a 
Commander, a Senior Vice Commander, a Junior Vice 
Commander, an Assistant Adjutant- General, an Assis- 
tant Quartermaster-General, an Inspector, a Judge Ad- 
vocate, a Chief Mustering Officer, a Medical Director, a 
Chaplain and a Council of Administration, consisting of 
the above-named officers and five members by election. 

Article \ T .—Election of Officers.— Section i. These 
officers, except the Assistant Adju'ant-Gcneral, the As- 
sistant Quartermaster-General, the Inspector, tbe Judge- 
Advocate and the Chief Mustering Officer, shall be cho- 
sen at the annual meeting of the Department Encamp- 
ment in each year, by ballot, in the manner prescribed for 
the election by ballot of officers of Posts in Chap. II, Art. 
7, of these Regulations. 

Sec. 2. The officers thus elected shall enter upon their 
respective duties immediately after the adjournment of 
the meeting at which they were chosen, and shall hold 
office until their successors are duly installed. 

Sec< 3. All vacancies in elective offices may be filled 
by the Council of Administra'ion. 

Article VI. — Duties of Officers — Section i. The De- 
partment Commander shall, immediately after entering 
upon his office, appoint an Assistant Adjutant General, 
an Assistant Quartermaster-General, an Inspector, a 
Judge- Advocate, and a Chief Mustering Officer, and may 
remove these officers at his pleasure. He may appoint 
as many assistant Inspectors on the nomination of the In- 
spector of the Department, and as many Aids-de Camp 
as he may deem necessary. He shall preside at all meet- 
ings of the Department Encampment and Council of Ad- 
ministration, shall forward the reports and dues to Na- 
tional Headquarters, and see that all orders received from 
thence are properly published ; nd obeyed, shall issue 
suitable charter 9 to all Posts organized in his Depart- 
ment, and perform such other duties as are incutnbent on 
officers of like position. 

Sec. 2. The Vice Commander shall assist the Com- 
mander, by counsel or otherwise, and in his absence or 
disability they shall fill his office according to seniority. 

Sec. 3. The Assistant Adjutant General shall keep 
correct records of the proceedings of the Department En- 
campment and of the Council of Administration; he shall 
conduct the correspondence and issue all orders under 
direction of the Commander; draw all requisitions upon 
the Assistant Quartermaster-General, make out all re- 
turns to National Headquarters and transmit the same 
through the Department Commander, to the Adjutant- 
General, countersign all charters issued by the Com- 
mander, keep an Order- Book, a Letter Book, an Indorse- 
ment and Memorandum Book, and files of all orders, re- 
ports and correspondence received and remaining in his 
office, and pjrform such otrr r duties and keep such other 
records in connection with his office as may be required 
of him bv the Commander of the Department Encamp- 
ment. He shall receive as compensation for his ser- 
vices such sum as the Department Encampment may from 
time to time determine 

Sec. 4. The Assistant Quartermaster-General shall 
hold the funds, securities, vouchers and property of the 
Department, and fill all requisitions drawn by the Assist- 
ant Adjutant-General and approved bv the Commander, 
and shall give good and sufficient security, to be approved 



<-*■ 



#- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



425 



bv the Council of Admiriistration, for the faithful dis- 
charge of his duties. 

Sec. 5. The Inspector shall perform such duties as are 
prescribed in Chap. V, Art. 5, and shall receive Such 
compensation for his services as the Department En- 
campment shall from time to time determine. 

Sec. 6. The Judge-Advocate and the Chief Mustering 
Officer shall perform the duties properly belonging- to 
their offices. 

Sec. 7. The Medical Director shall require such re- 
turns from Post Surgeons as may be needed and called 
for by the Surgeon-General, and shall make returns to 
that officer. 

Sec. S. The Chaplain shall perform such duties in con- 
nection with his office as the Commander of the Depart- 
ment Encampment may require of him. 

Sec. 9. The Council of Administration shall have 
charge of the working interests of the Department, shall 
audit the accounts of the various officers, shall keep a full 
and detailed record of its proceedings, and shall present 
the same for the consideration of the Department En- 
campment at each stated meeting thereof. 

Sec. 10. The various staff officers shall make to the 
Department Encampment, at each 'stated meeting, full 
and complete reports, in writing, of the operations of their 



departments, and when retiring from office shall deliver 
to their successors all moneys, books and other property of 
the Department in their possession, or under their control. 

Article VII. — Appeals. All members shall have the 
right of appeal through the proper channels from acts of 
the Posts or Post Commanders, and Department Com- 
manders or Encampments to the next highest authority, 
and to the Commander-in-chief, whose decisions shall be 
final, unless reversed by the National Encampment, but 
all decisions appealed from shall have full force and effect 
until reversed by competent authority. 

Article VIII. — Voting. Each member present at a 
meeting of the Department Encampment shall be entitled 
to one vote. The ayes and noes ma} - be required by any 
three members representing different Posts. 

Articie IX. — Representatives. Representatives to 
the National Encampment shall be chosen from comrades 
of the Department, as provided in Chap. IV, Art. 2, of 
these Regulations. 

Article X. — By-Laws. Department Encampments 
may adopt By-Laws for the government of the Depart- 
ment, not inconsistent with these Rules and Regulations 
or the By-Laws or orders of the National Encampment, 
and may provide for the alterations and amendments 
thereof. 



NATIONAL ENCAMPMENT. 



Article I. — The supreme power of this Association 
shall be lodged in the Xational Encampment. 

Article II. — Membership. Section i. The National 
Encampment shall be composed: — 

1st. Of the Commander-in-Chief, Past-Commanders-in 
Chief, and Past Vice Commanders-in-Chief, so long as 
they remain in good standing in their respective Posts, 
and the other officers named in Art. IV, Sec. 2, of this 
Chapter. 

2d. Of the Commanders, Vice-Commanders, and As- 
sistant Adjutant-Generals of the several Deparments, 
and the Commander and Assistant Adjutant-General of 
each Provisional Department for the time being (for 
whom no proxy or substitute can act.) 

3d. Of P 1st De lartment Commanders who have served 
for a full term of one year, or who, having been elected to 
fill a vacancy, shall have served to the end of the t rm, so 
long as they remain in good standing in their several 
Posts, and 

4lh. Of one representative at large from each Depart- 
ment, and one representative for each one thousand mem- 
bers in good standing therein, and one additional repre- 
sentative for a final fraction of more than one-half of that 
number; such representatives to be elected by the De- 
partment Encampment as provided in Chap. Ill, Art. IX. 
Any Department having Ijss than one thousand mem- 
bers and more than five hundred, shall be entitled to one 
representative in addition to one representative at large. 

Sec. 2. The representatives shall be elected at the 
time and in in the mode of electing officers of Depart- 
ments, and their number shall be ascertained and fixed by 
the last preceding return of members entitled to be counted 
in representatijn, as filed with the Adjutant-General. 
Each Department shall also elect, in the same manner 
and at the same time, an equal number of alternates. Only 
these representatives or their alternates shall be admitted 



to seats. They shall be furnished with credentials signed 
by the Commander and Assistant Adjutant General, a 
copy of which shall be forwarded to the Adjutant-General 
immediately after their election. 

Sec. 3. Whenever Posts are in arrears, their entire 
membership shall not bp counted for representation in the 
National Encampment. 

Sec. 4. Departments and Provisional Departments in 
arrears for reports or dues shall be excluded from all rep- 
resentation in the National Encampment until the same 
are forwarded. 

Article III.— Meetings. Section 1. The stated meet- 
ing of the National Encampment shall be held annually 
between the second Wednesday in May and the first 
Wednesday in July, as may be fixed by the Commander- 
in-Chief, by consent of the Council of Administration, and 
at such place as shall have been determined at the pre- 
vious stated meeting. 

Sec. 2. Snecial meetings may be convened by order of 
the Commander-in-Chief, by and with the advice and 
consent of the National Conncil of Administration. 

Article IV. — Officers — Section" i. AH members in 
good standing shall -be eligible to any national office in 
the Grand Army of the Republic. 

Sec. 2. The National officers of the Grand Army of the 
Republic shall be a Commander-in-Chief, a Senior Vice 
Commander-in-Chief, a Junior Vice Commander-in- 
Chief, an Adjutant-General, a Quartermaster-General, an 
Inspector-General, a Judge-Advocate-General, a Sur- 
geon -General, a Chaplain-in-Chief, and a Council of Ad- 
ministration, consisting of the above named officers and 
one comrade from each department, to be chosen by the 
National Encampment. 

Article V ' .—Election of Officers— Section- i. The 
National officers of the Grand Army of the Republic, ex- 
cept the Adjutant- General, the Quartermaster-General, 



**■ 



426 



LIBER TV AND UNION. 



the Inspector-General and the Judge Advocate-General, 
shall be elected annually, by ballot, at the stated meeting 
of the National Encampment, in the manner prescribed 
for the election by ballot of officers of Posts, in Chap. II, 
Art. VII, Sec. 2. 

Sec. 2. They shall enter upon the duties of their re- 
spective offices immediately after the adjournment of the 
meeting at which they were elected, and shall hold office 
until their successors are duly installed. 

Sec. 3. Vacancies recurring during the year shall be 
filled by the Council of Administration. 

Article VI. — Duties of Officers.— Section i. The 
Commander-in-Chief shall enforce the Rules and Regula- 
tions of the Grand Army of the Republic, and the orders 
of the National Encampment and Council of Administra- 
tion, and for this purpose he may issue such orders as may 
be necessary. 

He shall preside in the National Encampment and 
Council of Administration, decide all questions of law or 
usage, subject to an appeal to the National Encampment; 
approve all requisitions properly drawn on the Quarter- 
master-General, and shall hold all securities given by Na- 
tional Officers, as trustee for the Grand Army of the Re- 
public. He shall appoint immediately after entering 
upon his office, the Adjutant-Genera', the Quartermas- 
ter-General, the Inspector-General, the Jud#e Advocate - 
General, and Assistant Adjutant-General, as many As- 
sistant Inspectors-General, on the nomination of the In- 
spectors-General, and as many Aides-de-Camp as he 
may deem necessary. He shall appoint all other National 
officers and committees not otherwise provided for, and 
may remove these officers at his pleasure. He shall pro- 
mulgate through the proper officers the national coun- 
tersign, and may change the same at his discretion, and 
shall issue to all Departments, regularly organized, suita- 
ble charters, and appoint Provisional Commanders in 
States and Territories where there is no Department or- 
ganization. 

Sec. 2. The Vice Commanders-in-Chjef shall assist 
the Commander-in-Chief by counsel or otherwise, and in 
his absence or disability, they shall fill his office according 
to seniority. 

Sec. 3. The Adjutant General shall keep correct rec- 
ords of the proceedings of the National Encampment 
and Council of Administration ; he shall conduct its cor- 
respondence and issue the necessary orders, under the 
direction of the Commander-in-Chief. All returns re- 
ceived by him from Departments shall be turned over to 
the proper officers. 

He shall prepare all books and blanks required for use 
of the Grand Army of the Republic, and shall distribute 
tlie same under the direction of the Commander-in-Chief 
charging the several Departments a uniform and reasona- 
ble price for all hooks and blanks* furnished for their 
use. He shall draw requisitions on the Quartermaster- 
General, to be approved by the Commander-in-Chief, and 
shall perform such other duties, and keep such other 
books and records as the commander-in-Chief or the Na- 
tional Encampment may require of him. He shall give 

♦Blanks for reports to be furnished free — Res. of Nat. 
Encampment, 1S77. 



security for the faithful discharge of his duties to be ap- 
proved by the Commander-in Chief, and shall receive as 
compensation for his service such sum as the National 
Encampment may from time to time determine. 

Sec. 4. The Quartermaster -General shall hold the 
funds, securities and vouchers of the National Encamp- 
ment, and fill all requisitions drawn upon him by the Ad- 
jutant-General and approved by the Commander-in-Chief. 
He shall give good and sufficient security, in a sum to be 
approved by the Council of Administration, for the faith- 
ful discharge of his duties, and shall receive such com- 
pensation for his services as the National Encampment 
may from time to time determine. 

Sec. 5. The Inspector -General shall perform such du- 
ties as are required of him by Chap. V, Art 5, and shall 
receive such compensation for his services as the Nation- 
al Encampment may from time to time determine. 

Sec. 6. The Surgeon -General shall perform the duties 
properly appertaining to that office. 

Sec. 7. The Chaplain-in-Chief shall perform such du- 
ties in connection with his office as the Commander-in- 
Chief or the National Encampment may require. 

Sec. 8. The Judge -Advocate -General shall perform 
the duties belonging to that office. 

Sec. 9. The National Council of Administration shall 
meet at such place as may be determined by the National 
Encampment at their stated meeting, and at such other 
times and places as the Commander-in-Chief may order, 
and ten members shall constitute a quorum.* It shall au- 
dit the accounts of the various National officers, may 
propose plans of action, and shall represent in all matters 
the National Encampment in the interval between its ses- 
sions. It shall keep full and detailed records of its pro- 
ceedings, and present the same as its report at the stated 
meeting of the National Encampment, for the considera- 
tion of that body. 

Sec. 10. The several staff officers shall present to the 
National Encampment, at each annual session, full and 
detailed reports in print, of the operations of their respec- 
tive departments, and when retiring from office shall de- 
liver to their successors all moneys, books and other prop- 
erty of the Grand Army of the Republic in their posses- 
sion, or under their control. 

Article VII. Voting. Each member present at a 
meeting of the National Encampment shall be entitled to 
one vote. The ayes and noes may be required, and en- 
tered upon record at the call of any three members repre- 
senting different Departments. 

Article VIII. Disbursements. Disbursements from 
the treasury of the National Encampment shall only be in 
behalf of the objects of the Grand Army of the Republic, 
or its incidental expenses, and shall be made either by di- 
rection of the National Encampment or Council of Ad- 
ministration. All requisitions for money must be drawn 
by the Adjutant- General and approved by the Com- 
mander-in-Chief. 



*The C. of A. by resolution of N. E. 1S77 is directed to 
meet immediately after adjournment of Encampment, and 
may select a smaller number to act during the interim. 

fTo be made for the year ending December 31st. — Res- 
olution of National Encampment, 1S70. 



■£S-= 



4- 



— & 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



427 



GENERAL RULES, 



Article I. — Charters — Section i. All Post charters 
shall be signed by the Commander and countersigned by 
the Assistant Adjutant-General of the Department within 
which the applicants for such charter reside. The appli- 
cation for a charter shall be signed by at least ten persons 
eligible to membership in the Grand Army of the Repub- 
lic, as provided in Chap. II, Art. 1, and shall be accom- 
panied by a charter-fee of ten dollars. 

Sec. 2. On the receipt of such application, the De- 
partment Commander shall examine the qualifications of 
the applicants, and if satisfied of their eligibility, and 
that it is for the interest of the Grand Army of the Repub- 
lic to form such Post, he shall, either in person or bv 
some officer of the staff, proceed to admit the applicants 
into the Grand Army of the Republic, superintend the 
election of the Post officers for the remainder of the cur- 
rent year, and complete the organization of the Post. 

Sec. 3. Post charters may be surrendered voluntarily 
when less than ten members desire the continuance of the 
Post, as provided in Chap. II, Art. 1. In case of surren- 
der or forfeiture of a charter, the property of the Depart- 
ment, including books of record and Post papers, shall be 
mmediately turned over to the Assistant Quartermaster - 
General of the Department, and shall be subject to the 
disposition of the Department Encampment. 

Sec. 4. Charters of Posts may be suspended or an- 
nulled by the Department Commander, with the advice 
and consent of the Council of Administration. 

Sec. 5. Charters of Departments shall be signed by 
the Commander-in-Chief, and countersigned by the Ad- 
jutant-General, and shall be issued to each Department 
immediately upon the permanent organization thereof. 

Each Department shall forward to the Adjutant- General 
therefor a charter fee of twenty dollars. 

Sec. 6. The National Encampment, at its annual ses- 
sion, or the Commander-in-Chief, with the consent of the 
Council of Administration, may at any time revoke the 
charter of a Department, which for three-quarters of a 
year has failed to forward its reports or dues, and may re- 
mand such a Department io a provisional condition.* 

Article II.— Returns and Reports.— Section i. Each 
Post Commander shall make quarterly returnsf to the 
Assistant Adjutant- General of the Department on the 
first days of January, April, July and October. He shall 
at the same time forward the names of all members of his 
Post, in good standing, who have held the position of 
Commander-in-Chief, Senior Vice Comm nder-in-Chief, 
Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, of the National En- 
campment, or of Department Commander, and a list of 
the names of rejected applicants. The name of a person 
dishonorably discharged shall be forwarded at once. 

Sec. 2. The Assistant Adjutant- General of each De- 
partment shall, on receipt of returns, note thereon the 
date of reception, and turn over the Quartermaster's and 
Surgeon's returns to the Assistant Quartermaster-General 
und Medical Director resoectivelv. He shall consolidate 



*The National Encampment recommended that Posts 
delinquent for twenty days should be published in Gen- 
eral orders, page S03, Journal of 18S1. 

fPost Adjutant's Report, Form A; Post Quartermas- 
ter's Report, Form B; Post Surgeon's Report, Form F. 



the quarterly returns of the Post- Adjutants within twenty 
days after the beginning of each quarter, for the informa- 
tion of the Department Commander, and shall prepare a 
copy, on blanks of Form C, of such consolidated return, 
to be forwarded by the Department Commander to the 
Adjutant-General on or before the 20th day of each quar- 
ter. This report shall also contain a list of the names of 
all the Past Officers of the National Encampment entitled 
to membership therein, reported as in good standing in 
the several Posts of his Department. He shall also make 
such supplemental reports as may be required by National 
Headquarters. 

Sec. 3. The Adjutant- General shall, on receipt of re- 
turns note thereon the date of reception, and turn over to 
the Quartermaster -General and Surgeon -General the re- 
turns belonging to their respective offices. He shall con- 
solidate the returns of the Assistant Adjutant- General, 
for the information of the Commander-in-Chief, and shall 
present a copy of such consolidated returns to the annual 
session of the National Encampment. 

Sec. 4. The Quartermaster of each Post shall, through 
the Post Commander, make a quarterly return to the As- 
sistant Quartermaster- General of the Department on the 
first days of January, April, July and October, on blanks 
of Form B. 

Sec. 5. These returns shall be consolidated by the 
Assistant Quartermaster -General within twenty days af- 
ter the beginning of each quarter, and such consolidated 
return shall be forwarded by the Department Commander 
to the Adjutant-General, a copy thereof being retained 
for the information of the Department Commander, on 
blanks of Form D. He shall also make such supplemental 
reports as he may be required to by National Head- 
quarters. 

Sec. 6. The Quarterly returns of Assistant Quarter- 
masters-General shall be consolidated by the Quarter- 
master-General for the information of the Commander-in- 
Chief, and a copy thereof shall be presented by the Quar- 
termaster-General to the National Encampment at its an- 
nual session. 

Article III. — Dues and Revenii". — Section i. The 
National Encampment, at its annual session, shall assess 
a per capita tax on each Department, not exceeding 
twenty-five cents per annum on each and every member 
in good standing therein. Such tax shall be payable in 
four quarterly instalments, and shall be forwarded by the 
Department Commander to the Quartermaster -General 
on or before the twentieth day of April, July, October and 
January. The amount of the quarterly tax due from each 
Department, shall be ascertained from the number of 
members in good standing therein, reported in the con- 
solidated return made to the Adjutant-General on the 
twentieth day of the current quarter. 

Sec. 2. Each Department Encampment, at its session 
in January, shall asses ; a per capita tax on each and every 
Post in its jurisdiction, not exceeding one dollar per an- 
num on each member in good standing therein. This tax 
shall include the tax due the National Encampment from 
the Department, and shall be forwarded by the Post Com- 
mander to the Assistant Quartermaster-General, in quar- 
terly installments on the first days of January, April, July 



-4- 



* 



428 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



and October. The amount of the quarterly installments 
due from each Post shall be determined by the numbe: of 
members in good standing- therein, as reported in returns 
of the Post Commander, made on the first day of the cur- 
rent quarter. 

Sec. 3. Each Post, either by its By-Laws or by a vote 
at the meeting- in December, may assess a per capita tax 
upon its members payable in equal quarterly installments, 
on the first of January, April, July and October. 

Article IV. — Arrearages — Section i. Any Depart- 
ment in arrears for reports or dues will be deprived of all 
representation in the National Encampment until the 
same are forwarded. 

Sec. 2. Any Post in arrears for returns or dues shall 
be expelled from all representation in the Department En- 
campment until the same are forwarded. 

Sec. 3. Any member of a Post who is six months in 
arrears in the payment of his dues shall be prohibited from 
voting, shall be ineligible to any office in the Grand Army 
of the Republic, shall be reported "suspended" in the 
quarterly reports to Department Headquarters, until such 
dues are paid. While so suspended the Post shall not be 
subject to the per capita tax on such member, and he shall 
not be counted in the representation of the Post in the 
Department Encampment, nor of the Department in the 
National Encampment. Provided, however, That if a 
comrade is unable by reason of sickness, or misfortune, 
to pay his dues, they may be remitted by a two-thirds 
vote of the members present and voting at a regular meet- 
ing of the Post. By this remission of dues the Post shall 
not become liable for the payment of his per capita tax, 
nor shall he be counted in the representation to the De- 
partment or National Encampment. 

Sec. 4. If a comrade shall be one year in arrears for 
dues, he shall be dropped from the roll, and reinstated 
only by the Post which dropped him,* by a two- 
thirds vote, by ballot, of all the members present, and 
voting, at a regular meeting, upon payment of a sum to 
be prescribed by a two-thirds vote of the members pres- 
ent, and voting at a regular meeting; said sum not to be 
less than the amount charged as in muster -in -fee. If 
elected, he shall be re-obligated; provided, that he may 
be reinstated in any Post within whose jurisdiction he 
may reside, upon the written request of the Post rein- 
stating him. 

Sec. 5. The Provisions of Sections 3 and 4 of this arti- 
cle shall not apply to any comrade in the service of the 
United States, and on duty at a distance from the Post of 
which he is a member. 

Article V. — Inspection — Section i. There shall be 
a thorough inspection of each Post every year, to be made 
by the Assistant Inspector, Department officer, or other 
comrade assigned to such duty, the report of the same to 
be made to the Inspector of the Department immediately 
thereafter. 

Such additional inspection shall be made as the Com- 
mander may deem necessary, on the recommendation of 
the Inspector, or when directed by the Inspector- General. 

The Inspector shall consolidate the reports of his assis- 



*If the Post is disbanded, application may be made to 
another Post upon payment to Department Headquarters 
of amount due Post. See Op. 6, Jan'y 6, 1SS0. 

If the applicant be rejected he may apply again after a 
lapse of six months. His name is "not to' be published. 
Res. Nat. Encampment, 1SS0. 



tants for the inf rmation of the Commander, and shall 
furnish copies of such consolidated reports to the Inspec- 
tor-General. 

Sec. 2. The Commander of each Department shall di- 
vide his Department into such number of Inspection Dis- 
tricts as he deems necessary, changing the same at his 
discretion. 

He shall, on the nomination of the Inspector, appoint 
comrades as Assistant-Inspectors, who shall be assigned 
ts duty and act as such during the pleasure of the Com- 
mander. 

Sec. 3. Assistant-Inspectors-General shall be appoint- 
ed by the Commander-in-Chief, on the nomination of the 
Inspector- General. They shall make inspections of the 
various staff officers of the Departments whenever re- 
quired, and shall report the result of the same immediately 
to the Inspector -General, and shall perform such other 
duties as may be required of them by the Commander-in 
Chief, or Inspector-General. 

Sec. 4. The Inspector-General shall prescribe the 
form of blanks* to be used for the inspection of Posts, and 
with the approval of the Commander-in-Chief, may give 
such special instructions in reference to inspections as 
may be deemed necessary. He shall prepare an abstract 
of the reports received from Departments, for the infor- 
mation of the Commander-in-Chief, and present a report 
to the National Encampment. 

Sec. 5. All books, papers, accounts, records, and pro- 
ceedings, pertaining to the Grand Army of the Republic, 
shall be subject to inspection at all times by the several 
inspecting officers in their respective districts. 

Article Y\.\— Discipline— Section i. Offences cog- 
nizable by the Grand Army of the Republic shall be: 

1. Disloyalty to the United States of America, or any 
other violation of the pledge given at the time of muster. 

2. Disobedience of the Rules and Regulations, or of 
lawful orders. 

3. The commission of a scandalous offence against the 
laws of the land. 

4. Conduct unbecoming a soldier and a gentleman in his 
relation to the Grand Army of the Republic. 

5. Conduct prejudicial to good order and discipline. 
Sec. 2. Penalties shall be either: 

1. Dishonorable discharge from the Grand Army of the 
Republic. 

2. Degradation from office. 

3. Suspension from membership for a specified period. 

4. Fine; or, 

5. Reprimand, 

at the discretion of the court, subject to the review of the 
proper officer. 

Sec. 3. All accusations shall be made in the form of 
charges and specifications, and shall be tried by courts - 
martial. Courts -martial may be ordered by Commanders 
of Posts or of Departments, or by the Commander-in- 
Chief, for the trial of alleged offenders in their respective 
jurisdictions. Members of Department Encampments 
and officers of Department staffs shall only be tried by 
courts convened by order of the Department Commander, 
or higher authority. Members of the National Encamp- 
ment and officers of the National staff shall only be tried 
by courts convened by order of the Commander-in-Chief. 

* Form H. for Post Inspections; Form E. for return of 
Department Inspector. 

fGoverned by forms under Court Martial, in the 
Manual, by Res. of Nat. Encampment, 1S79. 



'Hfr 



LTBERTT AND UNION. 



429 



Sec. 4. Courts-martial shall be governe in their mode 
of proceeding and rules of evidence by the Revised 
United States Army Regulations and established military 
usage, and such orders as may be issued from headquar- 
ters ; Provided, JwrveVer, that in the wilful absence of the 
accused, after due notice of the time and place of trial has 
been given to him, or left at his usual place of abode, the 
court mav proceed in all respects as if he were present, 
and had pleaded "not guilty." 

Sec. 5. All members of the Grand Army of the Republic, 
when summoned, shall attend as witnesses before any 
court-martial, and their testimony shall be taken on their 
honor as comrades. The evidence of persons not mem- 
bers shall be taken under oath, when not inconsistent 
with the law of the place where the court is held. "When 
such extra judicial oaths are forbidden by law, evidence 
of witnesses not members of the Grand Army of the Re- 
public may be received, in the discretion of the court, on 
their hon6r as men; and the fact that they have not been 
sworn shall be considered by the court in deciding upon 
their credibility. 

Sec. 6. No sentence of a court-martial shall be carried 
into execution until after the whole proceedings shall 
have been laid before the officer ordering the same, or his 
successor in office, for his confirmation or disapproval 
and orders in the case; and no sentence of dishonorable 
discharge from the Grand Army of the Republic, except 
by court-martial convened by order of the Commander-in- 
Chief, shall be carried into execution until after the whole 
proceedings shall have been laid before the officer next 
superior to the one ordering the court, for his confirma- 
tion or disapproval and orders thereon. 

Sec. 7. Any comrade ordered for trial before a Post- 
court-martial may request in writing to be tried by a gen- 
eral court, assigning his objections to a trial by the Post 
court. On receiving such request, the Post Commander 
shall forward the same to the Department Commander, 
with such indorsement as he shall see fit to make, to- 
gether with the charges preferred. If the objections ap- 
pear to be valid and well grounded, the Department Com- 
mander shall order a general court-martial for the trial of 
the case; but if, in his opinion, they should be insufficient 
he shall return the request, with an indorsement to tha( 
effect, and the trial shall proceed as if no exception had 
been taken. 

Sec. S. When charges are preferred against any com- 
rade holding office, the Department Commander, or Com- 
mander-in-Chief, in their respective jurisdictions, may 
suspend the accused from office. During the suspension 
of a Post Commander or Department Commander, the of- 
fice shall be filled by the Senior Vice Commander. 

Sec. 9. In case the accused is charged with an offense 
under Par. 3, Sec. 1, of this article, the record of his con- 
viction by a court of competent jurisdiction shall be prima 
facie evidence of his guilt of the offense of which he is so 
charged. 

Article VII. — Bonds — Section i. Every Quarter- 
master shall give bonds in a sum to be named by the Post, 
with sufficient sureties, for the faithful discharge of his 
duties. 

Sec. 2. Every Assistant Quartermaster-General shall 
give bonds in a sum to be named by the Council of Ad- 
ministration, with sufficient sureties for the faithful dis- 
charge of his trust. 

Sec. 3. The Quartermaster- General shall give bonds in 



the sum of five thousand dollars, with sufficient sureties, 
for the faithful discharge of his trust. 

Sec. 4. The Adjutant- General shall give bonds in the 
sum of one thousand dollars, with sufficient sureties for 
the faithful discharge of his trust. 

Sec. 5. The bonds of the above named officers shall be 
approved and held by their respective commanding offi- 
cers as trustees fu» their several commands. 

Article VIII.— Titles of Address. In the meetings of 
the various bodies of the Grand Army of the Republic 
members shall be addressed only as "Comrades," except- 
ing when holding office, when they shall be addressed by 
the title of the office which they hold in the Grand Army 
of the Republic. 

Article IX.— Uniform— Badges. — Section i. De- 
partments may adopt a uniform for their own members. 
Where no uniform is prescribed by a Department, each 
Post may adopt one. 

Sec. 2. The membership badge* of the Grand Army 
of the Republic shall be in form and mater.al that adopt- 
ed at the special meeting of the National Encampment, 
in New York, October 27, 1S69, and no other shall be 
worn as the badge of the Grand Army, except that pre- 
scribed for officers in Section 3, and for past officers in 
Section 4. 

Sec. 3. The badge designating official position* in the 
Grand Army of the Republic, adopted at the meeting of 
the National Encampment, held in New Haven, May '14 
and 15, 1S73, may be worn by all National, Department 
and Post officers in the Grand Army of the Republic when 
on duty or on occasion of ceremony, and no shoulder- 
straps or other badge shall be worn to designate official 
position in the Grand Army of the Republic. 

Sec. 4. Past officers may wear the strap of the official 
badge proper for the highest position they have held in 
the Grand Army, with a clasp upon the ribbon proper for 
such position, beneath the bronze eagle of the member- 
ship badge to which the whole shall be pendant. 

Article ^.— Provisional Departments — Section i. In 
States or Territories where the Grand Army of the Re- 
public is not established, the Commander-in-Chief may 
appoint, and cause to be mustered in, a Provisional Com- 
mander, who shall appoint — with the approval of the 
Commander-in-Chief— from comrades of the Grand 
Army of the Republic, a Senior and Junior Vice-Com- 
mander, an Assistant Adjutant- General, and an Assistant 
Quartermaster- General. He may appoint four Aides-de 
Camp. The Provisional Commander, the Senior and 
Junior Vice-Commanders, the Assistant Adjutant-Gen- 
eral, the Assistant Quartermaster- General, and five com- 
rades, selected by the Provisional Commander, shall con- 
stitute the Council of Administration. The officers thus 
appointed shall have for the time being, all the powers 
and duties of permanent Department officers, and make 
returns in accordance with Article 2 of this Chapter. 

Sec. 2. "When six Posts are organized in any Pro- 
visional Department, the Commander-in-Chief shall order 
a meeting of a Department Encampment. "When so 
assembled, it shall effect a permanent Department organi- 
zation. 

Article XI. — Politics. No officer or comrade of the 
Grand Army of the Republic shall in any manner use this 

*The design of this badge is protected by Letters- Pat- 
ent for the sole use of the Grand Army. 



4 






43° 



LI BERT T AND UNION, 



organization for partizan purposes, and no discussion of 
partizan questions shall be permitted at any of its meet- 
ing's, nor shall any nomination for political office 1 e 
made. 

Article XII. Relief Fund. A relief fund for the as- 
sistance of needy soldiers, sailors and marines, and 
widows and orphans of deceased soldiers, sailors and 
marines, shall be established by the several Posts, and any 
donations to this fund shall be held sacred for such pur- 
pose. 

Article XIII. — Secrecy. — Section i. The Ritual and 
unwritten forms of the Grand Army of the Republic, the 
names of persons causing 1 the rejection of candidates for 
membership, or any information as to the cause or means 
of such rejection, shall be kept secret; but any part of the 
proceedings of Post Encampments may be published, if 
ordered by vote of Post, approved by the Department En- 
campment, Department Commander or Commander-in- 
Chief, and any part of the proceedings of a Department 
Encampment may be published if ordered by the Encamp- 
ment or Department Commander, or Commander-in- 
Chief; and any part of the proceedings of the Nationaj 
Encampment maybe published, if ordered by the Nation- 
al Encampment or Commander-in-Chief. 

Sec. 2. Any comrade convicted of divulging any of 
the private affairs of the Grand Army of the Republic, or 
of violating an}' of the provisions of this article, shall be 
dishonorably discharged. 



Article XIV. Memorial Day*. The National En- 
campment hereby establishes a Memorial Day, to be ob- 
served by the members of the Grand Army of the Repub- 
lic, on the thirtieth day of May, annually, in commemora- 
tion of the deeds of our fallen comrades. When- such 
day occurs on Sunday, the succeeding day shall be ob- 
served, except where, by legal enactment, the preceding 
day is made a legal holiday, when such day shall be ob- 
served. 

Article XV, Alterations and Amendments. ,f The 
Rules and Regulations, and the Ritual of the Grand Army 
of the Republic, shall only be altered or amended by the 
National Encampment, by a two -thirds vote of the mem- 
bers present at a regular annual meeting thereof. But any 
section herein may be suspended, for the time being, at 
any annual meeting of the National Encampment, by a 
unanimous vote. 



* Resolution of National Encampment, 1877: '-That 
the Grand Army of the Republic seeks thus to preserve 
the memories of those only who fought in defense of the 
national unity." 

(Resolution of National Encampment June 4, 1878: 
"Resolved, That all Flags hoisted on Memorial Day, 

be at half-mast.") 
f Proposed amendments to R. and R. must be presented 

to the A. G. in time to furnish each member a copy at 

least thirty days before the annual Encimpment. Res. 

Encampment, June 18, 1879. 



OFFIGIAL BADGR8, 



(SECTIONS 3 & 4 ART. IX. CHAP. 5. R. &- R.) 

The following description of the official badge is from 
the report of the committee to the National Encampment 
at New Haven, 1873, and there adopted, and G. O. subse- 
qent- 

"That this official badge consist of a miniature strap 
and plain ribbon, to which shall be pendant the bronze 
star of the membership badge ; that this strap be one and 
one-half inches in length, one-half inch in width, enam- 
eled, with a border one-sixteenth of an inch in width, of 
gold or gilt, and on it be the insignia of official position 
in the Grand Army of the Republic, making use of the 
familiar star, eagle, leaf, and bar of the old service; that 
the field in enamel be for the National and Department 
officers, black; for Post officers, dark blue. 

"That the ribbon be one and one-half inches in length 
in the clear, and one and one-fourth inches in width; and 
in color, for National officers, buff; for Department offi- 
cers, red (cherry) and for Post officers, light blue. 

"That this badge be worn conspicuously on the left 
breast of the coat. 

"That to distinguish the different departments, a minia- 
ture shield in gold or gilt, with the Coat cf Arms of the 
State may be worn pendant to the strap. 

The insignia of rank upon the strap are as follows : 

For Commander-in-Chief, four silver s'.ars. 

For Senior Vice Commander-in Chief three silver 
stars. 

For Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Department 
Commander, two silver stars. 



For the official staff of the Commander-in-Chief, Sur- 
geon-General, Provisional Department Commanders, Se- 
nior Vice Department Commanders, one silver star. 

For Junior Vice Department Commanders, one gilt 
star. 

For the official staff of the Department Commander, 
Medical Directors, Aides-de-Camp, and Assistant Adju- 
tant General to the Commander-in-Chief, Post Command- 
ers, silver eagle. 

For Senior Vice Post Commanders, Assistant Inspec- 
tors-General, Aides-de-Camp to Department Command- 
ers, silver leaf. 

For Junior Vice Post Commanders, Assistant Inspec- 
tors, Post Surgeons, gilt leaf. 

For members of Council of Administration, silver let- 
ter "C." 

For Chaplain-in-Chief, silver star and cross. 

For Department Chaplains, large silver cross. 

For Post Chaplains, small silver cross. 

For Post officers of the day, two gilt bars. 

For Post Adjutants and Quartermaster, one gilt bar 

Officers-of-the-Guard, vacant field. 

For past officers, see Section 4, Art. IX, Chap. 5, 
Rules and Regulations, page 30. 

Official badges must conform strictly to the above re- 
quirements, and especial attention is called to the length 
width and color of ribbons. 

The flag ribbon of membership badge is not to be used 
on official badges. 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



431 



RULES flNH HEEULflTinNS FEH THE NflTIIINflL ENEflMFMENT. 



:. Order of business. 

1. Opening of the National Encampment in due form. 

2. Calling roll of Officers. 

3. Report of Committee on Credentials. 

4. Calling roll of members. 

5. Reports of officers, beginning with that of the Com- 
mander-in-Chief. 

6. Appointment of committees to consist of five mem- 
bers each, as follows: 

ist. Committee on Credentials for the following 
year the Adjutant General to be chairman. 

2d. Committees on Reports of Officers. 

3d. Committee on Rules and Regulations and Rit- 
ual. 

7. Reception and reference of communications from 
Department Encampments, to be called according to se- 
niority. 

8. Reception and reference of communications from 
individuals. 

9. Reports of Committees. 

10. Unfinished business. 

11. New business. 

12. Election and Installation of Officers. 

13. At the second and each succeeding session, the 
minutes of the preceding session shall be read immedi- 
ately after the opening ceremonies. This shall also be 
done before the closing exercises at the last session. 

14. This order of business may be suspended at any 
time for a definite purpose, by a two -thirds vote of the 
National Encampment, to be taken without debate. 

II. The Commander-in-Chief shall state every ques- 
tion properly presented to the National Encampment, and 
before putting it to vote shall ask, "Is the Encampment 
ready for the question?" Should no member offer to 
speak, he shall rise 10 put the question, and after he has 
risen no further discussion shall be in order. 

III. The Commander-in-Chief may speak to points of 
order in preference to other members, rising for that pur- 
pose; he shall announce all votes and decisions, and de- 
cide questions of order, subject to an appeal to the Na- 
tional Encampment by any two members, which appeal, 
if required, shal be in writing. 

IV. When an appeal is taken from the decision of the 
presiding officer, said officer shall surrender the chair to 
the officer next in rank, who shall put the question thus : 
"Shall the decision of the chair stand as the judgment of 
the National Encampment?" 

V. When the decision of any vote is doubted, the Com- 
mander-in-Chief shall direct the Adjutant General to 
count the vote in the affirmative and negative, and report 
the result to him. 

VI. When two or more members rise to speak at the 
same time, the Commander-in-Chief will decide who is en- 
titled to the floor. 

VII. A motion must be seconded and stated by the Com- 
mander-in-Chief before any action thereon is in order, and 
if required by any two members, shall be reduced to 
writing. 

VIII. A motion may be withdrawn by the mover and 
seconded before a vote is had thereon, and if withdrawn, 
no record thereof shall be made on the minutes. 



IX. The name of a member making a motion or offering 
any business shall be entered on the minutes. 

X. A division of a question containing two or more 
distinct propositions may be demanded by any mem- 
ber. 

XI. When a member wishes to speak he shall rise and 
respectfully address the Commander-in-Chief, confining 
his remarks to the question before the National Encamp- 
ment, and avoiding personalities and unbecoming lan- 
guage. 

XII. No member shall be interrupted while speaking, 
except by a call to order, or by a member to explain. 

XIII. No member shall speak more than twice upon the 
same quest on, except for explanation when misrepresent- 
ed, nor longer than ten minutes at any time, without a 
vote of the National Encampment, to be taken without 
debate. 

XIV. No member shall, in debate, impeach the motives 
of a fellow member, treat him with personal disrespect, 
or pass between him and the chair while he is speaking. 

XV. Any conversation calculated to disturb a member 
while speaking, or to hinder the transaction of business, 
shall be deemed a violation of order, and if persisted in, 
shall incur censure. 

XVI. On questions of order there shall be no debate, 
unless the Commander-in-Chief shall invite it, or unless 
an appeal is taken. 

XVII. When a member is called to order, he shall at 
once take his seat until his point of order is decided. 

XVIII. When a member is called to order for words 
spoken in debate, the objectionable words shall, if re- 
quired, be reduced to writing. 

XIX. When a question is before the National Encamp- 
ment, the only motion in order shall be : 

1 st. To adjourn, 

2d. To lay on the table, 

3d. The previous question, 

4th. To postpone indefinitely, 

5th. To postpone to a definite period 

6th. To postpone, 

7th. To refer, 

Sth. To amend, 
to take precedence in the order named, and th ; first three 
to be decided without debate. 

XX. When the previous question is moved and second- 
ed, it shall preclude all other motions and debate. It shall 
be put in this form: "Shall the main question be now 
put?" If decided in the affirmative, the vote shall be at 
once taken, without debate, and in the same order as if 
the previous question had not been ordered. 

XXI. A motion to adjourn shall always be in order, 
except, 

ist. While a member is speaking, 

2d. While a vote is being taken, 

3d. When to adjourn was the last preceding motion. 

A motion to adjourn cannot be amended, but when to 
adjourn to a given time or place, it is open to amendment 
or debate. 

XXII. The reading of any paper relating to the subject 
under consideration, shall always be in order. 



»-» 



4 



432 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



XXIII. When a blank is to be filled the question shall 
be first taken on the highest sum or number, or longest 
time, or in the order of nomination if it is to be filled with 
the name of a person. 

XXIV. The yeas and nays may be required and entered 
upon the minutes at the call of any three members repre- 
senting different Departments, as provided in Chap. IV, 
Art. 7. Rules and Regulations. 

XXV: When a matter is postponed indefinitely, it shall 
not again be in order at the same session of the National 
Encampment. 

XXVI. But two amendments can be pending at the 
same time. 

XXVII. A motion to reconsider shall be in order at any 
time during the same session of the National Encamp- 
ment, but must be made bv those voting with the majori- 
ty, or those voting in the negative in the case of equal di- 
vision. Amotion to reconsider once made and negatived 
shall not be renewed at the same session. 

XXVIII. All reports and resolutions must be submitted 
in writing, and when from a Committee thev must be 
signed by a majority of such committee. 

XXIX. All members entitled to vote shall vote on all 
questions unless excused by a vote of the National En- 
campment, to be taken without debate. 

XXX. "When a majority report is followed by a report 
from the minoritv of a committee, the former, after being 



read shall lie upon the table until the latter is presented, 
after which, on motion, either may be considered. 

XXXI. When a report has been read it shall be consid- 
ered properly before the National Encampment, without 
any motion to accept. 

XXXII. When a report is submitted with a resolution at- 
tached, action shall be had on the resolution onlv, unless 
the report be considered improper or incomplete, when it 
may be recommitted. When no resolution accompani^ 
the report, such report may be altered or amended. 

XXXIII. No report or resolution properly before the 
National Encampment shall be withdrawn without its 
permission, to be given or refused without debate. 

XXXIV. Questions not debatable : 

1 st. To adjourn, when to adjourn simply, 

2d. To lay on the table, 

3d. For the previous question, 

4th. To take up any particular item of business, 

5th. Granting leave to speak, 

6th. Granting leave to withdraw a report or resolution, 

7th. To excuse from voting, 

Sth. Questions of order where no appeal has been taken, 
or where the Commander-in-Chief has not invited discus- 
sion. 

XXXV. These rules of order may be altered or amend- 
ed at any regular session of the National Encampment, 
upon proposition in writing, and by a two-thirds vote of 
those present, and voting. 




H-4- 



*< 




LIBERTY AXD UNION. 

_i zLz i ^L: i ^ i. 



433 







^ *S\. ^*^ ./p- w^N, .-%. .•"■>, ^N* •"s ^*n* ^*s. ^ A - •^ -^s. •% ^^s. 3^~T~ h*^ ^R 3^ ^"\T SRA/toir^j 



INSTKIIETIIINS Til AFFLIEflNTS FUR FENSIflNS. 



Loyalty Is Essential in All Cases. 

Those portions of the laws of the United States pub- 
lished in this pamphlet contain all provisions now in 
force relative to pensions on account of disability or death, 
resulting from injury received or disease contracted in the 
military or naval service of the United States since the 4th 
of March, 1S61. 

Classes of Persons Entitled. 

The classes of persons entitled to pensions for disability 
under the law relating- to the war of the rebellion are 
stated in sections 4693 and 4722 of the Revised Statutes of 
the United States. A person not embraced in any one of 
those classes is not entitled to pension -;.nder the acts re- 
ferred to. 



of June iS, 1S74, provide that those persons disabled from 
the causes or in the degree set forth in the following 
statement, if entitled to a less pension under the law in 
force prior to the dates given in the table, shall, from and 
after said dates, be entitled to the rates therein stated . 

An applicant for increase of pension to $31.25 or $50.00 
per month must furnish the testimony of his physician, or 
of two credible witnesses, to prove the extent to which he 
requires the aid and attendance of another person. 

The same provision of law which entitles to $31.25 per 
month entitles to $50 per month, provided that in the lat- 
ter case the disability is permanent. 

Under section 469S of the Revised Statutes, the loss of 
a leg above the knee, with inability to use an artificial 
limb, entitles the person so disabled to a pension of $24 



Disabilities. 



Loss of both hands 

Total disability in c oth hands 

Loss of both "feet 

Total disability in both feet 

Loss of the sight of both eyes 

Loss of the sight of one eye, the sight of the other havi g 
been previously lost 

Loss of one hand and one foot 

Total disability in one hand and one foot 

Any disability equivalent to the .oss of a hand or foot 

Any disability incapacitating for the performance of any 
manual labor 

Any disability resulting in a condition requiring the reg- 
ular aid and attendance of another person 

Total deafness 



$25 00 
20 00 



520 00 



— 






3 ^ 


- 


— n - 








— 3 






























*> 


-! 


_ r- 


X 


g _=' 








- a 






r T 


E 






6 


— 5 
























gi 


Si 


■ a 


= 


— ~ 5o 


p 


la 




; a 


1 


- 5-5 




$31 


2 -> 






$50 00 


$25 00 


31 


2 5 











31 


25 






50 00 


20 00 


3 1 


- ,; ; 










3i 


^5 






50 00 


25 00 


3 1 
-'4 


2 5 
00 






50 00 


20 00 


2 4 


00 








15 00 


18 


00 








20 00 


2 4 


00 








25 00 


3i 

!3 


2 5 
00 






50 00 



Rates of Pension. 

The rates of Pension for total disability are stated in 
section 4695 of the Revised Statutes of the United States. 
More liberal provision is made by other portions of the 
law for higher grades of disability. 

Sections 4697 and 469$ of the Revised Statutes and act 



per month after June 4, 1S72. Under the act of June iS, 
1S74, all persons who have lost an arm at or above the el- 
bow, or a leg at or above the knee, are entitled after June 
4, 1S74, to a pension of $24 per month, without regard to 
the fact whether they can or cannot wear artificial limbs. 
Under section 4690 of the Revised Statutes, the rates of 
$10. $12, $14 and $16 per month will be allowed in cases 



- 



t 



434 



LI BERT 7' AND UNION. 



in which the disability bears the same proportion to that 
produced by the loss of a hand or foot, that those rates 
bear to the rate of $iS per month. 

A pension granted by a special act passed prior to June 
6, 1874, if at a lower rate than that allowed by the general 
pension-law under like cir umstantes, is increased by the 
act of June 6, 1S74, to the rate allowed by the general law. 

The phrase, "total disability," which occurs in section 
4695 of the Revised Statutes, is construed to refer to a to- 
tal disability for the performance of manual labor requir- 
ing severe and continuous exertion. 

The phrase, "any manual labor," which occurs in sec- 
tions 4697 and 469S, is construed to include the lighter 
kinds of labor which require education and skill. 

Instructions in Regard to Applications for 
Invalid Pension. 

The first step to be taken by an applicant for pension is 
to file a declaration setting forth the ground on which be 
claims a pension. 

The law providing before what officers declarations f or 
pension may be taken, is embraced in section 4714 of the 
Revised Statutes of the United States. (See page 39 of 
this pamphlet). 

A blank form of a declaration for pensions will be fur- 
nished upon the request of any claimant. Blank forms 
are not furnished by this Office to attorneys. 

The declaration should set forth the company and regi- 
ment in which the applicant served, the name of the com- 
manding officer of the company or organization, and the 
dates of enlistment and discharge. In Navy cases the 
vessel upon which the claimant served should be stated. 
If the claim is made on account of a wound or injury, the 
declaration should set forth the nature and locality of the 
wound or injury, the time when, the place where, and 
the circumstances under which, it was received, and the 
duty upon which the applicant was engaged 

If the wound or injurv was accidental, the applicant 
should state whether it happened through his own agen- 
cy or that of other persons, and he should minutely detail 
the circumstances under which it was received. 

If the claim is made on account of disability from dis- 
ease, the applicant should state in his declaration when 
the disease first appeared, the place where he was when 
it appeared, and the duty upon which he was at the time 
engaged. He should also detail the circumstances of ex- 
posure to the causes which in his opinion produced the 
disease. Whether the application be made on account of 
disability from injury or disease, the claimant should 
state the names, numbers and localities of all hospitals in 
which he received medical or surgical treatment, giving 
the date of his admission thereto as correctly as he may 
be able. 

The applicant should state whether he was in the mili- 
tary or naval service prior to or after the term of service 
in which his disability originated. 

The applicant should state his pbstoffice address. In 
cities, the street and number of his residence should be 
given. 

The identity of the applicant must be shown by the tes- 
timony of two credible witnesses, who must appear with 
him before the officer by whom the declaration may be 
taken. 



Mature of the Evidence Required to Sus- 
tain a Claim for Invalid Pension. 

Upon the receipt of a claim for pension, application 
will be made by this Office, in Army cases, to the Adju- 
tant-General and the Surgeon-General of the Army, for a 
report of the applicant's service and evidence in regard to 
the disability alleged, which may appear upon the rolls, 
and other records in the possession of those officers. 

In Navy cases, application for such evidence will be 
made to the proper Bureaus of the Navy Department. 
When the records of the War or Navy Department do 
not furnish satisfactory evidence that the disability on ac- 
count of which the claim is made originated in the service 
of the United States and in the line of duty, the claimant 
will be required to furnish such evidence, in accordance 
with the instructions hereinafter given,, compliance with 
which must be full and definite. 

If the disability results from a wound or other injury 
the nature and location of the wound or injury, the time 
when, the place where, and the manner in which it was 
received, whether in battle or otherwise, should be shown 
by the affidavit of some one who was a commissioned 
officer, and had personal knowledge of the facts. 

If the person called upon to give evidence is still in the 
service as a commissioned officer, his certificate will be ac- 
cepted in lieu of his affidavit. 

The applicant should furnish the testimony of the sur- 
geon by whom he was treated, showing the location and 
nature of the wound or injury, and the circumstances un- 
der which it was received. If the disability arise ; from 
disease, the testimony of the person who was surgeon or 
assistant surgeon of the regiment to which the applicant 
belonged, or the vessel upon which he served, should, if 
possible, be furnished, showing the name or nature of the 
disease, the time when, the place where it was contracted, 
and the circumstances of exposure to the causes which in 
his opinion produced the same. 

The surgeon should state whether in his opinion the 
habits of the applicant had an)- agency in the production 
of the disease. 

In any claim, whether made on account of injury or dis- 
ease, if it be shown that the testimony of a surgeon or 
other commissioned officer cannot be produced as evi- 
dence of the origin of the disabilitv alleged, the testimony 
of other persons having personal knowledge of the facts 
will be considered. 

"When a claim is made on account of disability from 
disease or rupture, the applicant should furnish the affi- 
davit of his family physician to prove his freedom at the 
date of enlistment from the disability alleged. In a claim 
on account of disability from disease, he must furnish the 
testimony of the physicians who have attended him since 
the date of discharge, to prove the continuous existence 
of the disability alleged since said date. It is especially 
important that the physician who first attended the appli- 
cant after his discharge should state the date at which his 
attendance commenced, and his condition at that time. If 
it should not be possible for the applicant to show the 
condition of his health during the whole period since the 
date of his discharge by the testimony of physicians, the 
cause of his inability to do so should be stated by him un- 
der oath. The testimony of other persons on this point 
may then be presented. The statement of the witnesses 
in regard to the manner in which the applicant was af- 
fected should be full and definite, and thev should state 



■S4&- 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



435 



how they obiained a knowledge of the facts stated by 
them. 

If an invalid filed a claim within five years from the 
date at which his right to pension accrued, upon his 
death without having established the claim, his widow or 
the guardian of his minor children can file the evidence 
required, and receive the pension to which he would have 
been entitled. 

Claims for Increase of Pension. 

A pensioner who may deem himself entitled to an in- 
crease of pension should file a declaration setting forth 
the ground upon which he claims such increase. 

A blank form for the application for increase of pen- 
sion will be furnished by this Office upon the request of 
the pensioner. 

A declaration for increase of pension may be taken be- 
fore any officer duly authorized to administer oaths for 
general purposes, if it should not be convenient for the 
pensioner to appear before an officer of a ourt of record. 
The official character and signature of the person before 
whom the declaration may be taken must be certified un- 
der the seal of a court of record. 

Except in cases of permanent specific disabilities, in- 
crease of pension on account of increase of the disability 
for which it was granted will commence at the date of the 
certificate of the examining surgeon made under the pend- 
ing claim. 

Increase of pension on account of a disability not al- 
leged in the original claim, and not dependent upon that 
disability, will commence at the date of discharge, if the 
claim on account thereof be filed within five years from 
the time th^ right accrued; otherwise it will commence 
from the date of filing the last evidence necessary to es- 
tablish the claim. 

To entitle to $24 per month, other than the specific dis- 
abilities mentfoned in section 4698, proof must be adduced, 
showing as a matter of fact that the claimant is incapaci- 
tated for the performance of any manual labor. 

Renewals. 

All invalid pensions granted under the general law will 
terminate at re -enlistment, or when the disabilities for 
which it was granted shall have ceased. 

A widow's pension will end at her re-marriage, and 
not be renewable should she again become a widow. 

Pensions allowed to dependent mothers and sisters end 
at re-marriage, or when dependence ceases. Pensions 
allowed to dependent fathers end when the dependence 
ceases. 

The name of any pensioner shall be stricken from the 
roll upon his or her failure to claim a pension for three 
years after the same shall have become due. 

Application for renewal of pension must be made to the 
Commissioner, by a declaration executed as in original 
claim, setting forth that the cause for which pension was 
allowed still continues. 

In cases of unclaimed pensions, evidence must be filed 
satisfactorily accounting for the failure to claim such pen- 
sion; and in invalid claims, medical evidence showing the 
continuance of the disability. 

Blank forms of declaration will be furnished by this of- 
fice at the request of the claimant. 

All invalid pensions granted under the general law will 
terminate at re-enlistment, or when the disabilitiei for 
which they were allowed shall have ceased. 



A widow's pension will end at her re-marriage, and not 
be renewable should she again become a widow. 

Claims of Widows and Children. 

To entitle a widow or children to pension, the death of 
the husband or father must have been the result of injury 
received or disease contracted under such circumstances 
as would have entitled him to an invalid pension had he 
been disabled. 

The declaration. 

The blank form of declaration, with the accompanving 
notes, which is furnished by this office upon the request 
of the claimant, sufficiently indicates the facts which 
should be stated by the widow or guardian. Section 4714 
of the Revised Statutes designates the officers before 
whom declarations may be taken. 

Rate of Pension. 

A widow is entitled to a pension of the same rate as 
that to which the husband would have been enti- 
tled, had he been totally disabled. These rates are 
set forth in section 4695 of the Revised Statutes. In 
addition to this rate, she will be allowed $2 per month 
for each child of the officer or soldier under the age of 
sixteen years. 

The additional pension of $2 per month will commence 
'on the 25th of July, iS56, except when the original is al- 
lowed from a subsequent date, in which case the original 
pension and the increase will be paid from the same 
date. 

Instructions Relative to the Applications 
of Widows and Children. 

If the husband or father has established his claim to an 
invalid pension the title of the widow or children will be 
established by filing proof that his death resulted from 
the injury or disease on account of which his pension 
was granted. The facts of the case should be shown by 
the testimony of the physician who attended the pension- 
er in his last illness. It will not answer the purpose for 
which this evidence is required for the physician to give 
his testimony in the form of an opinion in regard to the 
connection of the disease which caused death with the dis- 
ease or injury on account of which the pension was grant- 
ed. The grounds upon which any opinion may be based 
must be fully stated. A full medical history of the case 
must be given, so as to enable this office to judge of the 
connection of the fatal disease as a result with the ser- 
vice. The cause and date of death should be stated in 
the physicians' affidavit. 

If the husband or father had not established a claim for 
an invalid pension, it will be necessary, in the prosecu- 
tion of the claim of the widow or children, that the 
origin and cause of the fatal disease should be shown, as 
required in the instructions to applicants for invalid pen- 
sions. The medical history of the case from the date of 
discharge to death should, if possible, be more fully de- 
tailed than is required to be in cases in which the hus- 
band or father was a pensioner. 

Proof of Marriage in Widows' Claims. 

The marriage of the applicant to the person on account 
of whose service and death the claim is made, should be 
shown — 

1 st. By a duly verified copy of a church or other pub- 
lie record; 



4- 



43 6 



LIBERTY AXD UNION. 



2d. Bv the affidavit of the clergyman or magistrate 
who officiated : 

3d. Bv the testimony of two or more eye-witnesses to 
the ceremony ; 

4th. Bv a duly verified copy of the church record of 
baptism of the children ; or 

5th. Bv the testimony of two or more witnesses who 
know that the parties have lived together as man and 
wife, and who will state how long, within their knowl- 
such cohabitation continued. 

In the foregoing statement the classes of evidence are 
arranged in the order of their relative weight. The low- 
er classes of evidence will not be accepted unless it be 
shown that better evidence cannot be obtained. 

Special provision, however, is made by section 4705 of 
the Revised Statutes, in regard to the character of the 
evidence which shall be required in the claims of widows 
and children cf colored and Indian soldiers and sailors. 

Proof of the Date* of the Birth of Chil- 
dren. 

The dates and birth of children should be proved — 

1 st. Bv a duly verified copy of the church record of 
baptism or other public record ; 

2d. By the affidavit of the physician who attended the 
mother; or 

3d. Bv the testimony of persons who were present at 
the births, who should state how they are able to testifv 
to the precise dates. 

The evidence is here stated in the order of the weight 
which is attached to it by this office. That first mentioned 
should, if possible, be produced. 

If anv child of the person on whose account the claim 
is made, died after the date at which the widow's pen- 
sion will commence, she will be entitled on account of 
that child to an increase of her pension at the rate of $2 
per month to the date of its death. The date of its death 
should therefore be proved. 

Claims on Behalf of Minor Children. 

In claims on behalf of minor children the guardian 
must furnish proof upon the following points : 

1st. Evidence of his authority as guardian, under the 
seal of the court from which his authority was obtained, 
must be furnished; and if any other guardian was pre- 
viously appointed, it must be shown that his authority 
has been terminated or has been revoked. 

2d. The cause and date of the father's death, the mar- 
riage of the parents, and the dates of birth of the chil- 
dren must be proved. "When, however, proof upon these 
points has been furnished in the claim of the widow, it 
will not again be required in the claim on behalf of the 
minors. 

3d. If the mother of the children is dead, the date of 
her death must be proved. If she re-marries, her re- 
age must be proved in the same manner that her 
marriage to the father of the children is required to be 
proved. If the claim is made on account of the widow 
having abandoned the children, or r>n account of her un- 
fitness to have custody of them, the facts of the case- 
should be shown by the certificate of a court having pro- 
bate jurisdiction, or by the testimony of respectable and 
credible witnc 

4th. If the mother of the children died before the 
father, it must be shown whether he again married. 

5th. It must be shown whether the father left any 



other child than those for whose benefit the claim is 
made, and, if so, why such child is not embraced in the 
application. A guardian is not entitled on account of a 
child which died prior to the date of the application. If 
a child dies during the pendency of the application, the 
amount of pension and additional pension due on its ac- 
count inures to the benefit of the other children. 

Applieations of Dependent Belatives. 

To entitle a mother, father, or minor brothers and sis- 
ters to pension, the death of a son or brother must have 
resulted from injur}- received or disease contracted under 
such circumstances as would have entitled him to an in- 
valid pension had he been disabled. 

The rate of pension to a dependent relative is the same 
as that to which the invalid would have been entitled had 
he been totally disabled. , (See section 4695 of the Re- 
vised Statutes of the United States.) 

Proof Beqnired in Claims of Dependent 
Mothers. 

A mother claiming a pension must prove the cause and 
date of the death of her son ; her relationship ; that he 
left no widow or minor child or children surviving: and 
her dependence upon him for support. 

1st. In proof of dependence, it must be shown that 
previous to the date of the said son's decease her husband 
had died, or that he had permanently abandoned her sup- 
port, or that on account of disability from injury or dis- 
ease he was unable to support her. If the husband is 
dead, the date of his death must be proved. If he 
abandoned the support of his family, the date of such 
abandonment, and all the facts of the case, showing 
whether he ever returned or ever afterward contributed 
to the support of the claimant, must be fully set forth. If 
he was disabled, the nature and cause of the disability, 
and when and to what extent it rendered him unable to 
support the claimant, must be shown by the testimony of 
his physician. The extent of his disability during the 
period from the son's death to the present time should 
also be shown. 

2d. The value of the property of the claimant and her 
husband, the income which thev derived therefrom, and 
the other means of support possessed by them while she 
was receiving- the contributions of her said son, and from 
that time to the present, should be shown by the testi- 
monv of credible and disinterested witnesses, who must 
state how they know the facts. The ralue of property 
assessed for taxation may be shown by the te timony of 
the officer having possession of the records relating 
thereto. The true as compared with the assessed value- 
should be stated. 

3d. It must be shown to what extent, for what period, 
and in what manner her said son contributed to her sup- 
port, by the testimony of persons for whom the son la- 
bored, to whom he paid rent, of whom he purchased gro- 
ceries, fuel, clothing, or other necessary articles for her 
use, or of those who otherwise had a knowledge of the 
contributions of the son, and who must state how they 
obtained such knowledge. Any letter from the son bear- 
ing upon the question of support should be filed. If the 
son, in any other manner than by actual contributions, 
acknowledged his obligations to support his mother or 
was by law bound to such support, the facts should be 
shown. 



«-#■ 



LIBERT T AND UNIOX. 



437 



Proof Required in Claim of a Father. 

A father claiming pension on account of the death of 
his son, upon whom" he was dependent for support, must 
prove — 

i st. The cause and date of his son's death, that said 
son left no widow or minor child surviving him ; the 
cause and extent of his disability during the period in 
which the son contributed to his support, and from that 
time to the present; the amount of his property and all 
other means of support possessed by him during that 
period; and the extent of his dependence upon his son 
:for support. The facts of the case in these respeets 
should be shown by sueh testimony as is required in the 
claim of a mother. 

2d. The date of his marriage, the date of the death of 
the mother, and the date of the birth of the son must be 
proved . 

In case the mother applied for pension, reference 
should be made to her application, and the number of the 
same or of her certificate should be given. Evidence 
upon any point established in her claim will not again be 
required. 

Claim* of 3Iinoi* Brothers and Sisters. 

The claim on behalf of minor brothers and sisters 
should be made by a guardian duly appointed, who must 
furnish the evidence of his or her authority under the 
seal of the court from which the authority was obtained. 
He must prove the cause and date of the death of the 
brother on whose account the claim is made, his celibacy, 
the dates of death of the mother and father, his relation- 
ship to the persons on whose behalf the claim is made, 
the dates of their births, and their dependence upon the 
brother for support. If the mother or father applied for 
pension, the number of his or her application or of his or 
her certificate should be given. Evidence upon any 
point established in the claim of the mother or father will 
not again be required. 

In the administration of the pension laws no distinction 
is made between brothers and sisters of the half-blood 
and those of the whole blood. 

Magistrates and Witnesses. 

All evidence in a claim for pension (other than the 
declaration) may be verified before an officer duly au- 
thorized to administer oaths for general purposes; but no 
evidence verified before an officer who is engaged in the 
prosecution of the claim, or who has a manifest interest 
therein, will be accepted. Any officer before whom testi- 
mony in a claim for pension may be taken must therefore 
set forth in his certificate that he has no interest in the 
prosecution of such claim. 

The official character and signature of the magistrate 
who may administer the oath must be certified by the 
proper officer of a court of record, under the seal of such 
court. When the certificate of the officer who authenti- 
cates the signature of the magistrate is not written on 
the same sheet of paper which contains the signature to 
be authenticated, the certificate must be attached to said 
paper by a piece of tape or ribbon, the ends of which 
must pass under the official seal, or the certificate of au - 
thentication must bear the impress of the seal through 
the jurat, to which it must be affixed in such a manner as 
to prevent any paper from being improperly attached to 
the certificate. 



"When the commission of a notary public, or a certified 
copy of his appointment, with his official seal and signa- 
ture attached, and the certificate of the clerk of a court or 
other proper officer to the genuineness of his signature is 
filed in this office, his own certificate, under his official 
seal, will be recognized thereafter during his continuance 
in office; but in the absence of such commission or certi- 
fied copy of his appointment, an affidavit taken before 
such officer will not be received in any case unless it be 
accompanied by a certificate of the proper officer, show- 
ing his authority and the genuineness of the signature. 
When a general certificate as to the authority and signa- 
ture of a notary has been filed in this office, upon all pa- 
pers verified before him' thereafter, reference should be 
made to such general certificate. 

When a person authorized to act as the deputv of an 
officer of a court of record administers an oath to a wit- 
ness, he must sign his own name to the certificate of the 
fact, and not that of the person for whom he is acting. 

It is desirable that the facts required to be proved in 
the prosecution of a claim for pension should, if possi- 
ble, be shown by the testimony of other persons than 
near relatives of the claimant. 

Every fact required to be proved should be shown by 
the best evidence obtainable. Even' witness should state 
whether he has any interest, direct or indirect, in the 
prosecution of the claim in which he mavbe called to tes- 
tify. 

"Witnesses should not merely confirm the statements of 
other parties, but the}- should give a detailed statement 
of the facts known to them in regard to the matter con- 
cerning which they may testify, and they should state 
how they obtained a knowledge of such facts. The offi- 
cer who may take the deposition must certify to his 
knowledge of the credibility of the witnesses, and must 
state how such knowledge was obtained. If they sign 
by mark, he must certify that the contents of their deposi- 
tions were fully made known to them before he adminis- 
tered the oath. 

It is desirable that affidavits should be free from 
interlineations and erasures. "When an alteration is 
made in an affidavit, or an addition is made thereto, it 
must appear by the certificate of the officer who adminis- 
tered the oath that such alteration or addition was made 
with the knowledge and sworn consent of the affiant. 

In the affidavits from surgeons or physicians, it is de- 
sirable that that portion detailing the nature of the disa- 
bility, dates of treatment and death, symptoms and opin- 
ions as to connection between diseases, or injurv and dis- 
ease, should be in the handwriting of the party by whom 
it is signed. The testimony of nny person as an expert 
should be drawn up by some one professionally compe- 
tent to make such a statement. 

The official certificates of judicial officers using a seal, 
or of commissioned officers of the Army or Navy in ac- 
tual service, will be accepted without affidavit; but all 
other witnesses must testify under oath. The post-office 
addresses of witnesses should be given in their affida- 
vits. 

Attorneys. 

Every officer of the United States, or person holding 
any place of trust or profit, or discharging any official 
function under or in connection with any Executive De- 
partment of the Government of the United States, or 
under the Senate or House of Representatives of the 



** 



43§ 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



United States, is prohibited under a heavy penalty 
from acting as an agent or attorney in claim for pension, 
or from aiding and assisting- in any manner, otherwise 
than in the discharge of his proper official duties, in the 
prosecution of such claim. 

No person can be recognized as an attorney before this 
office until he shall have filed the following oath, sworn 
to before some officer duly authorized to administer oaths 
for general purposes, whose official character and signa- 
ture must be certified under seal : 



do solemnlv 



that I will support, 
protect, and defend the Constitution and Government of the 
United States against all enemies, whether domestic or 
foreign, and that 1 will bear true faith, allegiance, and 
loyalty to the same, any ordinance, resolution, or law of 
any .State, convention, or legislature to the contrary not- 
withstanding; and, further,'that I do this with a full de- 
termination, pledge and purpose, without any mental res- 
ervation or evasion whatsoever; and, further, that I will 
faithfully perform all the duties which may be required 
of me by law; so help me God. 

The substitution by a claimant of an attorney for one 
already empowered and recognized by this office will not 
be permitted unless with the consent of the attorney of 
record, or unless a good and sufficient reason be given for 
said substitution. 

A transfer of claims to a new attorney will not be rec- 
ognized unless a list of said claims, giving the names and 
service of the persons on whose account the claims were 
made, and, if possible, the numbers of the claims, be 
given in the power of attorney, and then only when the 
person making the transfer has the power of substitu- 
tion. 

" Section 54S5. Any agent or attorney, or any other 
person instrumental in prosecuting any claim for pension 
or bounty-land, who shal!, directly or indirectly, contract 
for, demand, or receive or retain any greater compensa- 



tion for his services or instrumentality in prosecuting a 
claim for pension or bounty -land than is provided in the 
title pertaining to pensions, or who shall wrongfully 
withhold from a pensioner or claimant the whole or any 
part of the pension or claim allowed and due such pen- 
sioner or claimant, or the land -warrant issued to any such 
claimant, shall be deemed guilty of high misdemeanor, 
and upon conviction thereof, shall for every such offense 
be fined not exceeding five hundred dollars, or imprison- 
ment at hard labor not exceeding two years, or both, at 
the discretion of the court." 

Upon the envelope of all evidence and correspondence 
relating to original claims should be indorsed "Original 
claim No. — ," and upon the envelope of evidence or cor- 
respondence relating to claims in which a certificate had 
been issued should be indorsed "Certificate No. — . " In 
either case the name and service of the person on whose 
account the claim is made should be stated. If reference 
is made to any letters or circulars from this office, the in- 
itials found thereon should be noted. 

All letters of inquiry relative to claims pending before 
this office should give the number of the claim and the 
name and service of the person on whose account the 
claim is made. 

Attorney's Fees. 

No attorney can legally charge a greater sum than ten 
dollars for services in any pension claim, nor can any fee 
agreements be filed in the Pension Office. Fees are no 
longer payable by the Pension agent, upon the allowance 
of the claim, but they must be collected from the pen- 
sioner. The law now permits attorneys to demand and 
receive their fees in advance. 

All blanks required will be furnished free on applica- 
tion to the Commissioner of Pensions, Washington, D. C 



PEWSinN MWS, REUISEH flNH EIINSnLinflTEIl 



By the Act entitled "An Act to Revise and Consolidate the Statutes of the United States in force on the first day of 
December, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three." Approved June 22, 1874. 



TITLE LVII. 



Sec. 
4692. 
4°93- 
4694. 

4695- 
4096. 



4697. 

469S. 

4G9SJ* 

4699. 
4700. 
4701. 
4702. 



Who may have pensions. 

Classes enumerated. 

Limitations in case of disability originating sub- 
sequent to July 27, 1S68. 

Rate of pension for a total disability. 

Pension according to rank at date of contracting 
disability, and commissions in certain cases to de- 
termine rank. 

Rate and commencement of pensions for perma- 
nent specific disabilities prior to June 4, 1S72. 

Rate and commencement of pensions for perma- 
nent specific disabilities subsequent to June 4, 
,S 7 2. 

. Commencement of increase to invalids for disa- 
bilities not permanent and specific. 

Fractional rates of $iS per month. 

Absentees on furlough and sick-leave. 

Date when service terminates. 

Widows and children of diseased soldiers enti- 
tled. 



PENSIONS. 

Sec. 

4703. Increased pensions to widows, etc. 

4704. What children deemed legitimate. 

4705. Widows of colored and Indian soldiers 

4706. Abandonment, etc., by widow. 

4707. Succession of dependent relatives, etc. 
470S. Remarriage. 

4709. Commencement of pensions. 

4710. When right to pension is deemed to have accrued. 

4711. Arrears of pension. 

4712. Provisions of former acts extended. 

4713. Commencement of pensions for prior wars. 

4714. Declarations. 

4715. Election, but not two pensions allowable. 

4716. Loyalty. 

4717. Action of War or Navy Department in claims not 
prosecuted to a successful issue within five years 
from filing. 

47 iS. Accrued pension to pensioners deceased. 

4719. Unclaimed pension. 

4720. Pensions under special acts of Congress 



4^ 



4- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



+39 



Sec. 

4721. Indian claims. 

4722. Provisions extended to Missouri State militia. 

4723. Colored soldiers enrolled as slaves. 

4724. Pension and pay not allowed for same period, ex- 

cept in certain cases. 

4725. Half-pay to widows under laws prior 1 1 June 3, 

185S. 

4726. Half-pay to widows for life, and to children under 

sixteen years of age. 

4727. Half-monthly pay of widows, etc., not to exceed 

half-pay of lieutenant-colonel. 
472S. Provision for officers, petty officers, seamen, and 
marines, disabled prior to March 4, 1S61. 

4729. Widows and children of same. 

4730. Regulars or volunteers disabled in war with Mex- 

ico. 

4731. Widows and children of the same. 

4732. Provisions for -widows ?nd children of persons 

engaged in war of 1812, Indian wars, etc. 

4733. Pensioners now on the rolls, or 'entitled to be, shall 

receive the benefits of this title. 

4734. Pensions not to be withheld. 

4735. Time for which a widow shall not receive a pen- 

sion. 

4736. Pensions granted to certain soldiers of the war of 

1S12. 

4737. Pensions to be, at what rate, etc. 

473S. Pensions to surviving widows of officers, etc., of 
war of 1812. 

4739. Proof required, names may be stricken from pen- 

sion-rolls. 

4740. Loss of certificate of discharge, etc. 

4741 Pension to officers and seamen on revenue cutters 
in certain cases. 

4742. Claims for certain pensions to children or revolu- 

tionary soldiers, when not allowable. 

4743. Evidence to enable widow of revolutionary sol- 

dier to get pension. 

4744. Special service in investigating suspected attempts 

at fraud. 

4745. Any pledge or transfer of pension void. 

4746. Penalty for false affidavit and post dating vouch- 

ers. 

4747. Pensions not liable to attachment. 

474S. Commissioner to furnish printed instructions free 
of charge. 

4749. Certain soldiers and sailors not to be deemed de- 

serters from Army or Navy, etc. 

4750. Secretary of Navy trustee of Navy pension-fund. 
475'. Penalties, how to be sued for. 

4752. Prize-money accruing to United States to remain a 

fund for pensions. 
4753- Moneys belonging to naval pension fund, how to 

be invested. 
4754. Rate of interest on naval pension-fund. 
4755- Navy pensions payable from fund. 



bee. 

4756 Disabled enlisted men in Navy and Marine Corps, 
who have served twenty years, etc. 

4757. Such persons so serving not less than ten years, 
etc., may apply for aid from surplus income of 
naval pension fund. 

475S. Secretary of Navy trustee of privateer pension- 
fund. 

4759. Commissions to collectors and consuls upon prize 
goods; to what uses to be applied. 

4760; Two per cent, reserved by collector to be paid into 
treasury to constitute a fund, etc. 

47'Si. Pensions to privateers. 

4762. Commanding officers to enter names, etc., of 

wounded persons in a journal. 

4763. Collectors to transmit transcript of such journal 

to Secretary of Navy. 

4764. Pension agents to send quarterly voucher to each 

pensioner. 

4765. Check to be drawn to order of each pensioner. 

4766. Pensions to be paid only to persons entitled, etc. 

4767. Blanks for vouchers; notice thereon. 

476S. Certificate of pension, to whom to be sent; and 
fees of attorneys, by whom to be paid, 

4769. Pension agent to deduct fee. 

4770. Duplicate checks may be issued, etc. ; bond of in- 

demnity. 

4771. Biennial examination, etc. 

4772. More frequent examinations. 

4773. Biennial examination of pensioners by unappoint- 

ed civil surgeons. 

4774. Boards of examining surgeons. 

4775. Special examinations and appeals therefrom. 

4776. Medical referees and other examining surgeons. 

4777. Commissioner of Pensions may appoint civil sur- 

geons to make examinations. 

477S. Pension agents ; appointment, term of office. 

4779. Bond of pension-agent. 

47?o. Agencies for payment of pensions may be estab- 
lished. 

4751. Pay of pension-agents; clerk-hire and other ex- 

penses, maximum. 

4752. Additional compensation. 

4753. Penalty on guardian. 

4754. Pension agents and clerks to take affidavits with- 

out fee. 

4755. Fees of attorney for prosecuting claims, etc. 

4756. Governing fees to attorneys. 

4787. Artificial limbs, etc., to be furnished to officers, etc. 
47SS. Commutation rates in money value for limbs, etc. 
47S9. Money commutation, how paid. 

4790. Disabled soldiers who cannot use artificial limbs to 

receive money value. 

4791. Transportation for disabled soldiers to whom a: ■ 

tificial limbs are furnished . 
54S5. Attorney for pensions demanding more than legal 
fee, etc. 



^^£^^$M^p-^m^^- 



4- 



440 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



PARLIAMENTARY RULES FEH THE EIIVEHNMENT EF 
FEBLIE ASSEMBLIES, 



A knowledge of the rules which regulate the formation 
and order of business in public assemblies, is essential to 
every well informed citizen. Every citizen is obliged, at 
some time, to take part in the primary assemblies of the 
people. These are constantly held, not merely for politi- 
cal purposes, but for tho-e of business — commercial, 
literary, benevolent, or religious. In addition to these 
primary assemblies, there are various and numerous 
organized associations, with some one or more of which 
almost every citizen is connected. The rules for the 
transaction of business in the assemblies, or associations, 
are substantially the same in all of them, the most im- 
portant of which are substantially as follows : 

ORGANIZATION. 

i. In regularly organized bodies, such as Congress, 
the State Legislature, religious, political, or other associa- 
tions, the constitution under which they act usually 
designates the title of their presiding officer, defines his 
duties, and provides for the mode of his appointment. 

2. When a primary assembly of the people, or of any 
part of them, is called together for anv purpose, the first 
thing to be done is to choose a presiding officer, usually 
designated as chairman. 

3. At the proper time some one rises, and moves that 
A B be appointed chairman of the meeting. When this 
is seconded, the person making- the motion puts the 
question, and if it be carried, A B takes the chair as 
presiding officer. 

4. Regularly every public assembly should have a 
secretary, who is chosen in such a manner as the body 
may direct. 

5. The assembly may appoint such other officers as is 
deemed expedient ; and on important occasions there are 
usually appointed several vice-presidents and additional 
secretaries. 

6. In deliberate bodies composed of delegates, it is usual 
to effect a primary organization as above ; then appoint a 
committee on ''permanent organization," who nominate 
permanent officers for the assembly ; and a committee on 
"credentials," who prepare a list of those entitled to take 
part in the proceedings. 

7. Immediately before or after (usually after) the per- 
manent organization there are appo.nted committees on 
order of business, resolutions, address, and such others as 
the case may require. 

DUTIES OF OFFICERS. 

8. The presiding officer opens each sitting of the body 
by taking the chair and calling the members to order ; he 
announces the business in order ; receives all communi- 
cations, messages, motions, and propositions ; puts to 
vote all questions coming before the body for their de- 
cision ; and enforces the rules of order. He may read 
sitting, but should rise to state a motion or put a question. 

9. The secretary keeps a record of tae proceedings of 
the body ; reads all papers as ordered ; calls the roll of 
members, and records their vote during a call for the ayes 
and nays ; notifies committees of their appointment, and 
the business referred to them ; and takes charge of all 
papers and documents belonging to the assembly. 

10. The vice-president takes the chair in the absence of 
the presiding officer, or when he leaves the chair to take 
part in the proceedings of the meeting. 

11. When other officers are chosen their duties are set 
forth in the resolution appointing them, or in the bylaws 
of the association. 

ORDER. 

12. In all assemblies any member may at any time rise 
to a point of order. Me must distinctly state his question 
or objection, which the presiding officer will decide. 

13. Any member dissatisfied with the ruling of the 
chair may appeal to the assembly ; and the presiding 
officer may call upon the house to sustain him in pre- 
serving order. The deiision of the meeting is final. 

14. Every member must treat every other member with 
respect And decorum ; and especially must he acknowl- 



edge the dignity of the body at large, and of the officers 
thereof. 

15. The chairman of an assembly cannot regularly 
speak to anything but a point of order, or a question of 
fact. 

16. In general the chairman has his own vote no more, 
but in primary meetings he is usually entitled to the 
casting vote. 

17. If two persons rise to speak together, the chairman 
determines which shall have precedence; it may, however, 
be referred to the house. 

18. A person speaking cannot regularly mention an- 
other member of the assembly by name. He must describe 
him as "the gentleman who has just sat down," "the 
gentleman on the other side of the question," etc. 

19. When a person rises to speak, he must address the 
presiding officer, who should call him by name, that the 
assembly may know who he is. 

20. The person speaking should confine himself to the 
question under debate, and avoid personality. If he 
transgress the rules of order, he may be called to order 
by the presiding officer, or any member. 

2i. No one should be interrupted while speaking, 
except he be out of order, or to ask, or to make an 
explanation. 

22. A speaker may allow others to ask questions or 
make explanations ; but if he yield the floor, he cannot 
claim it again as his right. 

ORDER OF BUSINESS. 

23. All business should be presented by a motion — and 
in writing, if so required — the motion to be made by one 
member and seconded by another. 

24. A question is not to be discussed until it is moved, 
seconded, and distinctly stated by the presiding officer. 

25. A question before the meeting cannot be withdrawn, 
except by unanimous consent. 

26. A motion should contain but one distinct proposition, 
or question. If it contains more than one, it may be 
divided at the request of any member, and trie questions 
acted on separately. 

27. A motion beforj the meeting must be put to vote, 
unless withdrawn, laid on the table, or postponed. 

28. A motion lost should not be renewed at the same 
meeting, unless under circumstances of peculiar necessity. 

29. While a motion is under debate, no other motion can 
be allowed, except 

THE PRIVILEGED QUESTIONS. 

1. To adjourn. 

2. To lay on the table. 

3. For the previous question. 

4. To postpone to a day certain. 

5. To commit or amend. 

6. To postpone indefinitely. 

Which several motions shall have precedence in the 
order in which they are arranged ; and no motion to post- 
pone to a day certain, to commit, or to postpone indefi- 
nitely, being decided, shall be again allowed on the 
same day, and of the same stage of the proposition. 

30. Motions to adjourn, to lay on the table, for the pre- 
vious question, to commit, and to indefinitely postpone, 
are not debatable. But when thev are modified by some 
condition of time, place, or purpose', they become debatable, 
and subject to the rules of other motions. 

31. A mot'on to adjourn is always in order, except 
while the body is engaged in voting on another question, 
or while a member is speaking. 

32. A body may adjourn to specified time. But if no 
time is mentioned, then it is understood to be adjourned 
to the time of its next meeting ; or if it have no other 
fixed time for meeting, then an adjournment without date 
is equivalent to a dissolution. 

33. If a meeting votes to adjourn at a specified hour, no 
vote is requisite when that hour arrives. The chair 
simply announces that the meeting stands adjourned. 

34. By adjournment the condition of things is not 
chunged ; and when the body meet ngain, everything is 
renewed at the point where it was left. 



LIBERT!" AND UNION. 



441 



35. Immediate and decisive action, on any question, 
may be deferred by a vote to lay the resolution pending- on 
the table, whence it can be orde.ed up when it suits the 
convenience of the assembly. 

36. When any question is before the house, any member 
may move the previous question, which is "'Shall the 
main question be i.ow put." If it pass, then the main 
question is to be put immediately, without debate or 
amendment, but if lost, then the main question is not put, 
and the discussion goes on 

37 A postponement to a day certain, is used when a 
proposition is made which it i^ proper to act on — but in- 
formation is wanted, or something more pressing claims 
present attention. 

38. An indefinite postponement is considered equivalent 
to a final dismissal of the question. 

39. The meeting may decide to take up some particular 
business at a special time. That business becomes the 
order of the day, and when the hour specified arrives, the 
chair announces the order of the day and other business is 
suspended. 

40. Questions relating to the rights and privileges of 
the meeting, and of its members, are of primary import- 
ance, and for the time take precedence of all other 
business, and supersede all other motions, except that of 
adjournment. 

41. When a question has been decided it is in order for 
any member who voted with the majority ta move at the 
same or next succeeding sitting of the body for a reconsid- 
eration theveof. A question reconsidered "is placed again 
before the body for action. 

COMMITTEES. 

42. All committees shall be appointed by the presiding 
officer, unless otherwise directed. If voted for by the 
body it requires a majority (in the absence of any other 
rule) of all the votes cast to elect. 

43. The first one named in the appointment of a com- 
mittee is, by courtesy, considered the chairman, but the 
committee have the right to appoint their own chairman. 

44. Any subject in debate, or matter of business, may 
be referred to a committee, with or without instructions; 
the committee to report the result of their investigation to 
the meeting. 

45. The report of a committee is accepted by a vote, 
which simply acknowledges the service of the committee, 
and places their report before the meeting for its action. 
Afterward, any distinct proposition or recommendation 
contained in the report is separately acted on, and may be 
adopted or rejected. 

46. A majority of a committee constitutes a quorum for 
business, who may meet where they please, but they can 
not act except when together; and nothing can be ihe 
report of the committee except what is agreed upon in 
committee. 

AMENDMENTS. 

47. Amendments may be made to motions by omitting, 
adding, or substituting, words or sentences, and amend- 
ments to amendments, are in order. 

48. The amendment should be discussed and voted on 
first, and then the original resolution, as amended. 

49. No amendment should be made, which essentially 
changes the nature or design of the original resolution. 

50. But a substitute may be offered tor any motion or 
amendment under debate, which may or may not change 
the design of the motion. 

51. It is in order to move an amendment to strike out 
certain words and insert others; this being rejected, it is 



in order to move to strike out, and insert a different set 
of words, this being rejected.it is in order to move to 
strike out the same' words, and insert nothing, because 
each of these is a distinct proposition differing from the 
others. But it must be recollected, that it is not in order, 
if the motion to strike out and insert A, is carried, to 
move an amendment to strike out A, and insert B. To 
avoid this dilemma, the mover of B must give notice, 
pending the motion to insert A, that he intends to move 
the insertion of B, in which case he will gain the votes of 
all who prefer the amen ment B to the amendment A, in 
opposition to A. But, aft r A is inserted, it is in order to 
move an amendment by striking out the whole or part 
of the original fiarag'raph, including A; for this is 
essentiallj- a different Proposition from that to strike out 
A merely. 

QUORUM. 

52. In every constitutionally organized body there must 
be some number fixed which are sufficient to do business- 
This number is called a quorum, and is usua.ly designated 
in the constitut on under which the body acts. Some- 
times a quorum consists of a definite number of members; 
sometimes of two-thirds of all the members; but usually, 
as in Congress, of a majority of the members. 

55. When a quorum is necessary to do business, in 
general, the chair should not be taken by the presiding 
officer till that quorum is present. And whenever, in the 
progress of business, it is observed that a quorum is not 
present, any member may call for a count of the house, 
and a quorum being found wanting, business must be 
.suspended. 

54. In primary assemblies of the people there is, of 
course, no number requisite to constitute a quorum, and it 
frequently happens that a very small number of persons 
act for a large community. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

55. The question is first put on the affirmative, and then 
on the negative side; till which, it is not a full question; 
but in the cases of small matters, such as receiving 
reports, petitions, reading papers, etc., the presiding 
officer may presume consent unless some objection be 
formally made; which saves the time of taking votes on 
small matters of mere routine. 

56. In putting a question the presiding officer declares 
whether the yeas or the nays have it by the sound if he be 
himself satisfied; if he be not satisfied, or if any member 
express dissatisfaction, the body is divided, usually by 
rising. The ayes first rise, andare counted standing in 
their places, by the chair or by tellers, as the case may be, 
then they sit; and the noes rise, and are counted in the 
same manner. 

57. If the result be a lie (unless the chair give the 
casting vote, or if his vote make the tie) the motion is 
lost. 

58. A mistake in the announcement of a vote may be 
rectified after the result is announced. 

59. There is precedent that a member may change his 
vote if it be done before any other business is taken up. 

60. Where different numbers are suggested for filling 
blanks, the highest number, greatest distance, and longest 
time, are usually v ted on first. 

6r. A rule of order may be suspended, by a vote of the 
meeting, to allow of transacting business which could 
not otherwise be done. 

62. The chair has a right to name any one to act for 
him, but this substitution does not extend beyond the first 
adjournment. 




**■ 



442 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



DIRECTIONS FOR SECURING COPY- 
RIGHTS. 

"Under the Revised Acts of Congress. 

1. K. printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, 
dramatic or musical composition, ei graving - , cut, print, 
photograph, or a description of the painting, drawing, 
chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of 
the fine arts, for which copyright is desired, must be sent 
by mail or otherwise, prepaid, addressed: 

LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, 

Washington, D. C. 

This must be done before publication of the book or 
other aitiele. 

The printed title required may be a copy of the title 
page of such publications as have title pages. In other 
cases, the title must be printed expressly for copyright 
entry. The style of type is immaterial, and the print of a 
type-writer will be accepted. But each title must be 
printed on paper as large as commercial note. 

2. A fee of fifty cents, for recording the title of each 
bock or other article, must be inclosed with the title as 
above, and fifty cents in addition (or one dollar in all) for 
each certificate of copyright under seal cf the Librarian of 
Congress, which will be transmitted by early mail. 

3. Within ten days after publication of each book or 
other article, two complete copies of the best edition 
issued must be sent, to perfect the copyright, with the ad- 
dress: 

LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, 

Washington, D. C. 

The postage must be prepaid, or else the publications 
inclosed in parcels covered by printed Penalty Labels, 
furnished by the Librarian, in which case they will come 
free by mail, a cording to the rulings of the Postofhce 
Department. Without the deposit of copies above re- 
quired, the copyright is void, and a penalty of $25 is in- 
curred. No copy is required to be deposited elsewhere. 

4. No copyright is valid unless notice is given by 
inserting in every copy published, on the title page or the 
page following, if it be a book; or, if a map; chart, musical 
composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, 
drawing, chromo. statue, statuary, or model or design in- 
tended to be perfected as a work of the fine arts, by in- 
scribing upon some portion thereof, or on the substance on 
which the same is mounted, the following words, viz: 

"Entered according- to act of Congress, in the year , 

by , in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at 

Washington," or, at the option of the person entering the 
copyright, the words: " Copyright, i8—,by ." 

The law imposes a penalty ot $100 upon any person 
who has not obtained copyright, who shall insert the no- 
tice, ii Entered according to act of Congress," or ' Copy- 
right," etc., or words of the same import, in or upon any 
book or other article. 

5. Any author may reserve the right to translate or 
dramati e his own work. In this case, notice should be 
given by printing: the words: "Right 0/ translation re- 
served," or "All rights reserved," below the notice of 
copyright entry, and* notifying the Librarian of Congress 
of such reservation, to be entered upon the record. 

6. The original term of copyright runs for twenty-eight 
years. Within six months before the end of that time, 
the author or designer, or his widow or children, may 
secure a renewal for the further term of fourteen \ears, 
making forty -two years in all. Applications for renewal 
must be accompanied by exp'icit statement of ownership, 
in the case of the author, or of relationship, in the case of 
his heirs, and must state definitely the date and place of 
entry of the original copyright. 



7. The time within which any work entered for copy- 
right may be issued from the press is not limited by any 
law or regulation, but depends upon the discretion of the 
proprietor. A copyright may be secured for a projected 
work as well as for a completed one. 

8. A copyright is assignable in law by any instrument 
of writing," but such assignment must be recorded in the 
office of the Librarian of Congress within sixty days from 
its date. The fee for this record and certificate is one dol- 
lar, and for a certified copy of any record of assignment, 
one dollar. 

9. A copy of the record (or duplicate certificate) of any 
copyright entry will be furnished, under seal, at the rate 
of fifty cents each. 

10. In the case of books published in more vol mes than 
one, or of periodicals published in numbers, or of engrav- 
ings, photographs, or other articles published with vari- 
ations, a copyright is to be entered for each volume or 
part or a book, or number of a periodical, or varietv, as to 
style, title, or inscription, of any other article. 

n. To secure a copyright for a painting, statue, or 
model, or design intended to be perfected as a work of the 
fine arts, so as to prevent infringement by copying, en- 
graving, or vending such design, a definite description 
must accompany the application for copyright, and a pho- 
tograph of the same, at least as large as " cabinet size," 
should be mailed to the Librarian of Congress within ten 
days from the completion of the work or design. 

12. Copyrights cannot be granted upon trademarks, nor 
upon labels intended to be used with any article of man- 
ufacture. If protection for such prints or labels is desired, 
application must be made to the Patent Office, where they 
are registered at a fee of $6 for labels and $25 for trade- 
marks. 

13. Every applicant for a copyright must state dis- 
tinctly the name and residence of the claimant, and 
whether the right is claimed as author, designer, or pro- 
prietor. No affidavit or formal application is required. 

Office of the Librarian of Congress, 

Washington, 1882. 



ELECTORAL BILL. 

Passed Jan. 25 and 27 by the House of Representa- 
tives, and Signed by thePkesident Jan. 29, 1877. 

It makes the function of the President of the Senate 
purely ministerial, and the two kinds of objections likely 
to be raised when the certificates are opened, are to be 
settled as follows: First, when only one set of returns is 
presented from a State, any objection to their reception 
must be sustained by the concurrent vote of both Houses. 
Failing this, such return must be counted as the vote of 
the State. When two sets are presented, they are to be 
immediately referred to a commission, composed of five 
Senators, five members of the House, and four of the As- 
sociate Justices of the Supreme Court, whose names are 
given, and one other justice selected by these four. The 
decision of this tribunal of fifteen is to be submitted to the 
two Houses assembled in joint session, and is to be final, 
unless both Houses agree to reject it. 



OFFICES FOR THE PAY OF INTEREST ON UNITED 
STATES BONDS. 

Treasury of the United States, Washington, D. C. 
offices of Assistant Treasurers at U. S., Baltimore, M. D. 
Philadelphia, Pa.; New York, N. Y.; Boston, Mass. 
Cincinnati, Ohio; Chicago, II 1 .; St. Louis, Mo.; New 
Orleans, La. ; San Francisco, Cal. 



— ^C0#^^^#3Wv^ 



x v- 



4- 




2) J$J^>A*9$K'*f/ ■ 




-$■ 



«■*- 



444 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

HISTORY, POPULATION, ETC., OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut. ... 
Delaware. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts... 

Michigan 

Minnesota . . . 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York" - . . 
North Carolina. 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Rhode Island. .. 
South Carolina. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia . . 

Wisconsin 

Territorifs 

Arizona 

Dakota 

Idaho 

Montana 

New Mexico 

Utah 

"Washington 

Wyoming 

Dist. Columbia. 
Indian Ter.. 
Alaska. 



Bv Whom First 
Settled, 



1711 

16S5: 
1769 

is 5 s 

!".« 

1027 

'733 
1720 
1690 

i*3* 
1S50 

'7,75 
1699 

n : , 5 
i'-->34 

J 1 520 
r'170 
IS46 

'7<H 
18,-4 
1 85 1 
16,3 
11124 
\6\\ 
1663 ; 
17S8 
iSn 
16S2! 
1636 
1670 

1757! 
1690 

1725: 
1607 
1862 
1669 1 

1590 

is 59 

lS + 2 
IS 5 2 
IS37 

,8 f7 

1S07 



French 

French 

Spaniards 

Americans 

Americans 

Swedes and Finns 

Spaniards., o. 

English 

French 

French 

Americans 

Americans 

Americans 

French 

English 

English 

English 

French 

Americans 

French 

French 

Americans. ...... 

Americans 

English 

Dutch and Danes 

Dutch 

English 

Americans 

Americans 

English 

English . . . 

English 

Americans 

Spaniards 

Americans 

English 

Americans 

French 



"Where Each j x '■■ 

State was First _ — 

Settled. - 5 § 



Mobile 

Arkansas Post. 
San Diego. .. . 

Denver 

Windsor 

Cape Henlopen 
St. Augustine . . 

Savannah 

Kaskaskia 

Vincennes... . 
Burlington .... 
Ft. Leavenw'th 

Boonsboro 

Iberville 

Bristol 

St. Mary's 

Plymouth ..... 

Detroit 

St. Paul 

Natchez 

St. Louis 



Capital of Each 
State. 



Washoe 

Dover 

Bergen 

New York City! 

Albemarle 

Marietta 

Astoria 

Philadelphia. 
Providence 
Port Royal .... 

Ft. London 

St. Antonio. . . . 
Ft. Dummer . . . 
Jamestown. . . . 
See Virginia. .. 
Green Bay 



Spaniards. . 
Americans. 
Americans. 
Americans. 
Spaniards . 
Americans. 
Americans. 
Americans. 
English . . . 



50,722 
52,198 
iS3,9Si 
104,500 

4.674 
2,120 
59,268 
58,000 
55.41° 
33,809 
55-045 
81,318 
37,600 
41,346 
3i,776 
11,184 
7,800 

56,4s 1 
83,531 

47, 1 56 
65,35o 
7 =,995 

112,090 
9,280 
8,320 
47,000 
50,704 
39 9*H 
95,244 
46,000 
1, 30 5 
29,385 
45,600! 

274,356 
10,212 
40,904 ! 
23,000 
53,924 

113,916 
150,932 
81,294 

H3, 77^ 
121,201 
84,476 
69,994 
97,883 
6+ 
68,991 
577,390 



1814 
.836 
1850 

1870 
1788 
1787 
1815 

18 1 8 
1816 
1846 
1801 
1792 
18 1 2 
1820 
178S 

'7*3 
'837 
>\57 
1S17 
182 1 
[807 
r8n 4 
1 7S8 
17S7 
i 7 8< 
'7^9 
1 80 5 
1859 

'7S7 
1 700 
17S8 
179'i 

1845 

i79i ; Montpelier 

17SS Richmond 

1862 Charleston 

1848 Madison 

(*) 

1S63 Tucson 

1S61 Yankton 

1563 Boise City 

1564 Helena..". 

1850 Santa Fe 

1850 Salt Lake City.. 
185? Olympia 

1 S68 Cheyenne 

x H 

1834 

1868 Sitka 



Montgomery. . . 
Little Rock".... 

Sacramento 

Denver 

Hartford 

Dover 

Tallahassee. . . 

Atlanta 

Springfield .... 
Indianapolis . . . 

Des Moines 

Topeka 

Frankfort 

Baton Rouge. . . 

Augusta 

Annapolis 

Boston 

Lansing 

St. Paul 

Jackson 

Jefferson City.. 

Lincoln 

Carson City 

Concord 

Trenton 

Albany 

Raleigh 

Columbus 

Salem 

Harrisburg 

Prov. & N'port 

Columbia 

Nashville 

Austin 






1,262,505 
802,525 

864,594 
194,327 

622,700 
146,60s 

269,493 
1,542,180 

3,077,871 

i,97 s ,30i 
1,624,615 
■ 906,096 
1,648,690 

939.946 

648,936 

9H>943 
1,783,085 
V36.937 

7So,773 
i.i3i-597 
2,168.380 

452,402 
62,266 

346,991 
1,131,116 
5,oS2,S7i 
i,399,75o 
3,198,062 

174,768 
4,282,891 

276,53' 

995,577 
!,542,359 
1,59' 749 

332,286 
1,512,565 

6iS,457 
1,315,497 

40,4.41 
134,500 
32,641 

39,i57 
118,430 
143907 
75.. 20 
20,788 
'77,6S 3 



o c 
r-0 



O £ 



■2 3K 



$3,000 
3,500 

6,000 
3,000 
2,000 
2,000 

3,500 

4,000 
6,000 
6 000 
3,000 
3,ooo 
5,000 
4,000 
1,500 
4,5oo 
5,000 
1,000 
3,000 

4,ODO 

5,000 

2,500 
6,000 
1,000 
5,000 

10 000 
3,000 
4,000 
1,500 

10,000 
4,000 
4,500 
4,000 
4,000 
1,000 
5000 
2,700 
5,ooo 

2,600 
2,600 
2,600 
2,600 
2,600 
2,600 
2,600 
2,600 



1- os B 



$ 4 pr. day 

6 

S 

4 

300 pr ses 

3 pr. day. 

6 

4 

5 ' 

6 " 
550 pr. ses 
3 pr- day. 

I ■■ 

150 pr. ses 

5 pr. day. 
050 pr. ses 

3 pr. day. 

5 

300 pr. ses 

5 pr. day. 

3 

8 " 

3 

500 pr. ses 

1500 " 

4 pr. day. 

5 " 
3 

looopr ses 
t pr. day. 
5 - 
4 



540 pr ses. 

4 P r. day. 
350 pr ses 



* = 



1 z 



*Indicates the year organized. 



-m- 



LOSSES OF THE GOVERNMENT FOR EVERY ADMINISTRATION FROM 1 789 TO 1876. 

The following table exhibits the losses of the Government through frauds, carelessness, and from all causes, and 
the si mount of loss on each thousand dollars, for everv administrationTrom the beginning of the government till the end 
of President Grant's administration, as follows: 



Washington 

Adams 

Jefferson 

Madison 

Monroe 

Adams .... .. 

Jackson 

Van Buren . , 
Harrison 
Tyler 



of ser- 
vice. 



Total 


Loss on 


Losses. 


$ 


1,000. 


$ 250,970 


$ 


2.22 


235,4" 




2-59 


603,467 




2-75 


2,191,660 




4.10 


3,229,787 




S.58 


885,374 




4-39 


3.761,111 




7-52 


3,343,792 




ir.71 


i,5 '5.003 




6 40 



Polk 

Taylor ) 

Fillmore ) 

Pierce 

Buchanan 

Lincoln 

Johnson 

Grant 

Total 



Period 
of ser- 
vice. 



Total 

Losses. 



$i,732,S5' 
1,814,409 
2,167,982 
2,659,107 
7,200,984 

4,6i9,599 
2,846, '92 



$39,10 8,605 



Loss on 
$ 1 ,000. 

$ 4- ; »^ 
4.10 

3.8i 

7" 
57 
34 



$ 1 . 20 



**> 



4'&* - 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



445 



LEGISLATURES, ELECTORAL VOTE, RATES OF IN- 
TEREST. ETC , OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



? c 
l< 
-2 5 
■r > 

-_- - 
5 



Alabama ,. Bie 

Arkansas Bie 

California Bie 

Colorado Bie, 

Connecticut An. 

Delaware Bie 

Florida Bie 

Georgia Bie 

Illinois | Bie 

Indiana jBie 

Iowa ! Bie 

Kansas JBie 

Kentucky ] Bie 

Louisiana j Bie, 

Maine Bie 

Maryland Bie, 

Massachusetts.. . [ An, 

Michigan j Bie, 

Minnesota ... . Bie, 

Mississippi jBie, 

Missouri JBie, 

Nebraska \ Bie, 

Bie, 

Bie. 

An. 

An. 

Bie. 

An. 

Bie. 

Bie. 

An. 

An. 

Bie. 

Bie. 

Bie. 

Bie. 

Bie. 

Bie. 



Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York.... 
North Carolina. 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Rhode Island. .. 
South Carolina. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia.. 
Wisconsin 






s: - 

u 



* c 

iu O 

d.2 
s 

4 
4 



as 

U 

O 


1 


3 
O 

u 


c 
o 
u 


> 




F 


c 
o 

u 


u 








2 «5 


a . 






6 

y 


o £ 


° o 



ELECTION LAWS OF THE DIFFERENT STATES. 

Length of time required in State, county and town to be a 
voter. 



a 113 *s . u 



►J 



9 
19 
13 

9 

3 
io 

6 

I 

ii 
9 

I 

13 
i 

i 
3 
7 
33 35 

8 io 

20 22 

* I 3 



151 20 

11 1 10 
5 5 

s ! S 
20 

3 

20 
6 
6 
6 

10 

6 
6 
6 
3 

15 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
4 

H 
5 

10 
6 



Alabama 
Arkansas . . . 
California.. . 

Colorado 

Connecticut. 
Delaware . . . 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 



Indiana .. 



Territories. 

Arizona 

Dakota 

Idaho 

Montana 

New Mexico.. 

Utah 

Washington . . 
Wyoming .... 



Nevada 

N. Hampshire. 
New Jersey.... 

New York. .. I 

North Carolina 

Ohio I 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania... 
Rhode Island .. 
South Carolina. 
Tennessee 

Texas [ 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia. 
Wisconsin 



Bie. 
Bie. 
Bie. 
Bie. 
Bie. 
Bie. 
Bie. 
Bie. 



60 


2 


2 


r 


60 


2 


2 




60 


2 


2 


1 


60 


2 


2 


! 


60 


2 


2 


60 


2 


2 




60 


2 


2 




60 


2 


2 


l 



$j a day and 20c 
mileage. 



(Bie., An.) Biennially or Annually. (N.) None. (*) 
Any rate. 

Each State has two Senators. 

AMOUNT EXPENDED FOR PENSIONS. 

The amount of money expended each year since 1S56 for 
pensions is as follows : 



$ 1,296,229 

1,310,380 

1,219,768 

1,222,222 

1,100,802 

1,034,599 

852,170 

1,078,513 

!»04 4,985,473 

1865 16,347,621 

!866 i5,5o5,549 

J867 20,936,551 

186S 23.782,386 

1889 28,476,621 



1856. 

1857. 
185S. 

1859. 
1S60. 
1861. 
1862. 
1863. 



1S70. 
1S71. 
1872. 
1873- 
1874. 
■875- 
1876. 
1877. 
1S78. 
1879. 
1880. 
18S1. 
1882. 



$28, 
3 t 

2 b 
29 
29 
29 
28 
27 
27 

II; 



340,202 
443,894 
533,402 
359,426 
038,414 
456,216 
257.395 
963,752 
137,019 
121,482 

777,174 
059,278 
000,000 



Kansas 

Kentucky. . . . 

Louisiana . . . 

Maine 

Maryland .... 

Massachus'ts 



Michigan .. 
Minnesota , 
Mississipp i 
Missouri.. . 

Nebraska. . 



State, 1 year; county, 3 months; ward or 
I precinct, 30 days. j. 

State, 1 year ; county, 6 months ; precinct or 
j ward, 30 days. j. 

State, i year; county, 90 days; precinct, 30 
I days. A. 

State, 6 months. Women vote at school 
I elections. /. 

(State, 1 year; town, 6 months, b e h. 
j State, 1 year; county, 1 month, a d lu 

State, 1 year; county, 6 months, j. 
j State, 1 year; county, 6 months, cj. 

State, 1 year; county, 90 days; election dis- 
I trict, 30 days. //. 

State, 6 months; town, 60 days; ward or 
j precinct, 30 days, i dj. 

State, 6 months; county, 60 days; town or 
j ward, 10 days. j. 

, State 6 months, town or ward, 30 days. j. 
iState, two years; county, town or city, 1 
I year; precinct, 60 days, h d. 
j State, 1 year; parish, 10 days. h. 
\ State, 3 months, h a. 

State, 1 year; city or county, 6 months, h. 
: State, 1 year; town, 6 months; women vote 
I at school elections, h e a c. 
j State, 3 mos. ; town or ward, 10 days, g dj. 

State, 4 mos. ; election dist., 10 days. ii. 

State, 6 months, county, 1 month. //. 

State, 1 yr. ; county, city or town, 60 days. / 
' State, 6 months; county, 40 days; ward or 

precinct, 10 days. /. 
;State, 6 months; county or district, 30 dys./ir 
jTown, 6 months, b h. 

State, 1 year; county, 5 months. It. 

State, 1 year; county, 4 months; district, 
town or Avard, 30 days. h. 

State, 1 year; county, 30 days, b j. 
j State, 1 year; county, 30 days; town, vil- 
I lage or ward, 20 days. //. 

State, 6 mos. ; county or district, 90 days. j. 
j State, 1 year; election district, 2 mos. c h. 
j State, 1 year; town or city, 6 months. b k 
.State, i year; county, 60 days. //. 

State, 1 year; county, 6 months, f h d. 

j State, 1 year; county or election district, 6 

I months, a dj. 

State, 1 year; town, 3 months. // d. 

State, 1 yr; county, city or town, 6 mos. A a 
.State, 1 year; county, 30 days. // a. 

State, 1 year, a j. 



(a) Paupers not allowed to vote, (b) Property qualifi- 
cations required, (c) Voters must have paid their taxes. 
(d) No registration required. (e) Must be able to read 
and write. (/) Must pay poll-tax. (g) Foreigners must 
be residents of tbe State two years and six months. (A) 
Foreigners must have lived in the U. S. five years and be 
naturalized. (;') Foreigners must be residents of the U. 
S. one year, (j) Foreigners can vote if they have de- 
clared their intention to become citizens. 



Federal Vessels Captured or Destroyed by Confed- 
federate " Cruisers." 



Ships So 

Brigs 46 

Barks 8* 

Schooners 67 



Steamboats 4 

Gunboats 2 

Cutter 1 

Tug 1 



Vessels Captured or Destroyed for Violation of the 
Blockade, or in Battle, from May, 1861. to May, 
1865. 

Schooners, 735; sloops, 155; steamers, 262^ barks, 27; 
brigs, 30; ships, 13; ironclads and rams, 16; brigantines, 2; 
gunboats, 3; propellors, 4; pilot boats, 2; boats, 8; yachts, 
2; tugs, 3; barkatine, 1 pungy, 1; miscellaneous, 86. 



■4-* 



446 



LI BERT 7' AND UNION. 



H*r 



Population of the United States, by Races, in 1870 and 1880. 

From the Official Returns of the Ninth and Tenth Census. 



States and Terri 

TORIES. 



Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

Dist. of Columbia 

Florida 

Georgia , 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri: 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

N e w Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode" Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee .'. 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

W. Virgjnia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Total United States. 



Total 
Populat'n 

iSSo. 



White 
iSSo. 



,262,505 

40.4-IO 

802,525 

864,694 

i94.3 2 7 
62 2 700 

135^77 
140,60s 

177,024 

2*9 493 
,542,180 
32,610 
,077,871 
,97>.30' 
,624,615 
9 (6,096 
,648,600 
959,0461 
048,0?- 
931,94 • 
,783,035 
,636,937 
7So 773 
,131,597 

;,l68,3^0 

39, i59 
452,402 

62,266 
346,991 
,131,116 

119,565 
;,oS2,87i 
,390,750 
1,198,062 

.74,76S 

,2S2 SOI 
276,53' 

995,577 
.542,359 

,591,749 
H3,963 
332,280 
,5 '2,56; 
75.116 
618,457 
,315.497 
20,789 



662,185 
35, l6 o 
59 ',53' 
767,'Si 
194,126 
610,769 

i33,i47 
120,160 
1 18,906 
H3/05 
Si6,qo6 
2 9,Oi3 

3,93 '»«S« 

i,93S,798 
1,614,600 

952,155 
1.377, '79 

454,954 

646,852 

724,693 
1,763.782 
1,614,560 

776,884 

479,398 

2,922,826 

3S,38S 

449,764 
53,566 

346,229 
1.092,017 

108,721 
5,016,022 

867,242 
3,117,920 

163,075 
4,197,016 

209,939 

391,105 

i,i 3 S,S3i 

i,i97, 2 37 

142,42? 

331.218 

SSo,85S 

67,199 

592,-37 

1,309,618 

' 19,437 



Colored 
1S80. 



000,103 

155 

210,666 

6.01S 

2,435 

1 ',547 

401 

26,442 

59,596 

126,691 

725,133 

53 

46,36s 

39,22S 

9,5i6 

43,107 

2 7', 45' 

483,655 

I ,45' 

210,230 

16,697 

15,100 

r 1.564 

650,29 

H5,35o 

346 

2,385 

488 

6S5 

38,853 

1.015 

65,104 

53i,277 

79,9oo 

4S7 

85,535 

6,48: 

604,332 

403,15 

393 .384 

232 

i,o57 
631,616 

25,8S6 

2,702 

298 



50,155,783 4^,402,970 6,cSo,793 



Chinese 
1SS0. 



4 
1,632 

I3 2 

7S.2iS 
612 
129 
238 

11 

'7 

iS 

17 

3,379 

212 

29 

33 

] 9 

10 

4S9 

8 

5 

237 

2S 
25 

5 T 

91 
i,765 

18 

5.419 

14 

172 

57 
925 



9,5 12 

1S6 

27 

9 

25 

136 

5oi 



Indians 
civ. or 
taxed, 

18S0. 



6 

3,iS7 

5 

16 
914 



213 

3.493 

'95 

16,277 

154 

255 

-i,39i 

5 

1 So 

124 

165 

140 

246 

4*6 

815 

50 

S48 

625 

15 

369 

7,249 

2,300 

1.857 

"3 

1,663 

235 

2,803 

^3 

74 

9,772 

819 

1,230 

130 

1,694 

184 

77 

131 

352. 

092 

807 

11! 

85 1 

4,405! 

29 

3, 161 ! 

140; 



White. 
1S70. 



521,364. 
9,58i 

362,115 

499.4H 
39221 

527,549 
12,887 

102,221 
SS,27S 
96,057 

638,926 

10,618 

2,511,096 

i.655,837 
1.188,207 

340,377 

1,098,692 
362,065 
624,809 
605,497 

i,443,i56 

1,167,282 
438,257 
382,896 

1,603,146 

18,306 

122, 

38,959 

317,697 

875,407 

90,393 

4,330.210 
678,470 

2,601,946 
S6, 9 2 9 

3,456,609 
212, 21Q 
289,66' 
936,119 
564,700 
80,044 

3*9,6i3 

712/ S9 

22,105 

42 4.033 

1,051,351 

S.726 



Colored. 
1S70. 



Chinese 
1S70. 



47S.5IO 

26 

122,169 

4,272 

456 

9.66S 

94 

22,794 

43,40 1 

91,689 

545,H2 

60 

28.762 

24.560 

^762 

17,108 

222,210 

364.210 

1 606 

i75,39i 

13,947 

11,849 

759 

444,201 

nS,o7i 

lS J 

789 

357 

5S0 

36,65s 

172 

52,081 

39i,6So 

63,213 

346 

6S.294' 

4,9So, 

415,814 

322,331 

253,475 

11S 

9 2 4 ! 

512,841, 

207 

17,980, 

2,113 

183 



9 S 

49.310 

7 

2 



'"16 


3 

i,949 


3,iS2 


IS 


29 


3,330 
H 


*s 

445 


4 
234 



Indians 

civ. or 

taxed. 

1S70. 



■-K3 



io5,6iS[ 66,4071 33,592,245 4,886,387! 63,254 



89 

7,241 

1S0 

235 
1,200 



3 


15 




2 


1 


40 


4,274 


47 


1 


32 




240 


3 


748 




914 



569 

499 

4 

i5t 

4,292 

690 

809 

75 

S7 
23 
23 
16 

1 i309 

439 

1,241 

100 

3i8 

34 
154 
124 

70 
379 
i79 

14 
229 
,3i9 

1,206 
66 



PER CENT. OF INCREASE FROM 1S70 TO 1SS0. 



Total Population 30.0S per 

White Population 29.26 " 



Colored Population 34-6? per cent 

Chinese Population 66.73 " " 



Note. — The inhabitants of Alaska and the Indian Territory (both unorganized as yet) are not included in the 
above total. The census of Alaska in 1SS0 showed: White, 392; Creoles (issue of intermarriage between the whites 
andnatives), 1,683; Aleuts, 1,960; Innuits. 17,188; Indians, 8,655; total, 30,17s. 

The Indian Territory is estimated to contain 60,000 to 75,000 inhabitants. 

The Indians included in the census in each State and Territory are those reckoned as civilized, or outside of tribal 
organizations. Indians, not taxed, are by law excluded from the census. Estimates of their number vary widely — 
from 20J,oo> to 350,011 (the latter as estimated in the census of 1870), while the latest census or estimate of the Indian 
agencies, as reported in 1S81 to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, gives 246,417 Indians, excluding Alaska. The 
whole population of the United States exceeds 50,000,000, including Indians and Alaskans. 

In the Chinese column are included 1,14s Japanese. 



U* 



4- 



-fr 



■89-* 



LIBBRT7' AND UNION. 447 

POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Having 10,000 Inhabitants and over, as Gathered from the Latest Census Returns. 



Akron, Ohio .., 16,512 

Albanv, X. Y 90,905 

AHegneny, Pa 7S,6Si 

Allentown, Pa 18,063 

Alexandria, Va 13,658 

Altoona, Pa 19,716 

Amsterdam, N. Y... 11,711 

Atchison, Kan 15,106 

Atlanta, Ga 34.39 s 

Attleboro, Mass 11,111 

Auburn, X. Y 12,924 

Augusta, Ga 23,023 

Aurora, 111 1 1,825 

Austin, Texas , 10,960 

Baltimore, Md 332,190 

Bangor, Maine 16,857 

Bay City, Mich 20,093 

Belleville, 111 10,682 

Biddeford, Maine.. 12, 65J 
Binghamton, X. Y.. 17,315 

Bloomington, 111 17,184 

Boston, 'Mass 362,535 

Bridgeport, Conn.. . . 29,1^.8 

Brockton, Mass 13,008 

Brooklyn, X. Y 566,689 

Buffalo, X. Y 155,127 

Burlington, Vt 11,364 

Burlington, la 19,450 

Brookhaven, N. Y.. 11,544 
Cambridge, Mass... 52,740 

Camden, X. J 41,658 

Canton, Ohio 12,258 

Castleton, X. Y 12,679 

Cedar Rapids, Iowa. io,iOf 

Charleston, S. C 49,999 

Chattanooga, Tenn . . 12,892 

Chelsea, Mass 21,785 

Chester, Pa H>99^ 

Chicago^ 111 503,304 

Cincinnati, O 255,708 

Cleveland, O 160,142 

Columbia, S. C 10.040 

Columbus, 515665 

Covington, Ky 29,720 

Cohoes, N. Y". 19,4 17 

Council Bluffs, la iS,o59 

Concord, X. H 13,838 

Cortland, X. Y 12,664 

Chicopee, Mass 11,32^ 

Chillicothe, 10,938 

Detroit, Mich 116,342 

Dayton, O 38,677 

Denver, Col 35,630 

Des Moines, la 22,408 

Du uque, la 22,254 

Dover, X. H 11,687 

Danbury, Conn 11,669 

Derby, 'Conn 11 ,649 

Dallas, Texas ■ 10,358 

Davenport, la 21,834 

"Evansville, Ind 29,280 



Elizabeth, X. J 28,229 i 

Erie, Pa 27,730 j 

Klmira, N. \ 20,541 

East Saginaw, Mich. 19,016 

Easton, Pa 11,924 j 

Eau Claire, Wis 10,118 j 

Fall River, Mass. . . . 49,006 

Fort Wayne, Ind 26,SSo 

Flushing, X. Y I 5,9 I 9 

Fond du Lac, Wis... 13,091 

Fitchburg, Mass 1 2,405 

Fishkill, X. Y >o,732 

Georgetown, D. C. .. 12,578 
Grand Rapids, Mich. 32,015 

Galveston, Texas 22,253 

Gloucester, Mass.... 19,329 

Galesbura:, 111 1 1 ,446 

Hempsted, X. Y 18,160 

Hartford, Conn 4 2 >553 

Hoboken, X T . J 3°, 999 

Harrisburg, Pa 30,762 

Holyoke, Mass 21,851 

Houston, Texas 18,646 

Haverhill, Mass 18,475 

Hyde Park, 111 15,716 

Hamilton, O 12,122 

Hannibal, Mo 11,074 

Indianapolis, Ind 75,074 

Jersey City, X. J 120,728 

Johnstown, X. Y 16,626 

Joliet, 111 16,145 

Jackson, Mich 16,105 

Jacksonville, 111 10,927 

Jeffersonville, Ind... 10,422 

Jamaica, X. Y io,oS6 

Kansas City, Mo 55, 813 

Kingston, X. Y 18,342 

Keokuk, la 12,117 

Kalamazoo, Mich 11 ,937 

Lo isville, Ky 123,645 

Lowell, Mass 59,485 

Lawrence, M ass 39, 17S 

Lynn, Mass 38,284 

Lancaster, Pa 2 5,765 

Lewiston, Me 19,083 

Long Island Citv,X.Yi7, 117 

Lexington, Ky 16,656 

Leaven worth, Kan. . 16,550 

Lynchburg, Va 1 5,959 

Lafayette, Ind. 14,860 

Leadville, Col 14,820 

La Crosse, Wis H^S 

Lincoln, R. I ^ifi^S 

Lockport, X. Y 13 522 

Little Rock, Ark 13,185 

Lincoln, Xeb 13,004 

Los Angeles, Cal.. . . 11,311 

Logansport, Ind 11,198 

Lenox, X". Y , 10,249 

Milwaukee, Wis 1 15,57s 

Minneapolis, Minn. . 46,887 



Memphis, Tenn 33,591 

Manchester, X T . II... 32,630 

Mobile, Ala 31,205 

Meriden, Conn 18,3,0 

Montgomery, Ala... 16,714 

Macon, Ga." 12,748 

Maiden, Mass 12,017 

Middletown, Conn . 11,731 

Muskegon, Mich 11,262 

Madison, Wis 10,325 

Marlboro, Mass 10,126 

Xewburyport, Mass. 13,537 
Xew York, X. Y.. 1,20 1,590 

Xew Orleans, La 216,140 

Xewark, X. J 136,400 

New Haven, Conn.. 62 8S2 
Xew Bedford, Mass . 26,875 

Norfolk, V a 21,966 

Xorwich, Conn 21,141 

Xewport, Ky 20,4-3 

Xewburgh, X. Y. . . . 18 050 
Xew Brunswick,N.J. 17,167 

Xewton, Mass * 6,995 

Xew Albany, Ind 16,422 

Xewport, R. 1 15,693 

New Britain, C onn.. 13,97s 

Xorwalk, Conn T 3,956 

Xew Lots, X. Y 13,681 

Xashua, X. H T 3>397 

Xorristown, Pa 13,064 

X T orthampton. Mass. 12,172 
Xew London, Conn. 10,529 
Xorth Adams, Mass. 10,192 

X T ashville, Tenn 43,461 

Oakland, Cal 34,55° 

Omaha, Xeb 30,518 

Oswego, N. Y 21,117 

Oshkosh, Wis 15 749 

Orange, X. J 13,206 

Oyster Bay, X T . Y... 11,9:3 
Ogdenburg, X. Y... 10,340 

Pittsburg, Pa 156,381 

Providence, R. 1 104,850 

Paterson, X. J 50,887 

Portland. Me 33,8 10 

Peoria, 111 29,315 

Petersburg, Va 21,656 

Pou^hkeepsie, X. Y. 20,207 

Pawtucket, R. 1 19,030 

Pittsfield, Mass 13,367 

Pottsville, Pa 13,253 

Portsmouth, Va 1 1,388 

Portsmouth, O n,3'4 

Philadelphia, Pa.... 846,984 

Quincy, 111 27,275 

Quincy, Mass 10,529 

Rochester, X. Y.... 89,363 
Richmond, Va . . . . 63,803 

Reading, Pa 43,280 

Racine, Wis. 16,031 

Rockford, 111 13,136 



Richmond, Ind I2 ,743 

Rutland, Vt 12,149 

Rome. X. Y 12,045 

Rock Island, 111 11,660 

St. Louis, Mo 350,522 

San Francisco, Cal . . 232.956 

Syracuse, X T . Y 51,791 

Scranton, Pa 45,850 

St. Paul, Minn 41,498 

Springfield, Mass... 33.340 

St. Joseph, Mo 32,484 

Savannah, Ga 30,681 

Salem, Mass 27,598 

Somerville, Mass 24,985 

Sacramento, Cal 21,420 

Salt Lake City, Utah 20,768 

Springfield 20729 

San Antonio, Texas. 10,561 

Springfield, 111 19,749 

Sandusky, 15,838 

Schenectady, X. Y.. 13,675 

South Bend, Ind *3,279 

San Jose, Cal 12.567 

Steubenville, O 12,093 

Stamford, Conn 11,298 

Shreveport, La 11,017 

Saratogas prings.X.Y 10,8:2 

Sausrerties, X. Y 10 375 

Saginaw, Mich '0,525 

Stockton, Cal 10,287 

Shenandoah, Pa 10,148 

Trov. N. Y 56,747 

Toledo, 50,143 

Trenton, X. J 29,910 

Terre Haute, Ind 26,040 

Taunton, Mass 21,213 

Topeka, Kan I5.45 1 

Utica, X. Y 33,913 

Virginia City, Xev. . 13,705 

Vicksburg, Miss 1 1,8 4 

Washington, D. C. . . 147,307 

Warwick, R.I .. 12,163 

Worcester, Mass. . . . 58,295 

Wilmington, Del 42,499 

Wheeling, W. Va. .. 31,266 

Wilkesbarre, Pa 23,339 

Watervliet, X. Y 22,220 

Waterbury, Conn. . . . 202,69 

Williamsport, Pa 18,934 

Wilmington, X. C... 17,361 

Woonsocket, R. I 16,053 

Wallkill, X. Y 11,483 

Woburn, Mass 10,938 

Watertown, X. Y. .. 10,697 
Weymouth, Mass... 10,571 

Winona, Minn 10,208 

Waltham, Mass 11,711 

Yonkers, N. Y 18,893 

Youngstown, O . 15,431 

York, Pa i3,94o 

Zanesville, O iS,i2 



THE DATES OF THE BIRTH AND DEATH OF OUR PRESIDENTS. 



Presidents. 



Born. 



Died. 
Dec. 14, 



t 



Washington Feb. 22, 1732,. .. 

Adams Oct. 30, 1735 July 4, 

Jefferson April 2, 1743 July 4, 

Madison March 16, 1751 June 28, 

Monroe , . April 2b, 175S July 4, 

Adams July 11, i767 Feb. 23, 

ackson March 15, 1767 June 8, 

an Buren Dec. 5, 1782 July 24, 

Harrison Feb. 9, 1773 April 4, 

Tyler March 29, 1790 Jan. 17, 

Polk Nov. 2, 1795 June 15, 



v 



1799 
1826 
1826 
1836 
1831 
1848 

1S45 
1S62 
1S41 
1862 
1849 



Presidents. Born. Died. 

Taylor Nov. 24, 17S4 June 9, 

Fillmore Jan 7, 1800 March S, 

Pierce X T ov. 23, 1804 Oct. 8, 

Buchanan April 23, 1791 June 1, 

Lincoln Feb. 12, 1809 April 15, 

Johnson Dec. 29, iSnS July 31, 

Grant April 27, 1822 

Haves Oct. 4, 1822 

Garfield Nov. 19, 1S3 1 Sept. 19, 

Arthur Oct. 15, 1830 



S50 

:S 7 4 
S69 
S6S 
:S6 5 
:S75 



881 



{£-* 



4- 



44 8 



LIBERT 2' AND UNION. 



-Hr* 



LENGTH OF SESSIONS OF CONGRESS, 1789-1881 



No. of 
Congress. 

ist 

2d 

3d 

4th 

5*h 

6th 

7th 

8th 

9th 

ioth 

nth 

12th 

13th 

14th 

I5th 

16th 

i7th 

18th 

19th 

20th 

2ISt 

22(1 

33d 

24th 

2Sth 



No. of 

Session. 

( 1 st March 



.Jan. 
.Dec. 



J«t 

1 2d... . 


...Oct. 
Nov. 


24, 
5, 


J ist 

-J2d 


Dec. 


2, 
5, 
7, 
5, 

IC, 

13, 

3i 


1 ist 

1 2d 


Dec. 

. Dec. 


( ist 

\ 2d 

(3d 


May 

.... Nov. 
Dec. 


( ISt 

l2d.... 


Dec. 

Nov. 


2, 
»7i 


j ISt 


Dec. 


7. 
6, 


1 2d 


....Dec. 


jist.... 

1 2d 


.... Oct. 
Nov. 


i7, 
5, 


J ISt 

1ad 


Dec. 

Dec. 


a, 


)«t 

lad 


Oct. 

Nov. 


26, 
7. 


\ ist 

-^2d 

(3d 


May 

Nov. 

....Dec. 


aa, 

27, 

3, 


j ISt 


Nov. 


4, 
2, 


}ad.!!!! 


Nov. 


( ist 

^2d 


May 

Dec. 


24, 
6, 


t3d..... 


Sept. 


19, 


) ist 

f2d 


Dec. 

Dec. 


4, 
2, 


j ISt 

lad 


Dec. 

Nov. 


16,' 


jist 

1 2d 


Dec. 

....Nov. 


6, 
13, 


j ist 

lad 


Dec. 

....Dec. 


3, 
2, 


{ 1st 

lad 

\ ist 

lad 


Dec. 

....Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 


6? 
5, 
4> 


j ist 

lad 


Dec. 

....Dec. 


3, 


j ist 

1 ad .... 


Dec. 

.... Dec. 


7, 
6, 


< ist 

lad 


,....Dec. 
Dec. 


5, 
3, 


j ISt 


Dec. 




lad 


Dec. 




jist 

lad.. .. 


Dec. 

Dec. 


7, 
5, 


(ist 

■{ad 

(3d 


Sept, 

....Dec. 
... Dec. 


4, 
4. 
3» 



me of Session. 




17S9— Sept. 29, 


7S9 


1790 — Aug. 12, 


790 


1790— March 3, 


791 


1791— May 8, 


792 


1792 — March 2, 


793 


1795— J lin e 9, 


'794 


1794— March 3, 


'795 


1 795— June 1, 


.796 


1706— March 3, 


'797 


i797— July jo, 


'797 


» 797 -July 16, 1 
1798— March 3, 


790 
799 


1799— May 14, 1 


800 


1S00— March 3, 


t8oi 


1S01— May 3, 


S02 


1S02 — March 3, 


S03 


1S03 — March 27, 


S04 


1804 — March 3, 


So? 


180c;— April a 1, 


S06 


1S06 — March 3, 


S07 


1S07— April 25, 


SoS 


1 80S -March 3, 


S09 


180Q — June 28, ] 


S09 


1809— May 1, 


810 


1S10 — March 3, 


Su 


1S1 1— July 6, 


812 


1S12 — March 3, 


SI3 


1813— Aug. a, 


S'3 


1813— April 18, 


814 


18 14 — March 3, 


SiS 


1815— April 30, 


S16 


1816— March 3, 


S17 


1817 — April 20, 
181S— March 3, 


81S 


819 


1819 — May 15, 


820 


1820 — March 3, 


821 


iS2i-May 8, 


822 


1822— March 3, 


823 


1823 — May 27, 


824 


1824 — March 3, 


825 


1825— May 22, 


826 


1825 — March 3, 


827 


1S27 — May 26, 


828 


1828— March 3, 


S29 


1829 — May 31, 


830 


1830 — March 3, 


S3 1 


1 S3 1 -July 16, 


S32 


1832 — March 3, 


*M 


1833— June 30, 


S34 


1S34 — March 3, 


835 


1835— July 4, j 


836 


1836— March 3, 


S37 


1837— Oct. 16, ] 


837 


1S37— July 9, i 


838 


1838 — March 3, 1 


839 



No. of 
Congress. 

26th -j 

27th •) 

28th... .... -j 

2Qth -j 

30th . -j 

3>st -j 

32d { 

33d j 

31th \ 

35* \ 

36th -j 

37th -J 

3Sth j 

39th -j 

40th 

- i 

42d -j 

43d \ 

44th -j 

45th j 

46th -j 



NO. Of ™. r o 

Session, Pime of Session. 

ist. .. .....Dec. 2, 1839— July 21, 

2d Dec. 7, 1840— March 3, 

ist May 31, 1841— Sept. 13, 

2d Dec. 6, iSu — Aug-, 31, 

3d Dec. 5, 1842— March 3, 

ist Dec. 4, 1843— June 17, 

2d Dec. 2, 1844— March 3i 

ist Dec. 1, 1845 — Aug'- i°, 

2d , Dec. 7, 1847— March 3> 

ist ,....Dec. 6, 1S47 — Aug. 14, 

2d Dec. 4, 1S4S— March 3, 

ist Dec. 3, 1849 — Sept. 30, 

2d Dec. 2, 1850— March' 3, 

ist Dec. 1, 1851— Aug. 31, 

2d Dec. 6, 1S52— March 3, 

ist Dec. 5, 1853— Aug. 7, 

2d Dec. 4, 1S54 — March 3, 

ist Dec, 3, 1855— Aug. 18, 

2d Aug. 21, 1856 — Aug. 30, 

3d Dec. 1, 1856— March 3, 

ist Dec. 7, 1S57— June 14, 

ad Dec. 6, 185S— March 3, 

ist Dec. 5 1859— June 25, 

2d Dec, 3, i860— March 4, 

ist July 4, 1S61 — Aug. 6, 

2d Dec. 2, 1861— July 17, 

3d Dec. 1, 1862— March 4, 

ist Dec. 7, 1S63— July 4, 

ad Dec. 5, 1864- March 4, 

ist Dec. 4, 1865— July aS, 

ad Dec. 3, 1S66— March 4, 

ist March 4, 1867— March 30, 

" July 3, 1867— July 20, 

" Nov. a 1, 1867— Dec. a, 

2d...- Dec. 2, 1S67— July 2 7> 

3d Dec. 7, 1S6S— March 4, 

ist March 4, 1869 — Apiil 23, 

2d Dec. 6, 1869— July 15, 

3d Dec. 5, 1S70— March 4, 

ist March 4, 1871 — April 20, 

2d Dec. 4, 1871— June 10, 

3d Dec. 2, 1S72 — March 4, 

ist Dec. 1, 1873— June 23, 

2d , Dec. 7, 1S74— March 4, 

ist Dec. 6, 1S75— Aug. 15, 

2d Dec. 4, 1S76 — March 4, 

ist Oct. 15, 1877-Dec. 3, 

2d Dec. 3, 1S77— June 20 > 

3d Dec. a, 1S78— March 4, 

ist March 18, 1879— July 1, 

ad Dec. 1, 1S79— June -16, 

3d Dec. 6, 1880— March 4, 



S40 
841 

S41 
84a 
845 
844 
845 
846 
S47 
84S 
849 
850 
851 
852 
853 
854 
855 
S56 
S56 
857 
85S 
S59 
S60 
S61 
861 
862 
865 
864 
865 
866 
867 
867 
867 
I867 
868 
S69 
869 
S70 
871 

87a 
873 
874 
875 
S76 
877 

SI 

S79 

I§ 

882 



Note. — To determine the years covered by a given Congress, double the number of the Congress and add the prod- 
uct 101789; the result will be the year in which the Congress closed. Thus, the 35th Congress=70* 1780=1859, that 
being the year which terminated the 35th Congress on the 4th of March. To find the number of a Congress sitting in 
any given year, subtract 1789 from the year; if the result is an even number, half that number will give the Congress, 
6f which the year in question will be the closing year. If the result is an odd number, add one to it, and half the result 
will give the Congress, of which the year in question will be the first year. 



LI BERT 2' AND UNION. 



449 



SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 





Name. 


State. 


Congress. 


Term of" Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


1 


F. A. Muhlenberg... 


Pennsylvania . . 


i st Congress 


Apri 


i, i7S9to March 4, 1791 


!75o 


180 1 


2 


Jonathan Trumbull . . . 


Connecticut 


2d Congress 


Oct. 


24, 1 79 1, to March 4, 1793 


1740 


1S09 




F. A. Muhlenberg... 


Pennsylvania . . 


3d Congress 


Dec. 


2, 1793, to March 4, 1795 






3 


Jonathan Dayton 


New Jersey. .. 


4th Congress 
5th Congress 


Dec. 
Mav 


7, 1795. to March 4, 1797 
15, 1797, to March 3, 1799 


1760 


1824 


4 


Theodore Sedgwick.. 


Massachusetts.. 


6th Congress 


Dec. 


2, 1799, to March 4, 1S01 


1746 


1813 


5 


Nathaniel Macon 


North Carolina. 


7th Congress 
8th Congress 


Dec. 


7, 1S01 , to March 4, 1S03 


*757 


i837 




« «« 


" " 


Oct. 


17, iSo3,'o March 4, 1S0S 








«' •« 


II (C 


9th Congress 


Dec. 


2, 1S05, to March 4, 1S07 






6 


Joseph B. Varnum. .. 


Massachusetts . 


10th Congress 

nth Congress 


Oct, 
May 


36, 1S07, to March 4, 1S09 
22, iSoo, to March 4, 1S11 


1750 


1821 


7 




Kentucky 


12th Congress 
13th Congress 


Nov. 
May 


4, 1S11. to March 4, 1S13 
24, 1813, to Jan. 19, 1S14 


1777 


1852 




C< (< 


8 


Langdon Cheves . . . X 


S. Carolina, j 
2d Session, f 


13th Congress 


Jan. 


19, 1S14, to March 4, 1S15 


1776 


i857 




Henry Clay. . 


Kentxicky. ..... 


14th Congress 
15th Congress 
16th Congress 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


4, 181?. to March 4, 1S17 
1, 1S17, to March 4, 1S19 
6, 1S19, to Mav 15, 1S20 






9 
10 


John W. Taylor.... -j 


New York... 1 
2d Session, f 


16th Congress 


Nov. 


15, 1S20, to March 4, 182 1 


1784 


1854 


Philip P. Barbour.... 


Virginia 


17th Congress 


Dec. 


4, i82i t to March 4, 1S23 


1783 


1S41 




Henry Clay 


Kentuckv 


iSth Congress 


Dec. 


1, 1S23, to March 4, 1S25 








John W. Taylor 


New York 


19th Congress 


Dec. 


5, 1S25, to March 4, 1S27 






11 


Andrew Stevenson. . . 


Virginia 


20th Congress 


Dec. 


3, 1827, to March 4, 1S29 


1784 


1857 




(C (( 


CI 


21 st Congress 
22d Congress 


Dec. 
Dec. 


7, 1829, to March 4, 183 1 
5, 1S31, to March 4, 1S33 








" " . . 


" 


23d Congress 


Dec. 


2, 1S33, to June 2, 1S34 






12 


John Bell | 


Tennessee... } 
2d Session, f 


23d Congress 


June 


2, 183^, to March 4, 1S35 


1797 


1869 


13 


James K. Polk 


Tennessee 


24th Congress 
25th Congress 


Dec, 

Sept. 


7, 1S35, to March 4, 1^37 
5, 1S37, to March 4, 1839 


1795 


1S49 


14 


Rob't M. T. Hunter.. 


Virginia 


26th Congress 


Dec. 


16, 1S39, to March 4, 1841 


1S09 




15 


John White 


Kentucky 

Virginia. 


27th Congress 
28th Congress 


May 
Dec. 


31, 1841, to March 4, 1843 
4, 1843, to March 4, 1S45 


1 805 


1845 


16 


John \V. Jones 


1S05 


1848 


17 


John W. Davis 


Indiana 


29th Congress 


Dec. 


1, 1S45, to March 4, 1847 


1709 


1850 


18 


Robert C. Winthrop. . 


Massachusetts . 


30th Congress 


Dec. 


6, 1S47, to March 4, 1S49 


1S09 




19 


Howell Cobb......... 


Georgia 


31st Congress 


Dec. 


22, 1849, to March 4, 1S51 


181 s 


186S 


20 


Linn Boyd 


Kentuckv 


32d Congress 


Dec. 


1, 1851, to March 4, 1SS3 


1S00 


1859 




" 


33d Congress 


Dec. 


S, 1853, to March 4, 1S5S 






21 


Nathaniel P. Banks. . 


Massachusetts.. 


34th Congress 


Feb. 


2, 1856, to March 4, iSq7 


1S16 




22 




South Carolina. 
New Jersey 


35th Congress 
36th Congress 


Dec. 
Feb. 


7, 1857, to March 4, 1S59 
1, 1S60, to March 4, iS6i 


1822 
1796 

1S23 


1S73 


23 


Win. Pennington.... 


1S62 


24 


Galusha A. Grow 


Pennsylvania. . . 


37th Congress 


Julv 


4, 1861, to March 4, JS63 




HS 


Schuyler Colfax 




3^th Congress 
39th Congress 


Dec. 


7, 1S63, to March 4, 1S65 
4, 1S65, to March 4, 1S67 


1S23 








Dec. 






" " 


" 


40th Congress 


March 4, 1867, to March 4, 1S69 






2b 


James G. Blaine 


Maine 


41st Cougress 


Marc 


l 4, 1S09, to March 4, 1S71 


1S30 






II .£ 


" .... 


42d. Congress 


March 4, iS7i,to March 4, 1S73 








U K 


" 


43d Congress 


Dec. 


1, 1S73, to March 4, 1S75 






27 


Michael C. Kerr 


Indiana 


44th Congress 


Dec. 


6, 1S75, to Aug. 20, 1S76 


1S27 


1S76 


38 


Samuel J. Randall., -j 


Pennsylvania 1 


44th Congress 


Dec. 


4, 1S76, to March 4, 1S77 


1S2S 






« IC 


Pennsylvania 


45th Congress 


Oct. 


15, 1S77, to March 4, 1S79 








it <« 


" 


46th Congress 


March iS, 1S79, to 






29" 


J. Warren Keifer.... 


Ohio . 


47th Congress 


Dec. 


5, 1881, to 


1836 











Note. — Speakers elected pro tempore are not included in the above table, 
of Speakers, not the sequence of their official terms. 



The figures prefixed indicate the number 



*tr 



45° 



16 

16a 

17 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. 



s 






o 


1 


i 


2 






2 


3 






3 


4 


4 


5 




6 




7 


S 




6 




7 


8 




9 




10 


S 


11 


9 




IO 


12 


ii 




12 




13 


13 




14 


H 



Alexander Hamilton. 

Oliver Wolcott 

Samuel Dexter 

Albert Gallatin 

George W, Campbell . 
Alexander J. Dallas . . 
William H. Crawford 

Richard Rush 

Samuel D. Ingham . . 

Louis McLane 

William J. Duane 

Roger B. Taney 

Levi Woodbury 

Thomas Ewing 



1 


i 


2 






2 


3 


3 




4 


4 


5 
6 


5 




6 


I 


7 






9 




10 


8 


ii 




12 


9 




10 


13 


11 


H 
»5 

16 


12 




13 
14 


17 
18 



3 
4 


1 




2 


5 


3 


6 


4 




5 








6 


8 












9 






3 


10 




11 


9 




10 


12 






11 


13 






12 


14 


13 



Appointed. 



Sept. 11, 
March 4, 
Feb. 2, 
March 4, 
Jan. 1, 
May 14, 
March 4, 
March 4, 
Feb. 9, 
Oct. 6, 
Oct. 22, 
March 5, 
March 5, 
March 7, 
March 6, 
Aug-. 2, 
May 29. 
Sept. 23, 
June 27, 
March 4, 
March 5. 



1789 
1793 

1795 
'797 
1801 
1S01 
1809 
1S13 
1814 
1814 
1816 
1817 
182 1 
1825 
1S29 
1831 
i»33 
i8.33 
1834 
1837 
1S41 



R 






c 


H 


£ 


14a 






'5 




16 


1") 


11 


16 


IQ 


16a 


20 


17 


21 


18 


22 




23 


t 


2 + 


19 


25 




26 


20 


27 


20. 




21 


2S 


22 


29 




30 




31 


23 


32 



Name. 



Thomas Ewing- 

Walter Forward 

John C. Speacer 

George M. Bibb 

Robert J. Walker 

William M. Meredith . 

Thomas Corwin 

James Guth ie 

Howell Cobb 

Philip F, Thomas 

John A. Dix 

Salmon P. Chase 
William Pitt Fessenden. 
Hugh McCullough 

George S. Boutwell 

William A, Richardson 
Benjamin H. Bristow. . . 

Lot M. Morrill 

John Sherman 



SECRETARIES OF WAR. 



Henry Knox 

Timothy Pickering 

James McHenry 

Samuel Dexter 

Roger Griswold 

Henry Dearborn 

William Eustis 

John Armstrong „. 

James Monroe 

Will iam H. Crawford 

George Graham 

John C. Calhoun 

James Barbour 

Peter B. Porter 

John H. Eaton 

Lewis Cass 

Joe R. Poinsett 

John Bell 



Sept. 12, 1789 
March 4, 1793 
Jan. 2, 1795 
Jan. 27, 1796 
March 4, 1797 
May 13, 1S00 
Feb. 3, 1801 
March 5, 1S01 
March 4, 1S05 
March 7, 1809 
Jan. 13,1813 
March 4, 1813 
Sept. 27, 1814 
August 1, 1815 
ad interim 



Oct 



8, 1817 



March 5, 182. 
March 7, 1825 
May 26, 1S28 
March 9, 1829 
August 1, 1831 
March 4, 1S33 
March 7, 1S37 
March 5, 1S41 



14a 


19 




20 




21 


15 


22 


16 


23 


16a 


24 


17 


25 


18 


26 


19 


2 




2Q 


20 




20a 






30 


21 


31 




32 


22 






33 




34 


«3 


35 




36 



SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. 



Benjamin Stoddert. . . 

Robert Smith 

J. Crowninshield 

Paul Hamilton 

William Jones 

B. W. Crowninshield 

Smith Thompson 

Samuel L, Southard.. 

J ohn Branch 

Levi Woodbu-y 

Mahlon Dickerson. . . 

James K. Paulding.. 
George E. Badger 



May 21, 1798 
March 4, !Soi 
July ic, 1801 
March 3, 1805 
March 7, 1S09 



Jan. 12, 
March 4, 
Dec. 19, 
March 4, 
Nov. 9, 
March 5, 
Sept. 16, 
March 4, 
March 9. 
May 23, 
March 4. 
June 30, 
March 4, 
June 25, 
March S, 



8.3 
1S13 
1S14. 
1SI7 
181S 
1821 
1823 
1825 
1829 
1831 
1S33 
1834 
1837 
183S 
1S41 



14a 


14 




i5 




16 




i7 


15 


18 


16 


iQ 


16a 


20 




21 


17 


22 


18 


23 


19 


2 4 


20 




20a 




21 


25 




26 


22 




23 


3 



SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. 



Thomas Ewing 

Alexander H. H. Stewar. ,.t 
Robert McClelland 



March 8, 1S49 
Sept. 12, 1850 
March 7, 1853 



Appointed 



April 2, 1841 
Sept. 13, 184 1 
March 3, 1843 
June 15, 1844 
March 6, 1845 
March 8, 1S49 
July 23, 1S50 
March 7, 1853 
March 6, 1857 
Dec. 12, i860 
Jan. 11, i q 6i 
March 7, 1S61 
Julv 1, 1864 
MaVch 7, 1S65 
April 15, 1863 
March 1 1, 1S69 
March 17 1873 
June 4, 1874 
July 7, 1876 
March 3, 1S77 



John Bell 

John C. Spencer. ...... 

J ames M. Porter 

William Wilkins 

William L. Marcy 

George W. Crawford . . 

Charles M. Conrad 

Jefferson Davis 

John B.Floyd 

Joseph Holt 

Simon Cameron 

Edwin M. Stanton 

U. S. Grant, ad interim 
L. Thomas, " " 

John M. Schofield 

John A. Rawlins 

William W. Belknap . . 

Alphonso Taft 

James D. Cameron 

George W. McCrary . . 
Alexander Ramsey 



April 6, 1841 
Oct. 12, iS4i 
March 8, 1S43 
Feb. 15, 1S44 
March 6, 1845 
March 8, 1849 
Aug. IS, 1850 
March 5, 18^3 
March 6, 1857 
Jan. iS, 1861 
March 5. 1S61 
Jan. 15. 18^2 
March 4, 1S65 
April 115, 1865 
Aug. 12, 1867 
Feb. 2i, 1868 
May 28, 1S68 
March 11, 1869 
Oct. 25, 1869 
March 4, 1873 
March S, 1876 
May 22, 1870 
March 12, 1877 
Dec. 10, 1879 



George E. Badger 

Abel P. Upshur 

David I lenshaw 

Thomas W. Gilmer.... 

John Y. Mason 

George Bancroft 

John Y. Mason 

William B.Preston .. 
William A. Graham... 

John P. Kennedy 

James C. Dobbin , 

Isaac Toucey 

Gideon Welles 

Adolph E. Borie 

George M. Robeson . . . 

Richard W. Thompson 
Nathan Gofl.Jr., 



[841 



April 6, 
Sept. 13, 
July 24, 1843 
Feb. 15,1844 
March 14, 1S44 
March 10, 1845 



Sept. 9, 
March 8, 
July 22, 
July 22, 
March 7, 
March 6, 
March 5, 
March 4, 
April 15, 1S65 
March S, 1S69 
June 25, 1869 
March 4, 1S73 
March 12, 1877 
Jan. 6, 1SS1 



84ft 
849 
850 
S50 

S57 
S61 
1S65 



James Harlan. .. 
O. H. Browning 
Jacob D. Cox.. .. 



Mav 15, 1865 
July 27, 1S66 
March 5, 1869 



T 



*{*-- 



LI BERT 2' AND UNION. 



45 ! 



SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. 



V 


6 


Name. 


Appointed. 


E 
u 

22 
23 


10 

12 
13 


Name. 


Appointed. 


18 


4 


Jacob Thompson ! March 6, 1S67 

Caleb B. Smith March 5, 1S61 

John P. Usher 1 Jan. 8, 1863 

" " " March a. iStfe 




Nov. 1, 1S70 
March 4, 1S73 
Oct. 19, 1S75 
March 12, 1S77 
March ■;, 1881 


19 




20 j 6 


Zachariah Chandler 


20a 




April 15, 1S65 















POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. 



Sept. 26, 17S9 



1 


2 


2 






3 


3 




4 






4 


b 




7 













8 




9 






6 


10 




11 




12 






S 


13 






9 


14 


10 


14a 


1 1 



Sam'l Osgood 

Timothv Pickering. 

Joseph Habersham. 
Gideon Granger. . . . 



Return J. Meigs, Jr. 



John McLean 

William T. Barry 

Amos Kendall.. .. 



John M. Niles... 
Francis Granger. 



Charles A. Wickliffe . 



■91 
793 
795 
707 
Soi 
Soi 
S05 



Aug. 12, 
March 4, 
Feb. 25, 
March 4, 
March 4, 
Nov. 2S, 
March 4, »« 
March 4, 1609 
March 17, 1814 
March 4, 181/ 
March 5, 1S21 
June 26, 1S23 
March 4, 1S25 
March 9, 1S29 
March 4, 1S33 
May 1, 1835 
March 4, JS37 
May 5, 1S40 
March 6, 1S41 
April 6, 1S41 
Sept. 13, 1841 



1 15 


12 


16 


13 


16a 


14 




J S 


17 


16 


18 


'7 




18 




n 


19 


20 




21 


20 




20a 






22 


21 


*\ 


22 






24 




2.=; 


23 


26 




27 


24 


2 •> 


24a 


29 



Cave Johnson 

Jacob Collamer 

Nathan K. Hall 

Samuel D. Hubbard. 

James Campbell 

Aaron V. Brown... 

Joseph Holt 

Horatio King 

Montgomery Blair.. 
'William Dennison. 



Alexander W. Randall. 
John A. J. Creswell 



Marshall Jewell 

James N. Tvner . . . 
David McK. Key. 
Horace Maynard . . 
Thomas L. James. . 
Timothv O. Howe. 



March 6, 1S45 
March 8, 1849 
July 23, 1850 
Aug. 31, 1S52 
March 5, 1S53 
March 6, 1857 
March 14, 1S59 
Feb. 12, 1S61 
March 5, iS6i 
Sept. 24, 1864 
March 4, 1S65 
April 15, 1865 
July 25, 1866 
March 5, 1S69 
March 
Aug. 
July 12, 
March 12, 
June 2, 
March 5, 
Dec. 20, 



24, 



r&73 
1S74 

1876 

1S77 
1SS0 
1881 
[SSi 



ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. 



Sept. 26, 
March 4, 
Jan. 27, 
Dec. 10, 
March 4, 
Feb. 20, 
March 5, 
March 3, 
Aug. 7, 
Jan. 2S, 
March 4, 
Dec. ii, 
March 4, 
Feb. 10, 
March 4, 
Nov. 13, 
March 5, 
March 4, 
March 9, 
July 20, 
March 4, 
Nov. 15, 
March 4, 
July 5, 

Jan. 11, 
March 5, 
April 6. 



Edmund Randolph. 



William Bradford. 
Charles Lee 



Theophilus Parsons. 

Levi Lincoln 

Robert Smith 

John Breckinridge.. 
Caspar A. Rodnev... 



William Pinckney 

Richard Rush 

William Wirt 



12 j John M. Berrien. 

13 Roger B. Taney. 



14 I Benjamin F. Butler. 



15 I Felix Grundy 

16 |Henry D. Gilpin ... 
14 17 j John J. Crittenden. 
14a, I " k< 



I7S9 [ 




iS 


1793 




19 


1794 


Lb 


20 


179s 1 




21 


1797 




22 


1S01 


16 


23 


1S01 ! 


16a 




1S05 1 


17 


24 


1S05 ! 


li 


25 


1S07 




26 


1809 


19 


27 


1S11 






1813 




2S 


1814 


20 




1817 


20a 




1S17 




29 


1821 




30 


1S25 


21 


3i 


1829 




V 


183 1 




33 


i833 


22 




1833 




34 


1837 




3=; 


1S3S 


23 


36 


1840 


24 


37 


1841 


24a 


3» 


1841 







Hugh S. Legare j Sept. 13, 1841 

John Nelson ,.. ' July 1,1843 

John Y. Mason j March 6, 1845 

Nathan Clifford < Oct. 17,1846 

Isaac Toucey J June 21,184s 

Reverdy Johnson. . '• March 8, 1S49 

John J. "Crittenden [ July 2,1850 

Caleb Cushing ^ Ma'rch 7, 1855 

Jeremiah S. Black March 6, 1S57 

Edwin M. Stanton ; Dec. 20, 1S60 

Edward Bates March 5, 1S61 

T. J. Coffey, ad interim June 22, 1S63 

James Speed Dec. 2,1864 

■ March 4, 1865 

" '' April 15, 1865 

Henry Stanberry : July 23, 1866 

William M. Evarts ' July 15, 1S68 

E. Rockwood Hoar March 8, 1869 

Amos T. Akerman June 23, 1870 

George H. Williams Dec. 14, 1871 

" " " : March 4, 1873 

Edwards Pierrepont ' April 26, 1S75 

Alphonso Taft May 22,1876 

Charles Devens March 12, 1S77 

Wayne McVeagh I March 5, 1881 

Benjamin H. Brewster : Dec. 19, 1SS1 



Secretaries of the Treasury. — term 24, No. 33, William Windom, appointed March 5, 1SS1; Term 24a, No. 34, 
Charles J. Folger, appointed October 27, 1SS1. 

Secretaries of War.^ — Term 24, No. 37, Robert T. Lincoln, appointed March 5, 1SS1. 

Secretaries of the Navy.— Term 23, No. 28, Nathan Goff, Jr., appointed Jan. 6, 1SS1; Term 24, No. 29, William H. 
Hunt, appointed March 5, 1S81. 

Post Offices. — The Postmasters in the general States and Territories, receive salaries, and commissions ranging 
from a merelv nominal sum to $4,000, $8,000 and $10,000 yearly. 



452 



J BERT T AND UNION. 



History of Presidential Elections, Giving a Summary of Popular and Electoral Votes for President and 
Vice-Presdent of the United States, 1789-1876. 



Za 



<u o 

m-i in 

C v 

(J'D 

r 



* Presidents 



73 



1792 
i3S 



1800 

16 

138 



1804 

1 80S 

17 
176 



1812 

18 
21S 



1S16 
19 



Vote. 



Candidates. 



Geo. Washington 

John Adams 

John Jay 

R. H. Harrison. . . 
John Rutledge. 
John Hancock. .. 
George Clinton.. 
S. Huntingdon 
John Milton. ... 
James Armstrong 
Benj. Lincoln. 
Edward Telfair 
Vacancies 



Geo. Washington 

John Adams 

George Clinton. . . 
Thos. Jefferson. . . 

Aaron Burr 

Vacancies 



John Adams 

IThos. Jefferson . . . 
Thos. Pinckney. . 

1 Aaron Burr 

Samuel Adams. .. 
Oliver Ellsworth. 
George Clinton. . . 

I John Jay 

James Iredell 

Geo. Washington 

John Henry 

S. Johnson 

C. C. Pinckney... 



Thos. Jefferson. 
Aaron Burr 
John Adams. . 
C. C. Pinckney. 
John Jay 



Thos. Jefferson. . 
C. C. Pinckney.. 

James Madison. 
C. C. Pinckney., 
George Clinton. 



James Madison. 

De Witt Clinton. 

Vacancy 



James Monroe. 
Rufus King.. . . 



Vacancies. 



James Monroe . . , 
John Q. Adams . 



Vacancies. 



Popular. 



69 



13-' 



Xn 



-'3' 



*V. -Presidents. 



Candidates. 



George Clinton 
Rufus King 

George Clinton 
Rufus King .... 
John Langdon 
James Madison 
James Monroe. 



Elbridge Gerry 
Jared Ingersoll 



D. D.Tompkins 
Jno.E. Howard 
James Ross. . . . 
John Marshall. 
Robt.G. Harper 



D. D.Tompkins 
Rich. Stockton. 
Daniel Rodney. 
Robt.G. Harper 
Richard Rush. 



|£ 



v X 



1S36 
26 
294 



1844 

26 
27S 

1848 
30 
200 

1S52 

31 

2Qr 

1856 

3 
296 

1 860 
33 

1864 
a 3 6 

1 Son 
b 37 
3>7 

1S72 

37 
3<* 



AM 



Presidents. 



Candidates. 



Andrew Jackson. 
John Q. Adams.. 
W. H.Crawford. 
Henry Clay 



Vacancy ...... 

Andrew Jackson. 
John Q. Adams. 



Andrew Jackson. 

Henry Clay 

John Floyd.... } 
William Wirt.. S 



Vacancies. 



M. Van Buren.. 
W. H. Harrison 
Hugh L. White 
Daniel Webster 
W. P. Mangum 

W. H. Harrison., 
M . Van Buren . , 
James G. Birney, 



James K. Polk... 

Henry Clay 

James G. Birney. 

Zachary Taylor.. 

Lewis Cass 

M. Van Buren. . . 



Franklin Pierce.. 
Winheld Scott. .. 
'ohn P. Hale 



James Buchanan. 
Jno. C. Fremont. 
Millard Fillmore. 

Abraham Lincoln 
J. C.Breckinridge 

John Bell 

S. A. Douglas 

Abraham Lincoln 
Geo. B. McClellan 

Vacancies 

Ulysses S. Grant. 
Horatio Seymour. 

Vacancies 

Ulysses S. Grant. 
Horace Greeley. 
Charles O'Connor 
James Black. . 
T. A. Hendricks. 
B. Gratz Brown . . 
Chas. J. Jenkins.. 
David Davis 



-Not Counted .. . . I 



Popular. 



'55,872 
105,321 
44,282 
46,587 



647,231 
509,097 



687,502 
530,189 
33,io8 



76i,549 
736,656 

,275,017 
,128,702 

7,o59 



1,337,243 

1,299,068 

62,300 

1,360,101 

1,220,544 

291,263 

1,601,474 

1,386,576 

156,149 

1,838,169 
1,341,264 

874,534 

1,866,352 

845,763 

589,58. 

i,375,i57 

2,216,067 
i,SoS,725 



3,oi5,o7' 
2, 709,6 .3 



3,597,o7o 

2,834,079 

29,408 

5,608 



Vice-Presidents 



Candidates. 



J ohnC. Calhoun 
Nath. Sanford.. 
Nath. Macon. . 
A. Jackson . . . 
M . Van Buren 
Henry Clay. . . 



J.C. Calhoun.. 
Richard Rush. . 
Wm. Smith 

M. Van Buren . 
Jno. Sergeant.. 

Henry Lee . 

A. Ellmaker . . . 
Wm. Wilkins.. 



63 



2R. M. Johnson 
F. Granger. 
John Tyler. . 
Wm. Smith. 



John Tyler.. .. 
R. M. Johnson 



L. W. Tazewell 
James K. Polk. 



Geo. M. Dallas 
T.Frelingfmy'n 



M. Fillmore 
Wm. O. Butler 
C. F. Adams 



Wm. R. King.. 
W. A. Graham, 
Geo. W. Julian, 

J. C.Breckin'ge 
W. L. Dayton 
A. J. Donelson 



H. Hamlin 

Joseph Lane. . . 

Ed. Everett 

H. V. Johnson, 

A. Johnson. ... 
G.H.Pendleton, 



S. Colfax 

F. P. Blair, Jr. 



Henry Wilson. 
B. Gratz Brown 
Geo. W. Julian. 
A. H. Colquitt. 
J. M. Palmer.. 
T. E. Bramlette 
W.S. Groesbe'k 
W. B. Machen. 
N. P. Banks... 



2M 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



453 



History of Presidential Elections, giving a Summary of Popular and Electoral Votes for President and 
Vice-President of the United States, 1 789-1876.— Concluded, 



"8>| ': 

c u 


Presidents. 




Vice-Presidexts. 


'o!^ " 


Presidents. 




Vice-Presidents. 




Vote. 






Vote. 


Candidates. 




^ J2 

H : 
tif £ 

- r 

o £ u 

£3 is 

>< fin 


Candidates. 


■r. 

B 

X 


Popular. 


u 

C 
U 

H 


Candidates. 




> 


< W 

-1 

« 


• 
u 


Candidates. 


3 
19 

J 9 


Popular. 







> 

<u 

W 


iS76R.iRuth. B. Haves.. 
38, D. (Samuel J. Tflden. 

369 G. Peter Cooper 

P. O Clnv Smith 


21 

17 

;; 


4,033,9^0 
4,284,885 

81,740 
9,522 

2,636 


iS5 
.84 


W. A. Wheeler 
T. A. Hendricks 


'St 


iSSc 
3°9 


R. 
D. 

G 


J. A. Garfield.... 
W. S. Hancock.. 
J. B. Weaver.... 


4,442,950 

4>442,035 

306,867 

12,576 


214 

i55 


C. A. Arthur.. 
W. H. English. 
B. J. Chambers. 


214 

'55 












Scattering". 















Abbreviations— A., American; A. M., Anti-Mason; C. U., Constitutional Union; D., Democrat; D. L., Democrat Lib- 
eral; F., Federalist; F. D., Free Democrat; F. S., Free Soil; G., Gi'eenback; I. D., Independent Democrat; L., Libertv; 
N. R., National Republican; O., Opposition; P., Prohibition; R., Republican; T. Temperance; W., Whig. 

* Previous to the election of 1S04 each elector voted for two candidates for President; the one receiving the highest 
number of votes, if a majority, was declared elected President; and the next highest Vice-President. 

f Three States out of thirteen did not vote viz: New York, which had not passed an electoral law; and North Car- 
olina and Rhode Island, which had not adopted the Constitution. 

J There having been a tie vote, the choice devolved upon the House of Representatives. A choice was made on the 
thirty-sixth ballot, which was as follows: Jefferson — Georgia, Kentucky. Maryland, New Jersey, New York. North 
Carolina. Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, and Virginia— 10 States. Burr — Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hamp- 
shire and Rhode Island — j. States. Blank — Delaware and South Carolina — 2 States. 

1 ) No choice having been made by the Electoral College, the choice devolved upon the House of Representatives. A 
choice was made on the first ballot, which -was as follows: Adams — Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, 
Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, and Vermont — 13 States. Jack- 
son— Alabama, Indiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee — 7 States. Crawford — 
Delaware, Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia — 4 States. 

2 ) No candidate having received a majority of the votes of the Electoral College, the Senate elected R. M.Johnson 
Vice-President, who received 33 votes; Francis Granger received 16. 

a) Eleven States did not vote, viz: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. 

h) Three States did not vote, viz: Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia. 

c) Three electoral votes of Georgia cast for Horace Greeley, and the votes of Arkansas, 6, and Louisiana, 8, cast for 
U. S. Grant, were rejected. If all had been included in the count, the electoral vote would have been 300 for U. S. Grant 
and 66 for opposing candidate. 

Number of Newspapers and Periodicals in the United States, 1870-1880. 

From the Official Returns of the Ninth and Tenth Census. 



States and Terri- 
tories. 



Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

Dist. of Columbia 

Florida 

Georgia , 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

j Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri : 



6 
SOS 

293 

V 

St) 

92 

OS 

S8 

259 

211 

95 
in 
279 



Circula- 
tion. 



91,165 

2S0 

29,830 

491,90.3 

I2 ,75o 

203,725 
1,652 

20,860 

Si, 400 

10,545 

150,987 

2,7So 

,722,541 

363,542 

210,090 

06,803 

197,130 

S4,'6 5 

170,690 

235,450 

,692,124 

253,774 
110,778 

71,868 
522,866 



878. 1S79. 



Zn V - 



*5 

5 
69 

23' 
39 

121 

24 
22 

2S 

35 
'37 
5 
627 
37o 
390 
171 

153 

S9 

93 
112 

345 
291 

134 
103 
297 



792 

416 

454 
235 
162 

95 
103 

I2 3 
361 

304 
ibo 
102 

39? 



1SS0. 



12S 
67 
24 
39 
40 

1 So 

863 



28 
29 

30 
3 

32 
31 

34 
35 
36 
3' 
3S 
429!: 19 
5iSUo 

303 4i 

1S342 
10043 
103 44 
13 s ! 45 
392.46 
4iS47 
209 

47 iii 



States and Terki 

TORIES. 



Montana , 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire.. , 

New Jersey 

New Mexico , 

New York 

North Carolina . . , 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode" Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

W. Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Total United State 




4- 



454 



LIBERTY AND UNION: 



EDUCATIONAL. 

Tables, Showing, According to Report of 1880, School Population, School Age, Enrollment, Attend 
ance, Salaries of Teachers, e*c, of Public Schools. 



States and Terri- 
tories. 



Alabama 

Arkansas . . . 
California. . . 

Colorado 

Connecticut , 
Delaware — 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois , 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky. 



Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada . 

New Hampshire. 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina. . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania. 

Rhode Island 

.South Carolina. .. 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia. . 
Wisconsin , 



Total 



Arizona 

Dakota 

District Columbia. 

Idaho 

Indian , 

Montana 

New Mexico , 

Utah.. 

Washington 

Wyoming 



Total. 



School 
Age. 



7-21 
6-21 

5-17 

6-21 
4-16 
6-21 
4-21 
6-1S 
6-21 
6-21 

S-2I 

5-21 

4 6-20 
6-l8 

4-21 

5-20 

5-*5 

5-20 

5-21 
5-21 
6-20 
5-21 
6-18 
5-21 
5-18 
5-21 
6-21 
6-21 
4-20 
6-21 

5- T S 
6-16 
6-21 
S-14 
5-20 
5-21 
6-21 
4-20 



6-17 
5-21 



4-21 
87-18 

6-18 



Grand Total ' 1 5,302,862 



School 
Population. 



353,003 
247,547 
2i5,97S 
35,5oo' 
HO,235 
35.459 
8S,677 

3 433,444 
1,010,851 

703,553 
5^6,556 
340,647 
545," 61 

273,^45 
214,656 

4 276,I20 

307,321 
506,221 

6271,428 
426,689 
7 2 3,434 
142,348 
10,592 
1 7 I , 1 32 
330,685 

I ,64i,i73 
459,324 

1,043,320 

59,6i5 

I,200,0C0 

. 52,374 
b 22S,I28 
544,862 
230,527 
692,831 
555,307 
2IO,II3 
483,229 



1 5, 1 27,405 



7,HS 
12,030 

43,55 8 



■°»,444 

7,o7o 

629,312 

40,672 
324,223 



Number 

Enrolled in 

Public 

Schools. 



179,490 

70,972 
i5 8 ,765 

22.119 
119,694 

27,823 

39,315 
236,533 
704,041 
5x1,283 
426,057 
231,434 
265,5s 1 

68,440 
149,827 
162,431 
3o6,777 
362,55 6 
180,248 
236,704 
476,376 

92,549 
9,045 

64,34i 
204,961 

i,o3i,593 
225,606 

747,138 
37,533 
937,3 ] o 
44,780 
134,072 
290,141 
186,786 
75,238 
220,736 
142,850 
299,25s 



Average 

Daily 

Attendance 



0,680,403 



r5,457 



4,212 

8,042 
26,439 

6.7SS 
"6,098 

3,97o 

*5,:5i 

24,326 

314,032 

32,090 



iS 



9,781,521 



i7,97S 



100,906 

i2',6iS 

278,421 



27,046 
145,190 
431,638 
321,659 
259,836 
137,667 

1 i93,S74 
45,626 

103,113 

85,77S 

233,127 

1213,898 

l i 17,161 

156,761 

1219,132 

loo, 1 56 

5,4oi 

48,966 

"5,i94 

573,o89 

147,802 

476,279 

27,435 

601,627 

29,065 



191,461 


48,606 

128,40-1 

91,704 
197,510 



5,744, iSS 



2,847 

3,17° 

20,637 



n 3,944 
2,506 



i7,i7S 
3 9,5S5 
3i,2S7 



61,154 



Average 

School 

Days in 

the Year. 



80 



146.6 
3 9 

179.02 
12i 5 8 



150 
136 
14S 
107 
102 
IlS 
I20 
I3, 7 6 

141 

94 

77-5 

3 1 OO 
109 

1 42. 8 
105-3 
192 
179 
54 
150 
89.06 

147 
184 

77 
6S 

13 73 

125 
"3 
99 

162. s 



109 

SS 
i93 



Salaries of 
Teachers. 



$362,593 
192,665 

2,207,044 
186,426 

1,011,730 
i 3 S,8i 9 
97,"5 



4,5S7,oi5 

3,365,046 

12,901,948 

i,oS8,to4 

736,890 



948,096 

i,i4i,753 

24,491,225 

1,909,941 

993,205 

669,393 
2,218,037 

53 2 ,304 
83,706 

4H,59o 
1,446,17s 
7,638,922 

3i8,453 
5,oi7,542 

210,429 

4,5'°, 197 
405,605 

287,403 
596,680 
674,869 
360,320 
7H,783 
522,483 
1,568,692 



54,55', 201 



64,3iS 
277,012 
33,844 



* 1 5,432 
ioo,343 
B 9l,o'9 

5 22,12-) 



5,805,342 55,158,289 



607, C 



Total 
Expended. 



$375,465 

238,056 

2,864,571 

395,527 

i,+o8,375 

207,281 

114,895 

471,029 

7,53',942 

4,491,850 

5,621,248 

1,818,387 

803,490 

480,320 

' 047,681 

i,544,367 

5,i56,73i 

3,109,915, 

1,706,114 

830,704 

3,152,178 

!, 137,995 
144,245 
565,339 

1,928,374 

IO,4I2,37S 

352,882 

7, '66,963 

3H,oi7 

7,449,oi3 

544, 2CO 

324,629 
724,862 

753,346 
454,285 

946,109 

716,864 

2.230,772 



79,536,399 



61,172 
I 24,483 

43S,S67 
3 8,Si2 
3iS6,359 
59,463 
^iS.Sgo 
132,194 
5 i '4,379 

S 6 2 2,I20 



r,i96,439 



So,7 3 2,8 3 S 



(1) Estimated. 
1S78. (7) In 1873. 



(2) For the winter. (3) In 
(8) IniS77. (9) In 1875. 



[S79. (4) For whites; for colored, 6- hi. (5) Census of 1S7©. (6) In 
(ic) In the Cherokee, Choctaw and Creek Nations. (11) In the five 



civilized tribes. (12) For white schools only. (13) In the co\mties. 



**&■■ 



T~ 



COINS OF THE UNITED STATES, AUTHORITY FOR COINING, AND CHANGES IN 

WEIGHT AND FINENESS. 



Double-Eagle=-$20, 

Authorized to be coined", Act of March 3, 1S49. 

Weight, 5' 6 grains; fineness, 900. 

.Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77. $8:4,598,440. 

Eagle=$10. 

Authorized to be coined, Act of Apiil 2, 1792. 
Weight, 270 grains; fineness, 916%. 
Weight changed Act of June 28, 1S34, to 258 grains. 
Fineness changed, Act of June 2S, 1S34, to S99.225. 
Fineness changed, Act of January iS, 1S37, to 9°°- 
Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, .$51,707,220. 

Half-Eagle=$5. 

Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. 
Weight, 135 grains; fineness, 916^. 
"Weight changed Act ofjune 2S, 1S34, to 129 grains. 
Fineness changed, Act ofjune 28, 1S34, to 899,225. 
Fineness changed, Act of January iS, 1S37, to 9°°- 
Total amount coined to June 30, 1877, $69,412,815. 

Quarter-Eagle=$2.5C 

Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. 
W T eight, 67.5 grain-; fineness, 916%. 
Weight changed, Act ofjune 2S, 1S34, to 64.5 grains. 
Fineness changed, Act ofjune 2S, 1S34, to 899.225. 
Fineness changed, Act of January iS, 1S37, to 900. 
Total amount coined to June 30, 1877, $26,795,750. 

Three-Dollar Piece. 

Authorized to be coined, Act of February 21, 1S53. 

Weight, 77.4 grains ; fineness, 900. 

Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, $ I >3 o0 >O3 2 ' 



One Dollar. 



'S49. 



Fineness changed, Act of January iS, 1S37, to 900. 
Weight changed, Act of February 21, 1853, to 96 grains. 
W eight changed, Act of February 12, 1873, to 6% grams, 
or 96.45 grains. 
Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, $34,774,121.50. 

Twenty-cent Piece. 

Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1S75. 
Weight, 5 grams, or 77.16 grains; fineness, 900. 
Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, $279,418. 

Dime, 

Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. 
Weight, 41.6 grains; fineness, S92. 4. 

Weight changed, Act of January iS, 1S37, to \\~% grains. 
Fineness changed. Act of J tnuary 18, 1S37, to 900. 
Weisht changed, Act of February 21, 1853, to 38. 4 grains. 
Weight changed, Act of February 12, 1S73, to 2% 
grams, or 3S.5S grains. 

Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, $16,141,786.30. 

Half Dime. 

Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. 
Weight, 20.S grains; fineness, 892.4. 

Weight changed, Act of January iS, 1837, to 20^ grain6„ 
Fineness changed, Act of January iS, 1837, to 9°°. 
Weight changed, Act of February 21, 1S53, to 19.2 grains. 
Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1S73. 
Total amount coined, $4,906,946.90. 

Three-cent Piece. 

Authorized to be. coined, Act of March 3, 1S51. 
Weight, 12^ grains; fineness 750. 

Weight changed, Act of March 3, 1S53, to 11.52 grains. 
Fineness changed, Act of March 3, 1S53, to 900. 
Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1S73. 
Total amount coined, $1,281,850,20. 

MINOR COINS. 

Five-cent (Nickel). 

Authorized to be coined, Act of May 16, 1S66. 
Weight, 77. to grains, composed of 75 per cent, copper 
and 25 per cent, nickel. 
Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, $5,773,090. 

Three-cent (Nickel). 

Authorized to be coined. Act of March 3, 1865. 
Weight, 30 grains, composed of 75 percent, copper and 
25 per cent, nickel. 

Total amount coined to June 30, 1877, $855,090. 

Two-cent (Bronze). 

Authorized to be coined. Act of April 22, 1864. 
Weight 95 grains, composed of 95 per cent, copper and 5 
per cent, tin and zinc. 

Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1S73. 
Total amount coined, $912,020. 

Cent (Copper). 

Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. 

Weight. 264 grains. 

Weiyht changed, Act of January 14, 1793, to 20S grains. 

Weight changed by proclamation of tbe President, Jan- 
uary 26, 1706, in conformity with Act of March 3, 1795, to 
16S grains. 

Coinage discontinued, Act of February 21, 1S57. 

Total amount coined, $1,562,887.44. 

Coinage of the U.S. Mints during the Fiscal Year ending June 30, 1882. 

Gold Cofnage $89,413,447.50 

Silver Coinage :— Silver Dollars 27,772,075 .00 

Halves, Quarters and Dimes 0.0... "»3 I 3- 75 

Minor Coinage :— Five, Three, Two, and One Cent pieces ...,, 6 44>757-75 

Total Coinage $117,841,594.00 



Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 

Weight, 25.8 grains; fineness, 900. 

Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, $i9,34.'5,43S. 

Silver Dollar. 

Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. 
Weight, 416 grains; fineness, 892.4. 

Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 412^ grains. 
Fineness changed, Act of January iS, 1837, to 9°°- 
Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1S73. 
Total amount coined, $8,045,838. 



Trade-Dollar. 



S73- 



Authorized to be coined, Act of February 

Weight, 420 grains; fineness, 900. 

Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, $24,581,350. 

Half-Dollar. 

Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. 
Weight, 20S grains ; fineness, 892.4. 

Weight changed Act of January iS, 1S37, to 206% grains. 
Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1S37, to 9°°- 
Weight changed, Act of Fehruary 21, 1S53, to 192 grains. 
Weight changed, Act of February 12, 1873 to i2 l / 2 grams, 
r 192.9 grains. 
Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, $118,869,540.50. 



Quarter Dollar. 



1792. 



Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 

Weight, 104 grains; fineness, S92.4. 

Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1S37, to 103^ grains. 



* A large amount of Silver Dollars, Half Dollars, etc., have been coined since 1S73. 



456 LIBERT T AND UNION. 

COINS OF THE UNITED STATES, AUTHORITY FOR COINING, AND CHANGES IN 
WEIGHT AND FINENESS.— Concluded. 



Cent (Nickel). 

Authorized to be coined, Act of February 21, 1857. 
Weight, 72 grains, composed of 88 per cent, copper and 
12 per cent, nickel. 
Coinage discontinued, Act of April 22, 1864. 
Total amount coined, $2,007,720. 

Cent (Bronze). 

Coinage authorized, Act of April 22, 1864. 
Weight, 48 grains, composed of 95 per cent, copper and 
5 per cent, tin and zinc. 

Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, $i,733,oSo. 



Half-cent (Copper) 



Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. 

Weight, 132 grains. 

Weight changed, Act of January 14, 1793, to 104 grains. 

Weight changed by proclamation of the President, Jan- 
uary 26, 1796, in conformity with Act of .March 3, 1795, to 
S4 grains. 

Coinage discontinued, Act of February 21, 1S57 

Total amount coined, $39,926.10. 



SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Chief-Justices. 



1 John Jayf. 



John Rutledge.J. . . . 
Oliver Ellsworthf. 

John Marshall , 



Roger B. Taney. 



Salmon P. Chase. 



Mosrison R. Waite. 



Associate Justices. 



John Rutledget ...... . 

William Cushimg 

James Wilson.... 

JohnBlarf.. 

Robert H. Harrison. . 

James Iredell 

Thomas Johnsonf 

William PatteYson . . . 

Salmon P. Chase 

Bushrod Washington. 
Alfred Mooref 

William Johnson 

Brockh't Livingston . . 

Thomas Todd 

Joseph Story , 

Gabriel Duyalf 

Smith Thompson 

Robert Trimble 

John McLean 

Henry Baldwyn 

James M. Wayne§ 

Philip P. Barbour 

John Catron 

John McKinley 

Peter V. Daniel 

Samuel Nelson. f. ... 

Levi Woodburv 

Robert C. Grief f 

Benjamin R. Curtisf. 
John A. Campbellf. . . 

Nathan Clifford 

Noah H. S wayne 

Samuel F. Miller 

David Davist 

Stephen J. Field 

William Strongt 

Joseph P. Bradley 

Ward Hunt 

John M. Harlan 

William B. Woods... 



State Whence 
Appointed. 



New York 

South Carolina. , 
Massachusetts. , 
Pennsylvania . . . 

Virginia 

Maryland 

North Carolina. 

Maryland 

New Jersey. 
South Carolina.. 

Maryland 

Connecticut 

Virginia 

North Carolina . 

Virginia ,. 

South Carolina. . 

New York 

Kentucky 

Massachusetts . 

Maryland 

New York 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania ... 

Georgia 

Maryland 

Virginia 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Virginia 

New York 

New Hampshire 
Pennsylvania .. . 
Massachusetts.. . 

Alabama 

Maine 

Ohio 

Iowa 

Illinois 

California 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania.... 

New Jersey 

New York 

Ohio 

Kentucky , 

Georgia 



Term of 

Service. 



17S9-1795 
178Q-1791 
17S9-1810 
1 780- 1 798 
17S9-1795 
1 789- 1 790 
1790-I799 
I79I-I793 
1793-1S06 

1 795- 1 795 

1796-181 1 

1796-1801 

1798-1S29 

1799- 1 S04 

1801-1835 

1 804- 1 834 

1 806- 1 823 

1807-I826 

1S11-1S45 

1811-1836 

1S23-1845 

1826- 1S28 

1829-1861 

1 830- 1 84 6 

1835-1867 

1836-1S64 

1836-1841 

1837-1865 

1 837- 1 852 

1841-1860 

1845-1872 

1 845- 185 1 

1846- 1 S69 

1851-1S57 

1853-1S61 

I858-.... 

1861-.... 

1862-.... 

1S62-1S77 

1866-.... 

1S64-1S73 

1870-1880 

1870-.... 

1872-.... 

1S74-.... 

i877-.... 

1SS0-1S82 



>& 



i745 
1739 
1733 
174* 
1732 
i7'S 
i75i 
i73 2 
1745 
1739 
1741 

I74S 
1762 

i755 
1755 
177! 
i757 
1765 
1779 
1752 
,767 
1777 
'7SS 
1779 
1790 
'777 
J7 S 3 
>778 
1780 
17SS 
17Q 2 
1789 
i794 
1S09 
i8m 
iSn 3 
1805 
1S16 
1S15 
1S16 
1 80S 
1S0S 
1813 
iSn 
1816 

1833 
1S26 



Died. 



1800 
18 o 
1798 
1800 
1790 
1799 
18.9 
1806 
1800 
18u 
1807 
1829 
1810 
1835 
1S34 
1823 
1826 
1845 
1844 

'b% 
1828 

1S61 

1846 

1S67 

1864 

1S41 

iS6s 

1S52 

i860 

1S73 

185. 
1S70 
1874 



'S73 



* The figures before the names of the Associate Justices indicate the order of their appointment. The numbers fol- 
lowing refer to the same numbers in the first column, and show the vacancy filled by each appointment. 

t Resigned. 

% Presided one term of the Court; appointment not confirmed by the Senate. 

§ The Supreme Court, at its first session in 1790, consisted of a Chief Justice and five Associates. The number of 
Associatejustices was increased to six in 1S07. by the appointment of Thomas Todd; increased to eight in 1S37, by the 
appointment of John Catron and John McKinley; iucreased to nine in 1863, by the appointment of Stephen J. Field; 
decreased to eight 01 the death of John Catron in 1855; decreased to seven on the death of James M. Wayne, in 1867; 
and again increased to eight in 1S70. 



>t£~ 



LIBER TV AND UN I OX. 457 

Aggregate Banking Capital and Deposits in the United States, June, 1881. 

COMPARED WITH 1S76, 1S77. 1S7S, 1S79 AND 1S80. 
From the Report of the Comptroller of the Currency, December, 1SS1. 



National Banks. 


State Banks, private 
hankers, etc. 


Saving's Banks 
with capital. 


Saving Banks 
without 
Capital. 


Total. 


No. 


Capital. 
Mill. 


De- 
posits. 
Mill. 


No. 


Capital 
Mill. 


De- 
posits. 
Mill. 


No. 


Capi- 
tal. 

Mill. 


De- 
posits 
Mill. 


No. 


De- 
posits. 
Mill. 


No. 


Capital. 
Mill. 


De- 
posits. 

Mill. 


1S76 : 2,05 1 
1877 2,07s 
1S7S 2,0^6 
1870 2,048 
1880 2,^76 
18S; 2,115 


50<M 
481.0 

470.4 
455-3 
456.0 
460.2 


713.5 

76S.2 
677.2 
713-4 
900. S 
i,i39-9 


3,803 

3,799 
3,709 
3,639 
3,79S 
4,016 


214 
21S.6 
202.2 
197.0 
190. 1 
206 . 5 


4S0.0 
470.5 
4'3-3 
397 -*o 
501.4 
627.5 


26 
26 

23 

29 
29 
36 


5-o 
4 9 
3 2 

4-2 

4.0 
4.2 


37-2 
3S.2 
26.2 
36.1 

34-6 
37-6 


691 
676 
66S 
644 
629 
629 


S44.6 
843.2 
803.3 
747-1 
783.0 
862.3 


6,611 
6,579 
6,456 
6,360 
6,529 
6,796 


7'9-4 
704.5 
675. s 
656.5 
650.0 
670.9 


2,075-3 
2,120. r 
1,920.0 

',893-5 
2,219.0 
2,667.3 



■**&&Q/®^sr- 



fvS/Zraircrw 



United States Patent Office Business. 

Comparative Statement of the business of the office from 

1837 to 18S0, inclusive. 

From the Report of thj Commissioner of Patents, Jan. ji, 

1SS1. 



Calendar Yeak. 



:i: 

iS39- 
1S40. 
184 1. 
1S42. 
1843- 
1844. 
1845 
1846. 

tyx 

IS4S. 
1849. 
1S50. 

1851. 

IS52 
1853. 

fi: 

185s. 
1S59. 
i860. 
1S61. 
1862. 
i86 3 . 
1864. 
is6 5 . 
1S66. 
1867. 

1S0S. 



1869. 
1S70. 

IS7I. 

IS 7 2. 

1873. 
1874. 
1875. 

IS76. 

1877. 

IS78. 

1879. 
1880. 



.ppnca 
tions. 



Total . 



735 
847 
761 
819 

1,045 
1,246 
1,272 

i,53i 
1,62s 

i>955 
2,193 
2,258 
2,639 
2,67? 
3,324 
4,435 
4 960 

4,77i 
5,304 
6,225 

7,653 
4,643 
5-03S 
6,014 
6,932 
10,664 
15,269 
21,270 
20,420 
19 271 
19,171 
19,472 
18,246 
20,414 
21,602 
21,63s 
21,425 
20,308 
20,260 
20,059 
23,012 



Caveats Patents 

Filed. Issued. 



393,4^-8 



22S 
312 
39i 

380 

452 
448 
553 
607 
595 
602 
760 
996 
901 
S68 
906 
1,024 
1,010 

934 

1097 

i,oS4 

700 

824 

787 
1,063 

1,937 
2,723 
3,597 
3,705 
3,624 
3,273 
3,366 
3,090 
3-24S 
3,*Si 
3,o94 
2,697 
2,809 

2,755 
2,620 
2,490 



66,046 



435 
520 

425 
475 
495 
5i7 
53i 
502 
502 
619 
572 
660 
1,070 

995 

869 
1,020 
958 
1,902 
2,024 
2,502 
2,910 
3,7 JO 
4,538 
4,819 
3,34o 
3,52i 
4,170 
5,020 
6,616 
9,45o 
13,015 
I3-37S 
i3,9Sh 
13,321 
13,033 
13,590 
i2,S64 
13,599 
io,28S 
17,026 
13 619 
J2,9« 
12,725 
13-947 



Public Debt of the United States, 1791-81. 



Statement of Outstanding- Principal of Public Debt of the 
United States on the ist of January of each year from 
1791 to 1S42, inclusive; and on the ist'of July of each year 
from 1843 to 1S81, inclusive. 



From the Annu; 



Report of the Secretary of the Trea 
on Finances. 



stir} 



259,011 



[791 


$75,463,476.52 


[792 


77,227,924.66 


1793 


80,352,634.04 


1794 


78,427,404.77 


1795 • 


So,747,5S7-39 


1796 


83,762,172.07 


1797 


82,064,479.33 


1798 


79,228,529.12 


1799 


78,408,069.77 


1800 


82,976,294.35 


1S01 


83,038,050.80 


1802 


86,712,632,25 


1803 


77,054,686.30 
86,427 1 20. 83 


1S04 


1S05 


82,312,150.50 


1800 


75,723,270.66 


1S07 


69,218,398.64 


i8o3 


65,i96-3i7-97 


1S09 


57,023,192.09 


1810 


53, I 73, 217-52 


1S11 


48,005,58 -.76 


1S12 


45,209,737-9o 


1S13 


55,962,827.57 


1S14 


81,487,846.24 


'S15 


99,833,660.15 


1S16 


127,334,933-74 


1817 


1 23, 49 1, 9^5- 1 6 


1S1S . .. 


103,466,633.83 


ISI9 


95,529,648.28 


IS20 


91,015,566.15 


IS2I 


89,987,427.66 


IS22 


93,546 676.9S 


1823 


90,875,877.28 


IS24 


90,2 A 9,777-77 


IS25 


S3jSS.i32.71 


IS26 


81,054,059.99 


IS27 


73,987,357-20 


IS2S 


67,475,043-S7 
58,421,413.67 


1829 


IS30 


48,565,206.50 


1831 


39,123,191.6s 


IS32 


24,322,235.18 


IS33 


7,001,698.83 


'S34 


4,760,082.08 


1835 


37,5' 3-05 


1836 


336,957-S,3 


1S37 


3,708,121.07 



I83S.. 

1839.. 

IS40.. 
IS4I.. 
IS42.. 

IS43.. 
IS44.. 
IS45.. 
IS46.. 
1847 . . 
1843.. 
1849.. 

1850. . 

1851.. 

tS52.. 
1S53.. 
1854.. 
IS55-. 
1856.. 

■S57-- 
1S5S.. 
1S59.. 
1S60.. 
1S61 
1862 . . 
1S03 . . 
1S64.. 
1865.. 
1866.. 
1867.. 
1S68. 
1S69.. 
1870.. 
1S71 . 
1872.. 
1873.. 
1S74 - - 
■S75-- 
1S76.. 
.S77.. 
1S7S.. 
.879.. 
So.. 
1SS1 . . 



10,434,221.14 
$3,573,343-82 
5,250,875.54 
13,594,480.73 
20,601,226.28 
32,742.922.00 
23,461,652.50 
I 5,925,303-oi 
15,550,202.97 
38,826,534.77 
47,044,862.23 
63,061,858.69 

63,452,773-55 
68,304,796.02 

66,i99|.34i-7 I 
59,803,117.70 
42,242 222.42 
35,5S6'SsS.56 
3i,972'537-9o 
2S,699 1 83 .S5 
44,9ii,SSi,03 
SS,496»S37.SS 
64,842,287.88 
90,580,873.72 
524,176,412.13 
1,119,772,138.63 

1 Si5,784,37o.57 
2,680,647, S60.74 
2,77^236, 173-69 
2,678,126,103.87 
2,611,687,851.19 
2,5SS 452,214.94 
2,480,672,427.81 
2,353,211,332.32 
2,253,251,328.76 
2,234,082,994.20 

2 251,690,468.43 
2,232,284,531.95 
2,180,395,067.15 
2,205,301,392.10 
2,256,205,892.53 
2,245,495,072-04 
2,120,415,370.63 
2,069,013,569.58 



*t3- 



*■* 






■"£w 



45S 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 

THE CLIMATE OF THE UNITED STATES. 



State or Territory. 


Place of Observation. 


Mean 
annual 
temper- 
ature, 
degrees 


State or Territory 


Place of Observation. 


Mean 
annual 
temper- 
ature, 
degrees 




Mobile 

Sitka 

Tucson 

Little Rock . . 


66 
46 
69 
63 

55 
• 48 
50 
47 
53 
55 
69 
58 
52 
50 
5' 
60 

49 

g 

69 
45 
54 
48 
47 
42 I 




Jackson 


64 
55 
43 
49 
5o 
46 
53 








Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 












Cape Winheld Scott 








I lartf ord 

Fort Randall 














Albanv * 

Raleigh 

L olumbus 

Portland 


5 i, 
4 s 
59 
53 
53 
54 
4S 
62 




Washington 

Jacksonville 

Atlanta ' 




Florida . 


Ohio 


Georgia 




Harrisburg 










Indianapolis .. 




Columbia 

Nashville 

Austin 

Salt Lake City 


Indian Territory 




5S 






67 






Utah 


43 

57 
5i 


Kentucky 










Richmond 






Washington Ter 






Roinney . 




Boston 

Detroit 




45 


Michigan 






Minnesota 


St. Paul 









ESTIMATE OF GOLD AND SILVER PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES, FROM 1845 TO 1880 

INCLUSIVE. 





(From 


Official Report 


s by the Director of the Mint of the United States.) 




Year. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


Total. 


Year. 


Gold. 


Silver 


Tota'. 


1S45 


$1,008,327 

1, 2.39,357 
8S9,o85 
10,000,000 
40,000,000 
50,000,000 
55,000,000 
60,000,000 
65,000,000 
60,000,000 
55,000 000 
55,000,000 
55,000,000 
50,000,000 
50,000,000 
46,000,000 
43,000, oco 
39, 200,000 
40,000,000 


From 1S49 to 

1S58. 

Estimated 

product 

$50,000 per 

annum. 

(The silver 
mines of the 

U. S. were 
discovered in 

1859.) 

$500,000 
100,000 
150,000 
2,000,000 
4,500,000 
S, 500,000 


$1,008,327 

i, 2 39,357 
889,085 
10,000,000 
40,000,000 
50,000,000 
55,000,000 
60,000,000 
'65,000, 000 
60,000,000 
55,000,000 
55,000,000 
55,000,000 
50 500,000 
50,100,000 
4 6, 1 50,000 
45,000,000 
43,700,000 
48,500,000 


1S64 


$46,100,000 
53,225,000 
53,500,000 
51,725,000 
48,000,000 
49,500,000 
50,000,000 
43,500,000 
36,000,000 
36,000,000 
33,490,902 
33,467,856 
39,929,166 
46,897,390 
51,206,360 

3S,899,S53 
36,000,000 


$11,000,000 
11,250,000 
10,000,000 
13,500,000 
12,000,000 
12,000,000 
16,000,000 
23,000,000 
25,750,000 
35,750,000 

37.324,594 
31,727,560 
38,783,016 

39,793,573 
45,281,3*5 
40,812,132 
38,450,000 


$57,100,000 
64,475,000 
63,500,000 


1846 


1S65 


1847 6.. 


1866 


1848 


1867. .. 




1868 

1S69 


60,000,000 
61,500,000 
6o,ooo,oco 
66,500,000 
64,750,000 
71,750,000 
. 70,815,496 
65,195,416 
78,712,182 
86,690,963 

96.4S7, 745 
79,711,990 


1S50 


1S51 : 


1S70 : 


1852 


1S71 


1853 


1872 


1S54 




1S55 


1S74 

187; 

1876 

1877 


1S56 

'857 

185s 


iS=9 


1878 


1S60 


1870 


1861 


1880... 


1862 


Total 36 years. 




kV 5 


$1,523,678,301 


$461,172,260 


$i,9S4,85o,56i_ 



Expenditures in the District of Columbia from 1790 to 1876. 



The total amount of money expended by the Govern- 
ment in the District of Co umbia for all purposes from 
July 16, 1790, to July 30, 1S76, is' $92,112,395. This sum 
wa$ divided as follows: - 



Capitol $17 

Library o£ v^w.^a'ss* I 

Whitellousc 1 

Purchase of works of art 

Botanic Garden 

Department of State, etc 4 

Treasury Department 7 

W::r Department 2 

Navy Department 3 

1 'est -Office Department 2 



Department of Agriculture 3 



Smithsonian Institution 

Pat-nt Office , '.'. 11 

Benevolent institutions 4 

Penal institutions 4 

Courts 

Aqueduct 4 

Fire Department 

Canals 

Bridges 2 

Public grounds 1 

Streets and avenues 5 

Loans, reimbursements, etc 4 

Miscellaneous! 3 



,I74,'92 
,305,420 
,197,908 
,732,44S 
,418,329 
78,486 

,000,S22 
104,299 
597,418 
,290,568 
367,537 

.975,294 
927,209 
,505-400 



fFirst appropriation for the support of Public Schools, 
[866. 



**■- 



-4H 



,,- 



LIBBRTT and union. 



459 





CELAND discovered by Noddod, an 
adventurous Northman, by accident, 
and called it Snowland. 860. 

864. Flokko attempts to plant a 
colony on the island Iceland); he returns 
to Norway, after spending the winter and 
spring, and pronounces it unfit for habita- 
tion. 

874. Iceland settled by a colony from Nor- 
wav under Earl Ingloff, who sought refuge 
from tyranny at home. 

985. Greenland discovered by Bjarni Her- 
julf of Norway. 

1000. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia dis- 
covered by Leif. 

1002. The Northman, Thorvald, sails for 
America. 

1170. The Welsh claim the discovery of 
America by Madog. 

1380. Nicolo Zeno, a Venetian, sails for 
America. 




COLUMBUS. 

1492. Oct. 12. Christopher Columbus, 
who discovered America, was born at Genoa, 




SEBASTIAN CABOT, 



Italy, in 1435, and died neglected and in ob- 
scurity at Valladolid on the 20th of May, 1506. 
His body was buried in a convent, from which 
it was afterward taken to St. Domingo, and sub- 
sequently to Havana, in Cuba, where it now 
remains. 

1497. Sebastian Ca- 
bot, a Venetian in the 
service of England, first 
discovered North 
America. 

1512. Florida was 
discovered by John 
Ponce de Leon, a Span- 
ish soldier. He gave it 
its name from its being 
discovered on Easter 
day, or feast of flowers. 

1513. Balboa, a Spaniard, crossing the 
Isthmus of Darien, discovered the Pacific Ocean 
from the summit of the Andes. 

1517. First patent for importing negroes to 
America was granted by Spain. 

1519-21. Cortez, a Spaniard, conquered 
Mexico. 

1520. Magellan navigated the globe by sail- 
ing round South America, and thereby discov- 
ered the Southwest Passage. 

1525. Hops first used in the manufacture of 
malt liquors in England. 

Tobacco was first discovered by the Span- 
iards, near the town of Tobasco, in Mexico. It 
was introduced into England, from Virginia, by 
Mr. Lane, in 1536. 

1528. P. de Narvaez, with 400 men, lands 
in Florida, and attempts the conquest of that 
country. He is defeated by the natives. 



-4h 



460 



LIBERT7* AND UNION 



1529. The name of Protestant was given to 
those who protested against the Church of 
Rome at the Diet of Spires in Germany. 

1535. A Frenchman by the name of Cartier, 
first attempts a settlement in Canada. 

1536. California discovered by Cortez. 
1539. A Spaniard, 

Ferdinand de Soto, 
landed in Florida with 
1,200 men, in search 
of gold. He penetrated 
into the country, and 
in 1 541 .discovered the 
Mississippi River. 

Pins were first used 
in England by Cath- 
arine Howard, Queen 
of Henry VIII. 1541. 

1541. Mississippi 
Soto, 
a colony of French 




DE SOTO. 

River discovered by Di 
1562. Ribault, with 



Protestants, began a settlement on the Edisto, 
which afterward was abandoned. 

1563. Hawkins first brought potatoes to 
England from America in the year 1586, and 
Sir Walter Raleigh in Ireland, 1572. 

1584. Sir Walter Raleigh with Amidas 
and Barlow, in command of two ships landed on 
Woconan and Roanoke. They took possession 
of the country for the crown of England, and 
named it Virginia, in honor of the Virgin 
Queen. 

1585. Sir Richard Grenville with several 
men settled at Roanoke in charge of Governor 
Lane, but returned to England the following 
year. 

1586. The second colony was left at Roan- 
oke by Sir Grenville, which was destroyed by 
the Indians. 

1587. A third colony of 115 persons, under 
Gov. White, was left at Roanoke. They were 
either slain by the Indians or perished from hun- 
ger. The last adventurers were disheartened, 
and Gov. White returned to England. 

Virginia Dare born — the first child of Christ- 
ian parents born in the United States. 

John Winthrop born. 

1602. Bartholomew Gosnold discovered 
Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard, and the adja- 
cent islands; built a fort and store-house, but 
returned to England the same year. 

1607. Captain Newport, of the London 
Company, arrived at Jamestown in Virginia, 



and began the first permanent British and white 
settlement in North America, at Jamestown, 
Virginia. 

1608. Chesapeake Bay first explored by 
Captain John Smith. 

Canada settled bv the French. Quebec 
founded July 3d. 

John Lay don married to Ann Burras. The 
first Christian marriage in Virginia, and in the 
United States. 

1610. Capt. Henry Hudson, an English- 
man in the interest of the Dutch, discovers the 
Manhattan, now Hudson River. 

The starving time in Virginia — of nearly 1500 
colonists, all perished but sixtv within the period 
of six months. 

1611. Champlain, a Frenchman, among 
other discoveries discovered the lake which now 
bears his name. 

1613. Rolfe, an Englishman, married Poca- 
hontas, daughter of Powhatan, the Indian 
King. 

New York settled by the Dutch. The island 
where New York city now stands was pur- 
chased from the Manhattan Indians for $24. 

1614. The Dutch built a fort at Manhattan, 
(near New York.) 

Captain Smith 
made a chart of 
the northern coast 
of America. 
Prince Charles 
named the coun- 
try New England. 

Settlements 
commenced b y 
the Dutch at 
Manhattan, now 
New York, at Al- 
bany, and in New 
Jersey. 

1616. The first Englishman who sailed 
through Long Island Sound was Capt. Dermer. 

Tobacco first cultivated by the English set- 
tlers in Virginia. 

1617. Pocahontas died in England, aged 22. 

1619. Twenty thousand pounds of tobacco 
exported from Virginia to England. 

1620. Plymouth Settlers arrived at Ply- 
mouth, Mass., December 22d. 

Slavery was first introduced among the Colo- 
nies by the Captain of a Dutch vessel, who sold 
20 negi-oes at Jamestown, Va. 




-f 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



1621. Edward Winslow and Susannah 
"White were married. This was the first Christ- 
ian mar-iage in New England. 

1622. The Indians massacred 349 of the 
Virginia colonists, March 22d. 

1623. First Settlement of New Hampshire, 
at Dover, and at Little Harbor. 

The first literary pro- 
duction of the English 
colonists in America 
was the translation of 
Ovid's Metamorphoss 
by George Sandys, of 
Virginia. 

1624. The first cat- 
tle were brought into 
New England by Ed- 
henry Hudson. ward Winslow, the 

agent for the Plymouth colony. 

1627. The Swedes and Fins settled Dela- 
Avare and Pennsylvania. 

1629. African slaves first brought into Vir- 
ginia by a Dutch ship and sold to colonists. 

Peregrine "White, the first English child born 
in New England. 

1630. Gov. Winthrop settled Charlestown, 
Boston, Watertown and Dorchester. 

July. — First house built in Boston. 
John Billington executed for murder — the 
first execution in Plymouth Colony. 





JOHN SMITH. 

1632. Magistrates of the colony of Massa- 
chusetts first chosen by the freemen in the 
colony. 

The magistrates of Massachusetts order 
that no tobacco should be used publicly. 

The General Court at Plymouth passed an 
act that whoever should refuse the office of 




POCAHONTAS 



461 

Governor should pay a fine of £20, unless he 
was chosen two years successively. 

1633. ' Virginia enacted laws for the sup- 
pression of religious sectaries. 

Messrs. Cotton, Hooker and Stone, three em- 
inent ministers, came to Boston from England. 

A specimen of rye was brought into the 
Court of Massachu- 
setts as the first fruit 
of English grain from 
American soil. 

The Dutch erect a 
fort on Connecticut 
River, in the present 
town of Hartford. 

1634. Roger Wil- 
liams, minister, of Sa- 
lem, banished on ac- 
count of his religious 
belief. 

First merchant's 
shop in Boston opened. 

1635. There was a great storm of wind and 
rain in New England, and the tide rose twenty 
feet perpendicularly Aug. 15. 

1636. The Desire, a ship of 120 tons, was 
built at Marblehead, which was the first Amer- 
ican ship that made a voyage to England. 

The First Court in Connecticut held April 26. 

1637. War with the Pequots in Connecti- 
cut; their fort was taken by surprise and de- 
stroyed May 26. 

A Synod convened at Newton, Mass., which 
was the first held in America; they condemn 
eighty-two erroneous 
opinions which had 
been propagated in 
New England. 

1638. The An- 
cient and Honorable 
artillery company 
formed at Boston. 

1639. First gen- 
eral election in Hart- 
ford, Conn. John 
Hayes first Gov- 

roger Williams. ernor. 

First Baptist Church in America was formed 
at Providence, R. I. 

1640. The use of tobacco prohibited by the 
general court of Massachusetts. 

1642. Indian war in Maryland. 

The New England ministers invited to at- 




£ 




462 

tend the assembly of divines at 
England. They declined. 

First Commencement at Harvard College. 
There Avere nine candidates who took the de- 
gree of A. B. 

1643. Union of the colonies of Plymouth, 
Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Haven 
for mutual defence. 

1645. Battle between the Dutch and In- 
dians, near the borders of Connecticut; great 
numbers slain on both sides. 

1646. The Friends or Quakers first came 
to Massachusetts) 
against whom laws 
were passed; four 
executed in 1659. 

1647. First in- 
fluenza of which a 
record was made 
in America. 

Legislature o f 
Massachusetts 
passed an act 
against the Jesuits, 
lord Baltimore. First general as- 

sembly of Rhode Island. 

1648. Laws of Massachusetts first printed. 
Margaret Jones of Charlestown, Mass., exe- 
cuted for witchcraft. 

The " Cambridge Platform " and the " West- 
minster Confession of Faith" adopted by a ma- 
jority of the New England churches. The 
Governor of Virginia orders the Congregational 
Church and its pastor to leave that colony. 

1649. Wearing long hair declared unscrip- 
iural by declaration of the Government of 
Massachusetts. 

1650. Constitution of Maryland established. 

1651. Law was passed by the Legislature of 
Massachusetts against extravagance in dress. 
Stone, the lieutenant of Lord Baltimore, propri- 
etor of Maryland, removed from office. 

1652. The Province of Maine taken under 
the protection of Massachusetts. 

The first mint for coining money in New 
England erected. 

1654. The Dutch drive the Swedes from 
the Delaware. 

Col. Wood, of Virginia, sent a company of 
men to explore the country of Ohio. 

1658. Earthquake in New England. 

1660. About 80,000 people were estimated 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 
Westminster 



to be in the colonies of Virginia, New England 
and Maryland. 

1661. Society for propagating the gospel 
among the Indians of New England, incorpo- 
rated by Charles II. 

1662. Charter of Connecticut granted by 
King Charles II. 

Two licensers of the press appointed by the 
Legislature of Massachusetts. 

A mint established by the assembly of 
Maryland. 

1664. Elliott's Indian Bible printed at 
Cambridge, Mass., the first Bible printed in 
America. 

New York and Albany taken from the 
Dutch. 

1665. The Southern banks of Cape Fear 
River were settled by Sir J. Yeamans, with a col- 
ony from Barbadoes. 

New Haven and Connecticut became united 
into one colony. 

The Government of Rhode Island passed a 
law to outlaw Quakers for refusing to bear 
arms. 

±669. There was a war between New York 
Indians and the Mohawks. 

1672. Laws of Connecticut Printed, and 
every family was ordered to have a law book. 

1673. New England contained at this time 
about 120,000 inhabitants. 

Virginia ceded to Culpepper and Arlington. 
New York and New Netherlands taken by 
the Dutch. 

1675. War with Philip, King of the Wam- 
panoags in New 
England. 

1676. Indian 
war in Virginia. 
The tribe of King 
Philip destroyed, 
he himself being 
killed. 

Bacon's insur- 
rection in Virginia. 
Jamestown burnt. 

1677. Insur- 
rection in Caro- 
lina. 

1680. New Hampshire separated from Mas- 
sachusetts. The first assembly met at Ports- 
mouth. 

1682. William Penn made a treaty with the 
Indians. 




WILLIAM PENN. 



**■ 



%1r 



*$4 



LIBERTl" AND UNION. 



M. de la Salle descended the Mississippi to 
its mouth, took possession of the country in the 
name of Louis XIV, the French King, and 
named the country Louisiana. 

1683. The prohibition of the use of the 
printing press by the governor of that colony. 

1686. The First Episcopal Society was 
formed in Boston. 

1687. Charter of Connecticut was hid from 
Andros, in a hollow oak, and saved. 

1688. New York and the Jerseys were 
added to the jurisdiction of New England. War 
with the Indians, which continued several years. 

1690. First bills of credit issued among the 
American colonists by the government of Mas- 
sachusetts. 

Port Royal was taken by Sir William Phipps, 
who makes an unsuccessful expedition against 
Quebec. 

1691. The Assembly of Virginia obtain of 
the crown the charter of William and Mary 
College, so named from the English sovereigns. 

1692. Nineteen Persons convicted and exe- 
cuted for the crime of witchcraft in Massachu- 
setts. 

Sir William Phipps arrived among the col- 
onists of Massachusetts as governor under the 
new charter. 

1699. Assembly of Maryland was removed 
to Annapolis. 

1700. Legislature of New York passed a 
law to hang every Popish priest who should 
come into the province. Yale College was es 
tablished at New Haven, Conn. 

1702. Queen Anne's war was begun. 

1703. The Church of England was estab- 
lished by law in Carolina. 

1704. First newspaper in America was 
published in Boston, and was called the Boston 
News Letter. 

Deerfield burnt and most of its inhabitants 
taken captive by the French and Indians. 

1709. First paper money currency was is- 
sued in New York, New Jersey and Connecti- 
cut. 

1711. Expedition sent out against Quebec 
which failed on account of loss of transports in 
the St. Lawrence. 

1712. War with the Tuscaroras in North 
Carolina — they are defeated. 

1715. An Indian War in South Carolina, 
which resulted in the expulsion of the Indians 
after a three years' war. 



4 6 3 

from Say- 



1717. Yale College removed 
brook to New Haven. 

1717. The City of New Orleans founded 
by the French. 

1719. Pensacola taken by the French from 
the Spaniards. 

First Presbyterian church in New York 
founded 

1721. First inoculation for the small-pox, 
in America, at Boston. 

1723. Paper currency in Pennsylvania first 
issued. 

First settlement in Vermont. 

1724. Trenton, N. J., founded by William 
Trent. 

The sect of Dunkers founded in Pennsyl- 
vania. 

1725. First newspaper printed in New 
York by William Bradford. 

1727. Severe earthquake in New England, 
Oct. 29. 

1732. G-eo. Washington was born at Pope's 
Creek, Virginia, Feb. 22. 

1733. Georgia settled by Gen. Oglethorpe, at 
Savannah. 

1740. Severe cold. 




JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE. 
General Oglethorpe with 2,000 men makes an 
unsuccessful expedition against St. Augustine. 
1744. King George's war was begun. 

1746. French expedition under Duke D'An- 
ville, which threatened New England, failed by 
means of storms, sickness in the fleet, etc. 

1747. Saratoga village destroyed and the in- 
habitants massacred by the French and Indians. 

David Brainard and Benjamin Coleman died. 

1749. Severe drouth in New England. 

1750. Massachusetts passes a law against 
theatrical entertainments. 



-4h 



4 



4 6 4 

1752. New Style introduced into Britain 
and America, September 2d reckoned 14th 

1754. Colonel Washington, at Fort Neces- 
sity, with 400 men, surrendered to the French 

J ul y 4- 

1755. French conquered in Nova Scotia, 
the inhabitants dispersed among the colonies. 

General Braddock defeated by the French 
and Indians, July 9. 

Great earthquakes in North America. 

1756. Oswego taken by the French under 
Montcalm. 

1757. Fort William Henry capitulated to 
the French, and many of the garrison massa- 
cred by the Indians. 

1758. Louisburg taken by the British. 
Gen. Abercrombie defeated at Ticonderoga 

with great loss ; Lord Howe killed. 

Fort du Quesne abandoned by the French 
and taken by the English and named Pittsburgh, 
Nov. 25. 

1759. Niagara taken by the English; Gen. 
Prideaux killed. 

Battle of Quebec; Gen. Wolfe, the English 
commander, and Montcalm, the French com- 
mander, killed ; the French defeated and Que- 
bec taken. 

Lotteries granted by the Legislature of Mas- 
sachusetts for the benefit of public works. 

Gen. Abercrombie repulsed by Montcalm at 
Ticonderoga on July 8. 

1760. Montreal capitulated to the English, 
September, and Canada surrendered to the 
English. 

1762. Severest drouth ever known in 
America ; no rain from May to September. 

1763. The treaty of Paris ends the French 
and Indian war on Feb. 10. 

1764. Spanish potatoes introduced into 
New England. 

1765. March 8. Stamp act passed declar- 
ing that no legal instrument of writing should 
be valid unless it bore a British stamp. 

1766. March 18. Stamp act repealed, an 
occasion of great rejoicing in London and 
America. 

June. — Mutiny Act Passed. British troops 
sent to America, and an act passed by Parlia- 
ment providing for their partial subsistence on 
the colonies. 

1767. June 29. A tax imposed upon tea, 
glass, paper, painters' colors, etc. A bill was 
passed forbidding the New York Assembly to 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



legislate until it should comply with the mutinv 
act of 1766. 

1768. Jan. 20. Petition of the Massachu- 
setts Assemblyto the King of England, for the 
removal of the late tax on trade in the Ameri- 
can colonies. 

1768. First Methodist Church in America 
built in New York. A body of British troops 
land at Boston, Oct. 1. 

May. Commissioners of customs, to collect 
duties, arrive in Boston and received with con- 
tempt. 

June. Arrival of sloop Liberty, at Boston, 
belonging to John Hancock (one of the signers 
of the Declaration of Independence), with a 
cargo of Madeira wine. The commissioners de- 
manded duties, and on being refused, the}- 
seized the vessel. The news spread over Bos- 
ton, and the people resolved on resistance. 
The commissioners were obliged to seek safetv 
in Castle William, a small fortress S. E. from 
Boston. 

Sept. 27. British troops land in Boston to 
the number of 700, and with drums beating, 
they marched to the Common. 

1769. Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, 
received its charter. It Avas named after the 
Earl of Dartmouth, its benefactor. 

American Philosophical Society, at Philadel- 
phia, founded. 

1770. March 5. Boston Massacre. An af- 
fray between the British soldiers and the citi- 
zens on March 5 causes it. 

April 12. All duties except on tea repealed. 

Sept. 30. George Whitefield, the Demos- 
thenes of the Christian pulpit, died, aged 56 
years. 

1771. Regulators formed in North Caro- 
lina to resist British taxation and oppression. 
In 1768 the people of North Carolina were 
taxed $75,000 by Gov. Tryon to build him a 
house at Newbern. 

May 16. The Regulators put down by 
Gov. Tryon, six of the leaders hung. 

1772. June 9. Destruction of the British 
armed schooner Gaspe. 

1773. Dec. 16. The throwing overboard 
of 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor. This 
is now known as the Boston tea party. 

March 7. Boston port bill passed by Parlia- 
ment Sept. 5. 

April. Tea was thrown overboard in New 
York Harbor. 



-1- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



Sept. 5. First Continental Congress con- 
vened in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, in 
which all the States were represented except 
Georgia. 

Dee. 25. British tea ship forbidden to land 
at Philadelphia. The Shakers first arrived from 
England; they settled near Albany, N. Y. 

1775. April 19. Battle of Lexington. 
The war for American Independence com- 
menced with the Battle of Lexington. Br.tish 
loss, killed and wounded, 273 men. 

May 10. Capture of Ticonderoga. Cols. 
Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, with a small 
company of volunteers, surprised this fortress. 

1775. May. First Declaration of Inde- 
pendence by people of North Carolina assem- 
bled in convention at Charlotte, who by a series 
of resolutions absolved their allegiance from the 
British Crown, organized a local government 
and made provisions for military defense, vir- 
tually declaring themselves free and independ- 
ent. About 13 months before the general dec- 
laration was made by the Continental Congress. 

June 15. Greorge Washington appointed 
Commander-in-Chief of the Continental army, 
and took personal command at Cambridge, 
Mass., on the 3d of July. 

June 17. Battle of Bunker Hill. General 
Howe and Pigot, in command of 3,000 British 
troops, assisted by a heavy fire from ships of 
war, and a battery on Copp's Hill, attacked the 
redoubt at the foot of Breed's Hill, where lay 
1,500 Americans awaiting their approach. Gen- 
eral Warren killed. 

June 17- The name 
of the first man killed 
at the battle of Bunker 
Hill was Pollard. 

Sept. 25. Colonel 
Ethan Allen defeated 
fMh at Montreal, and sent to 
England in irons. 

ov. 13. Montreal 
surrendered to the 
Americans under Gen 
Montgomery. 
Americans assault Quebec and are 
repulsed. Gen. Montgomery was killed, and 
Col. Arnold was wounded. 

Peyton Randolph, first President of Con- 
gress, died, aged 52. 

The first line of postoffices established ; Dr. 
Franklin appointed postmaster. 




GENERAL MONTGOMERY. 

Dec. 31. 



4 6 5 

Bills of credit, known as Continental money, 
issued by Congress. 

Kentucky first settled by whites, near Lex- 
ington. 

1776. Gen. Washington unfurled the Union 
flag at Cambridge, Mass. This flag was com- 
posed of thirteen alternate red and white stripes, 
differing only from the present one by having 
on the blue corner a horizontal and perpendicu- 
lar bar. 

British burned Norfolk. 

March. Silas Deane obtains 1,500 muskets 
from France, and promises of men and money. 

March 17. British evacuate Boston, num- 
bering 7,000 soldiers, 4,000 seamen, and 1,500 
families of loyalists. 

June 18. Evacuation of Canada by the 
Americans. 

June 28. The 
British repulsed in 
their attack on Fort 
Sullivan, Charles- 
ton, S. C, with a 
loss of 225 killed i 
and wounded, while % 
the garrison suf-| 
fered a loss of only 
2 killed and 22 
wounded. General GENERAL moultrie. 

William Moultrie in command of the garrison. 

July 4. Congress declared the thirteen 
United States free and independent. 

July 8. John Nixon read the Declaration of 
Independence from the Observatory State 
House yard, Philadelphia. 

Aug. 27. Battle of Long Island, and 5,000 
Americans defeated by 10,000 British, under 
command of Cornwallis, Gowanus and Clinton 
at Long Island. 

Aug. 29. Washington, under cover of a 
heavy fog, silently retreated from Long Island 
to New York. 

Sept. 1. Captain Nathan Hale, of Connecti- 
cut, executed as a spy by order of Sir William 
Howe. 

Sept. 15. New York City evacuated by the 
Americans, and taken possession of by the 
British 

Oct, 11-12. Battle on Lake Champlain. 
Retreat of Washington over the Hudson and 
across the Jerseys to Pennyslvania. 

1776. Battle of White Plains, at which the 
Americans were driven from their position. 




r 



>v~ 



466 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 




GENERAL LEE. 



Nov. 26. The British, 5,000 strong, capture 
Fort Washington, located between 181 st and 
186th streets, New York. 

Dec. 8. The British squadron, defeated at 
Fort Sullivan, sailed into Narragansett Bay, 
and took possession of Rhode Island. 

Dec. 12. Congress, alarmed at the approach 
of the British to Philadelphia, adjourned to 
meet in Baltimore on the 20th inst. 

Dec. 14. Gen. Lee 
taken prisoner by Eng- 
lish cavalry. 

Dec. 25. Washing- 
ton crossed the Dela- 
ware. 

Dec. 26. Battle of 
Trenton. Rahl, the 
Hessian commander, 
killed. 

1777. Jan. 3. Bat- 
tle of Princeton. 
March 1. British were driven entirely out of 
the State of New Jersey, except New Bruns- 
wick and Amboy. 

March 23. Coleige's destroys the British 
ships at Sag Harbor. 

April 26. Danbury, Conn., burned by order 
of Governor Tryon, who cruelly treated the in- 
habitants. 

May 23. Col. Meigs attacked a British pro- 
vision post at Sag Harbor, Long Inland, and 
burned several vessels. 

June. Congress resolved that the flag 
should carry as many stars and stripes as there 
were States. Accordingly there was a flag with 
twenty stars and twenty stripes. 

June 14. Adoption of the American flag by 
Congress. 

June 30. B ritish 
evacuate New Jersey. 
July 5. Burgoyne, 
with an army of 10,000, 
captured Fort Ticon- 
deroga. 

July 10. Col. Wil- 
liam Barton captured 
Gen. Prescott while in 
bed, and carried him to 
Providence. 
general gates. July 31. Lafayette 

joins the American army commissioned by Con- 
gress X'aj or- General. 





GENERAL WAYNE. 



Aug. 3. Lafayette introduced to Washing- 
ton at a public dinner. 

Sept. 19. Engagement at Bemis' Heights, 
between the forces under General Burgovne 
and General Gates. 

1777. Sept. 28. 
G-eneral Wayne sur- 
prised by a party of 
British and Hessians 
under General Gray, 
near Paoli Tavern, 
Chester county, Pa., 
losing 300 men of his 
party. 

Sept. 27. Congress 1 
fled from Philadelphia 
to Lancaster, Pa. 

Sept. 30. Congress assembled in York, Pa., 
and continued in session there until the following 
summer. 

Oct. 4. Battle of G-ermantown. Washing- 
town attacked the British at Germantown, caus- 
ing them to make a hastv retreat. 

Oct. 7. Battle of Saratoga. Americans in 
possession of the field. 

Oct. 13. Kingston, N. Y., burned. 

Oct. 17. Burgoyne surrenders his whole army 
numbering 5,791, to Gen. Gates at Saratoga. N. Y. 

Dec. 11. Washing- 
ton goes into winter 
quarters at Va Hey 
Forge. Baron Steu- 
ben of Prussia, joined 
him during this terri- 
ble winter and ren- 
dered the army inesti- 
mable service by his 
knowledge of military 
affairs, and as Inspec- 
tor General. BAR0N STEUBEN ' 

Dec. 16- Independence of the United States 
acknowledged by France. 

Dec. 18. Constitution of North Carolina 
adopted. 

1778. Feb. 6. Treaty of alliance was 
formed with France. 

March 20. American Commissioners re- 
ceived at the Court of France as the representa- 
tives of The Republic. 

June 18. Howe's army evacuate Philadel- 
phia, and retreat toward New York. 




J, 



LIBER TT AND UNION 
28. The battle of Monmouth wa 



June 

fought. 

July 5. Massacre of Wyoming. 1,600 In- 
dians and Tories, under command of Butler and 
Brant. 



Battle 




Quaker Hill, Rhode 



JOHN PAUL JONES. 



Sept. 22. Paul 
Jones' naval battle 
and victory over 
the British ships 
Serapis and Count- 
ess of Scarbo r- 
ough. 

Nov. 11. Massa- 
k! ere at Cherry Val- 
ley, New York, by 
Indians and Tories. 
Dec. 29. Savan- 
nah captured b v 
the British, Gene- 
ral Campbell. 
1779. Jan. 9. Fort Sunbury, about 28 miles 
•southward from Savannah captured by the 
British. 

July 15. Stony Point, 40 miles north of New 
York on the Hudson, captured by General 
Wayne. 

Oct. 9. A combined assault by the Americans 
and French was com- 
menced on the British 
works around Savannah 
by General Lincoln and 
Count D'Estaing. Near- 
ly 1,000 of the French 
and Americans had been 
killed and wounded. 
Among the killed was 
the gallant Count 
count pulaskl Pulaski, the brave Pole. 

Oct. 25. British troops evacuate Rhode Island, 
abandoning all their heavy artillery and a large 
quantity of stores. 

April 14. General Tarleton, commanding 
the Biitish, defeated Col. Huger on the head 
waters of the Cooper River, near Charleston, S. 
C, and killed 25 Americans. 

May 6- A party under Col. White, of New 
Jersey, were routed at a ferry on the Santee, 
-with a loss of about thirty in killed, wounded, 
and prisoners. 

May 12. Surrender of Charleston. Gen. 





467 

Lincoln and his troops, with a number of citi- 
zens, were made prisoners of war. Altogether, 
the captives amounted 
to between 5,000 and 
6,000, and four hun- 
dred pieces of cannon. 

Aug 18. Arnold 
plotted to betray West 
Point into the hands of 
the British. 

1780. July 10. A 
French fleet, under 
Admiral Ternay, ar- GENERAL LINCOLN, 
rives at Newport, Rhode Island, bearing 6,000 
troops, under the Count de Rochambeau. 

Aug. 6. Battle of Camden. The Americans 
under command of Gen. Gates, were defeated. 
Among the American officers killed was Baron 
de Kalb. 

Sept. 23. Benedict 
Arnold's treason discov- 
ered. 

Sept. 23. Major An- 
dre was captured b y 
three militiamen named 
John Paulding, David 
Williams and Isaac Van 
Wart. 

Oct. 2. Major John 
Andre, an adjutant gen- 

1 • i-u -d v u COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU". 

eral in the British army, 

was hanged as a spy at Tappan, on the Hudson 

River, New York. 

Oct. 7- Battle of King's Mountain, South 
Carolina. 

Nov. 20. Gen. Sumter fights the British 
General Tarleton at Blackstock's plantation on 
the Tiger River, in a Union district. 

1781. Jan. 1. Mu- 
tiny of Pennsylvania 
Line. 

Jan. The Bank of 
North America, estab- 
lished at Philadelphia, 
under the charge of /;} 
Robert Morris, to whose 
superintendence Con- 
gress had intrusted the 
public Treasury. BARON DE KALB. 

Jan. 5. Benedict Arnold, traitor, and in the 
British service, penetrates up the James River 
and destroys a large quantity of public and 
private stores at Richmond. 





4 6S 



LIBERTY AXD UNION 




ROBERT MORRIS. 



Jan. 17- Defeat of the British at Cowpens, 
S. C, by Gen. Morgan. 

Jan. 18. A mutiny occurred among a por- 
tion of the Jersey line, at Pompton. 

March 15. 
Battle of Guil- 
ford. N. C. The 
Americans were 
defeated. 

April 2 5. 
Battle near 
^ Camden, S. C, 
while General 
Greene was 
at breakfast near 
a spring on the 
eastern slope of 
Hobkirk's Hill, 
S. C, and while some of his men were cleaning 
their guns, and others washing their clothes, 
they were surprised and defeated by the British 
under Rawdon. American loss in killed, wounded 
and missing, 266 men. The British «lost 258. 
Greene conducted his retreat so well, that he 
carried away all his artillerv and baggage, with 
50 British prisoners. 

May 10. Gen. Rawdon, alarmed at the pros- 
pective increase in Greene's army, set fire to Cam- 
den, and retreats to Nelson's ferry, on the Santee* 

May 23. Un- 
su cc e s sf ul 
siege of Xine- 
ty-six, by Gen- 
eral Greene 
and Koscius- 
ko, the brave 
Pole, his en- 
gineer 
June 4. Gen. 
Tarleton. i n 
command of a 
British ma- 
rauding party, 
KObciusKo. captured seven 

members of the Virginia Legislature. Gov. 
Jefferson narrowly escaped capture by fleeing 
from his house to the mountains. 

June 5. Surrender of Augusta, Ga., to the 
Americans, under Generals Lee and Pickens 
after a siege of eleven days. 

Sept. 8. Battle of Eutaw Springs, S. C, 

British driven from their camp by Gen. Greene. 

Sept. 10. Partial action in Chesapeake Bay 




between Admiral Graves and Count de Grasse. 
the eminent French naval commander. 

Oct. 19. Surrender of Cornwallis at York- 
town. 



Oct- 24. Congress. 

unite in rendering 
thanks to God for the 
great victory, at 
Yorktown. 

1782. First Eng- 
lish Bible printed in 
America by Robert 
Aiken of Philadel- 
phia. 

March 4. British 
House of Commons 
resolve to end the war. 



and the loyal people, 




GENERAL PICKENS. 



May 3- George Washington indignantly re- 
fused to be made king. 

July 11. British evacuate Savannah accord- 
ing to a resolution of Commons to end the war 
and cease hostilities. 

First war-ship constructed in the United States 
at Portsmouth, X. H. 

Oct. 8. Independence of the United States 
acknowledged by Holland. 

1783. Jan. Bank of 
North America opened in 
Philadelphia. 

Jan. 19. Society of 
Cincinnatus f o r m e d by 
many of the officers of the 
Continental army at Xew- 
burg, X. Y., for the pur- 
pose of promoting cordial 
friendship, and refreshing 
the memory by frequent 
reunions, of the great struggles they had passed 
through. 

Slavery abolished in Massachusetts. 

Jan. 20. French and English Commission- 
ers sign a treatv of peace. 

Sept. 3. A Definite treaty of peace signed at 
Paris, and England acknowledged the inde- 
pendence of the United States. 

Nov. 3. American army disbanded, and re- 
turn to their homes. 

Nov. 25. British evacuate Xew York, and 
on the same day. General Knox entered the 
city with a small remnant of the Continental 
army, and took possession of the city. 

Dec. 4. Washington takes an affectionate 
farewell with his officers at Xew York. 




C0U>T DE GRASSE. 



~T 



LIBERTY AXD UNION 



Dec. 23. "Washington resigns hi^ commission 
in the army to Congress. 

1784. First voyage of an American ship to 
China from New York. 

K ew York Chamber of Commerce founded. 
Jan. 4. Treaty of Paris ratified by Congress. 

1785. June 1. John Adams, first Ameri- 
can Ambassador to England, has an audience 
with the King. 

First instance of instrumental music in the 
Congregational churches at Boston. 

1786- Jan. 25. Universalist church found- 
ed in Boston. 

1787- May 25. A Convention to amend 
articles of confederation, composed of all the 
States, except Rhode Island, met in Philadel- 
phia. 

Sept. 28. The Constitution of the United 
States submitted to Congress and that bodv 
sent copies of it to the several legislatures, and 
it was ratified by the States. 

1788. Quakers of Philadelphia emancipate 
their slaves. Cotton first planted in Georgia, by 
R. Leake. 

1789. March 4. The Old Continental Con- 
gress expired and Federal Constitution ratified 
by the requisite number of States, and becomes 
the organic law of the Republic. 

March 11. Philadelphia incorporated a city. 

April 6. "Washington elected first President 
of the United States, and John Adams was 
made Vice-President. 

April 30. Washington was inaugurated first 
President of the United States. 

Sept. 29. First Congress adjourned after a 
session of almost six months in New York. 
Convention of Episcopal clergy in Philadelphia ; ' 
the first Episcopal convention in America. 

1790. The entire cost of the war for inde- 
pendence was estimated at $130,000,000. exclu- 
sive of the vast sums lost by individuals. First 
census of the United States showing the popula- . 
tion to be 3,929,326. 

District of Columbia ceded to the United 
States byMaryland and Virginia. 

First United States ship circumnavigated the 
globe. 

April 17. Benjamin Franklin died at the 
age of $4 years. 

•May 29. Rhode Island adopts the Constitu- 
tion, being the last of the thirteen original 
States to do so. 



469 

Aug. 12. Congress adjourns to New York, 
and December 6 meets in Philadelphia. 

Oct. 22. Near the city of Fort Wayne, In- 
diana. Gen. Harmer was defeated with consid- 
erable lo--. 

Captain Robert G-rey in the ship ''Columbia,'' 
made the first American voyage around the globe 

1791. Nov. 4. G-en. St. Clair, near the 
northern line of Darke county, Ohio, def 

by the Indians, with a loss of about six hundred 
men. 

Vermont admitted as a State. City of Wash- 
ington founded. First bale of cotton exported 
to England since the Revolution. 

June 21. Philadelphia and Lancashire Turn- 
pike Company chartered. Road opened in 1795 
— the first turnpike in the United States. 

City of Washington laid out. 

1792. The United States mint established 
at Philadelphia. 

John Hancock, Roger Sherman and Tohn 
Manly died this year. 

June 1. Kentucky admitted into the Union. 

1793. Erection of the Capitol at Washing- 
ton commenced. 

Lehigh, Pa., coal mines discovered. 

Cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney. 

May 30. The "Democratic Society" formed. 
First introduction of the word into American 
politics. 

1794. Aug. 20. G-en. Wayne defeat- the 
Indians on the Maumee. 

Nov. 19. Commercial treaty formed with 
Great Britain. 

Congress appropriates seven hundred thou- 
sand dollars for the purpose of organizing a 
navy. This was the first movement of the 
United States in establishing a navy. 

Generals Sullivan, Richard Henry Lee, and 
Dr. Witherspoon died. 

June 24. A treaty, concluded by Mr. Jay, 
with the British government, was ratified by the 
Senate. 

1795. Aug. 3. Commissioners of the United 
States meet the Indian chiefs of Western 

at Greenville. Ohio, and form a treaty of p 
Yellow fever pestilence in New York. 

1796. June- Tennessee admitted into the 
United States, increasing the number ot States 
in the Union to sixteen. 

Louis Phillippe. King of France, arrived in 
Philadelphia. 



470 LIBERTT AND UNION. 

"Washington issued his farewell ad 



Sept. 17 

dress. 

1797- John Adams, inaugurated President 
of the United States ; Thomas Jefferson, Vice- 
President. 

Nov. Congress convened, and preparations 
were made for war with France. 

1798. Mar. Quite a large standing army 
was authorized by Congress, and in July Wash- 
ington was appointed Commander-in-Chief. The 
army was never summoned to the field. 

1799- Jan. Lafayette returns to France. 

Feb. Hostilities commenced on the ocean 
between the United States and France, and the 
U. S. frigate Constellation captures the French 
frigate L'Insurgente. 

Feb. 26. Three Commissioners proceed to 
France, who concluded a treaty of peace with 
Napoleon Bonaparte who had become king. 

Dec. 14. "Washington died at Mount Vernon, 
at the age of sixty-eight years. 

1800. Feb. 1. The United States frigate 
Constellation fought the French frigate La Ven- 
geance. 

The Capitol is removed from Philadelphia to 
Washington. 

A second census taken showed the population 
of the Union to be 5,319,762, an increase of 
1,400,000 in ten years. 

A Treaty of Peace concluded with France. 

1801. Repeal of the act imposing internal 
duties. The enforcement of this law is what 
caused the whisky insurrection in Western 
Pennsylvania in 1794. 

March 4. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated 
President of the United States,, and Aaron Burr 
Vice-president. 

June 10. Tripoli declares war against the 
United States. 

1802. April. Ohio admitted as a State, with 
a population of 72,000. 

Yellow Fever rages in Philadelphia. 

Military Academy founded at West Point, on 
the Hudson. Louisiana ceded to France by 
Spain. 

Gen. Daniel Morgan died at the age of 66 
vears. 

1803. Com. Preble sent to conquer the Al- 
gerine pirates. The Philadelphia struck on a 
rock while reconnoitering, and was captured by 
the Tripolitans. 

April. Louisiana purchased of France for 
$15,000,000, and divided into Territory of New 




Orleans and the District of Louisiana. It con- 
tained a mixed population of about 85,000, and 
40,000 slaves. 

1804. Feb. 3. Lieut. 
Decatur, with only 76 
men, sailed into the har- 
bor of Tripoli, boarded 
the Philadelphia, killed 
and drove into the sea all 
the Tripolitans. 

July 12. Alexander 
Hamilton was killed in a 
duel by Aaron Burr. 

Brown University, K, 
I., established. lieutenant decatur. 

1805. The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine 
Arts founded. 

Michigan made into a Territory. 
June 3. The Pasha of Tripoli concludes 
terms of peace. 

1806. England insists upon continuing the 
right to search American vessels for suspected 
deserters from the British navy. American sea- 
men being forced into the British service, under 
the pretense that they were deserters. 

Treason of Burr. Aaron Burr organized 
military expeditions secretly for the purpose of 
establishing an independent nation. 

1807. Feb. Aaron Burr was arrested on 
the Tombigbee River, in the State of Alabama, 
on the charge of treason. He was acquitted. 

June 22. The Chesapeake fired upon by the 
British frigate Leopard. The British comman- 
der demanded four seamen from the commander 
of the Chesapeake, claiming them as deserters 
from the British ship Malampus. The Chesa- 
peake was surrendered by Commodore Barron 
after losing three men killed and eighteen 
wounded. , 

July. Proclamation issued ordering all Brit- 
ish armed vessels to leave the waters of the 
United States. 

Nov. 11. The British in counsel issue an 
order prohibiting neutral nations trading with 
France, excepting upon paying a tribute to Great 
Britain ; and France retaliates by issuing a decree 
December 17, forbidding all trade with England 
or her colonies. 

Dec. 22. Congress decreed an embargo, de- 
taining all vessels, American and foreign in our 
ports. 

The first steamboat, the Clermont, built in the 
world bv Robert Fulton, in New York. It made 



H'*- 



"i ^r 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



471 



its first trip during this year from New York to 
Albany. 

1808. Jan. 1. The importation of African 
slaves prohibited by Congress. 

Commodore Barron, of the Chesapeake, tried 
and sentenced to be suspended for five years, on 
account of surrendering his vessel to the British 
in 1807. 

1809. March 1. Congress interdicted com- 
merce with England and France. 

March 4. James Madison inaugurated Presi- 
dent of the United States, and George Clinton 
as Vice-President. 

General Harrison concludes a treaty with the 
Miami Indians. A large tract of land is thus 
obtained on both sides of the Wabash. 

1810. Third census of the United States. 
Population, 7,239,814. 

March. France issued a decree which declared 
every American vessel which had entered French 
ports since March, 1810, or that might thereafter 
enter, as forfeited. America ceases intercourse. 

1811. April 16. United States frigate, 
President, conquers the British ship Little Belt. 

Gen. Harrison repulsed the Indians at Tippe- 
canoe, after a desperate battle. 

The British government declare the attack 
on the Chesapeake to have been unauthorized, 
and promise pecuniary aid to the families of 
those who were killed. 

Dec. 27. Burning of the theatre at Rich- 
mond, Va. There were about 600 persons 
present. About 61 were burned. 

A continuation of outrages offered to the 
American flag by the British, brought on the 
war of 1S12. 

1812. "War of 1812. An act was passed 
by Congress empowering the President to enlist 
25,000 men, accept 50,000 volunteers, and to 
call out 100,000 militia. Henry Dearborn ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief. 

British Government declared the whole 
American coast to be in a state of blockade, ex- 
cept that of the New England States. 

June. Mob in Baltimore. A newspaper 
called the Federal Republican, was destroyed by 
a mob for censuring the conduct of the Govern- 
ment. 

First house in Rochester, N. Y., was built. 
April 8. Louisiana admitted as a State. 
April 12. George Clinton, Vice-President of 
the United States, died. 

1812. June 4. War with England. A bill 



declaring war to exist between the United States 
and Great Britain, passed the House of Repre- 
sentatives, by a vote of 79 to 49. On the 17th 
it passed the Senate by a vote of 19 to 13, and on 
that day received the signature of the President. 
The manifesto of war was issued two davs after- 
ward. 

July 12. Gen. Hull crosses the Detroit River 
to attack Fort Maiden. 

July 17. Fort Mackinaw was surprised and 
captured by an allied force of British and Indians. 

Aug. 5. The British and Indians, near 
Brownstown, on the Huron River, defeated Maj. 
Van Home, while he Avas escorting a supply 
party to camp. 

Aug. 7. Gen. Hull retires from Canada and 
takes his post at Detroit. 

Aug. 13. Captain Porter captures the Alert, 
the first vessel taken from the British during that 
war. 

Aug. 16. Hull surrenders Detroit to the Brit- 
ish. 

Aug. 19. U. S. frigate, Constitution, Com- 
modore Isaac Hull, captures the British frigate 
Guerriere. 

Sept. 10. Perry gains a great victory on Lake 
Erie. 

Oct. 13. Queenstown Heights on the Can- 
ada frontier, captured by 225 Americans under 
command of Col. Van Rensselaer. 

Gen. Brock, with 600 British troops from Fort 
George, attempts to regain the battery at Queens- 
town Heights, but is driven back, and Brock 
killed. 

Oct. 18. U. S. sloop-of-war Wasp, Captain 
Jones, captures the British brig Frolic, after a 
severe conflict for three-quarters of an hour. 

Oct. 25. The frigate United States, Commo- 
dore Decatur, captures the British frigate Mace- 
donia. 

Dec. 29. Commodore Bainbridge, command- 
er of the frigate Constitution, captured the Brit- 
ish frigate Java, off San Salvador. 

1813. Jan. 27. The United States schooner, 
Viper, is captured by the British frigate, Nar- 
cissus. 

Jan. 22. Americans were defeated at French- 
town, about 25 miles south of Detroit. 

Feb. 22. Ogdensburg, 35T. Y., taken by the 
British. 

Feb. 24. United States sloop-of-war Hornet, 
Capt. Lawrence, engaged the British brig, Pea- 
cock, off the mouth of Demarara River, South 



•H&- 



-TT-* 



472 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



America. The Peacock surrendered after a con- 
flict of fifteen minutes. 

April 25. Mobile is taken by a body of the 
American navy. 

April 27. Americans capture York (now To- 
ronto). 

May 2. British repulsed at Fort Sandusky, 
Ohio. 

May 3. Havre de Grace, Md., burned by the 
British blockading squadron. 

May. Unsuccesful siege of Fort Meigs, on the 
Maumee River, by the British. 

May 27. Fort George, on the western shore 
of Niagara River, surrendered to the Americans. 

May 29. The British were repulsed at Sack- 
ett's Harbor by Gen. Brown. Sir George Pre- 
vost and 1,000 soldiers hastily retreated. 

June 1. Captain 
Lawrence, in com- 
mand of the frigate 
Chesapeake, engaged 
the British frigate 
%.. Shannon, about 30 
miles from Boston. The 
British boarded the 
Chesapeake, and after 
s^-s*s»- a desperate hand-to- 

CAPTAIN LAWREFCE. hand struggle, hoisted 
the British flag. Captain Lawrence, who was 
killed, said, when carried below, "Don't give 
up the ship." The remains of Lawrence, to- 
gether with Ludlow's, were carried to Halifax 
and buried with the honors of war. 

June 6. British attack American camp at 
Stony Creek, Canada West, and were repulsed. 
June 22. Admiral Cockburn defeated at 
Craney Island. 

June. Gen. Dear- 
born, on account of ill- 
health, is succeeded by 
Gen. Wilkinson as 
commander-in-chief of 
the army. 

Aug. 14. British 
sloop-of-war Pelican 
captures the American 
brig Argus. 

Aug. 30. Tecum- 
GENERAL DEARBORN. seh massacred about 
300 men, women and children at Fort Mimms, 
on the Alabama River. 

Sept. 5. British brig Boxer, Captain Blvthe, 





surrendered to the American brig Enterprise, 
Lieut. Burrows. 

Sept. 10. Perry's great victory on Lake Erie 
over Commodore Barclay. The American loss, 
27 killed and 96 wounded. The British lost 
200 in killed and wounded, and 600 prisoners. 

Sept. 29. Detroit evacuated by Proctor, and 
taken possession of by the Americans. 

Oct. 5. Battle of the Thames in Canada, be- 
tween Gen. Harrison, with 3,500 men, and Proctor. 

j^ov. 5. Americans again invade Canada 
with 7,000 men. 

Nov. 11. Battle of Chrysler's Field, about 
ninety miles above Montreal, on the St. Law- 
rence River between Gen. Brown and the British. 
Americans lost more than 300 men in killed 
and wounded^ and the British about 200. 

Dec. 12. Gen. McClure abandons Fort 
George. 

Dec. 19. Fort Niagara captured by the Brit- 
ish and Indians. 

Dec. 30. Buffalo and the village of Black 
Rock burned. 

Power looms introduced into the United States. 

1814. March 27. Gen. Jackson attacked 
and defeated the Indians at the Great Horse- 
Shoe Bend, on the Tallapoosa River. 

March 28. United States frigate Essex, Cap- 
tain Porter, captured in the harbor of Valpa- 
raiso, by the British frigate Phoebe and sloop-of- 
war Cherub. Captain Porter communicated the 
defeat to the Secretary of the Navy saying, " We 
have been unfortunate, but not disgraced." 

April 21. The United States sloop-of-war 
Frolic captured by the British frigate Orpheus 
and schooner Shelbourne. 

April 29. The Peacock captured the British 
brig Epervier, off the coast of Florida. 

May 5. Battle of Oswego. A British squad- 
ron, carrying 3,000 men, attacked Oswego by 
land and water, and were defeated by Captain 
Mitchell and Captain Woolsey. 

July 3. Gens, Scott and Ripley capture Fort 
Erie. 

July 4. Battle of Chippewa. Gen. Brown 
met the British at Chippewa, and repulsed the 
enemy with a loss of about 500 men; American 
loss, 300. 

July 25. Battle of Niagara Falls, between 
Gen. Drummond, British, and Gens. Scott and 
Brown, American. Gens. Scott and Brown were 
wounded. The Americans retired' to Fort Erie, 
where Gen. Gaines took chief command. 



^ 



^ 



Li BERT T AND UNION. 



473 



Aug. 9-14. Com. Hardy makes an unsuc- 
cessful attack on Stonington. 

Aug. 15. Gen. Drummond, in command of 
5,000 British, made an assault on Fort Erie, but 
was repulsed with a loss of almost 1,000 men. 

Aug. 24. Battle of Bladensburg. 

The Capitol, the White House and other 
buildings burned at Washington by the British- 

Sept. 11. McDonough gained a victory on 
Lake Champlain over the British fleet, under 
Com. Downie. Commodore Downie was killed. 

Sept. 12. The British make an unsuccessful 
attack on Baltimore, where Gen. Smith was in 
command. 

Sept. 13. Key composes " The Star Spangled 
Banner." 

Sept. 15. British attack Fort Bower (now 
Fort Morgan) at the entrance to Mobile Bay ; 
were repulsed by Major Lawrence. 

Oct. 29. First steam war vessel was launched, 
and named The Fulton. 

Nov. 5. Americans abandon and destroy Fort 
Erie, cross the river and go into winter quarters 
at Buffalo, Black Rock, and Batavia. 

Nov. 7. Gen. Jackson, with 2,000 Tennessee 
militia and some Choctaw warriors, captured 
Pensacola, Fla. 

Dec. 2. Gen. Jackson arrives at New Orleans 
and declares martial law. 

Dec. 14. British capture a flotilla of Ameri- 
can gun-boats in Lake Borgne. 

Dec. 15. The Hartford Convention meets. 
This convention consisted of delegates from 
Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island, 
and the object of the convention was opposition 
to the war, and a threat of secession of the 
New England States. 

Dec. 23. Gen. Jackson attacked and con- 
quered the British on the Mississippi, nine miles 
below New Orleans. 

Dec. 24. Treaty of peace between the United 
States and Great Britain, signed at Ghent. 

Gen. "Wilkinson driven back on Canada fron- 
tier, is superseded by Gen. Izard. 

Hull tried for cowardice and treason at Albany, 
N. Y., for the surrender of Detroit. He was 
found guilty of cowardice and sentenced to be 
shot, but was afterward pardoned by the Presi- 
dent. 

1815. Jan. 8. Battle of New Orleans. Gen. 
Jackson, in command of 6,000 militia, was at- 
tacked bv the British force, numbering 12,000 



men, under Gen. Packenham. The Americans 
were victorious. 

Feb. 18. Peace proclaimed by the President 
of the United States, and a day of thanksgiving 
to the Almighty was observed throughout the 
Union. 

Feb. 20. Com. Stewart, of the Constitution, 
engages the British frigate Cyane and sloop-of- 
war Levant ; captures both. 

Feb. 24. Robert Fulton, inventor of steam 
navigation, died in New York, at the age of 50 
years. 

April. Massacre of American prisoners at 
Dartmoor, England. 

April 10. The United States Bank re-char- 
tered for 20 years, with a capital of $35,000,000. 

April 17. Two Algerine vessels and 600 
prisoners were captured by Com. Decatur. 

June 30. The Bey of Algiers signs a treaty 
of peace. 

July. Com. Decatur receives $46,000 from 
the Bashaw of Tunis, in payment for American 
vessels he allowed the English to capture in his 
harbor. 

Sept. 9. John Singleton Copley, American 
historical painter, died, aged 7S years. 

1816. Bank of the United States, with a 
capital of $35,000,000, incorporated in April. 

The title of Democrats is adopted by the Re- 
publican party in New York for the firs' time. 

Dec. Indiana admitted into the union of 
States. 

1817. March 4. James Monroe is inaugu- 
rated President at Congress Hall, Washington 
city, the capitol having been destroyed by the 
British . 

July 4. Ground for the Erie canal was broken. 

Nov. Amelia Island, the rendezvous of I he 
pirates on the Florida coast, is taken possession 
of bv United States troops. 

1818. The present United States flag was 
established by law, consisting of thirteen stripes 
and as many stars as States, arranged in a circle 
on a blue ground, a star being added on the 
Fourth of July after the admission of a new 
State. 

A share in the Newfoundland fisheries is ac- 
corded by Great Britain to American citizens. 

1818. Gen. Jackson drives the Indians 
into Florida, takes Pensacola, and banishes the 
Spanish authorities and troops. 

1819. Florida ceded by Spain to the United 
States. 



~±-~: 



4 r "-~ 



474 



LIBERT T AND UNION. 



•H& 



The Savannah is the first steamer that crossed 
the Atlantic. 

Arkansas formed into a Territory. 

Aug. 23. Commodore Perry dies in the 
West Indies. 

Dec. Alabama admitted as a State. 

1820. Fourtn census of the United States is 
taken. Population 9,638,190. National debt, 
$89,987,427. 

Maine admitted as a State into the Union. 
James Monroe re-elected President. 
March 22. Commodore Decatur was killed 
in a duel with Commodore Barron. 

1821. Aug. 21. Missouri admitted as a 
State of the Union, with the famous " Compro- 
mise, " under which it was resolved that in 
future no slave State should be erected north of 
the northern boundary of Arkansas. 

Streets of Baltimore lighted with gas. 

1822. Conspiracy of the blacks at Charles- 
ton, S. C, for the indiscriminate massacre of the 
whites on the night of the 16th of June. 

March 19. The independence of the South 
American Governments is acknowledged by the 
United States. 

The United States suppress piracy in the 
West Indies. 

Boston, Mass., is incorporated as a city. 

March 8. The independence of South 
America is acknowledged by the United States- 

Oct. 3. Treaty is made with Columbia. 

1823. President Monroe proclaims the doc- 
trine that the United States ought to resist the 
extension of foreign dominion or influence upon 
the American continent. 

1824. Aug. 15. Lafayette again visits the 
United States. 

1825. March 4. John Quincy Adams in- 
augurated President. 

Erie Canal completed. 

Corner-stone of Bunker Hill Monument was 
laid by Lafayette. 

1826. Free Masons charged with the murder 
of William Morgan. An Anti-Mason party was 
formed, and in 1831 an Anti-Masonic convention 
was held in Philadelphia, which nominated 
William Wirt of Virginia, for President of the 
United States. 

Feb. 13. American Temperance Society 
instituted at Boston. 

July 4. Death of John Adams and Thomas 
Jefferson occvirred almost at the same hour. 



1827. They memorialized Congress for an 
increase of duties on woolen and cotton fabrics. 

The first railroad built in the United States 
from Quincy, Mass., used with horses. 

1828. May. A tariff bill imposing heaVy 
duties on British goods, is passed by Congress. 
The Southern people denounce it as being op- 
pressive and unconstitutional. 

The title of " Democrats " is adopted gener- 
ally by the Republican party. 

1829. March 4. General Andrew Jackson 
is inaugurated as President, and John C. Cal- 
houn as Vice-President. 

June 4. United States steam frigate Fulton 
blown up at New York ; between 30 and 40 per 
sons killed. 

Aug. 8. The first locomotive engine run up- 
on a railroad track was the Stourbridge Lion, on 
the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's 
railroad, at Honesdale. 

1830. First American locomotive was built 
by Peter Cooper, and ran on the Baltimore & 
Ohio Railroad. 

Treaty with the Ottoman Porte. 

Fifth census of the United States was taken , 
population 12,866,020. 

Jan. 6. Daniel Webster makes his great 
speech in the United States Senate in answer to 
Mr. Hayne, of South Carolina. 

Oct. 5. The President issues a proclamation 
declaring the ports of the United States open to 
British vessels from the West Indies. 

1831. June 10. King of the Netherlands 
renders his decision on the boundary question 
between Maine and the British Possessions. It 
is rejected by both parties, and the question was 
settled by the treaty of Washington in 1842. 

July 4. James Monroe, ex-president, dies. 
Sept. 21, 22, 23. Riots in Providence, R. I. 

1832. July 10. President Jackson vetoes 
the bill passed by Congress, re-chartering the 
U. S. Bank. 

South Carolina declares the tariff act of 
1828 null and void, and threatens secession if it 
should be enforced. 

Black Hawk War. The Indians were driven 
from Illinois to beyond the Mississippi. Black 
Hawk was captured and taken to Washington 
City, and the Black Hawk war ended. 

Dec. 10. A proclamation issued by Presi- 
dent Jackson, denies the right of any State to 
nullify any act of the Federal Government. 
South Carolina was obliged to yield 



4* 



■4H 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



The Morse System of electro- magnetic tele- 
graphy invented. 

1833. Feb. 12. By the passage of a bill, in- 
troduced by Henry Clay, the tariff dispute is 
settled. 

March 4. The inauguration of President 
Jackson occurs. 

October 4. Philadelphia experiences political 
riots. 

1834. Cholera again does its deadly work in 
New York. 

In order to prepare for a forcible removal of 
the Seminole Indians if necessary, President 
Jackson sent Gen. Wilej Thompson to Florida. 

McCormick's reaper was patented. 

1835. Negro riots occur in Philadelphia 
Dec. 16. A war with the Seminole Indians, 

with Osceola as their leader, takes place in 
Florida. 

Dec. 28. Major Dade and his detachment of 
ioo men, wmile marching to the relief of Fort 
Drane, were all massacred with the exception 
of four. A few days after, Osceola scalped Gen. 
Thompson. 

1836. June 15. Arkansas is admitted as a 
State. The national debt is paid off. 

The Creek Indians became very trouble- 
some in Georgia and Alabama. They were 
finally subdued by General Scott. 

1837. March 4. Martin Van Buren is inau- 
gurated as President and Richard M. Johnson of 
Kentucky, as Vice-President. 

March 6. Osceola and several chiefs signed 
a treaty of peace in Gen. Jessup's camp ; dur- 
ing the summer this treaty was broken. 

Oct. 21. Osceola on appearing a second time 
in Jessup's camp, is seized and confined. He 
was then sent to Charleston and died there of 
a fever. 

June 25. Michigan is admitted as a State. 

Oct. 25. A large number of Indians re- 
pulsed on the northern border of Macaco Lake, 
by Col. Taylor. 

Nov. 7. E. P. Lovejoy killed in a riot at 
Alton, 111., because he edited an abolition paper. 

1838. April 18. The President issued a 
proclamation, by which American citizens are 
prohibited from aiding the Canadians. 

The steamship Sirius makes the first western 
transatlantic passage, arriving at New York 
from Cork, Ireland, the same day the Great 
Western arrived from Bristol, England. 

1839. A treaty made with the Indians. 



475 

Another financial panic occurs. Banks sus- 
pend specie payment in October. 

1840. July 4. The Sub-Treasury Bill be- 
comes a law. 

1841. Feb. 4. United States Bank failed, 
causing other banks to suspend specie payment. 

March 4. "William Henry Harrison inau- 
gurated President; he dies April 4. 

April 6. John Tyler, Vice-President, inau- 
gurated President. 

Aug. 9. Sub-Treasury act was repealed, and 
a general bankruptcy bill passed. 

Oct. 14. Alexander MacLeod was tried and 
acquitted at Utica, N. Y., for the burning of the 
Caroline. 

1842. Aug. Treaty made at Washington 
defining the boundaries between the United 
States and the British American possessions; 
also for suppressing the slave trade, and for giv- 
ing up fugitive criminals. 

Aug. 1. Abolition riots in Philadelphia. 
Churches burned. 

1843. Feb. 28. By the bursting of a gun 
on the steamship Princeton, Abel P. Upshur, 
Secretary of State, and Mr. Hilmer, Secre- 
tary of the Navy, were killed. 

1844. April 12. A treaty is concluded by 
the Texans with the United States for the an- 
nexation of Texas to the Union. 

June 25. Joseph Smith, who founded 
Mormonism, was killed, aged 39 years. 

July 6. The independence of the Sandwich 
Islands is recognized by the United States. 

1845. March 1. The Republic of Texas is 
admitted into the Union. 

March 3. Florida and Iowa are admitted as 
States. 

March 4. James K. Polk inaugurated Presi- 
dent. 

By a treaty made with Great Britain it was 
settled that Oregon was a part of the territory 
of the United Stated by right of first discovery. 

March 6. A protest is made by the Mexican 
Minister against the admission of Texas into the 
Union. 

1846. April 24. The first blood of the 
Mexican war is shed. 

May 3. Fort Brown, on the Rio Grande, at- 
tacked by the Mexicans * released after a bom- 
bardment of 160 hours. 

May 8. Battle of Palo Alto occurs. After a 
hot contest the Mexicans were finally conquered. 



4 



«-$•- 



476 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



The 



May 9. Battle of Resaca de la Palma. 

x\mericans again victorious. 

May 13. Before this battle the President 
was authorized by Congress to raise 50,000 vol- 
unteers; $10,000,000 were appropriated toward 
carrying on the war. 

May 18. Gen. Taylor drives the Mexican 
troops from Matamoras and takes possession of 
the town. 

May 30. Gen. Taylor, as a reward for his 
skill and bravery, breveted Major-General. 

July. Americans in California declare them- 
selves independent, and place Gen. Fremont at 
the head of their affairs. 

July 7- Commodore Sloat bombards and 
takes possession of the city of Monterey. 

July 9. Commodore Montgomery takes pos- 
session at San Francisco. 

Aug. 15. Col. Fremont and Commodore 
Stockton take possession of Los Angeles, Cali- 
fornia. 

Aug. 18. Gen. Kearney takes possession of 
Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico. The 
Governor and 4,000 Mexican troops lied at his 
approach, and the people, numbering about 
6,000, quietly submitted. 

Aug. 22. New Mexico is annexed to the 
United States. 

Sept. 21. Gen. Taylor is again successful 
in the siege of Monterey. 

October. Tobasco and Tuspin captured by 
Com. Perry. 

Nov. 14. Tampico surrenders to Com. 
Conner. 

Nov. 15. Gen. "Worth took possession of 
Saltillo, capital of Coahuila. 

Dec. 22. Col. Doniphan, while on his march 
to Chihuahua, met a body of Mexicans, 200 of 
whom his Missourian volunteers killed; the rest 
dispersed in confusion. 

1847- Brigham Young, with 10,000 Mor- 
mons from Illinois, founded Salt Lake City. 

Jan. 23. Col. Price, with 350 men, defeated 
insurgents at Canada, and finally dispersed 
them at the mountain gorge called the Pass of 
Embudo. 

Feb. 8. The annexation of California to the 
United States is proclaimed by Gen. Kearney 

1847. Feb. 22-23. Buena Vista. Battle 
between 4,759 Americans, under Gen. Wool and 
Gen. Taylor, and 18,000 Mexicans, under Santa 
Anna. The Mexicans were repulsed. Loss: 



67 killed, 456 wounded. Mexican: 




GEN. WOOL. 

Feb. 28. Col. Doniphan takes possession o 
Chihuahua, after having routed 4,000 Mexicans 
eighteen miles from that city. 

March 27. Vera Cruz and Castle of San 
Juan de Ulloa is surrendered to Gen. Scott and 
Com. Perry, with 5,000 prisoners and 500 pieces 
of artillery. 

April 18. The Mexicans are driven from 
their position at Cerro Gordo, by Gen. Scott. 

April 21. Gen. Scott defeated the Mexicans 
at Churubusco. 

April 22. Gen. "Worth takes possession of 
the Castle of Perote, which was surrendered 
without resistance. 

May 15. The city of Pueblo is taken DOS- 
session of by the Americans. 

Aug. 21. Gen. Smith attacked the Mexicans 
at Contreras, and after a brief conflict, the 
Americans were victorious. 

Sept. 8. The Americans conquered Santa 
Ana in the battle of El Molinos del Rey. 

Sept. 13. Chapultepec, the last place to be 
defended outside the suburbs of the City of 
Mexico, is taken possession of by Gen. Scott. 

Sept. 14. The City of Mexico is entered 
without resistance, by Gen. Scott. 

1848. May 29. Wisconsin is admitted as a 
State. Gen. William O. Butler supersedes Gen. 
Scott, in Mexico. 

July 4. Peace is proclaimed between the 
United States and Mexico. The United States 
came into possession of California and New 
Mexico by this treaty. 

The corner-stone of the Washington Monu- 
ment laid in the national capital. 



*£*-? 



*■ 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



July. News of tne discovery of gold in Cali- 
fornia reaches the States. 

Dec. 8. First deposit of California geld in 
faint is made. 

1849. March 4. "Wilmot Proviso" is 
passed by Congress. 




GEN. SCOTT. 

March 5. Gen. Zachary Taylor inaugurated 
as President. 

June 15. James K. Polk died. 

Sept. 1. A Constitution is adopted by Cali- 
fornia excluding slavery from the Territory. 

1850. Treaty is made with England for a 
transit way across the Isthmus of Panama. 

March 31. John C. Calhoun died. 

April 19. ' The Bulwer-Clayton treaty be- 
tween England and the United States, was 
signed at Washington, April 19, and ratifica- 
tions were exchanged there July 4, 1850. 

May. The G-rinnell Expedition leave New 
York, in search of Sir John Franklin. 

Territory of Utah organized. 

July 9. The death of President Taylor 
occurs. 

Great fire in Philadelphia. 

July 10. Millard Fillmore, Vice-President, 
assumes Presidency. 

Aug. 15. California is admitted into the 
United States. 

Sept. 9. Henry Clay's Omnibus BW1 is 
passed. 

Sept. 18. Congress passes the Fugitive 
Slave Bill. 

1851. Jan. 27. The American naturalist, 
John James Audubon, died, aged 71 years. 

May 3. Letter postage is reduced to three 
cents to all parts of the United States, excepting 
California and the Pacific Territories. 



477 

large tract of 



The United States purchases a 
land from the Lower Sioux. 

July 4. The corner-stone for additional 
building to the National Capitol is laid by the 
President. 

Oct. The G-rinnell Expedition returns from 
the search of Sir John Franklin, without ac- 
complishing its object. 

Dec. 24. Capitol at Washington is partly 
destroyed by fire. 

1852. June 29. Henry Clay dies in Wash- 
ington, aged 75 years. 

Daniel Webster died Oct. 24, 1852. 
Nov. The treaty proposed by England and 
France was rejected by the United States. 

1853. March 2. Washington Territory is 
created out of the northern part of Oregon. 

March 4. Franklin Pierce inaugurated as 
President. ' \ 

May. Under the command of Dr. E. K. 
Kane a second expedition leaves in search of 
Sir John Franklin. 

Oct. The fishery question is settled by mu- 
tual concessions of Great Britain and the United 
States. 

May. The Kansas and Nebraska Bill is 
passed. 




JAMES lil'OIIANAN. 

1854. March 7. Homestead Bill is passed. 
March 31. Commercial treaty with Japan is 

concluded by Com. Perry. 

1855. The Sioux Indians are chastised by 
Gen. Harney. 

Serious troubles in Kansas over the slavery 
question. 

June 28. Railroad from Panama to Aspin- 
wall is opened. 

1856. Feb. 2. N. P. Banks, Jr., of Massa- 



4-* 



&-~ 



478 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



chusetts, is elected Speaker of the House of Rep- 
resentatives of the United States, by the Repub- 
lican party. 

Nov. 4. James Buchanan, the pro-slavery 
candidate, is elected President of the United 
States. 

1857. 

Jan. 4. The Lecompton Constitution is re- 
jected by Kansas. 

Feb. 12. $300,000 is donated by George 
Peabody, to establish a free literary and scientific 
Institute at Baltimore. 

March 4. James Buchanan is inaugurated 
President, and John C. Breckinridge Vice-Pres- 
ident. 

Dec. 8. The Death of Father Theobald 
Matthew, aged 67, occurs. 

1858. 

Feb. 14. The Mormons in an engagement 
at Eco Cannains are defeated by the United 
States army. 

March 28. Nicaragua places herself under 
the protection of the United States. 

May 11. Minnesota is admitted as a State. 

July. The remains of President Monroe 
are removed from New York City to Rich- 
mond, Virginia. 




GOV. WISE. 

Aug. 5. Atlantic telegraph cable is laid. 
President Buchanan's message to Queen Vic- 
toria was sent on the 16th, but cable proves a 
failure. 

1859. 

Feb. 14. Oregon is admitted as a State. 

Oct. 16. John Brown, fifteen white men and 
five negroes, seized Harper's Ferry Arsenal. 

Oct. 17. The armory captured by Colonel 
(afterward the Rebel General) Lee. One ma- 



Browi 



rine and twelve of Brown's men killed, 
and four men taken prisoners. 

Oct. The death of J. Y. Slidell, U. S. Minis- 
ter to France, occurs at Paris. 

Nov. Gen. Scott is sent to protect American 
interests in San Juan. 




HANNIBAL HAMLIN. 

Nov. 28. Death of Washington Irving, the 
American novelist and historical writer. 

Dec. 2. John Brown and two negroes hung, 
under the authority of Gov. Wise. 

1860. 
Feb. 1. Pennington, of New Jersey, is elected 
Speaker of the House of Representatives. 




JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE. 

March 16. Stevens and Hazlitt hung at 
Charlestown, Va. 

March 27. Japanese Embassy, the first to 
leave Japan, arrived at San Francisco. 

April 23. The Democratic National Con- 
vention assembles at Charleston, S. C. 

April 30. The Cincinnati Platform rejected 
by the National Democratic Convention, and, 



*t 



f 



ifr 



•*$ H- 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



479- 



upon the adopting of a platform, the Southern 
delegates secede. 

May 4. The National Democratic Conven- 
tion adjourns until June iS. 

May 16. The National Republican Conven- 
tion assembles at Chicago. 

May 18. The Republican Convention nom- 
inates Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, for Presi- 
dent, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, for Vice- 
President. 

May 19. The Constitutional Union Con- 
vention, at Baltimore* nominates John Bell for 
President, and Edward Everett for Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

June 23. The National Democratic Con- 
vention meets at Baltimore, and nominates 
Douglas and Johnson ; the seceders also meet, 
and nominate Breckinridge and Lane. 

Nov. 6. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, and 
Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, are elected President 
and Vice-President of the United States. Lin- 




hOlSEKT TOOMBS. 

coin and Hamlin, 108 electoral votes; Bell and 
Everett, 39; Breckinridge and Lane, 72; Doug- 
las and Johnson, 12. 

Nov. 7. The news of Mr. Lincoln's election 
received at Charleston, South Carolina, with 
cheers for a Southern Confederacy, 

Nov. 9. An attempt is made to seize the 
arms at Fort Moultrie. 

Nov. 18. Major Anderson is sent to Fort 
Moultrie to relieve Colonel Gardner. 

Dec. 1. The Great Rebellion. Florida Leg- 
islature ordered the election of a convention. 
Great secession meeting in Memphis. 

Dec. 3. Congress Meets. The President 
denies the right of a State to secede, and denies 



the right of the general government to coerce a 
seceding State. 

Dec. 10. Howell Cobb, Secretary of the 
Treasury, resigns. Senator Clay, of Alabama, 
also resigns. 




A. H. STEPHENS. 

Dec. 14. Lewis Cass, Secretary of State, re- 
signed because the President would not send re- 
inforcements South. 

Dec. 18. The "Crittenden Compromise," set- 
tling the difference between the North and the 
South, is rejected by the United States. 

Dec. 26. General Anderson evacuates Fort 




ROBERT B. RHETT OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Moultrie, Charleston, and occupies Fort Sumter. 

Dec. 20. South Carolina secedes from the 
Union. 

Dec. 30. President Buchanan declines to 
receive any delegates from South Carolina. 

Deaths this Year. The death of Samuel G. 
Goodrich, "Peter Parley," author, aged 67 years, 
occurs. 



JL 



480 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



1861. 

Jan. 4. Fort Morgan, Mobile Harbor, seized 
by State troops. 

Jan. 5. The Star of the "West chartered and 
sent to Fort Sumter to reinforce Major Ander- 
son. 

Jan. 8. Ports Johnson and Caswell, N. C, 
seized by the rebels. Secretary Thompson re- 
signs from the Interior Department. 




COL. ELLSWORTH. 

Jan. 9. Mississippi Secedes. The first gun 
of the rebellion fired ; the forts on Morris Island 
fire on the "Star of the West," and she puts to 
sea. 

Jan. 10. Florida Secedes. 

Jan. 11. Alabama Secedes. U. S. Arsenal 
at Baton Rouge, Ports Philip and Jackson, be- 




P ARSON " BROWNLOW. 



Lake 



low New Orleans, and Fort Pickens, on 
Ponchartrain, seized by Louisiana. 

Jan. 12. The Pensacola Navy Yard seized 
by rebels, and the cutter " Lewis Cass " seized 
at New Orleans. 



Jan. 14. The Senators from Mississippi with- 
draw from Congress. 

Jan. 17. Batteries commanding the Missis- 
sippi erected at Vicksburg. 

Jan. 19. G-eorgia Secedes. Fort Neale, at 
Little Washington, N. C, captured by the rebels. 

Jan. 20 The fort at Ship Island captured 
by the rebels. 




GEM. MCLELLAN. 

Jan. 21. The Alabama delegation in Con- 
gress leave. 

Jan. 23. Georgia members of Congress re- 
sign, among them Robert Toombs. 

Jan. 24. The United States arsenal at Au- 
gusta, Georgia, is seized by the Confederate 
State troops. 




GEN. BUTLER 

Jan. 26. The Louisiana Legislature passed 
secession ordinance by a vote of 113 to 17. 

Feb. 1. Texas Convention passed an ordi- 
nance of secession. Mint and Custom House at 
New Orleans seized. 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



Feb. 4. Delegates from the seceded States 
met at Montgomery, Alabama, to organize a 
Confederate government. 

Peace Congress met at Washington. 

Feb. 8. The United States arsenal at Little 
Rock surrenders to Arkansas. 

Feb. 9. Jefferson Davis and A. H. Stephens 
are elected Provisional President and Vice- 
President of the Southern Confederacy. 




GEN. M'DOWELL. 

Feb. 11. President Lincoln started for 
Washington. 

Feb. 13. Electoral vote counted; Lincoln 
and Hamlin officially declared elected. 

Feb. 18. Jefferson Davis inaugurated Presi- 
dent of the Confederate States of America. 
Twiggs surrenders the military posts in Texas. 




MAJ, WINTHROP. 

Feb. 19. Fort Kearney, Kansas, is seized by 
the Confederates. 

Feb. 21. Jeff. Davis appointed his Cabinet — 
Toombs, Sec. State ; Memminger, Treasury, and 
L. P. Walker, War. 

Feb. 22. President Lincoln's night journey 



481 

from Harrisburg to Washington, in order to 
prevent an anticipated outrage in Baltimore. 

Feb. 23. Gen. Twiggs surrendered Govern- 
ment property in Texas valued at $1,200,000 to 
the Confederacy. 

Feb. 25. News received of the surrender 
and treason of Major General Twiggs in Texas.. 




GEN. FREMONT. 

Feb. 26. Capt. Hill refused to surrender Fort 
Brown, Texas. 

March 1. Gen. Twiggs is expelled from the 
army. 

March 4. The inauguration of President Lin- 
coln takes place. 

The State Convention declared Texas out of 
the Union. 




GEN. DIX. 

March 5. Gen. Beauregard took command 
of the troops of Charleston. 

March 6. Fort Brown on the Rio Grande, 
was surrendered by special agreement. The 
Federal troops evacuated the fort and sailed for 
Key West and Tortugas. 



•f* 



"' 



482 

March 28. Vote of Louisiana on secession 
made public. For secession, 20,448 ; against, 17,- 
926. 

March 30. Mississippi Convention ratified 
the Confederate Constitution by a vote of 78 to 70. 

April 3. South Carolina Convention ratified 
the Confederate Constitution by a vote of 114 to 
16. 



LI BERT T AND UNION. 




GEN. LYON, 



April 7. All intercourse between Fort Sum- 
ter and Charleston stopped by order of Beaure- 
gard. 

The steamer Atlantic sailed from New York 
with troops and supplies. 

April 12. Bombardment of Fort Sumter 
was commenced hx the Confederates. 




GOV. A. G. CURTIN. 

April 13. The bombardment of Fort Sum- 
ter was continued ; Gen. Wigfall coining with a 
flag of truce, arrangements were made for evacu- 
ating the fort. 

April 14. Major Anderson and his men 
sailed for New York. 



April 15. The President issues a proclama- 
tion commanding all persons in arms against 
the United States to disperse within twenty 
days. He also called for 75,000 volunteers. 
The New York Legislature authorizes the rais- 
ing of $3,000,000 for their equipment and sup- 
port. 




BENJAMIN. 



April 16. The Governors of Kentucky, Vir- 
ginia, Tennessee, and Missouri refuse to furnish 
troops under the President's proclamation. 32,- 
000 men are called for by the Confederate Gov- 
ernment. 

April 17. Virginia Convention adopted se- 
cession ordinance. 




GEN. J. E. JOIINbON. 

Jefferson Davis issued proclamation offering 
to all who Avished to engage in privateering, let- 
ters of marque and reprisal. 

April 18. Lieut. Jones destroys U. S. ar- 
senal at Harper's Ferry to prevent its falling in- 
to the hands of the enemy. The first troops to 
enter Washington for its defense were 400 sol- 



J. 



LI BERT 'T AND UNIOX 

^th Penn. Regiment, under Col 



483 



diers of the 
Cope. 

April 19. Ste>amer Star of the West seized 
by Confederates at Indianola, Texas. 

Attack on 6th Massachusetts Regiment in 
Baltimore. 

President Lincoln issued a proclamation bv 
which ports of South Carolina, Florida, Geor- 




CASSIUS M. CLAY. 

gia, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas are de- 
clared to be in a state of blockade. 

April 20. The Confederates seize the U. S. 
arsenal at Liberty, Mo. 

Confederates seiae Norfolk Navy Yard. 
The 4th Massachusetts Regiment arrive at 
Fortress Monroe. 




s 



GEN. MEIGS. 

April 21. Federal Government takes pos- 
session of the Philadelphia & Baltimore Rail- 
road. 

Harper's Ferry arsenal was burned by its 
garrison. 



April 22. Confederate troops seize U. S. ar- 
senal at Fayetteville, X. C. The arsenal at Na- 
poleon is seized by Arkansas.. 

April 24. The Confederates under Senator 
Boland seize Fort Smith, Ark. 

April 25. Maj. Sibley surrenders 440 U. S. 
troops to the Confederate Colonel Van Dorn, at 
Salaria, Texas. 




Virginia is proclaimed a member of the 
Southern Confederacy by Governor Letcher. 

April 27. Virginia and North Carolina in- 
cluded in the blockade. 

All Officers of the Army were required to 
take the oath of allegiance. 




JOHN ROSS 

April 29. The Maryland House of Dele- 
gates voted against secession, 63 to 13. 

May 1. North Carolina Legislature passed 
a bill calling a State Convention to meet on the 
20th of May. 

The Legislature of Tennessee passed an act 
in secret session by which the Governor is au- 



-f 



JL 



4^4 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



thorized to form a league with the Southern 
Confederacy. 

President Lincoln called for 42,000 three 
years' volunteers; 22,000 troops for the regular 
army, and iS,ooo seamen. 

May 4. The Department of Ohio, compris- 
ing the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, put 
under command of Gen. McClellftn. 

May 6. Tennessee secedes. Tennessee Leg- 
islature passes a secession ordinance to be sub- 
mitted to the people. 




JOHN ERICSSON. 

May 9. Lieut. Col. Reeve and 313 men sur- 
render to Van Dorn, at San Antonio, Texas. 

May 10. Gen. Lyon captures Frost's brig- 
ade at St. Louis, Mo. 

The rebel schooner Atwater captured oft Ap- 
alachicola. 




GEN. PIKE. 

Gen. Lee assumes command of the rebel army 
of Virginia, 

May 11. Blockade of Charleston, S. C. 

May 13. Queen Victoria issues proclama- 
tion of neutrality. 

May 16. General Scott fortifies Arlington 
Heights. 

May 17. Bebels fortify Harper's Ferry. 



May 18. General Butler assigned to the 
command of the Military Department of Vir- 
ginia, created, comprising" Eastern Virginia, 
North and South Carolina, with headquarters at 
Fortress Monroe. 

May 19. Engagement between Sewall's 
Point Battery and four gunboats. 
May 20. North Carolina secedes. 
Governor Magoffin proclaims the neutrality 

of Kentucky. 




m © ; j 



GEN. PEMBERTON. 

May 21. Tennessee seceded. 

May 22. Fortifications of Ship Island de* 
stroyed to keep them from the enemy. 

May 24. Thirteen thousand troops crossed 
the Potomac into Virginia. Alexandria occu- 
pied by Federal troops. 




GEN. HOUSTON. 



Col. Ellsworth shot by Jackson at Alexan- 
dria, Va. ; the murderer was instantly killed. 
Arlington Heights occupied by Union troops. 
Gen. Butler declared slaves contraband of war. 



T* 



-t- 



£ 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



485 



May 25. Federal troops destroy bridges on 
the Alexandria and Leesburg Railroad. 

Ellsworth's funeral in Washington. 

May 26. Alexandria put under martial law. 
The port of New Orleans blockaded by the 
sloop-of-war Brooklyn. All postal service in 
the seceded States suspended. 




GEN. HOWARD. 

May 27. Mississippi Kiver blockaded. 

Gen. McDowell took command at Washing- 
ton. 

Mobile blockaded. 

May 28. G-en. Butler captures Newport 
News. 




JOHN SLIDELL. 

June 1. Lieut. Tompkins, with forty-seven 
men, attacks the Confederates at Fairfax Court 
House. 

The steamers Freeborn and Anacosta en- 
gaged the batteries at Acquia Creek the second 
time. 



June 3. Hon. S. A. Douglas died in Chica- 
go. Born at Brandon, Vt, April 23, 1813. 

Gen. Beauregard assumes command of the 
Confederate forces at Manassas Junction, Va. 

June 10. Battle of Big Bethel. Major Win- 
throp, a brilliant scholar, a graduate of Harvard, 
killed. 




JOHN Euioirr. 

Neutrality in tne American conflict is pro- 
claimed by Napoleon III. 

June 14. Confederates evacuate Harper's 
Ferry, after destroying all available property. 

June 15. Brig Perry arrived at New York 
with the privateer Savannah 




DAVID D. PORTER. 

June 17. "Wheeling Convention unani- 
mously declare Western Virginia independent 
of the Confederate portion of the State. 

June 20, Gen. McClellan assumes command 
in person of the army in Western Virginia. 



*& 



J. 



-•St* 



486 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



June 23. Forty-eight locomotives belong- 
ing to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, valued 
at $4,000,000, destroyed by the Confederates. 

June 26. The "Wheeling Government of 
West Virginia was acknowledged by the Presi- 
dent 




GOV. RAMSEY. 

June 29. The Confederate privateer Sum- 
ter escaped from New Orleans. 

July 1 . First "War Loan of the United States 
Government, $250,000,000, is made. 

July 4. Congress meets in extra session. 




JOHN TYLER. 

July 6. The "Western Department, consist- 
ing of the State of Illinois and the States and 
Territories west of the Mississippi, and east of 
the Rocky Mountains, was put under command 
of Gen. J. C. Fremont, with headquarters at St. 
Louis. 

July 11. J. M. Mason and R. M. Hunter, of 
Virginia; T. L. Clingman and Thomas Bragg, 
of North Carolina; L. T. Wigfall and J. U. 



Hemphill, of Texas; C. B. Mitchell ana W. K^ 
Sebastian, of Arkansas, and A. O. S. Nicholson, 
of Tennessee, were expelled from the United 
States Senate. 

July 13. The Federals under Col. Lowe 
were defeated. 




HENRY WILSON. 

President Lincoln is authorized to call out the 
militia, and accept the services of 500,000 men. 

July 18. G-en. John A. Dix placed in com- 
mand of the Department of Maryland; head- 
quarters at Baltimore. 




GOV. BLAIR. 

July 19. Gen. Banks supersedes Gen. Pat- 
terson. 

July 20. The Confederate Congress meets 
at Richmond. 

July 22. Gen. McClellan takes command 
of the Army of the Potomac. 

Three-months volunteers begin to return 
home. 

Aug. 1. The Confederates retreat from Harp- 
er's Ferry to Leesburg. 



•H£- 



■ffi-fr 




4±+ 



-SJH 



488 

Aug. 3. Congress passed the Confiscation 
bill, and bill for raising $20,000,000 by direct 
taxation. 

Aug. 6. The extra session of Cong/ess 
close e. 

Aug. 7. The Confederates destroyed the 
village of Hampton, Virginia. 



LIBERTT AND UNION 




GOV. YATES. 

Aug. 10. Gen. Lyon killed at Wilson Creek, 
Mo. 

Aug. 12. President Lincoln appointed the 
30th of September as a fast day. 

Aug. 14. Gen. Fremont declares martial law 
in St. Louis. 




Aug. 16. Gen. "Wool takes command at 
Fortress Monroe. 

President Lincoln interdicts all commercial 
relations with the seceded States. 

Sept. 1. The Confederates Avert- defeated at 
Booneville. 

Sept. 6. Gen. Grant enters Paducah, Ky. 



Sept. 11. President Lincoln modifies Gen. 
Fremont's emancipation proclamation. 

Sept. 18- The Provost Marshal closes the 
Maryland Legislature and sends the secession 
members to' Fort McHenry. 

Sept. 21. John O. Breckinridge departs 
from Frankfort, Ky., and joins the Confederates. 




GEN. SHERIDAN. 

Oct. 7. The Confederate iron-clad steamer 
Merrimac makes its first appearance within 
sight of Fortress Monroe. 

Oct. 11. Confederate steamer Theodore es- 
capes from Charleston, S. C, with Mason and 
Slidell on board. 




REVERDY JOHNSON. 

Oct. 29. The second naval expedition, con- 
sisting of 80 vessels and 15,000 men, sails from 
Fortress Monroe. The naval force under Com- 
modore Dupont; the land forces under Gen. 
Sherman. 

Nov. 1. Gen. Scott resigns as commander- 



v-es" 



•8H 



~"?H- 



in-chief of the armies of the United States 
McClellan appointed in his place. 

Nov. 2. Gen. Hunter supersedes Gen. Fre- 
mont in the command of the Western Depart- 
ment. 

The Confederate schooner, Bermuda, runs 
the blockade at Savannah. 



LIBERTY AND UNION 
Gen 



489 




COM. DUPONT. 

Nov. 11. G-sn. Halleck takes command of 
the Western Department. 

Nov. 18. Confederate Congress meets. 

Nov. 21. The privateer Royal Yacht was 
captured by the U. S. vessel Santee, off Galves- 
ton, Texas. 




COM, GOLDSBOROUGH. 

Nov. 27. G-en. McClellan directs the ob- 
servance of the Sabbath in all the camps of the 
U. S. army, 

Nov. 30. Lord Lyons, the British minister 
at Washington, was instructed from Earl Russell 
to leave America within seven davs, unless the 



United States government consent to the uncon- 
ditional liberation of Messrs. Mason and Slidell. 

Jefferson Davis was elected President of the 
Confederate States. 

Dec. 3. Congress meets. 

Dec. 4. John C. Breckinridge expelled from 
the United States Senate. 




LORD LYONS. 

Dee. 9. The Confederate Congress passes a 
bill by which Kentucky is admitted into the 
Southern Confederacy. 

Dec. 23. Troops sent to Canada by the Brit- 
ish government as a precaution against possible 
aggression by the U. S. 




Dec. 30 

the New York banks 



C F. ADAMS. 

Cash payments were suspended by 



Jan. 



1862. 

1. Mason and Slidell leave Fort War- 



ren for England in the British steamer Rinaldo. 
Jan. 11. Simon Cameron resigns his posi- 



«-$■ 



-8*4 



LIBERTY AND UNION 
E. M. Stanton is 



490 

tion as Secretary of War 
appointed in his place. 

Feb. 3. The Federal government decided 
that the crews* of the captured privateers were to 
be considered as prisoners of war. 

Feb. 6. Commodore Foote with 7 gunboats, 
attacked Fort Henrv on the Tennessee River. 




SIMON CAMERON. 

An unconditional surrender was made by the 
Confederate commander, General Tilghman. 

Feb. 8. Gen. Burnside captures six forts on 
Roanoke Island. 

Feb. 10. Elizabeth City, N. C, surrendered 
to Gen. Burnside. 

Feb. 13. Gen. Curtis takes possession of 
Springfield, Mo. 




EDWIN M. STANTON. 

March 4. Andrew Johnson was appointed 
military governor of Tennessee. 

Pike's Opera House, Cincinnati, burneu. 

March 6. President Lincoln proposed a plan 
of pecuniary assistance for the emancipation of 



the slaves in any States adopting an abolition 
policy. 

March 9. Battle between the Confederate 
iron-clad, Merrimac, and the Federal floating 
battery, Monitor ; the former compelled to retire. 

Feb. 14. Com. Foote attacked Fort Donel- 
son with the gunboats, and was compelled to 
withdraw. 




S^ 



GEN. BURNSIDE. 

Feb. 21. The Federals were defeated at Fort 
Craig, New Mexico, by the Texans. 

Feb. 22. Jefferson Davis inaugurated Presi- 
dent, and A. H. Stephens Vice-President, of the 
Southern Confederacy. 




GOV. O. P. MORTON. 

Feb. 24. The Union troops occupied Nash- 
ville, Tenn. 

Feb. 27. Columbus was evacuated by the 
Confederates. 

March 1. Two Union gunboats and a Con- 
federate battery have a fight at Pittsburgh Land- 
ing. 



**■ 



■:'- 






LIBERTT AND UNION. 



491 



March 11. Gen. McClellan takes command 
of the Arm v of the Potomac ; Gen. Fremont, of 
the Mountain Department ; Gen. Halleck, of the 
Department of the Mississippi. 

March 12. Com. Dupont takes possession of 
Jacksonville, Fla. . 




GEN. MEIGS. 

April 11. Gen. Mitchell occupies Hunts- 
ville, Ala., taking 200 prisoners, 1 5 locomotives, 
and a large number of cars. 

Congress passed a bill abolishing slavery in the 
District of Columbia. 

April 28. Forts Jackson and St. Philip sur- 
render. 




GEV. HAXCOCK. 

May 3. The Confederates evacuate York- 
town, Jamestown, and Mulberry and Gloucester 
islands, leaving ammunition, camp equipage, 
and 100 guns behind. 

May 9. The Confederates evacuated Pensa- 
cola, and destroved the Navy Yard. 



May 10. The Federal forces took possession 
of Norfolk, Va., Gosport Navy Yard de- 
stroyed by the Confederates. Gunboat fight on 
the Mississippi, near Fort Wright; the Confed- 
erates were repulsed, losing two vessels. 

May 11. The Confederates blow up their 




C. CUSHING. 

iron-clad Merrimac, to prevent its capture by 
the United States forces. 

May 12. Natchez, Miss., surrendered to 
Com. Farragut. 

May 17. Confederates driven across the 
Chickahominv, at Bottom Bridge. 

May 18. Gen. Cox engages the Confederate 
General Humphrey Marshall, at Princeton, Va. 




JUDGE BLACK. 

May 29. Confederates evacuated Corinth, 
Miss. 

Corinth taken. 

June 6. After a naval battle, Memphis sur- 
rendered to the Union troops. 

June 9. The United States Senate decree 
the abolition of slavery in all the Territories of 
the Union 



*-fc- 



^H 



492 



LIBERT 2' AND UNION. 



June 17. Col. Fitch destroyed a Confederate 
battery at St. Charles, Ark. 

June 18. Union troops occupy Cumberland 
Gap. 

June 26. General Pope assigned to the 
command of the Army of Virginia. The Con- 
federates under Gen. Robert E. Lee attacked 




HUMPHREY MARSHALL. 

McClellan's right wing at Mechanicsville. Bat- 
tle undecided. 

July 1. President Lincoln calls for 300,000 
additional volunteers. 

July 11. Gen. Halleck appointed comman- 
der of all the land forces of the United States. 




GENERAL LEE. 

July 17. President Lincoln sanctions a bill 
confiscating the property and emancipating the 
slaves of all persons who shall continue in arms 
against the Union for 60 days. 

July 19. Severe skirmish at Memphis, Ten- 
nessee ; Union loss, 6 killed and 32 wounded. 



July 21. John S. Phelps appointed military 
Governor of Arkansas. 

Aug. 3. Gen. Halleck orders Gen. McClel- 
lan to evacuate the Peninsula of Virginia 

Aug. 4. The Secretary of War orders a draft 
of 300,000 men. 

Aug. 5. Gen. Robert McCook murdered bv 




GEN. HALLECK. 

the Confederates while wounded, and riding in 
an ambulance. The Confederate General J. C. 
Breckinridge made an unsuccessful attack on 
Baton Rouge, La. 

Aug. 7. Col. Canby engages the Confederate 
General Sibley at Fort Filmore N. M. 




GEN. FORREST. 

Aug. 16. Gen. McClellan evacuates Harri- 
son's Landing. 

Aug. 19. Gen. Wright placed in command 
of the Department of the Ohio. 

Aug. 25. Confederates made an unsuccess- 
ful attack at Fort Donelson. 



h3H 



"*r" 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



Sept. 2. Gen. McClellan appointed to the 
command of the troops tor the defense of Wash- 
ington. 

Sept. 5. Confederates begin crossing the 
Potomac into Maryland. 

Sept. 7. G-en. Banks is assigned to the com- 




GEN. MEAGHER. 

mand of the fortifications in and around Wash- 
ington. General McClellan takes the field at 
the head of the Army of the Potomac. 

Cumberland Gap evacuated by the Federals. 

Sept. 18. The Confederates recrossed the 




4 



GEN. SIBLEY. 

Potomac into Virginia, having been in Mary- 
land two weeks. Evacuated Harper's Ferry. 

President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclama- 
tion issued. 

Sept. 25. Habeas corpus suspended by the 
United States Government. 



493 

Sept. 29. Geri. Nelson was shot by Gen. 
Jeff C. Davis, at Louisville, Ky. 

Oct. 18. The Confederate Gen. Morgan 
occupies Lexington, Ky. 

Oct. 19. The Confederate Gen. Forrest de- 
feated near Gallatin, Tenn. 




GEN. HOOKER. 

Oct. 22. Confederate salt works in Florida 
destroyed. 

Oct. 30. Gen. Rosecrans assumes command 
of the Army of the Cumberland. 

Gen. Mitcnell dies at Port Royal, S. C . 
Nov. 5. Gen. McClellan relieved of thecom- 




GEN. SIGEL. 

mand of the Army of the Potomac, and Gen. 
Burnside succeeds him. 

Nov. 16. President Lincoln enjoins on the 
United States forces the orderly observance of 
the Sabbath. 

Nov. 22. The Political State prisoners re- 
leased. 



l-fl 



-$■* 



494 



Dec. 6. Gen. Banks' Expedition sails 
New Orleans. 

Dec. 7. The Confederates were defeated 
with heavy loss. 

Dec 11. The City of Fredericksburg bom- 
barded by the Union troops, under cover of 
which thev crossed the Rappahannock . 



L I BERT T A ND UNION. 

fOJ 




J. A. ANDREW. 

Dec. 13. G-en. Thomas Francis Meagher en- 
gages in the battle of Fredericksburg. 

Dec. 14. Gen. Banks supersedes Gen. Butler 
at New Orleans. 

Dec. 16. Gen. Burnside's army removed 
to the north side of the Rappahannock. 




GIDEON WELLES. 

Dec. 17. The Union troops occupy Baton 
Rouge, La. 

Dec. 19. The Confederates recapture Holly 
Springs, Miss., taking the garrison prisoners. 

Dec. 23. The Confederates rfeoulsed by 
Gen. Sigel at Dumphries, Va. 

Dec. 28. Second Attack on Vicksburg. 
The Federals drive the Confederates from the 



first and second lines of defense and advance to 
within two and a half miles of Vicksburg. 

Gen. Blunt entered Van Buren, Ark , captur- 
ing four steamboats laden with provisions. 

Dec 29. The Confederates attack Gen. 




T. J. PORTliK. 

Sherman with their Avhole force, and drive him 
back to the first line of defense. 

Dec 31. Battle of Murfreesboro, or Stone 
River. The Union army numbers 45,000 
men under Gen. Rosecrans. 

Deaths in the United States in 1862. Cor- 
nelius C. Felton, scholar and critic, President of 




JOSEPH HOOKEE. 

Harvard University, aged 55 years. Theodore 
Frelinghuysen, statesman, aged 75 years. 

The Westfield destroyed to keep it from fall- 
ing into the hands of the enemy. Commodore 
Renshaw perishes with his vessel. 

President Lincoln publishes a proclamation 
confirming his manifesto of Sept. 22, 1862, and 
declares all the slaves in the Confederate States 



f 



-4- 



3* 



LIBERT T AND UNION. 



free, and under the military protection of the 
United States. 

1863. 

Jan. 3. On the night of Jan. 3 the rebels 
commence their retreat from Murfreesboro . 

The Federal army withdraws from before 
Vicksburg. 




COL. GRIERSON. 

Jan. 28. Gen. Burnside relieved of the com- 
mand of the Army of the Potomac, and Gen. 
Hooker appointed in his place. 

Gens. Sumner and Franklin relieved from du- 
ty in the Army of the Potomac . 

Feb. 2. The Federal ram Queen of the 




GEN. "STONEWALL JACKSON. 

West ran the blockade at Vicksburg, but was 
captured a few days after by the Confederates 

The negro brigade take Jacksonville, Florida. 

Major General Burnside appointed to com- 
mand the Department of the Ohio. 

May 1. Gen. Carter, with 5,000 men, attacked 
the Confederate forces at Monticello, under 
Pegram, and drove them from the field. 



495 

Gen. Grant defeated 



Battle of Fort Gibson. 
Gen. Bo wen. 

May 2. On the morning of the 17th of 
April, 1863, the 6th and 7th Illinois cavalry, 
900 strong, under command of Col. Grierson, of 
the 6th Illinois, set out from Lagrange, Tenn., 
marched through the center of Mississippi, des- 




GEN. KILPATRICK. 

troying as they went railroads, bridges and 
stores of all kinds belonging to the Confederates, 
in immense quantities. They reached Baton 
Rouge, La., on the evening of the 2d of May. 
They had traveled nearly 800 miles in 16 days. 
At several points the enemy made great attempts 




REAR ADMIRAL FOOTE. 

to capture them, but failed . They brought into 
Baton Rouge over 1,000 horses and a large 
number of cattle; 500 negroes followed them. 

May 8. Col. Streight's command of 1,700 
men were captured by Forest's cavalry, two 



-** 



-f$?* 



496 

miles from Cedar Bluff, Ga., after severe fight- 
ing. 

The Confederate General, Van Dorn, killed 
by Dr. Peters in Manny county, Tenn. 

May 9. Col. Jacobs routed a guerilla force 
near Horse Shoe Bend on the Cumberland River. 

May 10. The Confederate General, Stone- 
wall (Thos. J.) Jackson, died at Richmond, Va., 
of wounds and pneumonia 

May 12. Gen. McPherson attacks Raymond, 
Miss. 

May 18. Investment of Vicksburg by the 
Federals under Gen. Grant and Admiral Porter. 

May 25. Confederate navy yard destroyed 
at Yazoo City. 

May 27. Gen. Banks commences the siege 
of the forts at Port Hudson, Miss. 

June 1. Gen. Hunter removed from the 
command of the Department of the South. 
Gen. Gilmore succeeds him. 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 




GEN. MEADE. 

June 17. Federal cavalry under Col. Kil- 
patrick encountered Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's cav- 
alry brigade near Aldie, Va. 

June 21. Gen. McClernard removed by 
Grant, and Gen. Ord succeeds him. 

June 26. Rear Admiral Foote died in New 
York City. 

June 29. Gen. Hooker relieved of his com- 
mand of the Army of the Potomac at his own 
request. Gen. Meade succeeds him. 

Rosecrans drives Bragg from Tullahoma. 

July 8. Major General Gardner surrendered. 

July 13-16. Riots take place in New York, 
Boston, and other Union cities, in consequence 
of the enforcement of a conscription decree. 



July 13, 14, 15. Draft Riots in New York 
City. Mobs have possession of the city for 
three days. Offices where the draft was going 
on were demolished, and the buildings were 
burned. Several negroes were murdered. The 
colored orphan asylum on Fifth Avenue was 
pillaged and burnt down. Several persons were 
killed during the prevalence of the riot. The 
city paid above $1,500,000 as indemnity for 
losses that occurred during the riot. 

July 22. Chattanooga was shelled by Col. 
Wilder of Rosecrans' advance. 

July 23 Eight Hundred men of Gen. Spi- 
nola's brigade utterly routed twice their number, 
of Georgia and North Carolina troops at Ma- 
nassas Gap. 

Kentucky again invaded. Kit Carson, with a 
part of the first New Mexico regiment, defeats 
the Navajoe Indians in a severe fight beyond 
Fort Canby. 




MAJOR-GEN, SUMNER. 

Aug. 7. President Lincoln rejects the de- 
mand for the suppression of the conscription in 
the State of New York. 

Aug. 17. Lieut. Col. Phillips attacked the 
Confederate forces at Grenada, Miss., under 
command of Gen. Sumner, and drove them 
from the place. 

Aug. 20. The town of Lawrence, Kan., was 
surprised in the middle of the night by 306 
guerillas under the leadership of Quantrell 
The town was set on fire and 182 buildings 
burned to the ground, and $2,000,000 worth of 
property destroyed; 191 persons were killed, 
many of whom were helpless women and chil- 
dren; 5S1 were wounded, many of them mortal- 
ly. About 80 of the murderers were killed. 

Sept. 4. Burnside occupies Knoxville, Tenn. 



4-ffi- 



■fJH 



R3H 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



497 



Sept. 9. General Crittenden's division of 
Rosecrans' army enters Chattanooga. 

Sept. 10. Gen. Steele takes possession of Lit- 
tle Rock, Ark. 

Sept. 15. President Lincoln suspends the 
Habeas Corpus act. 

Oct. 9. Wheeler's Confederate cavalry was 
defeated with considerable loss at Farmington, 
Tennessee, and again near Shelbyville. 

Oct. 20. The Departments of the Cumber- 
land and Mississippi consolidated and placed 
under the command of General Grant. 

Gen. Rosecrans removed, and Gen. Thomp- 
son appointed in his place. 

Nov. 5. Brownsville, Texas, captured. 

Nov. 25. The Confederate army under 
Bragg defeated near Chattanooga. 




GEN. BRAGG. 

Nov. The First Fenian convention assem- 
bled at Chicago. According to tradition the 
Fenians or Finians were a national militia es- 
tablished in Ireland by Fin or Fionn, the son of 
Cumbal. 

Dec. 4. Gen. Longstreet commences the 
siege of Knoxville, Nov. 17. 

1864. 

Feb. 1. President Lineoln orders a draft 
for 500,000 men. 

Feb. 9. A large number of prisoners, includ- 
ing Col. Streight, escape from Libby Prison, 
Richmond. 

Feb. 15. Gen. W. T. Sherman with his 
troops arrives at Meridian, Miss., on his great 
raid into the heart of the enemy's country. 

Feb. 22. A skirmish between Union troops 
and the Confederates under Gen. Mosby. 

March 8- Gen. Grant formally presented 



by the President with his commission as Lieut. 
General, and on the 12th assigned to the com- 
mand of the armies of the United States. 

April 12. General Forrest captures Fort 
Pillow, and immediately after commences an in- 
discriminate massacre of our wounded soldiers, 
both colored and white, not excepting women 
and children who had taken refuge in the fort. 

April 23. The Governors of Ohio, Illinois, 
Iowa, Wisconsin, and Indiana offer to raise for 
the general Government 85,000 men for one 
hundred days. 

April 26. Government accepts services of 
one-hundred day men, and appropriates $20,- 
000,000 for their payment. 

May 5. Draft ordered in Massachusetts, 
New Jersey, Ohio, Minnesota, Kentucky and 
Maryland. 




GJtCN. MOSBY. 

Gen. Butler lands on the south side of the 
James. . 

May 8. Sherman occupies Dalton. 

May 16. Nathaniel Hawthorne. American 
novelist, died, aged 55 years. 

May 23. Confederates forced to evacuate 
their fortifications near Spottsylvania C.'H 

John Morgan enters Kentucky with 4,000 men. 

May 27- Grant crosses the Pamunkey, and 
occupies Hanovertown. 

May 30. Gen. Grant reaches Mechanics- 
ville. 

June 8. Abraham Lincoln and Andrew 
Johnson nominated for President and Vice- 
President. 

June 12 Gen. Hancock drives the Confed- 
erates from Bottom Bridge at the point of the 
bayonet. 



A 



T" 



-ffl 



498 



LIBERT T AND UNION. 



June 14. Gen. Leonidas Polk killed at Pine 
Mountain, Ga. 

June 30. Secretary Chase resigns, and Hon. 
Wm. Fessenden was appointed to fill the va- 
cancy. 

July 5. The Confederates under Early in- 
vaded Maryland. 

July 22. Gen. McPherson killed at the bat- 
tle of Atlanta. 

July 30. A mine containing six tons of 
powder, under a Confederate fort at Petersburg, 
explodes, destroying the fort and garrison. 

Chambersburg, Pa., burned by the Confeder- 
ates. 

Aug. 5. Commodore Farragut's fleet passes 
Forts Morgan and Gaines. The Confederate 
ram Tennessee is captured, and several other ves- 
sels destroyed. Shortly after Fort Gaines sur- 
renders, and Fort Powell is evacuated. 




GEN. SHERMAN. 

Aug. 18. The Weldon Railroad is seized 
by Gen. Grant. 

Aug. 23. Fort Morgan surrenders. 

Sept. 2. The Federal troops take possession 
of Atlanta. 

Sept. 7. The Confederate General John 
Morgan killed near Greenville, Tennessee. 

Sept. 16. Engagement between Gens. Gregg 
and Kantz and Confederate General Wade 
Hampton. 

Sept. 28. Gen. Grant advanced his lines on 
the north side of the James River to within 
seven miles of Richmond. The Confederates 
under General Sterling Price invade Missouri. 

Oct. 7. The pirate vessel Florida captured 
by the United States steamship Wachusett. 



Oct. 31. Union troops recapture Plymouth, 
N. C. 

Nov. 8. The Presidential election takes 
place. Lincoln and Johnson receive 212, 
McClellan and Pendleton twenty-one electoral 
votes. 

McClellan resigns his command in the 
army. 

Nov. 16. General Sherman leaves At- 
lanta and begins his great march to the Atlan- 
tic. 

Dec. 29. Hood's army crosses the Ten- 
nessee River, thus ending the Tennessee cam- 
paign. 

1865. 

Jan. 3. Massachusetts ratified the Constitu- 
tional amendment. 

Jan. 8. General Butler removed from the 
command of the Army of the James. He was 
succeeded by Gen. Ord. 




GEN. POLK. 

Jan. 15. Edward Everett, American States- 
man and distinguished orator, dies, aged 71 
years. 

Jan. 20. Confederates evacuate Corinth. 

Jan. 27. Confederate incendiaries set fire to 
the city of Savannah. 

Feb. 1. Congress abolishes slavery in the 
United States. 

Illinois ratifies the Constitutional amendment. 

Feb. 2. Maryland, Michigan, New York 
and Rhode Island ratify the Constitutional 
amendment. 

Feb. 4. Illinois black laws are repealed. 

Feb. 7. Maine ratifies the Constitutional 
amendment. 

Feb. 12. Gen. Sherman occupies Branch- 
ville, S. C. 



■~%r 



LIBERT T AND UNION 



499 



Feb. 13. Indiana ratifies the Constitutional 
amendment. 

Feb. 17. Louisiana ratines the Constitution- 
al amendment. 

Gen. Sherman's victorious columns enter 
Columbia, S. C, and burn the city. 

Feb. 18. Gen. Lee assumes supreme com- 
mand of the Confederate armies, and recom- 
mends arming of the blacks. 

Charleston, S. C, evacuated, and taken pos- 
session of by Gen. Gilmore. Six thousand 
bales of cotton destroyed. Ammunition stored 
in the railroad depot explodes, and many lives 
-were lost. Gen. Gilmore hoists the U. S. flag 
over Fort Sumter. 

Feb. 19. Fort Anderson, N. C, is taken. 

Feb. 21. Wisconsin ratines the Constitu- 
tional amendment. Fort Armstrong, N. C, 
taken. 




GEN. MACPHERSON. 

Feb. 22. Confederate Congress decrees that 
the slaves shall be armed. 

Feb. 23. Raleigh, N. C, was captured. 
Governor Vance captured. 

March 4. Inauguration of Abraham Lin- 
coln and Andrew Johnson as President and 
Vice-President of the United States. 

Gen. Sherman occupies Fayetteville, N. C. 

March 13. Gen. Schofield occupies Kings- 
ton. 

March 16. Confederate Gen. Hardee was de- 
feated at Averysboro, X. C. 

March 17. Confederate Congress adjourns 
"sine die.' 1 

March 19. Confederate Gen. Johnson de- 
feated at Bentonville, N. C. 



March 25. Confederates attack Gen. Grant, 
and are severely defeated. 
April 3. Richmond taken. 
April 8. Surrender of Gen. Lee and his 

at Appomattox Court House. Va. 

The Union flag hoisted at Fort 



whole army 
April 12. 

Sumter. 
April 13. 
April 14. 



Drafting and recruiting stopped. 
President Lincoln shot by J. 
Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theater, Washington ; 
Mr. Seward and his son wounded. 

April 15. Death of President Lincoln. Vice- 
President Johnson sworn in as President of the 
United States. 

April 26. Gen. Johnson surrenders. 

April 27. Booth, the murderer of President 
Lincoln, mortally wounded and captured. 

May 4. General Dick Taylor surrenders. 




May 10. 



VAY1J) a. FABBAGUT. 

Jefferson Davis captured at Irwin- 



ville, 75 miles southwest of Macon, Ga., by the 
4th Michigan cavalrv, under Col. Pritchard, of 
Gen. Wilson's command; also his wife, mother, 
Postmaster- General Regan, Col. Harrison, pri- 
vate secretarv, Col. Johnson, and other military 
characters. 

May 19. Confederate Gov. Watts, of Ala- 
bama, was arrested. 

May 21. Confederate Gov. Letcher, of Vir- 
ginia, is arrested. 

May 24. Grand Review of Gen. Sherman's 
army occurs at Washington 

Jefferson Davis indicted for treason. 

May 26. Kirby Smith surrenders. The last 
armed Confederate organization succumbs. 

May 31. Confederate Gen. Hood and staff 
surrender. 



5°° 



LI BERT T AND UNION. 



June 22. President Johnson rescinded order 
requiring passports from all travelers entering 
the United States, and opened Southern ports. 

July 7. Execution of Payne, Atzerott, Har- 
old, and Mrs Surratt, for complicity in the assas- 
sination of President Lincoln. 

Oct. 11. Pardon of Alexander Stephens and 
other Southern officials. 

Nov. 9. Confederate privateer Shenandoah 
surrendered at Liverpool, having destroyed 
about 30 vessels; crew released. 

Nov. 10. Execution of Wirz, the Confeder- 
ate prison-keeper, for cruelty to Union prison- 
ers. 

1866. 

Jan. 28. Hon. Thomas Chandler died. 

Feb. 19. President vetoed Freedmen's 
Bureau bill. This bill required the Govern- 
ment to take care of the emancipated slaves and 
destitute whites of the South. 

March 14. Jared Sparks, historian, dies. 




GEN. WADE HAMPTON. 

March 27- President Johnson vetoed Civil 
Rights bill. This bill guaranteed the same 
rights to the negro, in every particular, as those 
enjoyed by the white man. 

April 2. President Johnson issued a procla- 
mation declaring that the insurrection which 
heretofore existed in the States of Georgia, 
South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Ten- 
nessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missis- 
sippi and Florida, is at an end, and henceforth 
to be so regarded. 

April 9. Civil Rights Bill was passed over 
the President's veto. 

April 12. Hon. Daniel S. Dickinson dies. 

May 16. President Johnson vetoed the ad- 
mission of Colorado as a State. 

May 29. Death of General Winfield Scott, 
aged So years. 

June 7 . President Johnson issued a proc- 



lamation against the Fenian movement in the- 
United States. 

Fenians from the United States made a raid 
into Canada. 

Juna 17- Hon. Lewis Cass dies. 

July 13-27. The Atlantic Telegraph is suc- 
cessfully laid between Great Britain and America. 

July 16. Freedmen's Bureau bill became a 
law. 

July 30. Major-General Lysander Cutler 
dies. 

Aug. 14. National Union Convention as- 
sembles in Philadelphia wigwam. 

Sept. 1. Southern Unionists Convention as- 
sembks in Philadelphia. 

Sept. 7. Matthias W. Baldwin, pioneer in 
American locomotives, dies. 

Oct. 13. "Prince'' John Van Buren, son of 
Martin, dies. 




6TEKLIXG PRICE. 

Dec. 13. Congress passes a bill giving i>e» 
groes the right to vote in the District of Co- 
lumbia. 

Dec. 26. Major-General Samuel R. Curtis 
dies 

1867. 

Jan. 9. Virginia rejected the Fourteenth 
Amendment. This amendment guaranteed 
civil rights to all, regardless of race or color. 

Jan. 10. Congress passed a bill providing 
for "universal suffrage" in the Territories. 

an. 29. The bill to admit Nebraska is ve- 
toed by President Johnson. 

Feb. 6. Delaware and Louisiana rejected 
Constitutional amendment. 

Feb. 8. Nebraska is admitted as a State. 

Feb. 25. Tenure of Office bill was passed 
over President's veto. This bill makes the con- 



\ 



J^IBERTT A ND UNION. 



;oi 



■sent of the Senate necessary before the Presi- 
dent can remove any person from a civil office. 

Feb. 30. It was announced at Washington 
that Russia cedes Alaska to the United States. 

May 3. Eight-hour riots in Chicago. 

May 9. General strike of working men 
throughout the States. 

May 13. Jefferson Davis was admitted to 
bail at Richmond, Ya. 

June 3. Gen. Sheridan removed Gen. 
Welles, of Louisiana, and on the 6th appointed 
B. F. Flanders, Governor. 

July 11. [Reciprocity treaty between the 
United States and the Hawaiian Islands. 

July 24. New York State Constitutional 
Convention rejects the proposition of woman 
suffrage. 

July 30. General Sheridan removed Gov- 
ernor Throckmorton, of Texas. 




DR. BELLOWS. 

Aug. 5. Secretary Stanton was requested by 
the President to resign, but refused. 

Aug. 12. Stanton is suspended, and Gen. 
Grant is appointed Secretary of War ad interim. 

Aug. 17. General Sheridan was relieved at 
New Orleans 

Aug. 19. National Labor Congress met at 
Chicago. 

Sept. 8 President issued amnesty procla- 
mation. 

Sept. 30. Negro riots in Savannah, Ga. 

Oct, 3. Whisky riot in Philadelphia. 

Nov. 2. General Sherman announces In- 
dian war to be at an end. 

ov. 14. Denmark concluded a treaty by 
which the islands of St. Thomas, San Juan, and 



Santa Cruz were ceded and sold to the United 
States. 

Nov. 22. Jefferson Davis returned to Rich- 
mond, Ya. 

Dec. 7- Resolution of Judiciary Committee 
to impeach President Johnson was voted down 
in the House — 102 to 57. 

1868. 

Jan. 2. Governor Flanders of Louisiana 
resigns, and Joshua Baker is appointed his suc- 
cessor by Gen . Hancock. 

Jan, 6. Congress Met. The President is cen- 
sured in the House for removing General Sher- 
idan. 

Gen. Meade assumes command of the third 
military district, consisting of Alabama, Geor- 
gia and Florida. 

House of Representatives passes a bill mak- 




STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. 

ing eight hours a day's work for Government 
laborers. 

Jan. 10. Secretary Seward announced to 
the House that 21 States had ratified the 14th 
article of the amendment to the Constitution. 

Jan. 11. The Chinese Government appoint- 
ed Anson Burlingame, formerly L T nited States 
Minister in Pekin, its special envoy to all the 
treaty powers, at a salary of $40,000. 

Jan. 13 The United States House of Rep- 
resentatives passes a bill declaring that five 
members shall constitute a quorum of the Su- 
preme Court, and that a concurrence of two- 
thirds of all the members shall be necessary to 
a decision adverse to the validity of any law 
passed by Congress. 

The Senate reinstated Stanton. 



■HB- 



4- 



-«r 



502 



LI BERT T AND UNION. 



Jan. 14 The Virginia Constitutional Con- 
vention declares that Virginia shall forever re- 
main in the Union, and that slavery is forever 
abolished in the State. 

General Grant vacated War Office in favor of 
Secretary Stanton. 

Jan. 15. Gen. Pope was assigned to the 
command of the Department of the Lakes with 
headquarters at Detroit. 

Jan. 24. Fifty thousand American breech- 
loading rifles were ordered by the Spanish Min- 
ister of War. 

Jan. 29. The President instructs Gen. 
Grant in writing, not to obey any orders from the 
War Department, unless authorized by himself. 

Feb. 5. Congress passed a bill authorizing 
the Secretary of War to employ counsel to de- 
fend Generals or other persons intrusted with 




GEN. PLEASOXTOX. 

reconstruction in cases brought against them for 
their acts under the reconstruction laws. 

Thermometer 51 degrees below zero in Wis- 
consin. 

Feb. 13. Another attempt is made to 
impeach President Johnson. 

Feb. 18. Senate bill is passed for the reduc- 
tion of the army. 

Feb. 21. The President ordered the remov- 
al of Secretary Stanton from the war office, and 
authorized Gen. Thomas to act as Secretary of 
War ad interim. Stanton decided to retain per- 
sonal possession of the office until action in the 
matter be taken by the Senate. The Senate 
disapproved the action of the President, declar- 
ing it to be unconstitutional. 

Feb. 22. Adjutant-General Thomas arrest- 



ed for violation of the tenure of office bill on 
complaint of Secretary Stanton. He is released 
on $10,000 bail. 

Feb. 23. Conclusion of a treaty between 
the North German Confederation jind the 
United States, concerning the nationality of per- 
sons emigrating from one of the two countries- 
to the other. 

Feb. 24. The United States House of Rep- 
resentatives resolve by a vote of 126 to 47, that 
"Andrew Johnson, President of the United 
States, be impeached of high crimes and misde- 
meanors." The President sends a message to 
the Senate vindicating his position. 

Feb. 25. The Committee of the House ap- 
points Boutwell, Stevens, Bingham and Wilson, 
a sub-committee to take evidence and prepare 
articles of impeachment. 

The Florida Convention adopts the new Con- 
stitution. 




T. J. PORTEK. 

The Hoube informs the Senate and presents 
their action in regard to the impeachment of 
President Johnson. 

Governor Ward of New Jersey, vetoes reso- 
lution of Legislature withdrawing ratification of 
Fourteenth A.mendment. 

Feb. 26. Gen. L. Thomas discharged from 
arrest and began a suit against Secretary Stan- 
ton for false imprisonment and malicious prose- 
cution, setting his damages at $150,000. 

An amendatory reconstruction bill passes 
Congress, providing that any election in the 
Southern States should be decided by a majori- 
ty of the votes actually cast. 

March 2. The Senate adopts a code of pro- 
cedure for an impeachment trial. 

The House adopts nine articles of impeach- 



*&• 



f 



■-fir* 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



ment, and appoints seven managers of the im- 
peachment trial. 

March 5. New Jersey Senate passes over 
Gov. Ward's veto as to amendment; the lower 
House does the same. 

March 6. President Johnson was sum- 
moned to appear before the courts of impeach- 
ment, on the 1 8th of March. 

March 12. The House passes the bill to 
abolish the tax on manufacturers. 

Trial of Jeff Davis is postponed until April 
14th. 

March 13. The President asks forty days' 
time to prepare his answer to the articles of im- 
peachment. The Senate extends the time till 
March 23. 

March 18. The House passes the bill pro- 
viding that in case of the death or removal of 
the Chief- Justice, the senior Associate Justice of 




G. P. T. BEAUREGARD. 

the Supreme Court shall perform the duties of 
Chief-Justice. 

March 2 3. The High Court of Impeach- 
ment opens for the trial of President Johnson. 
The President filed his answer to the articles of 
impeachment. His counsel asks for further de- 
lay. 

March 26. The Senate passes the Habeas 
Corpus appeal bill over the President's veto. 
They also ratify the treaty with the North Ger- 
man Confederation, recognizing the rights of 
naturalized-citizens. 

March 27- The House passes the Supreme 
Court bill over the President's veto. 

March 28. A new indictment is found 
against Jeft Davis by the United States Grand 
Jury at Richmond. 

March 30. G. A. Ashburn, a member of the 



5°3 

was assassinated at 



Constitutional Convention 
Columbus, Ga. 

Gen. B. F. Butler of Massachusetts, opens in 
the Court of Impeachment the prosecution on 
the part of the managers. 

April 2. North German Parliament passes 
the neutralisation treaty with the United States. 

April 4. The case for the prosecution in the 
Court of Impeachment is closed. 

General Schofield appoints Henry H. Wells 
Governor of Virginia. 

April 6. Michigan votes against negro suf- 
frage. 

April 9. The counsel for President Johnson 
opens the argument for the defense in the Court 
of Impeachment. 

April 20. Evidence in the impeachment 
case closed. 

April 23. Charles Dickens left the United 
States. 




L. WALLACE. 

April 24. A treaty of peace was concluded 
with the Sioux Indians. 

May 6. Argument in the impeachment trial 
was closed. 

May 21. U. S. Grant was nominated by the 
Republicans at Chicago as candidate for Presi- 
dent, and Schuyler Colfax for Vice-President. 

May 22. Arrival of Chinese Embassy in 
New York. 

May 26. Impeachment trial concluded, and 
the President found not guilty. 

May 30. The Grand Army of the Republic 
decorated with flowers the graves of the Union 
soldiers in the cemeteries throughout the 
country . 

June 1. Ex-President James Buchanan died. 

June 3. Trial of Jeff Davis again postponed 
till November. 



** 



-sJh- 



5°4 

June 4. Ex-President Buchanan buried at 
Wheatland, Penn. 

June 10. The Senate passes a bill for the 
admission of the Southern States with only five 
negative votes. 

June 12. Reverdy Johnson confirmed as 
Minister to England. 

June 16. G-overnor Humphreys, of Mis- 
sissippi, removed by Gen. McDowell; Gen. 
Ames appointed military governor in his stead. 

June 19. The House passes the Senate bill 
giving thanks to Secretary Stanton. 

June 20. The House passes the bill for the 
admission of Arkansas over the President's veto 
without debate. 

June 22. King of Belgium reviewed United 
States squadron under Farragut off Ostend. 

June 24. The Senate ratifies the Chinese 
treaty. The House passes a bill for the imme- 
diate reorganization of the States of Virginia, 
Mississippi and Texas. 



L IBER TV A ND UNION. 




GENERAL DEARBORN. 

June 25. The Freedmen's Bureau bill 
passed over the President's vote, 

July 4. President Johnson issues a procla- 
mation of general amnesty and pardon to all en- 
gaged in the late rebellion except those already 
indicted for treason or other felony. 

July 21. Congress passes a resolution de- 
claring the 14th article ratified. The Senate 
passes a resolution appealing to the Turkish 
government in behalf of the Cretans. 

Aug. 1. General Jeff C. Davis is assigned to 
the command oi the military district of Alaska. 

Sept. 18. Gen. Hindman was assassinated 
at Helena, Arkansas. 

Oct. 7. Death of Gen. Adam J. Slemmer 
occurs at Fort Laramie. 

James Hind, member of Congress from Ar- 
kansas, is assassinate!. 

Nov. 3. Iowa and Minnesota vote in favor 
of negro suffrage, and Missouri against it. 



Nov. 23. Gen. Howard issues an order for 
the discontinuance of the Freedmen's Bureau 
after January 1, except the educational de- 
partment, and the collection of money due to 
soldiers. 

Dec. 25. President Johnson issues a univer- 
sal amnesty proclamation. 

Dec. 29. Mosby Clark, a revolutionary 
soldier, died at Richmond, Va., at the advanced 
age of 121 years. 

Dec. 31. General Sheridan captures the In- 
dian chiefs, Santanta and Lone Wolf. 

The house passes the bill repealing an act 
prohibiting the organization of militia in all the 
reconstructed States except Georgia; also a res- 
olution allowing women in the government em- 
ploy the wages of men for the same work. 

The Senate denounces the views of President 
Johnson on the national debt; also passes a res- 
olution disapproving the President's financial 
recommendations. 




IIEr-TXAXT rrcATFR. 
The Secretary of the Navy accepts the trans- 
fer of League Island by the city of Philadelphia 
to the Government for a navy yard. 

1869. 

Feb. 20. Martial law is declared in Tennes- 
see. 

Feb. 22-26. Congress passed Fifteenth 
Amendment, Kansas was the first State (Feb. 
27) to ratify it, though imperfectly, and Dela- 
ware the first to reject it. 

March 25. Pennsylvania ratified Fifteenth 
Amendment. 

April 13. Senate rejected Alabama treaty 
with Great Britain. 

May 13. Woman Suffrage Convention in 
New York city. 

May 19. President Grant proclaimed that 
there he no reduction in Government laborers 1 
wa^es because ot reduction of hours. 



Wr 



■*$* 



*p 



LTBERTT AND UNION. 



505 



June 18. Hon. Henry J. Baymond, of N. 
JT. Times, dies 

July 13. Completion of Atlantic cable from 
Brest to St. Pierre; thence to Duxburv, Mass. 

Aug. 16. National Labor Convention, Phil- 
adelphia. 

Sept. 1. National Temperance Convention, 
Chicago. 

Sept. 8. Hon. William Pitt Fessenden dies 

Sept. 10. Hon. John Bell dies. 

Sept. 16. Hon. John Minor Botts dies. 

Sept. 24. Black Friday. So named on ac- 
count of the losses on gold speculations, etc. 

Oct. 8. Virginia ratines Fourteenth and 
Fifteenth Amendments. 

Ex-President Franklin Pierce dies. 

Nov. 4. George Peabody dies. 

Nov. 6. Admiral Charles Stewart dies. 

Nov. 24. National Woman-suffrage Con- 
vention, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ward Beecher 
was chosen President. 

Dec. 24. Hon. Edwin M. Stanton dies 

1870. 

Jan. 26. Virginia is re-admitted into the 
Union. 

Feb. 9. U. S. Signal Bureau established by 
Act of Congress. 

Feb. 17. Mississippi was re-admitted into the 
Union. 

Feb. 23. Hon. Anson Burlingame dies. 

March 28. Major-General George H. Thom- 
as died. 

March 29. Texas is re-admitted to represen- 
tation in Congress, thus completing the work of 
reconstruction. 

March 30. President Grant announced the 
adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment. 

July 12. Admiral John A. Dahlgren died. 

Aug. 14. Admiral David G. Farragut died. 

Aug. 15. National Labor Congress, Cincin- 
nati. 

Aug. 22. President Grant issued a procla- 
mation enjoining neutrality as to war between 
France and Prussia. 

Aug. 23. Irish National Congress convenes. 
Cincinnati. 

Oct. 4. Second Southern Commercial Con- 
vention, Cincinnati. 

1871. 



t 



Jan. 1. Cabral, the Dominican Chief, de- 
nounces President Grant as the "gratuitous en- 



emy" of Dominican liberty, and calls upon all 
Dominicans to oppose the sale and annexation 
of the Island to the United States. 

Jan. 20. Motion to strike out the word 
' male" in the section of the Fourteenth Amend- 
ment giving the elective franchise to all male 
citizens, was defeated in the House of Repre- 
sentatives; vote, 55 to 117. 

Jan. 25. Miss Vinnie Beam's statue of 
President Lincoln was unveiled in the rotunda 
of the Capitol at Washington. 

Jan. 26. The income tax was repealed. 
Feb. 18. General Cabral, in a letter to Vice- 
President Colfax, denounced the union of Do- 
minica and Hayti. 

Feb. 22. Arrival in New York of the Brit- 
ish members of the Joint High Commission. 

Feb. 23. Capt. E. S. Jenkins, Deputy Rev- 
enue Collector and U. S. Deputy Marshal, were 
assassinated at New Madrid, Mo. 

March 24. President Grant, by proclama- 
tion orders certain bands of armed men in 
South Carolina to disperse within thirtv davs. 

March 30. Grand parade of the colored peo- 
ple occurs in New York' to commemorate the 
proclamation of the Fifteenth Amendment. 

April 10. Wm. Marby was stoned to death 
by rioters at Tivoli, Duchess county, N. Y. 

April 26. The United States Supreme Court 
decides that the general government cannot tax 
the salaries of State officials. 

April 29. Sharon Tyndale, ex-Secretary of 
the State of Illinois, was murdered in Spring- 
field, 111. 

April 30. The Apache tribe of Indians in 
Arizona were attacked; 120 braves, squaws, and 
children massacred. 

The Ku-Klux-Klan destroyed a newspaper 
office in Rutherfordton, N. C, and brutally mal- 
treated Mr. Justice, a prominent Radical. 

June 17- The ratification of the treat v of 
Washington was exchanged in London. 

June 24. Corner stone of the Capitol was 
laid in Albany. 

July 1. Bust of Washington Irving was un- 
veiled in Prospect Park, Brooklyn. 

July *4. President Grant proclaimed the 
complete ratification of the Treaty of Washing- 
ton. 

July 12. Orangemen riot. On the occasion 
of a procession of Protestant Orangemen in New 
York, they were attacked by the Roman Catho- 
lic Irish. Threats of assault having been given 

■ — 4* 



•~F 



4 



506 

the Orangemen were protected by the military. 
Stones, pistols, and guns, being discharged at 
the militia, several were killed and wounded, 
when an order was given to the soldiers to fire 
on the rioters. Five soldiers and about a hun- 
dred rioters were killed. 

July 22. A powder magazine at the Arsenal 
in Washington, D. C, explodes, and destroys 
much property. 

July 30. The Westfield Horror. The steam- 
er's boiler explodes ; 40 persons killed outright, 
and 63 injured — subsequently died. 

Aug. 27- A piratical band of Mexicans at- 
tacks the American bark Brothers off Santa 
Anna. After some fighting, Capt. Thurston 
and crew abandon the vessel. 

Sept. 9. Major L. Hodge, Assistant Pay- 
master-General of the United States army, de- 
clared himself a defaulter of the government in 
$500,000. 

Sept. 13. Great Demonstrations were made 
by the working men in New York in favor of the 
eight hour labor system. 

Sept. 21. A statue of President Lincoln was 
unveiled in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. 

Sept. 27- Chief Justice McKean. of Utah, 
decided against Mormons serving as grand ju- 
rors in Federal courts. 

Oct. 2. Brigham Young was arrested by the 
United States Marshal for Mormon pro- 
cliyities. 

Oct. 3. Daniel H. Wens, Mayor of Salt Lake 
City, and a Mormon bishop, is arrested by the 
United States Marshal for Mormon proclivi- 
ties. 

Oct. 7. The first of the great fires in Chicago 
breaks out; loss, $300,000. 

Oct. 8. The great fire by which Chicago was 
desolated broke out at 10 o'clock at night; loss* 
$190,526,000. 

The great forest fires: Peshtigo, Wisconsin, 
destroyed by fire, 600 of its inhabitants perish; 
Manistee, Williamsonville, Menekaumee, Mari- 
nette, and Brussels, Wis., burned; a number of 
inhabitants perish. 

Oct. 9. The great Chicago fire continued to 
rage and destroy. 

Oct. 12. President Grant summoned the Ku- 
Klux-Klan of South Carolina to disband and de- 
liver up their arms and ammunition. 

Oct. 17- President Grant suspended the 
writ of habeas corpus in nine counties of South 
Carolina. 



LIBERT T AND UNION. 



Oct. 24. Riot in Los Angeles, Cal.; a mob 
attacks the Chinese quarter, and captures and 
hangs eighteen Chinamen. 

Oct. 26. A warrant is issued for the arrest of 
Wm. M. Tweed, James H. Ingersoll, A. J. Gar- 
vey, and E. A. Woodward at the suit of Attor- 
ney-General Chamberlain. 

Oct. 27. Wm. M. Tweed arrested and bailed. 

Nov. 2. City Treasurer, James T. Marcer, 
and C. T. Yerkes, banker, of Philadelphia, were 
arrested for defalcation and embezzlement of 
$47S,ooo from the city's funds. 

Nov. 19- Grand Duke Alexis, son of the 
Czar of Russia, arrived in New York. 

Nov. 21. Grand civil and military reception 
was given the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia, 
in New York. 

Nov. 22. The Grand Duke Alexis arrived 
in Washington. 

Nov. 23. Grand Duke Alexis was formally 
received by President Grant. 

Dec. 11. Grand Duke Alexis gave $5,000 to 
the poor of New York city. 

Dec. 14. The American steamer Florida 
sails from St. Thomas, and is followed and over- 
hauled by the Spanish man-of-war Yasco de 
Nunez; but her papers being found correct, she 
was allowed to proceed on her voyage. 

Dec. 21. President Grant issued proclama- 
tion abolishing discriminating duties on mer- 
chandise imported from Spain. 

Dec. 25. Outbreak of Ku-Klux occurs at 
Marshall, Missouri. 

1872. 

Jan. 2. Brigham Young returned to Salt 
Lake City and surrendered to an indictment for 
the murder of Richard Yates; bail is refused, 
and he is ordered into the custody of the law of- 
ficers. 

Jan. 7- James Fisk, Jr., dies of the wound 
inflicted by Edward S. Stokes. 

Jan. 17. Benjamin Franklin's statue was 
unveiled in Printing-House Square, New York. 

Feb. 10. The Grand Jury of the Court of 
General Sessions of New York City present in- 
dictments against Mayor A. O. Hall, R. B. Con- 
nelly, Wm. M. Tweed, Nathaniel Sands, and 
others. 

Feb. 29. The Japanese Embassy arrived in 
Washington. 

March 4. President Grant received the Jap- 
anese Embassy. 



-i- 



*$r- 



LIBERTT AND UNION. 



The ship Great Republic was abandoned in a 
sinking condition off Bermuda, 

March 22. The outlaw, Hildebrand, was shot 
dead by a police officer, in Pinckneyville, 
Illinois. 

March 26. An earthquake in California. 
Through the valley of the Sierras, a chasm, va- 
rying in width and thirty-five miles in length, 
opens in the earth. During four hours the 
earth is shaken. A large number of people are 
killed. 

April 8. The Mormon Conference re-elected 
Brigham Young President of the Church. 

April 10. "Lord" Gordon was arrested in 
the Metropolitan Hotel, N". Y., at the suit of 
Jav Gould, on a charge of embezzling. 

Philip Klingon Smith, of Lincoln county 
Nevada, a former Mormon bishop, charges the 
Mormons with the "Mountain Meadow Massa- 
cre" of immigrants in 1S57, and exonerated the 
"ndians. 

April 15- The counsel of the U.S. and the 
English arbitrators on the Alabama claims met 
in Geneva, Switzerland. The "cases" were ex- 
changed, and the British Consul presented a 
protest against the claims for indirect damages. 
The British authorities at Kingston, Jamaica, 
seize the American steamer Edgar Stuart as a 
Cuban privateer. 

April 25. Brigham Young was released on 
a writ of habeas corpus. 

April 26. The TJ. S. war vessel Kansas re- 
leased the American steamship Virginius from 
blockade by the Spanish man-of-war Pizarro, in 
the port of Aspinwall. 

May 2. Niblo's Garden Theater destroyed 
by fire. The painters in New York and vicinity 
strike for the eight hour system. They are sub- 
sequently joined by the other trade societies. 

May 16< A rain-storm floods the town of 
Easton, Kan., and four persons are drowned. 

May 18. Rxtensive forest fires prevail in 
the northern part of New York State, north- 
eastern part of Pennsylvania, and northern 
counties of New Jersey. 

May 23. Shakespeare's monument in Cen- 
tral Park unveiled. 

May 27. The balloon of Prof. Atkins de- 
cends into the Tennessee River, near Decatur, 
Alabama, and the Professor is drowned. 

May 29. Canadian authorities seize the 
American fishing schooner, Enola C, for vio- 
lating the fishery laws. 



507 

May 30. "Decoration Day," impressive hon- 
ors paid to the dead soldiers of late war. 

June 6. The United States Minister at Mad 
rid demands the release 6t' Dr. Houard. 

June 7. A delegation of Sioux Indians, 
headed by Red Cloud, have a reception at Coop- 
er Institute. 

June 9. Comanche Indians massacre the Lee 
family of seven persons, near Fort Griffin, Texas. 

June 15. The members of the Tribunal of 
Arbitration assemble in Geneva, Switzerland, 
and organize ; after a short session, the tribunal 
adjourns until the 17th inst. 

June 17. The "World's Peace Jubilee opens 
in Boston. 

June 18. Mexican soldiers at Matamoras 
fire on and arrest the American occupants of a 
pleasure boat on the Rio Grande, between that 
city and Brownsville, Texas. 

The Canadian cutter, Stella Marie, seizes the 
American fishing schooner, James Bliss, for vio- 
lating the fishery laws ; the American flag is in- 
sulted by being turned Union down under the 
Dominion flag on the captured vessel. 

June 19. The trial of Edward S. Stokes for 
the murder of James Fisk, Jr., begun. 

June 20. The bodies of Confederate soldiers 
killed and buried at Gettysburg, were removed 
and conducted through Richmond, Va., by a 
mournful procession. 

July 2. Judge John H. McCunn, of the Su- 
preme Court, removed from the bench by the 
Court of Impeachment at Albany. 

July 7- Samuel J. Browne, an octogenarian, 
murders a youth named Frank Schick, in Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio. 

The Cuban privateer, Pioneer, was captured 
by the U. S. revenue cutter, Moccasin, off New- 
port, R. I., and brought into that port. 

Two men named Hale and Tucker, were she: 
and killed while in custody of a sheriffs posse, 
near Dover, Arkansas. The Republican official^ 
were charged with the murders for political ef- 
fect; an unparalleled state of anarchy and assas- 
sination resulted. 

July 16. The great Longfellow and Harry 
Bassett race at Saratoga, won by the latter; 
Longfellow was injured during the race, to 
which was attributed his defeat. 

July 29. A riot occurred between negroes 
and whites in Savannah, Ga., and several on 
each side are injured. 

Aug. 3. The Cuban privateer, Pioneer, is for- 



•Hfc- 



508 



LIBERTY AND UNION 



mally seized by the U. S. Marshal at Newport, 
R. L, for violation of the neutrality laws. 

Aug. 10. Mr. Alexander, a merchant, mur- 
dered by Mexican bandits, near Brownsville, 
Texas. 

Aug. 12. The Spanish iron-clad war-vessel 
Numancia arrives at this port, with yellow-fever 
cases on board. 

Aug. 29. The Duke of Saxe, the son-in-law of 
the Emperor of Brazil, arrives in New York city. 

The Third National Bank of Baltimore is 
robbed of $200,000 in money and securities. 

Judge G. G. Barnard, of the Supreme Courb 
found guilty by the Court of Impeachment, at 
Albany, of high crimes and misdemeanors, re- 
moved from the bench, and declared ineligible 
ever to hold office in the State. 

Aug. 20. Prince Philip, of Coburg-Gotha, 
arrives in New York city to join his brother, the 
Duke of Saxe. 

Dr. Houard arrived in New York city from 
Cadiz, Spain. 

Aug. 24. The P. M. S. America destroyed 
by fire at Yokohama, Japan; sixty lives and a 
large amount of specie lost. 

Aug. 26. Arapahoe Indians massacre the 
guard of a government mule train, rob and burn 
the wagons at Dry Creek, Colorado Territory, 
and end by scalping Mr. Bryant, the wagon 
master, while alive: 

Aug. 30. The Providence and New York 
steamer Metis run into by a schooner, on Long 
Island Sound ; the Metis soon breaks up, and 
155 persons are compelled to trust their lives to 
the few boats and such floating material as they 
can secure ; only 107 persons get to the shore in 
safety. 

Sept. 7. The Cuban steamer Virginius es- 
capes from the blockade of the Spanish war ves- 
sels at Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. 

Sept. 14. The Geneva, Switzerland, Tribu- 
nal of Arbitration on the Alabama claims awards 
$16,250,000 to the United States. 

Sept. 24. A force of U. S. cavalry, under Col. 
Mason, surprise a band of marauding Apache 
and Mojave Indians, in Arizona Territory; they 
kill about forty of the band. 

Sept. 26. Ex-City Treasurer Marcer, and 
Chas. F. Yerkes, convicted of embezzling the 
funds of the city of Philadelphia, pardoned by 
Gov. Geary. 

Sept. 30. Baron Steuben monument un- 
veiled at Steuben, N. Y. 



Oct. 8. In an affray at Shreveport, La., 
Chief of Police Sherrod, and Police Officer 
Sheppard kill R. J. Wright, clerk of the Dis- 
trict Court of Shreveport, La., and his brother, 
W. A. Wright; some friends of the Wrights 
immediately afterward kill officer Sheppard. 

A great part of the business section of the 
town of Sing Sing, N. Y., destroyed by fire; 
loss, about $200,000. 

Oct. 13. Archbishop Bailey installed as 
Primate of the Catholic Church in the United 
States at Baltimore. 

Oct. 14. The Saratoga County Bank at Wa- 
terford, N. Y., robbed of $500,000 in money and 
bonds ; the burglars gag and bind the family of 
the cashier, and compel him, by threats, to dis- 
close the secret of the bank vault's lock. 

Oct. 16. The great race between Goldsmith 
Maid and Occident, at Sacramento, Cal., won by 
the former in three straight heats; best time, 

Mr. Froude, the English historian, delivers 
his first lecture on the History of Ireland, in 
New York. 

Oct. 22. Steamship Missouri, of the A. M 
Steamship Line, burned at sea; 87 lives lost. 

The Emperor William, of Germany, commu- 
nicates his decision on the San Juan dispute to 
the representatives of England and the United 
States. It approves the claims of the United 
States Government. 

Nov. 3. The monument to Sir Walter Scott 
unveiled in Central Park, N. Y. 

Nov. 9. The greatest fire that ever raged 
in Boston breaks out early this evening, and 
continues all night. 

Bowles Brothers, the American bankers in 
Paris, France, suspend their business. 

Nov. 10. The great fire in Boston is got un- 
der control about 3 p. m., after having burned 
over an area of 200 acres, in the business center 
of the city; again, at about 12 p. m., the flames 
appear near the place of origin of the first fire, 
and spread rapidly to buildings that had escaped 
them before; an explosion of gas produced this 
second conflagration. 

Nov. 20. A fire destroys Rand & Avery's 
printing establishment, No. 3 Cornhill, Boston; 
loss, $250,000. 

Henry M. Stanley, the discoverer of Living- 
ston, arrives in New York from England. 

A mob prevents Mrs. Fair from lecturing in 
San Francisco. 



*-4*~ 



■¥- 



LIBERTY AND UNION. 



5°9 



Nov. 22. Jay Gould makes a "corner" in 
N. W. R. R. S. stock; great excitement in Wall 
street. 

The Erie Railroad Co. begins an action against 
Jay Gould for the recovery of $9,726,551; Gouid 
is arrested, but immediately after bailed in 
$1,000,000. 

Dec. 11. The Fifth Avenue Hotel, New 
York fire ; eleven girls are suffocated and burned 
to a crisp. 

Dec. 17. Jay Gould restores $9,000,000 
worth of property to the E. R. R. Co., for the 
sake of peace. 

Dec. 18. The second trial of Edward S. 
Stokes, for the murder of James Fisk, Jr., com- 
menced 

Dec. 24. Baruum's Museum and circus de- 
stroyed by fire; loss, $1,000,000. 

A train on the Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad 
falls through the trestle bridge, near Prospect 
Station, N. Y.; twenty passengers are killed or 
burned to death, the wreck having taken fire. 

Dec. 26. Great storm throughout the country 
and along the coast; many shipping disasters 
result. 

.873. 

Jan. 4. Edward S. Stokes convicted of the 
murder of James Fisk, Jr. Sentenced to death 
Jan. 6. 

Jan. 15. Burning of Edwin Forrest's library 
in Philadelphia; $20,000 worth of books con- 
sumed. 

Jan. 20. The Modocs sanguinarily defeat 
United States troops. 

Feb 15. The steamer Henry A. Jones 
burned at Galveston, Texas ; twenty-one persons 
perish. 

March 4. Second inauguration of President 
Grant. 

March 30. 'Wreck of the White Star steam- 
ship Atlantic, off the coast of Halifax ; 700 lives 
lost. 

April 11. Gen. Canby and Rev. Dr. Thomas 
treacherously murdered by the Modocs on the 
lava beds. 

April 15. Deadly collision between the 
blacks and whites at Colfax, La. 

April 18. Attack on the Modoc lava beds. 

Second battle with the Modocs. 

April 26. Arrest of F. L. Taintor, cashier of 
the Atlantic National Bank, New York, default- 
er in the sum of $400,000. 



April 27. The Modocs surprise and destroy 
a detachment of troops. 

May 10. The Modocs evacuate the lava beds. 

May 20. Surrender of Hot-Creeks and Mo- 
docs to Gen. Davis. 

May 22. Gen. McKenzie's excursion into 
Mexico. 

Destructive tornado in Iowa. 

May 30. The great Boston fire No. 2. 

Popular observance of Decoration Day. 

June 1. Modoc Jack's surrender, 

June 17. Indians attack the Northern Pa- 
cific surveying party; four Indians killed. 

June 20. The body of Col. Wm. O Connor 
Sydney cast ashore on Staten Island 

June 27. The work of laying the new At- 
lantic Cable completed. 

July 1. Judge W. H. Cooley killed in a 
duel by R. D. Rhett, Jr., at New Orleans. 

July 17. The great Harvard Yale regatta, 
on the Connecticut; Yale the victor. 

Aug. 8. Burning of the steamboat, Wawas- 
set, on the Potomac ; fearful loss of life. 

Aug. 14. Sanguinary battle occurs between 
the Pawnees and Sioux in the Republican Val- 
ley, reported . 

Sept. 9. The settlement of the Geneva 
award was consummated. 

Sept. 12. Assassination of Gen. E. S. Mc- 
Cook by P. P. Wintermute, at Yankton, Dakota 
Territory. 

Sept. 15. The Propeller, Ironsides, found- 
ered on Lake Michigan, with great loss of life. 

Sept. 18. Failures occur on Wall street, 
New York — Jay Cooke & Co., and others. 

The Dundee whaling steamer, Arctic, arrives 
at Dundee with Capt. Buddington and rescued 
companions. 

Sept. 26. Imposing dedication of a Masonic 
temple at Philadelphia. 

Sept. 30. Grand Masonic parade in Phila- 
delphia; over 3,000 men in line. 

Oct. 3. Execution of the Modocs, Capt. 
Jack, Sconchin, Boston Charley, and Black Jim, 
for the murder of Gen. Canby, and Rev. Dr. 
Thomas, at Fort Klamath, Oregon. 

First business session of the Evangelical Alii 
ance held. 

Oct. 4. Capt. Buddington and ten other sur- 
vivors of the Polaris expedition, arrive in New 
York by the steamship City of Antwerp. 

Gen. Ryan and seventy others embark on the 
steamer Atlas, bound for Cuba Libre. 



H&- 



■-*-* 



-tlu 



510 



LIBERT T AND UNION. 



1874. 



Wm. M. Tweed sentenced to twelve years' im- 
prisonment, and to pay a fine of $12,500. 

May 16. The Mill River Reservoir disaster 
near Northampton, Mass. Fearful loss of life. 

July 1. Abduction of Charley Ross at Ger- 
mantown, Pa. 

Oct. 5. First annual meeting of the Episcopal 
Church Congress of the United States. 

Nov. Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian 
Islands, arrived in San Francisco. 

1875. 

Feb. 14. Edward Spangler, noted as one of 
the assassinators of President Lincoln in 1865, 
dies near Baltimore, Maryland, aged 55. 

March 15. Archbishop McCloskey percan- 
onized Cardinal at Rome. 

April 22. John Harper, firm of Harper Bros., 
publishers, New York, dies, aged 7S. 

May 28. Paul Boyton swims across the 
English Channel. 

June 17. The Bunker Hill Centennial Cel- 
ebration. 

Nov. 22. Hon. Henry "Wilson, Vice Presi- 
dent of the United States, dies at Washington, 
D. C, aged 64 years. 

Dec. 4. Escape of Wm. M. Tweed. 

Dec. 11. The dynamite explosion at Brem- 
erhaven ; 60 persons killed; the steamship 
Mosal injured and detained. 

1876. 

Jan. 1. On Staten Island the Rev. Henry 
Boehm, the venerable patriarch of the Metho- 
dist church, dies, aged one hundred and one 
years. 

Jan. 9. In South Boston, Dr. Samuel Grid- 
ley Howe, the distinguished philanthropist, dies, 
aged 74 years. 

Feb. 11. The Centennial Appropriation bill 
was passed by the Senate. The President, on 
the 1 6th, signed the bill* with a quill from the 
wing of an American eagle shot near Mount 
Hope, Oregon. 

Feb. 12. Explosion in a colliery at West 
Pittsburgh, Pa. Four men killed, and several 
wounded. 

Feb. 15. The historic elm, above 200 years 
old, on Boston Common, was blown down by a 
high wind Tuesday evening. 

Feb. 18. In Boston, Charlotte S. Cushman, 
the actress, dies, aged sixty years. 



April 15. Arrival of Dom Pedro, Emperor 
of Brazil, at New York. He declines a public 
ovation, and, in the habiliments of a private citi- 
zen, makes a tour of the United States. 

April 18. President Grant vetoed the bill 
passed oy Congress, reducing his successor's sal- 
ary to $25,000 per annum. 

May 10. The President and Cabinet, the 
Diplomatic Corps, the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, together with Commissioners from 
every State in the Union, were present at the 
opening. Dom Pedro, the Emperor of Brazil, 
was present. 

June 16. The National Republican Con- 
vention at Cincinnati, nominated Governor 
Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio, for President of 
the United States, and the Hon. William A. 
Wheeler, of New York, for Vice-President. 

June 25. G-en. Custer's force was over- 
powered and annihilated. Gen. Custer, his two 
brothers and nephew, were killed. Not one of 
the command escaped. Col. Reno's force was 
surrounded and sustained severe losses, but was 
finally rescued by Gen. Gibbons' command. The 
entire loss was 261 killed and 50 wounded. 

June 27- The Democratic National Conven- 
tion met at St. Louis, and on the 28th of June, 
nominated Governor Samuel J. Tilden, of New 
York, for President, and Hon. Thomas A. Hen- 
dricks, of Indiana, for Vice-President. 

July 16. Congress unanimously passed the 
Senate joint resolution for the completion of the 
Washington Monument. 

July 26. Argument in the Belknap impeach- 
ment case closed. The result was a failure to 
convict. 

Aug. 1. President Grant issued a proclama- 
tion declaring Colorado to be a State of the 
Union. 

Aug. 14. The first wire stretched across East 
River for the great suspension bridge, to connect 
New York and Brooklyn. 

Sept. 6. The Lafayette statue was unveiled 
in Union Square, New York City. 

Sept. 7. William N. Tweed was arrested at 
Vigo in Spain, where he had just arrived from 
Cuba. 

Sept. 24. Hell Gate, or the mine under Hal- 
lett's Point Reef, Astoria, Long Island, was ex- 
ploded by General Newton. 

Nov. 7. Election of President of the United 
States. 

Nov. 10. Closing of the great Centennial 



■4*- 






LIBERT T AND UNION. 



5 11 



Exhibition, Philadelphia. The Exhibition was 
open 159 days. During that time the paid ad- 
missions were 8,004,325. The free admissions 
were 1,785,067. Total admissions, 9,799,392. 
The total receipts were $3,813,749.75. Money 
received from concessions, $290,000; from per- 
centages and royalties, $205,000; grand total, 
$4,307,749.75. The average daily total admis- 
sions were 61,568. The average daily receipts 
were $23,935.85. 

Dec. 4. The bust of Horace Greeley was un- 
veiled at Greenwood Cemetery, New York, in 
the presence of about 1,000 people. 

Dee. 5 Brooklyn Theater, Brooklyn, N. Y., 
destroyed by fire ; over 350 lives lost. 

Dec. 5. First cremation in the United States 
was performed at Washington, Pa. It was the 
body of Baron De Palm, who was born in Augs- 
burg, Southern Germany, in the year 1809. 

Dec. 14. Destructive fire at Little Rock, Ar- 
kansas. Loss, $200,000. 

Dec. 29. Terrible railroad accident at Ash- 
tabula, Ohio, over 100 lives lost. Among them, 
P. P. Bliss, the singer, and wife. 

1877. 

The monopoly of sewing machines expired 
this year, reducing the price of these machines 
to about one-half their original cost. 

The last of the troops that were left in the 
South, the result of the rebellion, were with- 
drawn this year from all the Southern States, 
and thus, virtually, these States became free for 
the first time since the rebellion. 

Jan. 4. Cornelius Vanderbilt died at his 
residence in New York City, aged 83 years. He 
was the richest man in the United States, his 
wealth being estimated at $80,000,000. 

Jan. 17- House of Representatives ordered 
the arrest of the Louisiana Returning Board for 
refusing to furnish papers to the investigating 
committee in relation to the Presidential election 
in Louisiana. 

Jan. 18. The Congressional joint committee 
reported to both Houses in the shape of a bill, a 
plan for counting the electoral vote . 

Jan. 25. Senate passed the Electoral Bill. 
Yeas 47; nays 17. 

Jan. 26. The House passed the Electoral Bill 
by a vote of 191 to 96. 

Jan. 27- Academy of Music of Indianapolis, 
Ind., destroyed by fire, involving a loss of near- 
ly Si 00,000. 



Jan. 30. The Senate and House each elect- 
ed five members to serve on the Electoral Com- 
mission as follows: Senators Edmunds, Mor- 
ton, Frelinghuysen, Thurman and Bayard, and 
Representatives Payne, Hunton. Abbott, Gar- 
field and Hoar. 

Jan. 31. The four United States Associate 
Justices to serve on the Electoral Tribunal — 
Clifford, Miller, Field and Strong, chose as the 
fifth member of the Tribunal Justice Joseph P. 
Bradlev. Colorado declared a State. 

March 2. The electoral count finished, and 
Hayes and Wheeler declared President and Vice- 
President of the United States by a vote of 8 
to 7. 

March 5. President Hayes and Vice-Presi- 
dent Wheeler inaugurated. 

March 23. Execution of John D. Lee, Mor- 
mon bishop, convicted of being the main insti- 
gator in the Mountain Meadows massacre in 
i857- 

April 2. The southwestern portion of Chi- 
cago was covered with water to the extent of 
nearly seven miles square. 

April 11. The Southern Hotel, one of the 
largest and finest in St. Louis, destroyed by fire. 
Fourteen lives lost. 

June 20. St. John, N". B., nearly destroyed 
by fire, the main portion of the city burned, all 
the public buildings and business houses de- 
.stroyed; 15,000 people homeless, no household 
effects were saved ; 500 acres were burned over. 
Many lives were lost. Intense suffering among 
the people. Loss about $20,000,000. 

July 16. The firemen and brakemen of the 
freight trains on the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad at Baltimore, Md , and Martin sburg, 
Va., struck on account of reduction of wages. 

July 20. The strikes on the Baltimore and 
Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroads continue, and 
a strike took place on the Erie Railway, stopping 
all trains. 

July 21. A conflict occurred at Pittsburgh, 
Pa., between railroad strikers and the military, 
during which a number of persons were killed, 
including Sheriff Fife, and many wounded, 
among the number being General Pearson. 
President Hayes issued a proclamation, ordering 
all those engaged in these unlawful proceedings 
to desist and retire to their homes by 12 o'clock 
noon of the 2 2d. 

July 22. The railroad-strikers continue 
their riotous work at Pittsburgh. Earlv in the 



**■ 



-r\~" 



^ 



LIBBRTT AND UNION. 



morning the mob sel fire to and completely de- 
stroyed the round-house of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad Company, together with [25 first-class 
locomotives housed there, hundreds of loaded 
freight ears ;uh1 other property, aggregating in 
value, according to a rough estimate, $3,000,000. 
July 24. Additional strikes took place in 
Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and New York; 

the New York Central, Delaware and Lacka- 
wanna, and all the roads centering at Chicago, 
III, being among the number. 

July 25. The strikers were joined by the 
Central New Jersey, Lehigh Valley, and the 
Texas Pacific freight men. 

July 26. Rioting took place in Chicago, 111., 

the police and troops fighting the nioh nearly 

all day. Fifteen persons wen- known to have 

been killed, and many wounded. 

July 28. Governor Hartranft and stall", with 
about 4,000 United Slates troops and militia — 

infantry, cavalry and artillery — arrived al Pitts- 
burgh and took peaceable possession of the Penn 

sylvania Company's territory there. 

July 30. Striking trainmen of the Lake- 
Shore, Texas Pacific, Delaware, Lackaw anna and 
Great Western Railroads, and of several lines 

centering at Pittsburgh, La., wenl hack to work 

at the reduced will's, the question of p;iy to 
come up tor future- discussion. 

July 30. No fresh outbreaks occurred on the 

railroads, and dispatches from various points in- 
dicated a speedy resumption of work. At Balti- 
more many of the old men were returning, more 
offering than could he made use of. 

Aug. 11. A battle between General Gib- 
bons' command and the N'e/ Perces Indians, on 
(he Big Hole River, M. T., Aug. 9, Among 



the killed were Capt. William Logan and Lieut. 
James II. Bradley. 

Aug. 16. The Centenary of the battle of 
Bennington, Vt., was celebrated. 

Aug. 29. Brigham Young died at Salt Lake 
City. He had nineteen wives, and was consid- 
ered worth $6,000,000. 

1878. 

Nov. 21. Payment of fisheries award under 
protest by Minister Welsh in London. 

Dec. 11. Discovery of rich silver mines, 
Leadville, Col. 

1879. 

Jan. 1. Specie payments resumed. 
1880. 

June 8. James A. Garfield nominated for 
President, and Chester A. Arthur, tor Vice 
President, by Republican National Convention 
in Chicago. 

June 24. Winfleld Scott Hancock noun 
nated for President, and w. II. English for Vice- 
President by the Democratic National Conven- 
tion in Cincinnati. 

Nov. 2. James A. Garfield and Chester A. 
Arthur elected President and Vice-President, 
receiving 21. \ of the 369 electoral votes. 

1881. 

July 2. President Garfield shot by Charles 
I . ( J-uiteau. 
Sept. 19. President Garfield dies. 



1882. 

June 30. Charles J. Guiteau, 
President Garfield, hung. 



assassin of 







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